1
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Bazant MZ. Unified quantum theory of electrochemical kinetics by coupled ion-electron transfer. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:60-124. [PMID: 37676178 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00108c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A general theory of coupled ion-electron transfer (CIET) is presented, which unifies Marcus kinetics of electron transfer (ET) with Butler-Volmer kinetics of ion transfer (IT). In the limit of large reorganization energy, the theory predicts normal Marcus kinetics of "electron-coupled ion transfer" (ECIT). In the limit of large ion transfer energies, the theory predicts Butler-Volmer kinetics of "ion-coupled electron transfer" (ICET), where the charge transfer coefficient and exchange current are connected to microscopic properties of the electrode/electrolyte interface. In the ICET regime, the reductive and oxidative branches of Tafel's law are predicted to hold over a wide range of overpotentials, bounded by the ion-transfer energies for oxidation and reduction, respectively. The probability distribution of transferring electron energies in CIET smoothly interpolates between a shifted Gaussian distribution for ECIT (as in the Gerischer-Marcus theory of ET) to an asymmetric, fat-tailed Meixner distribution centered at the Fermi level for ICET. The latter may help interpret asymmetric line shapes in x-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) for metal surfaces in terms of shake-up relaxation of the ionized atom and its image polaron by ICET. In the limit of large overpotentials, the theory predicts a transition to inverted Marcus ECIT, leading to a universal reaction-limited current for metal electrodes, dominated by barrierless quantum transitions. Uniformly valid, closed-form asymptotic approximations are derived that smoothly transition between the limiting rate expressions for ICET and ECIT for metal electrodes, using simple but accurate mathematical functions. The theory is applied to lithium intercalation in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and found to provide a consistent description of the observed current dependence on overpotential, temperature and concentration. CIET theory thus provides a critical bridge between quantum electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering, which may find many other applications and extensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA.
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2
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Werres M, Xu Y, Jia H, Wang C, Xu W, Latz A, Horstmann B. Origin of Heterogeneous Stripping of Lithium in Liquid Electrolytes. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37257070 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal batteries suffer from low cycle life. During discharge, parts of the lithium are not stripped reversibly and remain isolated from the current collector. This isolated lithium is trapped in the insulating remaining solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) shell and contributes to the capacity loss. However, a fundamental understanding of why isolated lithium forms and how it can be mitigated is lacking. In this article, we perform a combined theoretical and experimental study to understand isolated lithium formation during stripping. We derive a thermodynamic consistent model of lithium dissolution and find that the interaction between lithium and SEI leads to locally preferred stripping and isolated lithium formation. Based on a cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo TEM) setup, we reveal that these local effects are particularly pronounced at kinks of lithium whiskers. We find that lithium stripping can be heterogeneous both on a nanoscale and on a larger scale. Cryo TEM observations confirm our theoretical prediction that isolated lithium occurs less at higher stripping current densities. The origin of isolated lithium lies in local effects, such as heterogeneous SEI, stress fields, or the geometric shape of the deposits. We conclude that in order to mitigate isolated lithium, a uniform lithium morphology during plating and a homogeneous SEI are indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Werres
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wilhelm-Runge-Str. 10, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yaobin Xu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Hao Jia
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Wu Xu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Arnulf Latz
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wilhelm-Runge-Str. 10, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Electrochemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Birger Horstmann
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wilhelm-Runge-Str. 10, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Electrochemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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3
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Williams NJ, Quérel E, Seymour ID, Skinner SJ, Aguadero A. Operando Characterization and Theoretical Modeling of Metal|Electrolyte Interphase Growth Kinetics in Solid-State Batteries. Part II: Modeling. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:863-869. [PMID: 36818589 PMCID: PMC9933423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interfacial dynamics of batteries is crucial to control degradation and increase electrochemical performance and cycling life. If the chemical potential of a negative electrode material lies outside of the stability window of an electrolyte (either solid or liquid), a decomposition layer (interphase) will form at the interface. To better understand and control degradation at interfaces in batteries, theoretical models describing the rate of formation of these interphases are required. This study focuses on the growth kinetics of the interphase forming between solid electrolytes and metallic negative electrodes in solid-state batteries. More specifically, we demonstrate that the rate of interphase formation and metal plating during charge can be accurately described by adapting the theory of coupled ion-electron transfer (CIET). The model is validated by fitting experimental data presented in the first part of this study. The data was collected operando as a Na metal layer was plated on top of a NaSICON solid electrolyte (Na3.4Zr2Si2.4P0.6O12 or NZSP) inside an XPS chamber. This study highlights the depth of information which can be extracted from this single operando experiment and is widely applicable to other solid-state electrolyte systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Williams
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Edouard Quérel
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Ieuan D. Seymour
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Skinner
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Ainara Aguadero
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Sor Juana Ines de La Cruz 3, 28049Madrid, Spain
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4
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De R, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B. A Happy Get-Together - Probing Electrochemical Interfaces by Non-Linear Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200407. [PMID: 35730530 PMCID: PMC9796775 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical interfaces are key structures in energy storage and catalysis. Hence, a molecular understanding of the active sites at these interfaces, their solvation, the structure of adsorbates, and the formation of solid-electrolyte interfaces are crucial for an in-depth mechanistic understanding of their function. Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy has emerged as an operando spectroscopic technique to monitor complex electrochemical interfaces due to its intrinsic interface sensitivity and chemical specificity. Thus, this review discusses the happy get-together between VSFG spectroscopy and electrochemical interfaces. Methodological approaches for answering core issues associated with the behavior of adsorbates on electrodes, the structure of solvent adlayers, the transient formation of reaction intermediates, and the emergence of solid electrolyte interphase in battery research are assessed to provide a critical inventory of highly promising avenues to bring optical spectroscopy to use in modern material research in energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnadip De
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
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5
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Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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6
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von Kolzenberg L, Werres M, Tetzloff J, Horstmann B. Transition between growth of dense and porous films: theory of dual-layer SEI. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18469-18476. [PMID: 35713969 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00188h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of passivating films is a common aging phenomenon, for example in weathering of rocks, silicon, and metals. In many cases, a dual-layer structure with a dense inner and a porous outer layer emerges. However, the origin of this dual-layer growth is so far not fully understood. In this work, a continuum model is developed, which describes the morphology evolution of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium-ion batteries. Transport through the SEI and a growth reaction governed by the SEI surface energies are modelled. In agreement with experiments, this theory predicts that SEI grows initially as a dense film and subsequently as a porous layer. This dynamic phase transition is driven by the slowing down of electron transport as the film thickens. Thereby, the model offers a universal explanation for the emergence of dual-layer structures in passivating films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars von Kolzenberg
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Computational Electrochemistry, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. .,Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Electrochemical Multiphysics Modelling, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Werres
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Computational Electrochemistry, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. .,Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Electrochemical Multiphysics Modelling, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonas Tetzloff
- Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Birger Horstmann
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Computational Electrochemistry, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. .,Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Electrochemical Multiphysics Modelling, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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7
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Huo P, Xu B, Gu Z, Su M, Rubinstein SM, Deng D. Observation of Remote Electroconvection and Inert-Cation Concentration Valley within Supporting Electrolytes in a Microfluidic-Based Electrochemical Device. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2108037. [PMID: 35257493 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical system is playing an increasingly important role in the advanced technology development for drinkable water and energy storage. While the binary electrolyte has been widely studied, such as the associated intriguing interfacial instabilities, multi-component electrolyte is by far less known. Here, based on the classic Cu|CuSO4 |Cu electrochemical system, the effect of supporting electrolyte is systematically investigated by highlighting the inert cations. In an annulus microfluidic device, the suppression of a previously known electro-osmotic instability and the emergence of an array of the remote electroconvection along the azimuthal direction is found. A distinctive inert-cation concentration valley propagates radially outward at a speed limited by the electromigration velocity. Remarkably, the simultaneous visualization of spatiotemporal evolution demonstrates the correlation of the concentration valley and electroconvection at a microscopic level. The underlying physical mechanism of their correlation is discussed, and the scaling analysis agrees with experiments. This work might inspire more future work on the multi-component electrolyte, such as for the suppression of interfacial hydrodynamic instability and mitigation of dendrite growth, with the technological implications for water treatment and energy storage in batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huo
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bingrui Xu
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Basic Courses, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, 430033, China
| | - Zhibo Gu
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mingzhuo Su
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shmuel M Rubinstein
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Daosheng Deng
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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8
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Gibson LD, Pfaendtner J, Mundy CJ. Probing the thermodynamics and kinetics of ethylene carbonate reduction at the electrode-electrolyte interface with molecular simulations. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204703. [PMID: 34852482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0067687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium-ion batteries is an ongoing area of research due to its high degree of complexity and the difficulties encountered by experimental studies. Herein, we investigate the initial stage of SEI growth, the reduction reaction of ethylene carbonate (EC), from both a thermodynamic and a kinetic approach with theory and molecular simulations. We employed both the potential distribution theorem and the Solvation Method based on Density (SMD) to EC solvation for the estimation of reduction potentials of Li+, EC, and Li+-solvating EC (s-EC) as well as reduction rate constants of EC and s-EC. We find that solvation effects greatly influence these quantities of interest, particularly the Li+/Li reference electrode potential in EC solvent. Furthermore, we also compute the inner- and outer-sphere reorganization energies for both EC and s-EC at the interface of liquid EC and a hydroxyl-terminated graphite surface, where total reorganization energies are predicted to be 76.6 and 88.9 kcal/mol, respectively. With the computed reorganization energies, we estimate reduction rate constants across a range of overpotentials and show that EC has a larger electron transfer rate constant than s-EC at equilibrium, despite s-EC being more thermodynamically favorable. Overall, this manuscript demonstrates how ion solvation effects largely govern the prediction of reduction potentials and electron transfer rate constants at the electrode-electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Gibson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Christopher J Mundy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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9
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Cotter L, Rimgard BP, Parada GA, Mayer JM, Hammarström L. Solvent and Temperature Effects on Photoinduced Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in the Marcus Inverted Region. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7670-7684. [PMID: 34432465 PMCID: PMC8436208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in the Marcus inverted region was recently demonstrated (Science 2019, 364, 471-475). Understanding the requirements for such reactivity is fundamentally important and holds promise as a design principle for solar energy conversion systems. Herein, we investigate the solvent polarity and temperature dependence of photoinduced proton-coupled charge separation (CS) and charge recombination (CR) in anthracene-phenol-pyridine triads: 1 (10-(4-hydroxy-3-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzyl)anthracene-9-carbonitrile) and 2 (10-(4-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxypyridin-2-yl)benzyl)anthracene-9-carbonitrile). Both the CS and CR rate constants increased with increasing polarity in acetonitrile:n-butyronitrile mixtures. The kinetics were semi-quantitatively analyzed where changes in dielectric and refractive index, and thus consequently changes in driving force (-ΔG°) and reorganization energy (λ), were accounted for. The results were further validated by fitting the temperature dependence, from 180 to 298 K, in n-butyronitrile. The analyses support previous computational work where transitions to proton vibrational excited states dominate the CR reaction with a distinct activation free energy (ΔG*CR ∼ 140 meV). However, the solvent continuum model fails to accurately describe the changes in ΔG° and λ with temperature via changes in dielectric constant and refractive index. Satisfactory modeling was obtained using the results of a molecular solvent model [J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 9130-9140], which predicts that λ decreases with temperature, opposite to that of the continuum model. To further assess the solvent polarity control in the inverted region, the reactions were studied in toluene. Nonpolar solvents decrease both ΔG°CR and λ, slowing CR into the nanosecond time regime for 2 in toluene at 298 K. This demonstrates how PCET in the inverted region may be controlled to potentially use proton-coupled CS states for efficient solar fuel production and photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura
F. Cotter
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Giovanny A. Parada
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James M. Mayer
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Fraggedakis D, McEldrew M, Smith RB, Krishnan Y, Zhang Y, Bai P, Chueh WC, Shao-Horn Y, Bazant MZ. Theory of coupled ion-electron transfer kinetics. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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