1
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Ying W, Mondal ME, Huo P. Theory and quantum dynamics simulations of exciton-polariton motional narrowing. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:064105. [PMID: 39120029 DOI: 10.1063/5.0225387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The motional narrowing effect has been extensively studied for cavity exciton-polariton systems in recent decades both experimentally and theoretically, which is featured by (1) the subaverage behavior and (2) the asymmetric linewidths for the upper polariton and the lower polariton. However, a minimal theoretical model that is clear and adequate to address all these effects as well as the linewidth scaling relations remains missing. In this work, based on the single mode 1D Holstein-Tavis-Cummings (HTC) model, we studied the motional narrowing effect of the polariton linear absorption spectra via both semi-analytic derivations and numerically exact quantum dynamics simulations using the hierarchical equations of motion approach. The results reveal that under collective light-matter coupling between a cavity mode and N molecules, the polariton linewidth scales as 1/N under the slow limit, while scales as 1/N under the fast limit, due to the polaron decoupling effect. Furthermore, by varying the detunings, the polariton linewidths exhibit significant motional narrowing, covering both characters mentioned above. Our analytic linewidth expressions [Eqs. (34) and (35)] agree well with the numerical exact simulations in all the parameter regimes we explored. These results indicate that the physics of motional narrowing is adequately accounted for by the single-mode 1D HTC model. We envision that both the numerical results and the analytic polariton linewidths expression presented in this work will offer great theoretical value for providing a better understanding of the exciton-polariton motional narrowing based on the HTC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Ying
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M Elious Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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2
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Fábri C, Császár AG, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Coupling polyatomic molecules to lossy nanocavities: Lindblad vs Schrödinger description. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:214308. [PMID: 38836455 DOI: 10.1063/5.0205048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of cavities to impact molecular structure and dynamics has become popular. As cavities, in particular plasmonic nanocavities, are lossy and the lifetime of their modes can be very short, their lossy nature must be incorporated into the calculations. The Lindblad master equation is commonly considered an appropriate tool to describe this lossy nature. This approach requires the dynamics of the density operator and is thus substantially more costly than approaches employing the Schrödinger equation for the quantum wave function when several or many nuclear degrees of freedom are involved. In this work, we compare numerically the Lindblad and Schrödinger descriptions discussed in the literature for a molecular example where the cavity is pumped by a laser. The laser and cavity properties are varied over a range of parameters. It is found that the Schrödinger description adequately describes the dynamics of the polaritons and emission signal as long as the laser intensity is moderate and the pump time is not much longer than the lifetime of the cavity mode. Otherwise, it is demonstrated that the Schrödinger description gradually fails. We also show that the failure of the Schrödinger description can often be remedied by renormalizing the wave function at every step of time propagation. The results are discussed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila G Császár
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Sokolovskii I, Groenhof G. Non-Hermitian molecular dynamics simulations of exciton-polaritons in lossy cavities. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:092501. [PMID: 38426514 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The observation that materials can change their properties when placed inside or near an optical resonator has sparked a fervid interest in understanding the effects of strong light-matter coupling on molecular dynamics, and several approaches have been proposed to extend the methods of computational chemistry into this regime. Whereas the majority of these approaches have focused on modeling a single molecule coupled to a single cavity mode, changes to chemistry have so far only been observed experimentally when very many molecules are coupled collectively to multiple modes with short lifetimes. While atomistic simulations of many molecules coupled to multiple cavity modes have been performed with semi-classical molecular dynamics, an explicit description of cavity losses has so far been restricted to simulations in which only a very few molecular degrees of freedom were considered. Here, we have implemented an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian to explicitly treat cavity losses in large-scale semi-classical molecular dynamics simulations of organic polaritons and used it to perform both mean-field and surface hopping simulations of polariton relaxation, propagation, and energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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4
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Fischer EW, Syska JA, Saalfrank P. A Quantum Chemistry Approach to Linear Vibro-Polaritonic Infrared Spectra with Perturbative Electron-Photon Correlation. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2262-2269. [PMID: 38381036 PMCID: PMC10910601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
In the vibrational strong coupling (VSC) regime, molecular vibrations and resonant low-frequency cavity modes form light-matter hybrid states, vibrational polaritons, with characteristic infrared (IR) spectroscopic signatures. Here, we introduce a molecular quantum chemistry-based computational scheme for linear IR spectra of vibrational polaritons in polyatomic molecules, which perturbatively accounts for nonresonant electron-photon interactions under VSC. Specifically, we formulate a cavity Born-Oppenheimer perturbation theory (CBO-PT) linear response approach, which provides an approximate but systematic description of such electron-photon correlation effects in VSC scenarios while relying on molecular ab initio quantum chemistry methods. We identify relevant electron-photon correlation effects at the second order of CBO-PT, which manifest as static polarizability-dependent Hessian corrections and an emerging polarizability-dependent cavity intensity component providing access to transmission spectra commonly measured in vibro-polaritonic chemistry. Illustratively, we address electron-photon correlation effects perturbatively in IR spectra of CO2 and Fe(CO)5 vibro-polaritonic models in sound agreement with nonperturbative CBO linear response theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Fischer
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße
2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jan A. Syska
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institut
für Physik und Astronomie, Universität
Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße
24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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5
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Hou E, Sun K, Gelin MF, Zhao Y. Finite temperature dynamics of the Holstein-Tavis-Cummings model. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084116. [PMID: 38421073 DOI: 10.1063/5.0193471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
By employing the numerically accurate multiple Davydov Ansatz (mDA) formalism in combination with the thermo-field dynamics (TFD) representation of quantum mechanics, we systematically explore the influence of three parameters-temperature, photonic-mode detuning, and qubit-phonon coupling-on population dynamics and absorption spectra of the Holstein-Tavis-Cummings (HTC) model. It is found that elevated qubit-phonon couplings and/or temperatures have a similar impact on all dynamic observables: they suppress the amplitudes of Rabi oscillations in photonic populations as well as broaden the peaks and decrease their intensities in the absorption spectra. Our results unequivocally demonstrate that the HTC dynamics is very sensitive to the concerted variation of the three aforementioned parameters, and this finding can be used for fine-tuning polaritonic transport. The developed mDA-TFD methodology can be efficiently applied for modeling, predicting, optimizing, and comprehensively understanding dynamic and spectroscopic responses of actual molecular systems in microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqin Hou
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kewei Sun
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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6
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Ramos Ramos AR, Fischer EW, Saalfrank P, Kühn O. Shaping the laser control landscape of a hydrogen transfer reaction by vibrational strong coupling. A direct optimal control approach. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:074101. [PMID: 38364000 DOI: 10.1063/5.0193502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling molecular reactivity by shaped laser pulses is a long-standing goal in chemistry. Here, we suggest a direct optimal control approach that combines external pulse optimization with other control parameters arising in the upcoming field of vibro-polaritonic chemistry for enhanced controllability. The direct optimal control approach is characterized by a simultaneous simulation and optimization paradigm, meaning that the equations of motion are discretized and converted into a set of holonomic constraints for a nonlinear optimization problem given by the control functional. Compared with indirect optimal control, this procedure offers great flexibility, such as final time or Hamiltonian parameter optimization. A simultaneous direct optimal control theory will be applied to a model system describing H-atom transfer in a lossy Fabry-Pérot cavity under vibrational strong coupling conditions. Specifically, optimization of the cavity coupling strength and, thus, of the control landscape will be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ramos Ramos
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - E W Fischer
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - P Saalfrank
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - O Kühn
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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7
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Jamshidi Z, Kargar K, Mendive-Tapia D, Vendrell O. Coupling Molecular Systems with Plasmonic Nanocavities: A Quantum Dynamics Approach. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11367-11375. [PMID: 38078674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles have the capacity to confine electromagnetic fields to the subwavelength regime and provide strong coupling with few or even a single emitter at room temperature. The photophysical properties of the emitters are highly dependent on the relative distance and orientation between them and the nanocavity. Therefore, there is a need for accurate and general light-matter interaction models capable of guiding their design in application-oriented devices. In this work, we present a Hermitian formalism within the framework of quantum dynamics and based on first-principles electronic structure calculations. Our vibronic approach considers the quantum nature of the plasmonic excitations and the dynamics of nonradiative channels to model plasmonic nanocavities and their dipolar coupling to molecular electronic states. Thus, the quantized and dissipative nature of the nanocavity is fully addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jamshidi
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9516, Iran
| | - Kimia Kargar
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9516, Iran
| | - David Mendive-Tapia
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Gudem M, Kowalewski M. Cavity-Modified Chemiluminescent Reaction of Dioxetane. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9483-9494. [PMID: 37845803 PMCID: PMC10658626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence is a thermally activated chemical process that emits a photon of light by forming a fraction of products in the electronic excited state. A well-known example of this spectacular phenomenon is the emission of light in the firefly beetle, where the formation of a four-membered cyclic peroxide compound and subsequent dissociation produce a light-emitting product. The smallest cyclic peroxide, dioxetane, also exhibits chemiluminescence but with a low quantum yield as compared to that of firefly dioxetane. Employing the strong light-matter coupling has recently been found to be an alternative strategy to modify the chemical reactivity. In the presence of an optical cavity, the molecular degrees of freedom greatly mix with the cavity mode to form hybrid cavity-matter states called polaritons. These newly generated hybrid light-matter states manipulate the potential energy surfaces and significantly change the reaction dynamics. Here, we theoretically investigate the effects of a strong light-matter interaction on the chemiluminescent reaction of dioxetane using the extended Jaynes-Cummings model. The cavity couplings corresponding to the electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom have been included in the interaction Hamiltonian. We explore how the cavity alters the ground- and excited-state path energy barriers and reaction rates. Our results demonstrate that the formation of excited-state products in the dioxetane decomposition process can be either accelerated or suppressed, depending on the molecular orientation with respect to the cavity polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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10
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Davidsson E, Kowalewski M. The role of dephasing for dark state coupling in a molecular Tavis-Cummings model. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044306. [PMID: 37493131 PMCID: PMC7615654 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The collective coupling of an ensemble of molecules to a light field is commonly described by the Tavis-Cummings model. This model includes numerous eigenstates that are optically decoupled from the optically bright polariton states. Accessing these dark states requires breaking the symmetry in the corresponding Hamiltonian. In this paper, we investigate the influence of non-unitary processes on the dark state dynamics in the molecular Tavis-Cummings model. The system is modeled with a Lindblad equation that includes pure dephasing, as it would be caused by weak interactions with an environment, and photon decay. Our simulations show that the rate of pure dephasing, as well as the number of two-level systems, has a significant influence on the dark state population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Davidsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Lentrodt D, Diekmann O, Keitel CH, Rotter S, Evers J. Certifying Multimode Light-Matter Interaction in Lossy Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:263602. [PMID: 37450811 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.263602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantum models based on few-mode master equations have been a central tool in the study of resonator quantum electrodynamics, extending the seminal single-mode Jaynes-Cummings model to include loss and multiple modes. Despite their broad application range, previous approaches within this framework have either relied on a Markov approximation or a fitting procedure. By combining ideas from pseudomode and quasinormal mode theory, we develop a certification criterion for multi-mode effects in lossy resonators. It is based on a witness observable, and neither requires a fitting procedure nor a Markov approximation. Using the resulting criterion, we demonstrate that such multi-mode effects are important for understanding previous experiments in x-ray cavity QED with Mössbauer nuclei and that they allow one to tune the nuclear ensemble properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lentrodt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Diekmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph H Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Evers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Pavošević F, Smith RL, Rubio A. Computational study on the catalytic control of endo/exo Diels-Alder reactions by cavity quantum vacuum fluctuations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2766. [PMID: 37179341 PMCID: PMC10183045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving control over chemical reaction's rate and stereoselectivity realizes one of the Holy Grails in chemistry that can revolutionize chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Strong light-matter interaction in optical or nanoplasmonic cavities might provide the knob to reach such control. In this work, we demonstrate the catalytic and selectivity control of an optical cavity for two selected Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions using the quantum electrodynamics coupled cluster (QED-CC) method. Herein, we find that by changing the molecular orientation with respect to the polarization of the cavity mode the reactions can be significantly inhibited or selectively enhanced to produce major endo or exo products on demand. This work highlights the potential of utilizing quantum vacuum fluctuations of an optical cavity to modulate the rate of Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions and to achieve stereoselectivity in a practical and non-intrusive way. We expect that the present findings will be applicable to a larger set of relevant reactions, including the click chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabijan Pavošević
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Ave., New York, 10010, NY, USA.
| | - Robert L Smith
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Ave., New York, 10010, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Ave., New York, 10010, NY, USA.
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Av. Tolosa 72, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain.
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13
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Hu D, Huo P. Ab Initio Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics Simulations Using Machine Learning Models. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2353-2368. [PMID: 37000936 PMCID: PMC10134431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a mixed quantum-classical simulation of polariton dynamics for molecule-cavity hybrid systems. In particular, we treat the coupled electronic-photonic degrees of freedom (DOFs) as the quantum subsystem and the nuclear DOFs as the classical subsystem and use the trajectory surface hopping approach to simulate non-adiabatic dynamics among the polariton states due to the coupled motion of nuclei. We use the accurate nuclear gradient expression derived from the Pauli-Fierz quantum electrodynamics Hamiltonian without making further approximations. The energies, gradients, and derivative couplings of the molecular systems are obtained from the on-the-fly simulations at the level of complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF), which are used to compute the polariton energies and nuclear gradients. The derivatives of dipoles are also necessary ingredients in the polariton nuclear gradient expression but are often not readily available in electronic structure methods. To address this challenge, we use a machine learning model with the Kernel ridge regression method to construct the dipoles and further obtain their derivatives, at the same level as the CASSCF theory. The cavity loss process is modeled with the Lindblad jump superoperator on the reduced density of the electronic-photonic quantum subsystem. We investigate the azomethane molecule and its photoinduced isomerization dynamics inside the cavity. Our results show the accuracy of the machine-learned dipoles and their usage in simulating polariton dynamics. Our polariton dynamics results also demonstrate the isomerization reaction of azomethane can be effectively tuned by coupling to an optical cavity and by changing the light-matter coupling strength and the cavity loss rate.
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14
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Gómez JA, Vendrell O. Vibrational Energy Redistribution and Polaritonic Fermi Resonances in the Strong Coupling Regime. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1598-1608. [PMID: 36758162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) plays a significant role in cavity-modified chemical reaction rates. As such, understanding the fundamental mechanisms by which the cavity modifies the IVR pathways is a fundamental step toward engineering the effect of the confined electromagnetic modes on the outcome of chemical processes. Here we consider an ensemble of M two-mode molecules with intramolecular anharmonic couplings interacting with an infrared cavity mode and consider their quantum dynamics and infrared spectra. Polaritonic Fermi resonances involving fundamental and overtone states of the polaritonic subsystem mediate efficient energy transfer pathways between otherwise off-resonant molecular states. These pathways are of collective nature, yet enabled by the intramolecular anharmonic couplings. Hence, through polaritonic Fermi resonances, cavity excitation can efficiently spread toward low-frequency modes while becoming delocalized over several molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana A Gómez
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Schnappinger T, Kowalewski M. Nonadiabatic Wave Packet Dynamics with Ab Initio Cavity-Born-Oppenheimer Potential Energy Surfaces. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:460-471. [PMID: 36625723 PMCID: PMC9878721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling of molecules with quantized electromagnetic fields can reshape their potential energy surfaces by forming dressed states. In such a scenario, it is possible to manipulate the dynamics of the molecule and open new photochemical reaction pathways. A theoretical approach to describe such coupled molecular-photon systems is the Cavity-Born-Oppenheimer (CBO) approximation. Similarly to the standard Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation, the system is partitioned and the electronic part of the system is treated quantum mechanically. This separation leads to CBO surfaces that depend on both nuclear and photonic coordinates. In this work, we demonstrated, for two molecular examples, how the concept of the CBO approximation can be used to perform nonadiabatic wave packet dynamics of a coupled molecular-cavity system. The light-matter interaction is incorporated in the CBO surfaces and the associated nonadiabatic coupling elements. We show that molecular and cavity contributions can be treated on the same numerical footing. This approach gives a new perspective on the description of light-matter coupling in molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnappinger
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106
91Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106
91Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Yu Q, Hammes-Schiffer S. Multidimensional Quantum Dynamical Simulation of Infrared Spectra under Polaritonic Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11253-11261. [PMID: 36448842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that the chemical reactivity of molecules can be modified inside an optical cavity. Here, we provide a theoretical framework for conducting multidimensional quantum simulations of the infrared (IR) spectra for molecules interacting with cavity modes. A single water molecule under polaritonic vibrational strong coupling serves as an illustrative example. Combined with accurate potential energy and dipole moment surfaces, our cavity vibrational self-consistent field/virtual state configuration interaction (cav-VSCF/VCI) approach can predict the IR spectra when the molecule is inside or outside the cavity. The spectral signatures of Rabi splittings and shifts of certain bands are found to be strongly dependent on the frequency and polarization direction of the cavity modes. Analyses of the simulated spectra show that polaritonic vibrational strong coupling can induce unconventional couplings among the molecule's vibrational modes, suggesting that intramolecular vibrational energy transfer can be significantly accelerated by the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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17
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Couto RC, Kowalewski M. Suppressing non-radiative decay of photochromic organic molecular systems in the strong coupling regime. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19199-19208. [PMID: 35861014 PMCID: PMC9382694 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00774f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The lifetimes of electronic excited states have a strong influence on the efficiency of organic solar cells. However, in some molecular systems a given excited state lifetime is reduced due to the non-radiative decay through conical intersections. Several strategies may be used to suppress this decay channel. The use of the strong light-matter coupling provided in optical nano-cavities is the focus of this paper. Here, we consider the meso-tert-butyl-4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene molecule (meso-tert-butyl-BODIPY) as a showcase of how strong and ultrastrong coupling might help in the development of organic solar cells. The meso-tert-butyl-BODIPY is known for its low fluorescence yield caused by the non-radiative decay through a conical intersection. However, we show here that, by considering this system within a cavity, the strong coupling can lead to significant changes in the multidimensional landscape of the potential energy surfaces of meso-tert-butyl-BODIPY, suppressing almost completely the decay of the excited state wave packet back to the ground state. By means of multi configuration electronic structure calculations and nuclear wave packet dynamics, the coupling with the cavity is analyzed in-depth to provide further insight of the interaction. By fine-tuning the cavity field strength and resonance frequency, we show that one can change the nuclear dynamics in the excited state, and control the non-radiative decay. This may lead to a faster and more efficient population transfer or the suppression of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Couto
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Fischer EW, Saalfrank P. Cavity-induced non-adiabatic dynamics and spectroscopy of molecular rovibrational polaritons studied by multi-mode quantum models. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:034305. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0098006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We study theoretically the quantum dynamics and spectroscopy of rovibrational polaritons formed in a model system composed of a single rovibrating diatomic molecule, which interacts with two degenerate, orthogonally polarized modes of an optical Fabry–Pérot cavity. We employ an effective rovibrational Pauli–Fierz Hamiltonian in length gauge representation and identify three-state vibro-polaritonic conical intersections (VPCIs) between singly excited vibro-polaritonic states in a two-dimensional angular coordinate branching space. The lower and upper vibrational polaritons are of mixed light–matter hybrid character, whereas the intermediate state is purely photonic in nature. The VPCIs provide effective population transfer channels between singly excited vibrational polaritons, which manifest in rich interference patterns in rotational densities. Spectroscopically, three bright singly excited states are identified when an external infrared laser field couples to both a molecular and a cavity mode. The non-trivial VPCI topology manifests as pronounced multi-peak progression in the spectral region of the upper vibrational polariton, which is traced back to the emergence of rovibro-polaritonic light–matter hybrid states. Experimentally, ubiquitous spontaneous emission from cavity modes induces a dissipative reduction of intensity and peak broadening, which mainly influences the purely photonic intermediate state peak as well as the rovibro-polaritonic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Fischer
- Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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19
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Koessler ER, Mandal A, Huo P. Incorporating Lindblad Decay Dynamics into Mixed Quantum-Classical Simulations. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:064101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0099922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We derive the $\mathcal{L}$-MFE method to incorporate Lindblad jump operator dynamics into the mean-field Ehrenfest (MFE) approach. We map the density matrix evolution of Lindblad dynamics onto pure state coefficients using trajectory averages. We use simple assumptions to construct the $\mathcal{L}$-MFE method that satisfies this exact mapping. This establishes a method that uses independent trajectories which exactly reproduces Lindblad decay dynamics using a wavefunction description, with deterministic changes of the magnitudes of the quantum expansion coefficients, while only adding on a stochastic phase. We further demonstrate that when including nuclei in the Ehrenfest dynamics, the $\mathcal{L}$-MFE method gives semi-quantitatively accurate results, with the accuracy limited by the accuracy of the approximations present in the semiclassical MFE approach. This work provides a general framework to incorporate Lindblad dynamics into semiclassical or mixed quantum-classical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Koessler
- Chemistry, University of Rochester, United States of America
| | | | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemsitry, University of Rochester Department of Chemistry, United States of America
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20
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Sun K, Gelin MF, Zhao Y. Accurate Simulation of Spectroscopic Signatures of Cavity-Assisted, Conical-Intersection-Controlled Singlet Fission Processes. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4280-4288. [PMID: 35522971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A numerically accurate, fully quantum methodology has been developed for the simulation of the dynamics and nonlinear spectroscopic signals of cavity-assisted, conical-intersection-controlled singlet fission systems. The methodology is capable of handling several molecular systems strongly coupled to the photonic mode of the cavity and treats the intrinsic conical intersection and cavity-induced polaritonic conical intersections in a numerically exact manner. Contributions of higher-lying molecular electronic states are accounted for comprehensively. The intriguing process of cavity-modified fission dynamics, including all of its electronic, vibrational, and photonic degrees of freedom, together with its two-dimensional spectroscopic manifestation, is simulated for two rubrene dimers strongly coupled to the cavity mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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21
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Fregoni J, Garcia-Vidal FJ, Feist J. Theoretical Challenges in Polaritonic Chemistry. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1096-1107. [PMID: 35480492 PMCID: PMC9026242 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polaritonic chemistry exploits strong light-matter coupling between molecules and confined electromagnetic field modes to enable new chemical reactivities. In systems displaying this functionality, the choice of the cavity determines both the confinement of the electromagnetic field and the number of molecules that are involved in the process. While in wavelength-scale optical cavities the light-matter interaction is ruled by collective effects, plasmonic subwavelength nanocavities allow even single molecules to reach strong coupling. Due to these very distinct situations, a multiscale theoretical toolbox is then required to explore the rich phenomenology of polaritonic chemistry. Within this framework, each component of the system (molecules and electromagnetic modes) needs to be treated in sufficient detail to obtain reliable results. Starting from the very general aspects of light-molecule interactions in typical experimental setups, we underline the basic concepts that should be taken into account when operating in this new area of research. Building on these considerations, we then provide a map of the theoretical tools already available to tackle chemical applications of molecular polaritons at different scales. Throughout the discussion, we draw attention to both the successes and the challenges still ahead in the theoretical description of polaritonic chemistry.
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22
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Climent C, Casanova D, Feist J, Garcia-Vidal FJ. Not dark yet for strong light-matter coupling to accelerate singlet fission dynamics. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2022; 3:100841. [PMID: 35620360 PMCID: PMC9022090 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are unique hybrid light-matter states that offer an alternative way to manipulate chemical processes. In this work, we show that singlet fission dynamics can be accelerated under strong light-matter coupling. For superexchange-mediated singlet fission, state mixing speeds up the dynamics in cavities when the lower polariton is close in energy to the multiexcitonic state. This effect is more pronounced in non-conventional singlet fission materials in which the energy gap between the bright singlet exciton and the multiexcitonic state is large ( > 0.1 eV). In this case, the dynamics is dominated by the polaritonic modes and not by the bare-molecule-like dark states, and, additionally, the resonant enhancement due to strong coupling is robust even for energetically broad molecular states. The present results provide a new strategy to expand the range of suitable materials for efficient singlet fission by making use of strong light-matter coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Climent
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A∗STAR), Connexis, 138632, Singapore
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23
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McTague J, Foley J. Non-Hermitian Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics - Configuration Interaction Singles Approach for Polaritonic Structure with ab initio Molecular Hamiltonians. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:154103. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0091953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We combine ab initio molecular electronic Hamiltonians with a cavity quantum electrodynamics model for dissipative photonic modes and apply mean-field theories to the ground- and excited-states of resulting polaritonic systems. In particular, we develop a non-Hermitian configuration interaction singles theory for mean-field ground- and excited-states of the molecular system strongly interacting with a photonic mode, and apply these methods to elucidating the phenomenology of paradigmatic polaritonic systems. We leverage the Psi4Numpy framework to yield open-source and accessible reference implementations of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan McTague
- William Paterson University College of Science and Health, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Foley
- Chemistry, William Paterson University College of Science and Health, United States of America
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24
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Rosenzweig B, Hoffmann NM, Lacombe L, Maitra NT. Analysis of the classical trajectory treatment of photon dynamics for polaritonic phenomena. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:054101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0079379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Rosenzweig
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Norah M. Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Lionel Lacombe
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Neepa T. Maitra
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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25
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Wang S, Chuang YT, Hsu LY. Simple but accurate estimation of light-matter coupling strength and optical loss for a molecular emitter coupled with photonic modes. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:134117. [PMID: 34624977 DOI: 10.1063/5.0060171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-matter coupling strength and optical loss are two key physical quantities in cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), and their interplay determines whether light-matter hybrid states can be formed or not in chemical systems. In this study, by using macroscopic quantum electrodynamics (MQED) combined with a pseudomode approach, we present a simple but accurate method, which allows us to quickly estimate the light-matter coupling strength and optical loss without free parameters. Moreover, for a molecular emitter coupled with photonic modes (including cavity modes and plasmon polariton modes), we analytically and numerically prove that the dynamics derived from the MQED-based wavefunction approach is mathematically equivalent to the dynamics governed by the CQED-based Lindblad master equation when the Purcell factor behaves like Lorentzian functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chuang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yan Hsu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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26
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Fischer EW, Saalfrank P. Ground state properties and infrared spectra of anharmonic vibrational polaritons of small molecules in cavities. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104311. [PMID: 33722029 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments and theory suggest that ground state properties and reactivity of molecules can be modified when placed inside a nanoscale cavity, giving rise to strong coupling between vibrational modes and the quantized cavity field. This is commonly thought to be caused either by a cavity-distorted Born-Oppenheimer ground state potential or by the formation of light-matter hybrid states, vibrational polaritons. Here, we systematically study the effect of a cavity on ground state properties and infrared spectra of single molecules, considering vibration-cavity coupling strengths from zero up to the vibrational ultrastrong coupling regime. Using single-mode models for Li-H and O-H stretch modes and for the NH3 inversion mode, respectively, a single cavity mode in resonance with vibrational transitions is coupled to position-dependent molecular dipole functions. We address the influence of the cavity mode on polariton ground state energies, equilibrium bond lengths, dissociation energies, activation energies for isomerization, and on vibro-polaritonic infrared spectra. In agreement with earlier work, we observe all mentioned properties being strongly affected by the cavity, but only if the dipole self-energy contribution in the interaction Hamiltonian is neglected. When this term is included, these properties do not depend significantly on the coupling anymore. Vibro-polaritonic infrared spectra, in contrast, are always affected by the cavity mode due to the formation of excited vibrational polaritons. It is argued that the quantized nature of vibrational polaritons is key to not only interpreting molecular spectra in cavities but also understanding the experimentally observed modification of molecular reactivity in cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Fischer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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27
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Triana JF, Sanz-Vicario JL. Polar diatomic molecules in optical cavities: Photon scaling, rotational effects, and comparison with classical fields. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094120. [PMID: 33685158 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We address topics related to molecules coupled to quantum radiation. The formalism of light-matter interaction is different for classical and quantum fields, but some analogies remain, such as the formation of light induced crossings. We show that under particular circumstances, the molecular dynamics under quantum or classical fields produce similar results, as long as the radiation is prepared as a Fock state and far from ultra-strong coupling regimes. At this point, the choice of specific initial Fock states is irrelevant since the dynamics scales. However, in realistic multistate molecular systems, radiative scaling may fail due to the presence of simultaneous efficient non-radiative couplings in the dynamics. Polar molecules have permanent dipoles, and within the context of the full quantum Rabi model with a Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian, they play a crucial role in the polaritonic dynamics since both permanent dipole moments and self-energy terms produce drastic changes on the undressed potential energy surfaces at high coupling strengths. We also gauge the effect of including rotational degrees of freedom in cavity molecular photodynamics. For diatomic molecules, the addition of rotation amounts to transform (both with classical or quantum fields) a light induced crossing into a light induced conical intersection. However, we show that conical intersections due to molecular rotation do not represent the standard properties of well-known efficient intrinsic conical intersections inasmuch they do not enhance the quantum transition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan F Triana
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Sanz-Vicario
- Grupo de Física Atómica y Molecular, Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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28
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Gu B, Mukamel S. Optical-Cavity Manipulation of Conical Intersections and Singlet Fission in Pentacene Dimers. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2052-2056. [PMID: 33615792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how the singlet fission process in pentacene dimers mediated by a conical intersection is controlled by coupling the molecule to a confined optical cavity photon mode. By following the polariton quantum dynamics of a conical intersection coupled to a cavity mode taking into account vibrational relaxation and cavity loss, we find that the singlet fission can be significantly suppressed because the polaritonic conical intersection is pushed away from the initial Franck-Condon excitation region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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29
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Du M, Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo JA, Yuen-Zhou J. Nonequilibrium effects of cavity leakage and vibrational dissipation in thermally activated polariton chemistry. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:084108. [PMID: 33639750 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In vibrational strong coupling (VSC), molecular vibrations strongly interact with the modes of an optical cavity to form hybrid light-matter states known as vibrational polaritons. Experiments show that the kinetics of thermally activated chemical reactions can be modified by VSC. Transition-state theory, which assumes that internal thermalization is fast compared to reactive transitions, has been unable to explain the observed findings. Here, we carry out kinetic simulations to understand how dissipative processes, namely, those introduced by VSC to the chemical system, affect reactions where internal thermalization and reactive transitions occur on similar timescales. Using the Marcus-Levich-Jortner type of electron transfer as a model reaction, we show that such dissipation can change reactivity by accelerating internal thermalization, thereby suppressing nonequilibrium effects that occur in the reaction outside the cavity. This phenomenon is attributed mainly to cavity decay (i.e., photon leakage), but a supporting role is played by the relaxation between polaritons and dark states. When nonequilibrium effects are already suppressed in the bare reaction (the reactive species are essentially at internal thermal equilibrium throughout the reaction), we find that reactivity does not change significantly under VSC. Connections are made between our results and experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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30
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Gudem M, Kowalewski M. Controlling the Photostability of Pyrrole with Optical Nanocavities. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1142-1151. [PMID: 33464084 PMCID: PMC7883346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strong light-matter coupling provides a new strategy to manipulate the non-adiabatic dynamics of molecules by modifying potential energy surfaces. The vacuum field of nanocavities can couple strongly with the molecular degrees of freedom and form hybrid light-matter states, termed as polaritons or dressed states. The photochemistry of molecules possessing intrinsic conical intersections can be significantly altered by introducing cavity couplings to create new conical intersections or avoided crossings. Here, we explore the effects of optical cavities on the photo-induced hydrogen elimination reaction of pyrrole. Wave packet dynamics simulations have been performed on the two-state, two-mode model of pyrrole, combined with the cavity photon mode. Our results show how the optical cavities assist in controlling the photostability of pyrrole and influence the reaction mechanism by providing alternative dissociation pathways. The cavity effects have been found to be intensely dependent on the resonance frequency. We further demonstrate the importance of the vibrational cavity couplings and dipole-self interaction terms in describing the cavity-modified non-adiabatic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Physics, Albanova University
Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Albanova University
Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Wellnitz D, Pupillo G, Schachenmayer J. A quantum optics approach to photoinduced electron transfer in cavities. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0037412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Wellnitz
- ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, and icFRC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- IPCMS (UMR 7504), CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - G. Pupillo
- ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, and icFRC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - J. Schachenmayer
- ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, and icFRC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- IPCMS (UMR 7504), CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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32
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Torres-Sánchez J, Feist J. Molecular photodissociation enabled by ultrafast plasmon decay. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:014303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0037856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José Torres-Sánchez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Ulusoy IS, Gomez JA, Vendrell O. Many-photon excitation of organic molecules in a cavity-Superradiance as a measure of coherence. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244107. [PMID: 33380096 DOI: 10.1063/5.0034786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent excitation of a molecular ensemble coupled to a common radiation mode can lead to the collective emission of radiation known as superradiance. This collective emission only occurs if there is an entanglement between the molecules in their ground and excited state and can, therefore, serve as a macroscopic measure of coherence in the ensemble. Reported here are wave packet propagations for various pyrazine models of increasing complexity and molecular ensembles thereof. We show that ensemble coherence upon photoexcitation can prevail up to relatively long time scales although the effect can diminish quickly with increasing ensemble size. Coherence can also build up over time and even reemerge after the molecules have passed through a conical intersection. The effect of the pump pulse characteristics on the collective response of the molecular ensemble is also studied. A broadband pulse imprints a large amount of initial coherence to the system, as compared to a longer pulse with a smaller spread in the frequency domain. However, the differential effects arising from a different pulse duration and coherent bandwidth become less prominent if the emission of light from the ensemble takes place after a non-adiabatic decay process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S Ulusoy
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johana A Gomez
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Davidsson E, Kowalewski M. Simulating photodissociation reactions in bad cavities with the Lindblad equation. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:234304. [PMID: 33353334 PMCID: PMC7116731 DOI: 10.1063/5.0033773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical cavities, e.g., as used in organic polariton experiments, often employ low finesse mirrors or plasmonic structures. The photon lifetime in these setups is comparable to the timescale of the nuclear dynamics governing the photochemistry. This highlights the need for including the effect of dissipation in the molecular simulations. In this study, we perform wave packet dynamics with the Lindblad master equation to study the effect of a finite photon lifetime on the dissociation of the MgH+ molecule model system. Photon lifetimes of several different orders of magnitude are considered to encompass an ample range of effects inherent to lossy cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Davidsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Antoniou P, Suchanek F, Varner JF, Foley JJ. Role of Cavity Losses on Nonadiabatic Couplings and Dynamics in Polaritonic Chemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9063-9069. [PMID: 33045837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a non-Hermitian formulation of the polaritonic structure of azobenzene strongly coupled to a photonic mode that explicitly accounts for the fleeting nature of the photon-molecule interaction. This formalism reveals that the polaritonic nonadiabatic couplings that facilitate cis-trans isomerization can be dramatically modified by photonic dissipation. We perform Fewest-Switches Surface Hopping dynamics on the surfaces that derive from our non-Hermitian formalism and find that the polaritonic isomerization yields are strongly suppressed for moderate dissipation rates and that cavity-free isomerization dynamics are recovered under large dissipation rates. These findings highlight the important role that the finite lifetime of photonic degrees of freedom play in polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiota Antoniou
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Figen Suchanek
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - James F Varner
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Jonathan J Foley
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
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36
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Felicetti S, Fregoni J, Schnappinger T, Reiter S, de Vivie-Riedle R, Feist J. Photoprotecting Uracil by Coupling with Lossy Nanocavities. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8810-8818. [PMID: 32914984 PMCID: PMC7569670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We analyze how the photorelaxation dynamics of a molecule can be controlled by modifying its electromagnetic environment using a nanocavity mode. In particular, we consider the photorelaxation of the RNA nucleobase uracil, which is the natural mechanism to prevent photodamage. In our theoretical work, we identify the operative conditions in which strong coupling with the cavity mode can open an efficient photoprotective channel, resulting in a relaxation dynamics twice as fast as the natural one. We rely on a state-of-the-art chemically detailed molecular model and a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian propagation approach to perform full-quantum simulations of the system dissipative dynamics. By focusing on the photon decay, our analysis unveils the active role played by cavity-induced dissipative processes in modifying chemical reaction rates, in the context of molecular polaritonics. Remarkably, we find that the photorelaxation efficiency is maximized when an optimal trade-off between light-matter coupling strength and photon decay rate is satisfied. This result is in contrast with the common intuition that increasing the quality factor of nanocavities and plasmonic devices improves their performance. Finally, we use a detailed model of a metal nanoparticle to show that the speedup of the uracil relaxation could be observed via coupling with a nanosphere pseudomode, without requiring the implementation of complex nanophotonic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Felicetti
- Istituto
di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Milano, Italy
- Departamento
de Física Teórica
de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacopo Fregoni
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Sebastian Reiter
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, München, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento
de Física Teórica
de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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