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Kozisek J, Hrncirova J, Slouf M, Sloufova I. Plasmon-driven substitution of 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid to 4-nitrothiophenol monitored by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 319:124523. [PMID: 38820811 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Plasmon-driven reactions on plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) occur under significantly different conditions from those of classical organic synthesis and provide a promising pathway for enhancing the efficiency of various chemical processes. However, these reactions can also have undesirable effects, such as 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (MPBA) deboronation. MPBA chemisorbs well to Ag NPs through its thiol group and can subsequently bind to diols, enabling the detection of various biological structures by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), but not upon its deboronation. To avoid this reaction, we investigated the experimental conditions of MPBA deboronation on Ag NPs by SERS. Our results showed that the level of deboronation strongly depends on both the morphology of the system and the excitation laser wavelength and power. In addition, we detected not only the expected products, namely thiophenol and biphenyl-4,4-dithiol, but also 4-nitrothiophenol (NTP). The crucial reagent for NTP formation was an oxidation product of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, the reduction agent used in Ag NP synthesis. Ultimately, this reaction was replicated by adding NaNO2 to the system, and its progress was monitored as a function of the laser power, thereby identifying a new reaction of plasmon-driven -B(OH)2 substitution for -NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kozisek
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hrncirova
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Slouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Sloufova
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Schürmann R, Dutta A, Ebel K, Tapio K, Milosavljevic A, Bald I. Plasmonic reactivity of halogen thiophenols on gold nanoparticles studied by SERS and XPS. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:084708. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0098110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonances on noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) can efficiently drive reactions of adsorbed ligand molecules and provide versatile opportunities in chemical synthesis. The driving forces of these reactions are typically elevated temperatures, hot charge carriers or enhanced electric fields. In the present work the dehalogenation of halogenated thiophenols on the surface of AuNPs has been studied by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a function of the photon energy to track the kinetics and identify reaction products. Reaction rates are found to be surprisingly similar for the different halothiophenols studied here, although the bond dissociation energies of the C-X bonds differ significantly. Complementary information about the electronic properties at the AuNP surface, namely work-function and valence band states, have been determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of isolated AuNPs in the gas-phase. In this way, it is revealed how the electronic properties are altered by the adsorption of the ligand molecules, and we conclude that the reaction rates are mainly determined by the plasmonic properties of the AuNPs. SERS spectra reveal differences in the reaction product formation for the different halogen species and on this basis the possible reaction mechanisms are discussed to approach an understanding of opportunities and limitations in the design of catalytical systems with plasmonic NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schürmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam Institute of Chemistry, Germany
| | | | - Kenny Ebel
- University of Potsdam Institute of Chemistry, Germany
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Schürmann R, Nagel A, Juergensen S, Pathak A, Reich S, Pacholski C, Bald I. Microscopic Understanding of Reaction Rates Observed in Plasmon Chemistry of Nanoparticle-Ligand Systems. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:5333-5342. [PMID: 35359815 PMCID: PMC8958589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an effective and widely used technique to study chemical reactions induced or catalyzed by plasmonic substrates, since the experimental setup allows us to trigger and track the reaction simultaneously and identify the products. However, on substrates with plasmonic hotspots, the total signal mainly originates from these nanoscopic volumes with high reactivity and the information about the overall consumption remains obscure in SERS measurements. This has important implications; for example, the apparent reaction order in SERS measurements does not correlate with the real reaction order, whereas the apparent reaction rates are proportional to the real reaction rates as demonstrated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. We determined the electric field enhancement distribution of a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) monolayer and calculated the SERS intensities in light-driven reactions in an adsorbed self-assembled molecular monolayer on the AuNP surface. Accordingly, even if a high conversion is observed in SERS due to the high reactivity in the hotspots, most of the adsorbed molecules on the AuNP surface remain unreacted. The theoretical findings are compared with the hot-electron-induced dehalogenation of 4-bromothiophenol, indicating a time dependency of the hot-carrier concentration in plasmon-mediated reactions. To fit the kinetics of plasmon-mediated reactions in plasmonic hotspots, fractal-like kinetics are well suited to account for the inhomogeneity of reactive sites on the substrates, whereas also modified standard kinetics model allows equally well fits. The outcomes of this study are on the one hand essential to derive a mechanistic understanding of reactions on plasmonic substrates by SERS measurements and on the other hand to drive plasmonic reactions with high local precision and facilitate the engineering of chemistry on a nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schürmann
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alessandro Nagel
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sabrina Juergensen
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anisha Pathak
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Pacholski
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ilko Bald
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Schürmann R, Titov E, Ebel K, Kogikoski S, Mostafa A, Saalfrank P, Milosavljević AR, Bald I. The electronic structure of the metal-organic interface of isolated ligand coated gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1599-1607. [PMID: 35399325 PMCID: PMC8922996 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00737h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light induced electron transfer reactions of molecules on the surface of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) depend significantly on the electronic properties of the metal-organic interface. Hybridized metal-molecule states and dipoles at the interface alter the work function and facilitate or hinder electron transfer between the NPs and ligand. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements of isolated AuNPs coated with thiolated ligands in a vacuum have been performed as a function of photon energy, and the depth dependent information of the metal-organic interface has been obtained. The role of surface dipoles in the XPS measurements of isolated ligand coated NPs is discussed and the binding energy of the Au 4f states is shifted by around 0.8 eV in the outer atomic layers of 4-nitrothiophenol coated AuNPs, facilitating electron transport towards the molecules. Moreover, the influence of the interface dipole depends significantly on the adsorbed ligand molecules. The present study paves the way towards the engineering of the electronic properties of the nanoparticle surface, which is of utmost importance for the application of plasmonic nanoparticles in the fields of heterogeneous catalysis and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schürmann
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Evgenii Titov
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Kenny Ebel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Sergio Kogikoski
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Amr Mostafa
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | | | - Ilko Bald
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry 14476 Potsdam Germany
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Sala L, Sedmidubská B, Vinklárek I, Fárník M, Schürmann R, Bald I, Med J, Slavíček P, Kočišek J. Electron attachment to microhydrated 4-nitro- and 4-bromo-thiophenol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18173-18181. [PMID: 34612280 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02019f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of microhydration on electron attachment to thiophenols with halogen (Br) and nitro (NO2) functional groups in the para position. We focus on the formation of anions upon the attachment of low-energy electrons with energies below 8 eV to heterogeneous clusters of the thiophenols with water. For nitro-thiophenol (NTP), the primary reaction channel observed is the associative electron attachment, irrespective of the microhydration. On the other hand, bromothiophenol (BTP) fragments significantly upon the electron attachment, producing Br- and (BTP-H)- anions. Microhydration suppresses fragmentation of both molecules, however in bromothiophenol, the Br- channel remains intense and Br(H2O)n- hydrated fragment clusters are observed. The results are supported by the reaction energetics obtained from ab initio calculations. Different dissociation dynamics of NTP and BTP can be related to different products of their plasmon induced reactions on Au nanoparticles. Computational modeling of the simplified BTP(H2O) system indicates that the electron attachment products reflect the structure of neutral precursor clusters - the anion dissociation dynamics is controlled by the hydration site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Sala
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Sedmidubská B, Luxford TFM, Kočišek J. Electron attachment to isolated and microhydrated favipiravir. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21501-21511. [PMID: 34382983 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02686k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electron attachment and its equivalent in complex environments, single-electron reduction, are important in many biological processes. Here, we experimentally study the electron attachment to favipiravir, a well-known antiviral agent. Electron attachment spectroscopy is used to explore the energetics of associative (AEA) and dissociative (DEA) electron attachment to isolated favipiravir. AEA dominates the interaction and the yields of the fragment anions after DEA are an order of magnitude lower than that of the parent anion. DEA primary proceeds via decomposition of the CONH2 functional group, which is supported by reaction threshold calculations using ab initio methods. Mass spectrometry of small favipiravir-water clusters demonstrates that a lot of energy is transferred to the solvent upon electron attachment. The energy gained upon electron attachment, and the high stability of the parent anion were previously suggested as important properties for the action of several electron-affinic radiosensitizers. If any of these mechanisms cause synergism in chemo-radiation therapy, favipiravir could be repurposed as a radiosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Sedmidubská
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic. and Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Břehová 7, 11519 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas F M Luxford
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Kočišek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Wang X, Liu C, Gao C, Yao K, Masouleh SSM, Berté R, Ren H, Menezes LDS, Cortés E, Bicket IC, Wang H, Li N, Zhang Z, Li M, Xie W, Yu Y, Fang Y, Zhang S, Xu H, Vomiero A, Liu Y, Botton GA, Maier SA, Liang H. Self-Constructed Multiple Plasmonic Hotspots on an Individual Fractal to Amplify Broadband Hot Electron Generation. ACS NANO 2021; 15:10553-10564. [PMID: 34114794 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles are ideal candidates for hot-electron-assisted applications, but their narrow resonance region and limited hotspot number hindered the energy utilization of broadband solar energy. Inspired by tree branches, we designed and chemically synthesized silver fractals, which enable self-constructed hotspots and multiple plasmonic resonances, extending the broadband generation of hot electrons for better matching with the solar radiation spectrum. We directly revealed the plasmonic origin, the spatial distribution, and the decay dynamics of hot electrons on the single-particle level by using ab initio simulation, dark-field spectroscopy, pump-probe measurements, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Our results show that fractals with acute tips and narrow gaps can support broadband resonances (400-1100 nm) and a large number of randomly distributed hotspots, which can provide unpolarized enhanced near field and promote hot electron generation. As a proof-of-concept, hot-electron-triggered dimerization of p-nitropthiophenol and hydrogen production are investigated under various irradiations, and the promoted hot electron generation on fractals was confirmed with significantly improved efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Changxu Liu
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Congcong Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Kaili Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Seyed Shayan Mousavi Masouleh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Berté
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Haoran Ren
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Leonardo de S Menezes
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80539 München, Germany
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Isobel C Bicket
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Haiyu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Zhenglong Zhang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710061, P R. China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Power Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Lab of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yifu Yu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yurui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Shunping Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Alberto Vomiero
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, S-97187 Luleå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, I-30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Yongchang Liu
- State Key Lab of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P.R. China
| | - Gianluigi A Botton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80539 München, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Hongyan Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
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