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Schloemer T, Narayanan P, Zhou Q, Belliveau E, Seitz M, Congreve DN. Nanoengineering Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: From Materials to Real-World Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3259-3288. [PMID: 36800310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using light to control matter has captured the imagination of scientists for generations, as there is an abundance of photons at our disposal. Yet delivering photons beyond the surface to many photoresponsive systems has proven challenging, particularly at scale, due to light attenuation via absorption and scattering losses. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), a process which allows for low energy photons to be converted to high energy photons, is poised to overcome these challenges by allowing for precise spatial generation of high energy photons due to its nonlinear nature. With a wide range of sensitizer and annihilator motifs available for TTA-UC, many researchers seek to integrate these materials in solution or solid-state applications. In this Review, we discuss nanoengineering deployment strategies and highlight their uses in recent state-of-the-art examples of TTA-UC integrated in both solution and solid-state applications. Considering both implementation tactics and application-specific requirements, we identify critical needs to push TTA-UC-based applications from an academic curiosity to a scalable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Schloemer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Belliveau
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael Seitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Li L, Ding Y, Zhang C, Xian H, Chen S, Dai G, Wang X, Ye C. Ratiometric Fluorescence Detection of Mg 2+ Based on Regulating Crown-Ether Modified Annihilators for Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3276-3282. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Yilei Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Haiyu Xian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Shuoran Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Dai
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Changqing Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
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Olesund A, Gray V, Mårtensson J, Albinsson B. Diphenylanthracene Dimers for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversion: Mechanistic Insights for Intramolecular Pathways and the Importance of Molecular Geometry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5745-5754. [PMID: 33835789 PMCID: PMC8154513 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Novel approaches
to modify the spectral output of the sun have
seen a surge in interest recently, with triplet–triplet annihilation
driven photon upconversion (TTA-UC) gaining widespread recognition
due to its ability to function under low-intensity, noncoherent light.
Herein, four diphenylanthracene (DPA) dimers are investigated to explore
how the structure of these dimers affects upconversion efficiency.
Also, the mechanism responsible for intramolecular upconversion is
elucidated. In particular, two models are compared using steady-state
and time-resolved simulations of the TTA-UC emission intensities and
kinetics. All dimers perform TTA-UC efficiently in the presence of
the sensitizer platinum octaethylporphyrin. The meta-coupled dimer
1,3-DPA2 performs best yielding a 21.2% upconversion quantum
yield (out of a 50% maximum), which is close to that of the reference
monomer DPA (24.0%). Its superior performance compared to the other
dimers is primarily ascribed to the longer triplet lifetime of this
dimer (4.7 ms), thus reinforcing the importance of this parameter.
Comparisons between simulations and experiments reveal that the double-sensitization
mechanism is part of the mechanism of intramolecular upconversion
and that this additional pathway could be of great significance under
specific conditions. The results from this study can thus act as a
guide not only in terms of annihilator design but also for the design
of future solid-state systems where intramolecular exciton migration
is anticipated to play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Olesund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victor Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerker Mårtensson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ehrler B, Yanai N, Nienhaus L. Up- and down-conversion in molecules and materials. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:070401. [PMID: 33607873 DOI: 10.1063/5.0045323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ehrler
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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