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Hirschmann O, Bhakta HH, Kort-Kamp WJM, Jones AC, Xiong W. Spatially Resolved Near Field Spectroscopy of Vibrational Polaritons at the Small N Limit. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:2650-2658. [PMID: 39036063 PMCID: PMC11258779 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Vibrational polaritons, which have been primarily studied in Fabry-Pérot cavities with a large number of molecules (N ∼ 106-1010) coupled to the resonator mode, exhibit various experimentally observed effects on chemical reactions. However, the exact mechanism is elusively understood from the theoretical side, as the large number of molecules involved in an experimental strong coupling condition cannot be represented completely in simulations. This discrepancy between theory and experiment arises from computational descriptions of polariton systems typically being limited to only a few molecules, thus failing to represent the experimental conditions adequately. To address this mismatch, we used surface phonon polariton (SPhP) resonators as an alternative platform for vibrational strong coupling. SPhPs exhibit strong electromagnetic confinement on the surface and thus allow for coupling to a small number of molecules. As a result, this platform can enhance nonlinearity and slow down relaxation to the dark modes. In this study, we fabricated a pillar-shaped quartz resonator and then coated it with a thin layer of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc). By employing scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), we spatially investigated the dependency of vibrational strong coupling on the spatially varying electromagnetic field strength and demonstrated strong coupling with 38,000 molecules only-reaching to the small N limit. Through s-SNOM analysis, we found that strong coupling was observed primarily on the edge of the quartz pillar and the apex of the s-SNOM tip, where the maximum field enhancement occurs. In contrast, a weak resonance signal and lack of coupling were observed closer to the center of the pillar. This work demonstrates the importance of spatially resolved polariton systems in nanophotonic platforms and lays a foundation to explore polariton chemistry and chemical dynamics at the small N limit-one step closer to reconcile with high-level quantum calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hirschmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Harsh H. Bhakta
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wilton J. M. Kort-Kamp
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andrew C. Jones
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials
Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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2
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Li TE. Mesoscale Molecular Simulations of Fabry-Pérot Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 38912683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Developing theoretical frameworks for vibrational strong coupling (VSC) beyond the single-mode approximation is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of experiments with planar Fabry-Pérot cavities. Herein, a generalized cavity molecular dynamics (CavMD) scheme is developed to simulate VSC of a large ensemble of realistic molecules coupled to an arbitrary 1D or 2D photonic environment. This approach is built upon the Power-Zienau-Woolley Hamiltonian in the normal mode basis and uses a grid representation of the molecular ensembles to reduce the computational cost. When simulating the polariton dispersion relation for a homogeneous distribution of molecules in planar Fabry-Pérot cavities, our data highlight the importance of preserving the in-plane translational symmetry of the molecular distribution. In this homogeneous limit, CavMD yields the consistent polariton dispersion relation as an analytic theory, i.e., incorporating many cavity modes with varying in-plane wave vectors (k∥) produces the same spectrum as the system with a single cavity mode. Furthermore, CavMD reveals that the validity of the single-mode approximation is challenged when nonequilibrium polariton dynamics are considered, as polariton-polariton scattering occurs between modes with the nearest neighbor k∥. The procedure for numerically approaching the macroscopic limit is also demonstrated with CavMD by increasing the system size. Looking forward, our generalized CavMD approach may facilitate understanding vibrational polariton transport and condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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3
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Yu Q, Bowman JM. Fully Quantum Simulation of Polaritonic Vibrational Spectra of Large Cavity-Molecule System. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4278-4287. [PMID: 38717309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The formation of molecular vibrational polaritons, arising from the interplay between molecular vibrations and infrared cavity modes, is a quantum phenomenon necessitating accurate quantum dynamical simulations. Here, we introduce the cavity vibrational self-consistent field/virtual state configuration interaction method, enabling quantum simulation of the vibrational spectra of many-molecule systems within the optical cavity. Focusing on the representative (H2O)21 system, we showcase this parameter-free quantum approach's ability to capture both linear and nonlinear vibrational spectral features. Our findings highlight the growing prominence of molecular couplings among OH stretches and bending excited bands with increased light-matter interaction, revealing distinctive nonlinear spectral features induced by vibrational strong coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Joel M Bowman
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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4
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Xiang B, Xiong W. Molecular Polaritons for Chemistry, Photonics and Quantum Technologies. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2512-2552. [PMID: 38416701 PMCID: PMC10941193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons are quasiparticles resulting from the hybridization between molecular and photonic modes. These composite entities, bearing characteristics inherited from both constituents, exhibit modified energy levels and wave functions, thereby capturing the attention of chemists in the past decade. The potential to modify chemical reactions has spurred many investigations, alongside efforts to enhance and manipulate optical responses for photonic and quantum applications. This Review centers on the experimental advances in this burgeoning field. Commencing with an introduction of the fundamentals, including theoretical foundations and various cavity architectures, we discuss outcomes of polariton-modified chemical reactions. Furthermore, we navigate through the ongoing debates and uncertainties surrounding the underpinning mechanism of this innovative method of controlling chemistry. Emphasis is placed on gaining a comprehensive understanding of the energy dynamics of molecular polaritons, in particular, vibrational molecular polaritons─a pivotal facet in steering chemical reactions. Additionally, we discuss the unique capability of coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy to dissect polariton and dark mode dynamics, offering insights into the critical components within the cavity that alter chemical reactions. We further expand to the potential utility of molecular polaritons in quantum applications as well as precise manipulation of molecular and photonic polarizations, notably in the context of chiral phenomena. This discussion aspires to ignite deeper curiosity and engagement in revealing the physics underpinning polariton-modified molecular properties, and a broad fascination with harnessing photonic environments to control chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries
of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, California 92126, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, San Diego, California 92126, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San
Diego, California 92126, United States
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5
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Yu Q, Bowman JM. Manipulating hydrogen bond dissociation rates and mechanisms in water dimer through vibrational strong coupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3527. [PMID: 37316497 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The vibrational strong coupling (VSC) between molecular vibrations and cavity photon modes has recently emerged as a promising tool for influencing chemical reactivities. Despite numerous experimental and theoretical efforts, the underlying mechanism of VSC effects remains elusive. In this study, we combine state-of-art quantum cavity vibrational self-consistent field/configuration interaction theory (cav-VSCF/VCI), quasi-classical trajectory method, along with the quantum-chemical CCSD(T)-level machine learning potential, to simulate the hydrogen bond dissociation dynamics of water dimer under VSC. We observe that manipulating the light-matter coupling strength and cavity frequencies can either inhibit or accelerate the dissociation rate. Furthermore, we discover that the cavity surprisingly modifies the vibrational dissociation channels, with a pathway involving both water fragments in their ground vibrational states becoming the major channel, which is a minor one when the water dimer is outside the cavity. We elucidate the mechanisms behind these effects by investigating the critical role of the optical cavity in modifying the intramolecular and intermolecular coupling patterns. While our work focuses on single water dimer system, it provides direct and statistically significant evidence of VSC effects on molecular reaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Joel M Bowman
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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6
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Abstract
ConspectusWhen molecular vibrational modes strongly couple to virtual states of photonic modes, new molecular vibrational polariton states are formed, along with a large population of dark reservoir modes. The polaritons are much like the bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals when atomic orbitals form molecular bonds, while the dark modes are like nonbonding orbitals. Because the polariton states are half-matter and half-light, whose energy is shifted from the parental states, polaritons are predicted to modify chemistry under thermally activated conditions, leading to an exciting and emerging field known as polariton chemistry that could potentially shift paradigms in chemistry. Despite several published results supporting this concept, the chemical physics and mechanism of polariton chemistry remain elusive. One reason for this challenge is that previous works cannot differentiate polaritons from dark modes. This limitation makes delineating the contributions to chemistry from polaritons and dark states difficult. However, this level of insight is critical for developing a solid mechanism for polariton chemistry to design and predict the outcome of strong coupling with any given reaction. My group addressed the challenge of differentiating the dynamics of polaritons and dark modes by ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy. Specifically, (1) we found that polaritons can facilitate intra- and intermolecular vibrational energy transfer, opening a pathway to control vibrational energy flow in liquid-phase molecular systems, and (2) by studying a single-step isomerization event, we verified that indeed polaritons can modify chemical dynamics under strong coupling conditions, but in contrast, the dark modes behave like uncoupled molecules and do not change the dynamics. This finding confirmed the central concept of polariton chemistry: polaritons modify the potential energy landscape of reactions. The result also clarified the role of dark modes, which lays a critical foundation for designing cavities for future polariton chemistry. Aside from using 2D IR spectroscopy to study polariton chemistry, we also used the same technique to develop molecular polaritons into a potential quantum simulation platform. We demonstrated that polaritons have Rabi oscillations, and using a checkerboard cavity design, we showed that polaritons could have large nonlinearity across space. We further used the checkerboard polaritons to simulate coherence transfer and visualize it. A unidirectional coherence transfer was observed, indicating non-Hermitian dynamics. The highlighted efforts in this Account provide a solid understanding of the capability of polaritons for chemistry and quantum information science. I conclude this Account by discussing a few challenges for moving polariton chemistry toward being predictable and making the polariton quantum platform a complement to existing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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7
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Simpkins BS, Yang Z, Dunkelberger AD, Vurgaftman I, Owrutsky JC, Xiong W. Comment on "Isolating Polaritonic 2D-IR Transmission Spectra". J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:983-988. [PMID: 36727272 PMCID: PMC9900631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This Viewpoint responds to the analysis of 2D IR spectra of vibration cavity polaritons in the study reported in The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters (Duan et al. 2021, 12, 11406). That report analyzed 2D IR spectra of strongly coupled molecules, such as W(CO)6 and nitroprusside anion, based on subtracting a background signal generated by polariton filtered free space signals. They assigned the resulting response as being due to excited polaritons. We point out in this Viewpoint that virtually all of the response can be properly reproduced using the physics of transmission through an etalon containing a material modeled with a complex dielectric function describing the ground- and excited-state absorber populations. Furthermore, such a coupled system cannot be described as a scaled sum of the bare molecular and cavity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zimo Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | | | - Igor Vurgaftman
- US
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC20375, United States
| | | | - Wei Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
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8
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Fan LB, Shu CC, Dong D, He J, Henriksen NE, Nori F. Quantum Coherent Control of a Single Molecular-Polariton Rotation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:043604. [PMID: 36763416 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.043604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a combined analytical and numerical study for coherent terahertz control of a single molecular polariton, formed by strongly coupling two rotational states of a molecule with a single-mode cavity. Compared to the bare molecules driven by a single terahertz pulse, the presence of a cavity strongly modifies the postpulse orientation of the polariton, making it difficult to obtain its maximal degree of orientation. To solve this challenging problem toward achieving complete quantum coherent control, we derive an analytical solution of a pulse-driven quantum Jaynes-Cummings model by expanding the wave function into entangled states and constructing an effective Hamiltonian. We utilize it to design a composite terahertz pulse and obtain the maximum degree of orientation of the polariton by exploiting photon blockade effects. This Letter offers a new strategy to study rotational dynamics in the strong-coupling regime and provides a method for complete quantum coherent control of a single molecular polariton. It, therefore, has direct applications in polariton chemistry and molecular polaritonics for exploring novel quantum optical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bao Fan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chuan-Cun Shu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Daoyi Dong
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Jun He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Niels E Henriksen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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9
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Li TE, Hammes-Schiffer S. QM/MM Modeling of Vibrational Polariton Induced Energy Transfer and Chemical Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:377-384. [PMID: 36574620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling (VSC) provides a novel means to modify chemical reactions and energy transfer pathways. To efficiently model chemical dynamics under VSC in the collective regime, herein a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) cavity molecular dynamics (CavMD) scheme is developed and applied to an experimentally studied chemical system. This approach can achieve linear scaling with respect to the number of molecules for a dilute solution under VSC by assuming that each QM solute molecule is surrounded by an independent MM solvent bath. Application of this approach to a dilute solution of Fe(CO)5 in n-dodecane under VSC demonstrates polariton dephasing to the dark modes and polariton-enhanced molecular nonlinear absorption. These simulations predict that strongly exciting the lower polariton may provide an energy transfer pathway that selectively excites the equatorial CO vibrations rather than the axial CO vibrations. Moreover, these simulations also directly probe the cavity effect on the dynamics of the Fe(CO)5 Berry pseudorotation reaction for comparison to recent two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy experiments. This theoretical approach is applicable to a wide range of other polaritonic systems and provides a tool for exploring the use of VSC for selective infrared photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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10
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Yu Q, Hammes-Schiffer S. Multidimensional Quantum Dynamical Simulation of Infrared Spectra under Polaritonic Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11253-11261. [PMID: 36448842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that the chemical reactivity of molecules can be modified inside an optical cavity. Here, we provide a theoretical framework for conducting multidimensional quantum simulations of the infrared (IR) spectra for molecules interacting with cavity modes. A single water molecule under polaritonic vibrational strong coupling serves as an illustrative example. Combined with accurate potential energy and dipole moment surfaces, our cavity vibrational self-consistent field/virtual state configuration interaction (cav-VSCF/VCI) approach can predict the IR spectra when the molecule is inside or outside the cavity. The spectral signatures of Rabi splittings and shifts of certain bands are found to be strongly dependent on the frequency and polarization direction of the cavity modes. Analyses of the simulated spectra show that polaritonic vibrational strong coupling can induce unconventional couplings among the molecule's vibrational modes, suggesting that intramolecular vibrational energy transfer can be significantly accelerated by the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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11
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Chen TT, Du M, Yang Z, Yuen-Zhou J, Xiong W. Cavity-enabled enhancement of ultrafast intramolecular vibrational redistribution over pseudorotation. Science 2022; 378:790-794. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling (VSC) between molecular vibrations and microcavity photons yields a few polaritons (light-matter modes) and many dark modes (with negligible photonic character). Although VSC is reported to alter thermally activated chemical reactions, its mechanisms remain opaque. To elucidate this problem, we followed ultrafast dynamics of a simple unimolecular vibrational energy exchange in iron pentacarbonyl [Fe(CO)
5
] under VSC, which showed two competing channels: pseudorotation and intramolecular vibrational-energy redistribution (IVR). We found that under polariton excitation, energy exchange was overall accelerated, with IVR becoming faster and pseudorotation being slowed down. However, dark-mode excitation revealed unchanged dynamics compared with those outside of the cavity, with pseudorotation dominating. Thus, despite controversies around thermally activated VSC modified chemistry, our work shows that VSC can indeed alter chemistry through a nonequilibrium preparation of polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Teng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zimo Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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12
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Mondal M, Semenov A, Ochoa MA, Nitzan A. Strong Coupling in Infrared Plasmonic Cavities. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9673-9678. [PMID: 36215723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Controlling molecular spectroscopy and even chemical behavior in a cavity environment is a subject of intense experimental and theoretical interest. In Fabry-Pérot cavities, strong (radiation-matter) coupling phenomena without an intense radiation field often rely on the number of chromophore molecules collectively interacting with a cavity mode. For plasmonic cavities, the cavity field-matter coupling can be strong enough to manifest strong coupling involving even a single molecule. To this end, infrared plasmonic cavities can be particularly useful in understanding vibrational strong coupling. Here we present a procedure for estimating the radiation-matter coupling and, equivalently, the mode volume as well as the mode lifetime and quality factor for plasmonic cavities of arbitrary shapes and use it to estimate these quantities for infrared cavities of two particularly relevant geometries comprising several n-doped semiconductors. Our calculations demonstrate very high field confinement and low mode volumes of these cavities despite having relatively low quality factors, which is often the case for plasmonic cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monosij Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Alexander Semenov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Maicol A Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104, United States
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
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13
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Cohn B, Sufrin S, Basu A, Chuntonov L. Vibrational Polaritons in Disordered Molecular Ensembles. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8369-8375. [PMID: 36043884 PMCID: PMC9465717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disorder is an intrinsic attribute of any realistic molecular system. It is known to lead to localization, which hampers efficient transport. It was recently proposed that in molecular ensembles strongly coupled to photonic cavities, moderate disorder leads to delocalization and increases of the transport and chemical reaction rates. Vibrational polaritons involve molecular vibrations hybridized with an infrared cavity. When the coupling strength largely exceeds the molecular inhomogeneity, polaritons are unaffected by disorder. However, in many experiments, such a homogeneous limit does not apply. We investigated vibrational polaritons involving molecular ensembles with systematically modified disorder. Counterintuitively, moderate disorder leads to an increase in Rabi splitting and the modification of the polariton bandwidths. Experimental spectroscopic data agree with a Tavis-Cummings-like model that suggests enhanced delocalization of the reservoir states occurs via the admixture of the cavity mode. Our results provide new insights into the paradigm of disorder-induced cavity-assisted delocalization in molecular polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Cohn
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Solid State Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shmuel Sufrin
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Solid State Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Arghyadeep Basu
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Solid State Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Lev Chuntonov
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Solid State Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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14
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Li TE, Nitzan A, Subotnik JE. Energy-efficient pathway for selectively exciting solute molecules to high vibrational states via solvent vibration-polariton pumping. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4203. [PMID: 35858927 PMCID: PMC9300737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectively exciting target molecules to high vibrational states is inefficient in the liquid phase, which restricts the use of IR pumping to catalyze ground-state chemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate that this inefficiency can sometimes be solved by confining the liquid to an optical cavity under vibrational strong coupling conditions. For a liquid solution of 13CO2 solute in a 12CO2 solvent, cavity molecular dynamics simulations show that exciting a polariton (hybrid light-matter state) of the solvent with an intense laser pulse, under suitable resonant conditions, may lead to a very strong (>3 quanta) and ultrafast (<1 ps) excitation of the solute, even though the solvent ends up being barely excited. By contrast, outside a cavity the same input pulse fluence can excite the solute by only half a vibrational quantum and the selectivity of excitation is low. Our finding is robust under different cavity volumes, which may lead to observable cavity enhancement on IR photochemical reactions in Fabry–Pérot cavities. Hybrid light-matter states formed in the strong light-matter coupling regime can alter the molecular ground-state reactivity. Here, Li et al. computationally demonstrate that pumping a collection of solvent molecules forming hybrid vibrational light-matter states in an optical cavity can excite solute molecules to very high excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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15
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Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo JA, Yuen-Zhou J. Generalization of the Tavis-Cummings model for multi-level anharmonic systems: Insights on the second excitation manifold. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194308. [PMID: 35597658 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Confined electromagnetic modes strongly couple to collective excitations in ensembles of quantum emitters, producing light-matter hybrid states known as polaritons. Under such conditions, the discrete multilevel spectrum of molecular systems offers an appealing playground for exploring multiphoton processes. This work contrasts predictions from the Tavis-Cummings model in which the material is a collection of two-level systems, with the implications of considering additional energy levels with harmonic and anharmonic structures. We discuss the exact eigenspectrum, up to the second excitation manifold, of an arbitrary number N of oscillators collectively coupled to a single cavity mode in the rotating-wave approximation. Elaborating on our group-theoretic approach [New J. Phys. 23, 063081 (2021)], we simplify the brute-force diagonalization of N2 × N2 Hamiltonians to the eigendecomposition of, at most, 4 × 4 matrices for arbitrary N. We thoroughly discuss the eigenstates and the consequences of weak and strong anharmonicities. Furthermore, we find resonant conditions between bipolaritons and anharmonic transitions where two-photon absorption can be enhanced. Finally, we conclude that energy shifts in the polaritonic states induced by anharmonicities become negligible for large N. Thus, calculations with a single or few quantum emitters qualitatively fail to represent the nonlinear optical response of the collective strong coupling regime. Our work highlights the rich physics of multilevel anharmonic systems coupled to cavities absent in standard models of quantum optics. We also provide concise tabulated expressions for eigenfrequencies and transition amplitudes, which should serve as a reference for future spectroscopic studies of molecular polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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16
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Li TE, Nitzan A, Hammes-Schiffer S, Subotnik JE. Quantum Simulations of Vibrational Strong Coupling via Path Integrals. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3890-3895. [PMID: 35471100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A quantum simulation of vibrational strong coupling (VSC) in the collective regime via thermostated ring-polymer molecular dynamics (TRPMD) is reported. For a collection of liquid-phase water molecules resonantly coupled to a single lossless cavity mode, the simulation shows that as compared with a fully classical calculation, the inclusion of nuclear and photonic quantum effects does not lead to a change in the Rabi splitting but does broaden polaritonic line widths roughly by a factor of 2. Moreover, under thermal equilibrium, both quantum and classical simulations predict that the static dielectric constant of liquid water is largely unchanged inside vs outside the cavity. This result disagrees with a recent experiment demonstrating that the static dielectric constant of liquid water can be resonantly enhanced under VSC, suggesting either limitations of our approach or perhaps other experimental factors that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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17
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Li TE, Tao Z, Hammes-Schiffer S. Semiclassical Real-Time Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Dynamics for Molecular Polaritons: Unified Theory of Electronic and Vibrational Strong Couplings. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2774-2784. [PMID: 35420037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons have become an emerging platform for remotely controlling molecular properties through strong light-matter interactions. Herein, a semiclassical approach is developed for describing molecular polaritons by self-consistently propagating the real-time dynamics of classical cavity modes and a quantum molecular subsystem described by the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) method, where electrons and specified nuclei are treated quantum mechanically on the same level. This semiclassical real-time NEO approach provides a unified description of electronic and vibrational strong couplings and describes the impact of the cavity on coupled nuclear-electronic dynamics while including nuclear quantum effects. For a single o-hydroxybenzaldehyde molecule under electronic strong coupling, this approach shows that the cavity suppression of excited state intramolecular proton transfer is influenced not only by the polaritonic potential energy surface but also by the time scale of the chemical reaction. This work provides the foundation for exploring collective strong coupling in nuclear-electronic quantum dynamical systems within optical cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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18
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Li TE, Nitzan A, Subotnik JE. Polariton relaxation under vibrational strong coupling: Comparing cavity molecular dynamics simulations against Fermi's golden rule rate. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:134106. [PMID: 35395873 DOI: 10.1063/5.0079784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Under vibrational strong coupling (VSC), the formation of molecular polaritons may significantly modify the photo-induced or thermal properties of molecules. In an effort to understand these intriguing modifications, both experimental and theoretical studies have focused on the ultrafast dynamics of vibrational polaritons. Here, following our recent work [Li et al., J. Chem. Phys. 154, 094124 (2021)], we systematically study the mechanism of polariton relaxation for liquid CO2 under a weak external pumping. Classical cavity molecular dynamics (CavMD) simulations confirm that polariton relaxation results from the combined effects of (i) cavity loss through the photonic component and (ii) dephasing of the bright-mode component to vibrational dark modes as mediated by intermolecular interactions. The latter polaritonic dephasing rate is proportional to the product of the weight of the bright mode in the polariton wave function and the spectral overlap between the polariton and dark modes. Both these factors are sensitive to parameters such as the Rabi splitting and cavity mode detuning. Compared to a Fermi's golden rule calculation based on a tight-binding harmonic model, CavMD yields a similar parameter dependence for the upper polariton relaxation lifetime but sometimes a modest disagreement for the lower polariton. We suggest that this disagreement results from polariton-enhanced molecular nonlinear absorption due to molecular anharmonicity, which is not included in our analytical model. We also summarize recent progress on probing nonreactive VSC dynamics with CavMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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19
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Yang J, Pei Z, Leon EC, Wickizer C, Weng B, Mao Y, Ou Q, Shao Y. Cavity quantum-electrodynamical time-dependent density functional theory within Gaussian atomic basis. II. Analytic energy gradient. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:124104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the formulation of cavity quantum-electrodynamical time-dependent density functional theory (cQED-TDDFT) models [Flick et al., ACS Photonics 6, 2757–2778 (2019) and Yang et al., J. Chem. Phys. 155, 064107 (2021)], here, we report the derivation and implementation of the analytic energy gradient for polaritonic states of a single photochrome within the cQED-TDDFT models. Such gradient evaluation is also applicable to a complex of explicitly specified photochromes or, with proper scaling, a set of parallel-oriented, identical-geometry, and non-interacting molecules in the microcavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Zheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erick Calderon Leon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Carly Wickizer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Binbin Weng
- Microfabrication Research and Education Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Qi Ou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AI for Science Institute, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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20
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Cohn B, Sufrin S, Chuntonov L. Ultrafast vibrational excitation transfer on resonant antenna lattices revealed by two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:121101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-quality lattice resonances in arrays of infrared antennas operating in an open-cavity regime form polariton states by means of strong coupling to molecular vibrations. We studied polaritons formed by carbonyl stretching modes of (poly)methyl methacrylate on resonant antenna arrays using femtosecond 2DIR spectroscopy. At a normal incidence of excitation light, doubly degenerate antenna-lattice resonances (ALRs) form two polariton states: a lower polariton and an upper polariton. At an off-normal incidence geometry of 2DIR experiments, the ALR degeneracy is lifted and, consequently, the polariton energies are split. We spectrally resolved and tracked the time-dependent evolution of a cross-peak signal associated with the excitation of reservoir states and the unidirectional transfer of the excess energy to lower polaritons. Bi-exponential decay of the cross-peak suggests that a reversible energy exchange between the bright and dark lower polaritons occurs with a characteristic transfer time of ∼200 fs. The cross-peak signal further decays within ∼800 fs, which is consistent with the relaxation time of the carbonyl stretching vibration and with the dephasing time of the ALR. An increase in the excitation pulse intensity leads to saturation of the cross-peak amplitude and a modification of the relaxation dynamics. Using quantum-mechanical modeling, we found that the kinetic scheme that captures all the experimental observations implies that only the bright lower polariton accepts the energy from the reservoir, suggesting that transfer occurs via a mechanism involving dipole–dipole interaction. An efficient reservoir-to-polariton transfer can play an important role in developing novel room-temperature quantum optical devices in the mid-infrared wavelength region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Cohn
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shmuel Sufrin
- Solid State Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Lev Chuntonov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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21
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Yu S, Geng Y, Liang D, Li H, Liu X. Double-quantum-zero-quantum 2D coherent spectroscopy reveals quantum coherence between collective states in an atomic vapor. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:997-1000. [PMID: 35167578 DOI: 10.1364/ol.449365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel, to the best of our knowledge, double-quantum-zero-quantum two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) that allows direct detection of the quantum coherence between multiparticle collective states. Through correlating the double-quantum coherence and the zero-quantum coherence, signatures for coherence between collective states can be well isolated as side peaks and readily identified in the 2D spectrum. The experiment is implemented in a vapor of rubidium atoms in a collinear 2DCS setup. Good agreement with a theoretical simulation using density matrix confirms the essential role of the interatomic correlation effect in generating the side peak signals. This 2D spectrum technique paves a new avenue for studying the coherent coupling of highly excited states and many-body properties.
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22
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Yuen-Zhou J, Xiong W, Shegai T. Polariton chemistry: Molecules in cavities and plasmonic media. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:030401. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0080134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Timur Shegai
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
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23
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Wiesehan GD, Xiong W. Negligible rate enhancement from reported cooperative vibrational strong coupling catalysis. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:241103. [PMID: 34972384 DOI: 10.1063/5.0077549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the results of an attempt to reproduce a reported cavity catalysis of the ester hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl acetate due to vibrational strong coupling. While we achieved the same light-matter coupling strength and detuning, we did not observe the reported ten-fold increase in the reaction rate constant. Furthermore, no obvious detuning dependence was observed. The inconsistency with the reported literature suggests that cavity catalysis is sensitive to experimental details beyond the onset of vibrational strong coupling. This indicates that other important factors are involved and have been overlooked so far. We find that more investigation into the limits, key factors, and mechanisms to reliably actualize cavity modified reactions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret D Wiesehan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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24
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Duan R, Mastron JN, Song Y, Kubarych KJ. Isolating Polaritonic 2D-IR Transmission Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11406-11414. [PMID: 34788535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling between vibrational transitions in molecules within a resonant optical microcavity leads to the formation of collective, delocalized vibrational polaritons. There are many potential applications of "polaritonic chemistry", ranging from modified chemical reactivity to quantum information processing. One challenge in obtaining the polaritonic response is removing a background contribution due to the uncoupled molecules that generate an ordinary 2D-IR spectrum whose amplitude is filtered by the polariton transmission spectrum. We show that most features in 2D-IR spectra of vibrational polaritons can be explained by a linear superposition of this background signal and the true polariton response. Through a straightforward correction procedure, in which the filtered bare-molecule 2D-IR spectrum is subtracted from the measured cavity response, we recover the polaritonic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joseph N Mastron
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 430 Church Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yin Song
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 430 Church Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kevin J Kubarych
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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