1
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Riso RR, Ronca E, Koch H. Strong Coupling to Circularly Polarized Photons: Toward Cavity-Induced Enantioselectivity. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:8838-8844. [PMID: 39167677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of new methodologies for the selective synthesis of individual enantiomers is still one of the major challenges in synthetic chemistry. Many biomolecules, and also many pharmaceutical compounds, are indeed chiral. While the use of chiral reactants or catalysts has led to substantial progress in the field of asymmetric synthesis, a systematic approach applicable to general reactions has still not been proposed. In this work, we demonstrate that strong coupling to circularly polarized fields can induce asymmetry in otherwise nonselective reactions. Specifically, we show that the field induces stereoselectivity in the early stages of chemical reactions by selecting an energetically preferred direction of approach for the reagents. Although the effects observed thus far are too small to significantly drive asymmetric synthesis, our results provide a proof of principle for field-induced stereoselective mechanisms. These findings lay the groundwork for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario R Riso
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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2
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Liebenthal MD, DePrince AE. The orientation dependence of cavity-modified chemistry. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:064109. [PMID: 39132792 DOI: 10.1063/5.0216993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent theoretical studies have explored how ultra-strong light-matter coupling can be used as a handle to control chemical transformations. Ab initio cavity quantum electrodynamics calculations demonstrate that large changes to reaction energies or barrier heights can be realized by coupling electronic degrees of freedom to vacuum fluctuations associated with an optical cavity mode, provided that large enough coupling strengths can be achieved. In many cases, the cavity effects display a pronounced orientational dependence. Here, we highlight the critical role that geometry relaxation can play in such studies. As an example, we consider a recent work [Pavošević et al., Nat. Commun. 14, 2766 (2023)] that explored the influence of an optical cavity on Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions and reported large changes to reaction enthalpies and barrier heights, as well as the observation that changes in orientation can inhibit the reaction or select for one reaction product or another. Those calculations used fixed molecular geometries optimized in the absence of the cavity and fixed relative orientations of the molecules and the cavity mode polarization axis. Here, we show that when given a chance to relax in the presence of the cavity, the molecular species reorient in a way that eliminates the orientational dependence. Moreover, in this case, we find that qualitatively different conclusions regarding the impact of the cavity on the thermodynamics of the reaction can be drawn from calculations that consider relaxed vs unrelaxed molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Dante Liebenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
| | - A Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
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3
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Schnappinger T, Kowalewski M. Do Molecular Geometries Change Under Vibrational Strong Coupling? J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7700-7707. [PMID: 39041716 PMCID: PMC11299175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
As pioneering experiments have shown, strong coupling between molecular vibrations and light modes in an optical cavity can significantly alter molecular properties and even affect chemical reactivity. However, the current theoretical description is limited and far from complete. To explore the origin of this exciting observation, we investigate how the molecular structure changes under strong light-matter coupling using an ab initio method based on the cavity Born-Oppenheimer Hartree-Fock ansatz. By optimizing H2O and H2O2 resonantly coupled to cavity modes, we study the importance of reorientation and geometric relaxation. In addition, we show that the inclusion of one or two cavity modes can change the observed results. On the basis of our findings, we derive a simple concept to estimate the effect of the cavity interaction on the molecular geometry using the molecular polarizability and the dipole moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnappinger
- Department of Physics, Stockholm
University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm
University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Fábri C, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Impact of Cavity on Molecular Ionization Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4655-4661. [PMID: 38647546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Ionization phenomena have been widely studied for decades. With the advent of cavity technology, the question arises how quantum light affects molecular ionization. As the ionization spectrum is recorded from the neutral ground state, it is usually possible to choose cavities which exert negligible effect on the neutral ground state, but have significant impact on the ion and the ionization spectrum. Particularly interesting are cases where the ion exhibits conical intersections between close-lying electronic states, which gives rise to substantial nonadiabatic effects. Assuming single-molecule strong coupling, we demonstrate that vibrational modes irrelevant in the absence of a cavity play a decisive role when the molecule is in the cavity. Here, dynamical symmetry breaking is responsible for the ion-cavity coupling and high symmetry enables control of the coupling via molecular orientation relative to the cavity field polarization. Significant impact on the spectrum by the cavity is found and shown to even substantially increase for less symmetric molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd, Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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5
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Angelico S, Haugland TS, Ronca E, Koch H. Coupled cluster cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation for electronic strong coupling. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:214112. [PMID: 38051099 DOI: 10.1063/5.0172764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical and photochemical reactivity, as well as supramolecular organization and several other molecular properties, can be modified by strong interactions between light and matter. Theoretical studies of these phenomena require the separation of the Schrödinger equation into different degrees of freedom as in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. In this paper, we analyze the electron-photon Hamiltonian within the cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation (CBOA), where the electronic problem is solved for fixed nuclear positions and photonic parameters. In particular, we focus on intermolecular interactions in representative dimer complexes. The CBOA potential energy surfaces are compared with those obtained using a polaritonic approach, where the photonic and electronic degrees of freedom are treated at the same level. This allows us to assess the role of electron-photon correlation and the accuracy of CBOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Angelico
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tor S Haugland
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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6
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Weight BM, Li X, Zhang Y. Theory and modeling of light-matter interactions in chemistry: current and future. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31554-31577. [PMID: 37842818 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction not only plays an instrumental role in characterizing materials' properties via various spectroscopic techniques but also provides a general strategy to manipulate material properties via the design of novel nanostructures. This perspective summarizes recent theoretical advances in modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry, mainly focusing on plasmon and polariton chemistry. The former utilizes the highly localized photon, plasmonic hot electrons, and local heat to drive chemical reactions. In contrast, polariton chemistry modifies the potential energy curvatures of bare electronic systems, and hence their chemistry, via forming light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons. The perspective starts with the basic background of light-matter interactions, molecular quantum electrodynamics theory, and the challenges of modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry. Then, the recent advances in modeling plasmon and polariton chemistry are described, and future directions toward multiscale simulations of light-matter interaction-mediated chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Weight
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xinyang Li
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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7
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Severi M, Zerbetto F. Polaritonic Chemistry: Hindering and Easing Ground State Polyenic Isomerization via Breakdown of σ-π Separation. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9145-9149. [PMID: 37796008 PMCID: PMC10577679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The ground state conformational isomerization in polyenes is a symmetry allowed process. Its low energy barrier is governed by electron density transfer from the formal single bond that is rotated to the nearby formal double bonds. Along the reaction pathway, the transition state is therefore destabilized. The rules of polaritonic chemistry, i.e., chemistry in a nanocavity with reflecting windows, are barely beginning to be laid out. The standing electric field of the nanocavity couples strongly with the molecular wave function and modifies the potential energy curve in unexpected ways. A quantum electrodynamics approach, applied to the torsional degree of freedom of the central bond of butadiene, shows that formation of the polariton mixes the σ-π frameworks thereby stabilizing/destabilizing the planar, reactant-like conformations. The values of the fundamental mode of the cavity field used in the absence of the cavity do not trigger this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Severi
- Department
of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of
Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Department
of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of
Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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8
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Ruggenthaler M, Sidler D, Rubio A. Understanding Polaritonic Chemistry from Ab Initio Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11191-11229. [PMID: 37729114 PMCID: PMC10571044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the theoretical foundations and first-principles frameworks to describe quantum matter within quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the low-energy regime, with a focus on polaritonic chemistry. By starting from fundamental physical and mathematical principles, we first review in great detail ab initio nonrelativistic QED. The resulting Pauli-Fierz quantum field theory serves as a cornerstone for the development of (in principle exact but in practice) approximate computational methods such as quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory, QED coupled cluster, or cavity Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. These methods treat light and matter on equal footing and, at the same time, have the same level of accuracy and reliability as established methods of computational chemistry and electronic structure theory. After an overview of the key ideas behind those ab initio QED methods, we highlight their benefits for understanding photon-induced changes of chemical properties and reactions. Based on results obtained by ab initio QED methods, we identify open theoretical questions and how a so far missing detailed understanding of polaritonic chemistry can be established. We finally give an outlook on future directions within polaritonic chemistry and first-principles QED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sidler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
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9
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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10
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Mandal A, Taylor MAD, Huo P. Theory for Cavity-Modified Ground-State Reactivities via Electron-Photon Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6830-6841. [PMID: 37499090 PMCID: PMC10440810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
We provide a simple and intuitive theory to explain how coupling a molecule to an optical cavity can modify ground-state chemical reactivity by exploiting intrinsic quantum behaviors of light-matter interactions. Using the recently developed polarized Fock states representation, we demonstrate that the change of the ground-state potential is achieved due to the scaling of diabatic electronic couplings with the overlap of the polarized Fock states. Our theory predicts that for a proton-transfer model system, the ground-state barrier height can be modified through light-matter interactions when the cavity frequency is in the electronic excitation range. Our simple theory explains several recent computational investigations that discovered the same effect. We further demonstrate that under the deep strong coupling limit of the light and matter, the polaritonic ground and first excited eigenstates become the Mulliken-Hush diabatic states, which are the eigenstates of the dipole operator. This work provides a simple but powerful theoretical framework to understand how strong coupling between the molecule and the cavity can modify ground-state reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A. D. Taylor
- Institute
of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Institute
of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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11
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Vu N, McLeod GM, Hanson K, DePrince AE. Enhanced Diastereocontrol via Strong Light-Matter Interactions in an Optical Cavity. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9303-9312. [PMID: 36472381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enantiopurification of racemic mixtures of chiral molecules is important for a range of applications. Recent work has shown that chiral group-directed photoisomerization is a promising approach to enantioenrich racemic mixtures of BINOL, but increased control of the diasteriomeric excess (de) is necessary for its broad utility. Here we develop a cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) generalization of time-dependent density functional theory and demonstrate computationally that strong light-matter coupling can alter the de of the chiral group-directed photoisomerization of BINOL. The relative orientation of the cavity mode polarization and the molecules in the cavity dictates the nature of the cavity interactions, which either enhance the de of the (R)-BINOL diasteriomer (from 17% to ≈40%) or invert the favorability to the (S)-BINOL derivative (to ≈34% de). The latter outcome is particularly remarkable because it indicates that the preference in diasteriomer can be influenced via orientational control, without changing the chirality of the directing group. We demonstrate that the observed effect stems from cavity-induced changes to the Kohn-Sham orbitals of the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Vu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Grace M McLeod
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - A Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
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