Evaluation of Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Metacarpophalangeal Joints with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Arthrography

Evidence-based use of clinical examination, ultrasonography, and MRI for diagnosing ulnar collateral ligament tears of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb: systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

To determine the performances of clinical examination, ultrasonography, and MRI for diagnosing non-displaced and displaced ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears.

METHODS

Based on a literature search of Medline, ISI Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus between January 1990 and December 2019, all published original articles which met the inclusion criteria were included. We determined the pooled sensitivities, specificities, and accuracies of clinical examination, ultrasonography, and MRI using a meta-analysis based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Diagnostic Test Accuracy (PRISMA-DTA) guidelines.

RESULTS

A total of 17 studies with 519 subjects reporting diagnostic performances of clinical examination (8), ultrasonography (12), and MRI (5) met the inclusion criteria. For ruling out UCL tears, the pooled sensitivities were similarly high for clinical examination (97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 93-99%)), ultrasonography (96% (95% CI, 94-98%)), and MRI (99% (95% CI, 92-100%)) (p = 0.3). For ruling in UCL tears, the pooled specificities were higher for MRI (100% (95% CI, 87-100%)) when compared to ultrasonography (91% (95% CI, 86-95%)) (p = 0.1) and clinical examination (85% (95% CI, 78-91%)) (p = 0.04). For the diagnosis of displaced UCL tears, MRI had a higher specificity (92% (95% CI, 73-99%)) than ultrasonography (72% (95% CI, 63-80%)) (p = 0.2).

CONCLUSIONS

Clinical examination, ultrasonography, and MRI have similarly high sensitivities for ruling out UCL tears in patients presenting with a thumb injury. MRI and ultrasonography have high specificities to confirm the presence of suspected UCL tears. MRI performs best for differentiating non-displaced from displaced UCL tears.

KEY POINTS

• Clinical examination followed by ultrasonography is the most appropriate test for ruling out ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears of the thumb. • MRI and ultrasonography both have high specificities to confirm the presence of a suspected UCL tear. • MRI outperforms ultrasonography for differentiating non-displaced from displaced UCL tears.

Evaluation and Management of Hand, Wrist and Elbow Injuries in Ice Hockey

Ice hockey continues to be a popular, fast-paced, contact sport enjoyed internationally. Due to the physicality of the game, players are at a higher risk of injury. In the 2010 Winter Olympics, men’s ice hockey had the highest injury rate compared to any other sport. In this review, we present a comprehensive analysis of evaluation and management strategies of common hand, wrist, and elbow injuries in ice hockey players. Future reseach focusing on the incidence and outcomes of these hand, wrist and elbow injuries in ice hockey players is warranted.

Injuries to the Collateral Ligaments of the Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints: Sonographic Appearance

Injuries to the collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints are commonly encountered in both athletes and nonathletes. They require prompt evaluation to ensure proper management and prevent loss of joint motion and permanent disability. Imaging is often required to confirm the diagnosis and assess injury severity. This review article aims to provide physicians with guidelines for sonographic assessment of the collateral ligaments of the MCP and IP and related injuries. Sonographic features of ligament injuries ranging from sprains and partial-thickness tears to full-thickness tears are described. Specific lesions of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb MCP joint, such as gamekeeper's thumb, skier's thumb, and Stener lesions, are also included. In conclusion, sonography is effective in evaluating the collateral ligaments of the MCP and IP joints and related injuries and represents a valuable tool for diagnosis.

Clinical evaluation vs magnetic resonance imaging of the skier's thumb: A prospective cohort of 30 patients

INTRODUCTION

A skiers thumb, or a partial or complete rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is a clinical diagnosis. Swelling, pain, natural left-right difference and inexperience of a young physician can cause difficulty to correctly diagnose this injury. However, our theory is that any physician, given the correct instructions, should be able to diagnose this injury solely on clinical findings, without the necessity of additional imaging.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In a large Dutch teaching hospital, physicians (residents with working experience of 6months-3years) working at the ER received instructions for physical examination. Patients >18 years, with an injury <1 week old, suspected of a true skier's thumb had an MRI reported by two independent radiologists to confirm the diagnosis.

RESULTS

Thirty patients were included. Seven patients had no fixed endpoint (23%), all had a complete ligamentous rupture of the UCL on MRI, of which three patients had a Stener lesion. Fifteen patients (50%) met with the criteria  >35° laxity in extension of MCP/ >20° laxity in 30° flexion of the MCP. Of these, thirteen patients (81%) had a complete rupture (nine Stener lesions (56%)). One patient had a partial injury and one patient had no UCL-injury. Eight patients (27%) had inconclusive results during physical examination. Of these, two had a complete rupture (40%, 1 Stener). Three patients had a partial rupture and three patients had an intact UCL.

CONCLUSION

A skier's thumb can be diagnosed by any resident when correctly instructed. Additional imaging when diagnosing a skier's thumb should be reserved in cases when physical examination remains inconclusive.

Gamekeeper's thumb--a treatment-oriented magnetic resonance imaging classification

PURPOSE

To investigate by magnetic resonance imaging the degree of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) displacement in order to create a simple classification to aid in determining which UCL injuries require surgery.

METHODS

We evaluated 43 cases of UCL injury with a dedicated extremity magnetic resonance imaging and measured the degree of ligament displacement. This was correlated to clinical outcome with planned surgical intervention reserved for patients with a Stener lesion. By collating results we could generate 4 types of injury based on the appearances of the UCL.

RESULTS

Partial and minimally displaced UCL tears (type 1) and tears displaced less than 3 mm (type 2) typically healed by immobilization alone, whereas 90% of tears displaced more than 3 mm (type 3) failed immobilization and required surgery as did all of those with a Stener lesion (type 4).

CONCLUSIONS

Our 4-stage, treatment-oriented classification of thumb UCL injury is based on the degree of UCL displacement in, with correlation with the likelihood of success with either immobilization or operative intervention. Tears of the UCL with more than 3 mm of displacement are likely to require operative repair even in the absence of a true Stener lesion.

Injury to ulnar collateral ligament of thumb

Injury of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of thumb can be incapacitating if untreated or not treated properly. This injury is notorious for frequently being missed by inexperienced health care personnel in emergency departments. It has frequently been described in skiers, but also occurs in other sports such as rugby, soccer, handball, basketball, volleyball and even after a handshake. The UCL of the thumb acts as a primary restraint to valgus stress and is injured if hyperabduction and hyperextension forces are applied to the first metacarpophalangeal joint. The diagnosis is best established clinically, though MRI is the imaging modality of choice. Many treatment options exist, surgical treatment being offered depending on various factors, including timing of presentation (acute or chronic), grade (severity of injury), displacement (Stener lesion), location of tear (mid-substance or peripheral), associated or concomitant surrounding tissue injury (bone, volar plate, etc.), and patient-related factors (occupational demands, etc.). This review aims to identify the optimal diagnostic techniques and management options for UCL injury available thus far.

Acute ulnar collateral ligament injury in the athlete

The functional thumb is a necessity for successful athletic participation. It not only allows the athlete to manipulate athletic equipment but also allows the precise manipulation of objects in the athlete's hand. Injury to the thumb often negates power grip and finesse of the athletic hand. Injuries can range from fractures, to dislocations, to ligamentous injuries. The relatively unconstrained thumb metacarpophalangeal joint is particularly vulnerable to injury from an abduction moment to its distal segment. Such injuries occur from direct contact and with falls on equipment such as racquet handles and ski poles. The stability of the athlete's metacarpophalangeal joint must be restored to allow for a productive return to sport.