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Guo J, Lei L, Yang H, Zhou B, Fan D, Wu B, Wang G, Yu L, Zhang C, Zhang W, Han Q, Zhang XY, Zhao J. Effects of nasal allergens and environmental particulate matter on brainstem metabolites and the consequence of brain-spleen axis in allergic rhinitis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108890. [PMID: 39033732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing consensus links exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with an increased risk of respiratory diseases. However, little is known about the additional effects of particulate matter on brainstem function in allergic rhinitis (AR). Furthermore, it is unknown to what extent the PM2.5-induced effects in the brainstem affect the inflammatory response in AR. This study aimed to determine the effects, mechanisms and consequences of brainstem neural activity altered by allergenic stimulation and PM2.5 exposure. METHODS Using an AR model of ovalbumin (OVA) elicitation and whole-body PM2.5 exposure, the metabolic profile of the brainstem post-allergen stimulation was characterized through in vivo proton magnetic resonance imaging (1H-MRS). Then, the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) neuronal expression and sensitivity in the trigeminal nerve in AR were investigated. The link between TRPV1 expression and brainstem differential metabolites was also determined. Finally, we evaluated the mediating effects of brainstem metabolites and the consequences in the brain-spleen axis in the inflammatory response of AR. RESULTS Exposure to allergens and PM2.5 led to changes in the metabolic profiles of the brainstem, particularly affecting levels of glutamine (Gln) and glutamate (Glu). This exposure also increased the expression and sensitivity of TRPV1+ neurons in the trigeminal nerve, with the levels of TRPV1 expression closely linked to the brainstem metabolism of Glu and Gln. Moreover, allergens increased the activity of p38, while PM2.5 led to the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK, resulting in the upregulation of TRPV1 expression. The brainstem metabolites Glu and Gln were found to partially mediate the impact of TRPV1 on AR inflammation, which was supported by the presence of pro-inflammatory changes in the brain-spleen axis. CONCLUSION Brainstem metabolites are altered under allergen stimulation and additional PM2.5 exposure in AR via sensitization of the trigeminal nerve, which exacerbates the inflammatory response via the brain-splenic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- JianShu Guo
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - DongXia Fan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - ChiHang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - QingJian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; College of Health Science and Technology & Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - JinZhuo Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Bácsi A, Ágics B, Pázmándi K, Kocsis B, Sándor V, Bertók L, Bruckner G, Sipka S. Radiation-Detoxified Form of Endotoxin Effectively Activates Th 1 Responses and Attenuates Ragweed-Induced Th 2-Type Airway Inflammation in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1581. [PMID: 38338861 PMCID: PMC10855154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Urbanization with reduced microbial exposure is associated with an increased burden of asthma and atopic symptoms. Conversely, environmental exposure to endotoxins in childhood can protect against the development of allergies. Our study aimed to investigate whether the renaturation of the indoor environment with aerosolized radiation-detoxified lipopolysaccharide (RD-LPS) has a preventative effect against the development of ragweed-induced Th2-type airway inflammation. To explore this, cages of six-week-old BALB/c mice were treated daily with aerosolized native LPS (N-LPS) or RD-LPS. After a 10-week treatment period, mice were sensitized and challenged with ragweed pollen extract, and inflammatory cell infiltration into the airways was observed. As dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the polarization of T-cell responses, in our in vitro experiments, the effects of N-LPS and RD-LPS were compared on human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). Mice in RD-LPS-rich milieu developed significantly less allergic airway inflammation than mice in N-LPS-rich or common environments. The results of our in vitro experiments demonstrate that RD-LPS-exposed moDCs have a higher Th1-polarizing capacity than moDCs exposed to N-LPS. Consequently, we suppose that the aerosolized, non-toxic RD-LPS applied in early life for the renaturation of urban indoors may be suitable for the prevention of Th2-mediated allergies in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.B.); (B.Á.); (K.P.)
| | - Beatrix Ágics
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.B.); (B.Á.); (K.P.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pázmándi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.B.); (B.Á.); (K.P.)
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Viktor Sándor
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Lóránd Bertók
- National Research Directorate for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, H-1221 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Geza Bruckner
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Sándor Sipka
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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3
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Schmid AM, Razim A, Wysmołek M, Kerekes D, Haunstetter M, Kohl P, Brazhnikov G, Geissler N, Thaler M, Krčmářová E, Šindelář M, Weinmayer T, Hrdý J, Schmidt K, Nejsum P, Whitehead B, Palmfeldt J, Schild S, Inić-Kanada A, Wiedermann U, Schabussova I. Extracellular vesicles of the probiotic bacteria E. coli O83 activate innate immunity and prevent allergy in mice. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:297. [PMID: 37864211 PMCID: PMC10588034 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND E. coli O83 (Colinfant Newborn) is a Gram-negative (G-) probiotic bacterium used in the clinic. When administered orally, it reduces allergic sensitisation but not allergic asthma. Intranasal administration offers a non-invasive and convenient delivery method. This route bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and provides direct access to the airways, which are the target of asthma prevention. G- bacteria such as E. coli O83 release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to communicate with the environment. Here we investigate whether intranasally administered E. coli O83 OMVs (EcO83-OMVs) can reduce allergic airway inflammation in mice. METHODS EcO83-OMVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterised their number, morphology (shape and size), composition (proteins and lipopolysaccharide; LPS), recognition by innate receptors (using transfected HEK293 cells) and immunomodulatory potential (in naïve splenocytes and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells; BMDCs). Their allergy-preventive effect was investigated in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation. RESULTS EcO83-OMVs are spherical nanoparticles with a size of about 110 nm. They contain LPS and protein cargo. We identified a total of 1120 proteins, 136 of which were enriched in OMVs compared to parent bacteria. Proteins from the flagellum dominated. OMVs activated the pattern recognition receptors TLR2/4/5 as well as NOD1 and NOD2. EcO83-OMVs induced the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in splenocytes and BMDCs. Intranasal administration of EcO83-OMVs inhibited airway hyperresponsiveness, and decreased airway eosinophilia, Th2 cytokine production and mucus secretion. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that intranasally administered OMVs from probiotic G- bacteria have an anti-allergic effect. Our study highlights the advantages of OMVs as a safe platform for the prophylactic treatment of allergy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marlene Schmid
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Razim
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wysmołek
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Kerekes
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melissa Haunstetter
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kohl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria
| | - Georgii Brazhnikov
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Geissler
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Thaler
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eliška Krčmářová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šindelář
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tamara Weinmayer
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katy Schmidt
- Core Facility for Cell Imaging and Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bradley Whitehead
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stefan Schild
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence Biohealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Aleksandra Inić-Kanada
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Wiedermann
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Yan T, Song X, Ding X, Liu X, Lan T, Chen T, Wang M, Wang M. Exposure to household dust, allergens, and endotoxin and allergy-related outcomes alternation in the general U.S. population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 226:115713. [PMID: 36934863 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been widely reported that the general population was at an increased risk of allergy diseases, which probably be related with household allergens exposure. However, the difference of local and systemic allergic reactions exposure to allergens has not been reported in the general population previously. The data of 1094 U.S. adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006 data bank were analyzed. Dust, allergens (Bia g 1, Bia g 2, Can f 1, Feld 1, Derp 1, Mus m 1, Rat n 1, Alternaria alternate, and Aspergillus fumigatus), and endotoxin, were measured to estimate sensitizing source exposure. And allergy-related outcomes indicators including hay fever, sneezing, allergic rhinitis (AR), immunoglobulin E (IgE), and allergic sensitization, were evaluzted to estimate local and systemic allergic reactions. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of sensitizer and allergy-related outcomes. The mean or median concentration of dust and endotoxin were 0.66 g and 12.98 EU/mg dust. The Derp 1, Mus m 1, Rat n 1, Alternaria alternate, and Aspergillus fumigatus were the main allergens in the dust, with the concentrations of 30.66 ng/g dust, 30.73 ng/g dust, 5.94 ng/g dust, 5.20 ng/g dust, and 207.68 μg/g dust, respectively. The prevalence of AR was 34.2% among the general population. After controlling for sociodemographic factors, we found that the allergens, such as Can f 1 and Feld 1, were positively associated with AR. The prevalence of allergic sensitization was about 20%. Dust and endotoxin were found positively associated with allergic sensitization, while Bia g 2, Rat n 1, Alternaria alternate, and Aspergillus fumigatus were inversely associated with that. Dust and endotoxin probably be associated with higher risk of local allergic reactions, while some allergens, such as Bia g 2, Rat n 1, Alternaria alternate, and Aspergillus fumigatus probably be associated with lower risk of systemic allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenglong Yan
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xin Song
- School of Public Health and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaowen Ding
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China.
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5
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Serafini MM, Maddalon A, Iulini M, Galbiati V. Air Pollution: Possible Interaction between the Immune and Nervous System? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192316037. [PMID: 36498110 PMCID: PMC9738575 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental pollutants is a serious and common public health concern associated with growing morbidity and mortality worldwide, as well as economic burden. In recent years, the toxic effects associated with air pollution have been intensively studied, with a particular focus on the lung and cardiovascular system, mainly associated with particulate matter exposure. However, epidemiological and mechanistic studies suggest that air pollution can also influence skin integrity and may have a significant adverse impact on the immune and nervous system. Air pollution exposure already starts in utero before birth, potentially causing delayed chronic diseases arising later in life. There are, indeed, time windows during the life of individuals who are more susceptible to air pollution exposure, which may result in more severe outcomes. In this review paper, we provide an overview of findings that have established the effects of air pollutants on the immune and nervous system, and speculate on the possible interaction between them, based on mechanistic data.
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6
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Treating allergies via skin - Recent advances in cutaneous allergen immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114458. [PMID: 35850371 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy has been practiced clinically for decades to treat airborne allergies. Recently, the cutaneous route, which exploits the immunocompetence of the skin has received attention, which is evident from attempts to use it to treat peanut allergy. Delivery of allergens into the skin is inherently impeded by the barrier imposed by stratum corneum, the top layer of the skin. While the stratum corneum barrier must be overcome for efficient allergen delivery, excessive disruption of this layer can predispose to development of allergic inflammation. Thus, the most desirable allergen delivery approach must provide a balance between the level of skin disruption and the amount of allergen delivered. Such an approach should aim to achieve high allergen delivery efficiency across various skin types independent of age and ethnicity, and optimize variables such as safety profile, allergen dosage, treatment frequency, application time and patient compliance. The ability to precisely quantify the amount of allergen being delivered into the skin is crucial since it can allow for allergen dose optimization and can promote consistency and reproducibility in treatment response. In this work we review prominent cutaneous delivery approaches, and offer a perspective on further improvisation in cutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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7
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Singh T, Bello B, Jeebhay MF. Characterizing Inflammatory Cell Asthma Associated Phenotypes in Dental Health Workers Using Cytokine Profiling. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:747591. [PMID: 35387066 PMCID: PMC8974759 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.747591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines elicit a pro-inflammatory response by modifying the airway microenvironment in patients with acute or chronic asthma. The expression pattern of several distinct cytokines could be a useful discriminator in asthma. This study aimed to identify asthma subject groupings based on common inflammatory patterns and to determine the relationship between these identified patterns and asthma-associated clinical indices. A sub-group of 76 dental healthcare workers (HCWs) identified from a larger cross-sectional study of 454 dental HCWs in five dental institutions were evaluated further. A self-administered questionnaire elicited the health and employment history of subjects. Sera were analyzed for atopic status, latex sensitization, and 12 cytokines (IL-1β, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12p70, eotaxin, GM-CSF, TNF-α). Pre and post-bronchodilator spirometry was performed on all HCWs. Data clustering and factor analysis were used to identify inflammatory cluster patterns of cytokines. Associations between the cytokine cluster groupings and relevant asthma-associated clinical indices were determined using multivariate logistic regression. The classification of asthma subtype based on cytokine patterns demonstrated both eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammatory responses. Four phenotypically distinct subgroups relating to the severity of inflammation (acute or chronic) of the cell types were identified. Cytokine determinants for the neutrophilic subtype included IL-1β, 6, 8, 10, 12p70, and TNF-α whereas for the eosinophilic subtype these included IL-3, 4, 5, 7, eotaxin, and GM-CSF. The multivariate models showed a significant association between work-related chest symptoms and all four inflammatory patterns. However, stronger associations were observed for the acute neutrophilic (OR = 6.00, p < 0.05) compared to acute and chronic eosinophilic responses (OR = 4.30, p < 0.05; OR = 4.93, p < 0.05), respectively. Subjects with airway obstruction were more likely to have a mixed cellular infiltrate. The odds of work-exacerbated asthma were increased in acute or chronic eosinophilia (OR = 7.75 and 8.12; p < 0.05), respectively as well as with acute neutrophilia (OR = 6) sub-type. This study demonstrated that neutrophilic inflammatory cell asthma phenotypes coexist with eosinophilic inflammatory phenotypes suggesting a possible dual pathway for asthma in dental health workers, probably due to mixed exposures to high molecular weight (e.g., latex) and low molecular weight (e.g., acrylates) agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanusha Singh
- Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Tanusha Singh
| | - Braimoh Bello
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Centre for Statistical Analysis and Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohamed F. Jeebhay
- Division of Occupational Medicine and Centre for Environmental & Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Riederer AM, Krenz JE, Tchong-French MI, Torres E, Perez A, Younglove LR, Jansen KL, Hardie DC, Farquhar SA, Sampson PD, Metwali N, Thorne PS, Karr CJ. Effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners on reducing indoor endotoxin, PM 10, and coarse particulate matter in an agricultural cohort of children with asthma: A randomized intervention trial. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1926-1939. [PMID: 34288127 PMCID: PMC8577577 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a randomized trial of portable HEPA air cleaners in the homes of children age 6-12 years with asthma in the Yakima Valley, Washington. All families received asthma education while intervention families also received two HEPA cleaners (child's bedroom, living room). We collected 14-day integrated samples of endotoxin in settled dust and PM10 and PM10-2.5 in the air of the children's bedrooms at baseline and one-year follow-up, and used linear regression to compare follow-up levels, adjusting for baseline. Seventy-one families (36 HEPA, 35 control) completed the study. Baseline geometric mean (GSD) endotoxin loadings were 1565 (6.3) EU/m2 and 2110 (4.9) EU/m2 , respectively, in HEPA vs. control homes while PM10 and PM10-2.5 were 22.5 (1.9) μg/m3 and 9.5 (2.9) μg/m3 , respectively, in HEPA homes, and 19.8 (1.8) μg/m3 and 7.7 (2.0) μg/m3 , respectively, in control homes. At follow-up, HEPA families had 46% lower (95% CI, 31%-57%) PM10 on average than control families, consistent with prior studies. In the best-fit heterogeneous slopes model, HEPA families had 49% (95% CI, 6%-110%) and 89% lower (95% CI, 28%-177%) PM10-2.5 at follow-up, respectively, at 50th and 75th percentile baseline concentrations. Endotoxin loadings did not differ significantly at follow-up (4% lower, HEPA homes; 95% CI, -87% to 50%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Riederer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Krenz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria I. Tchong-French
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Torres
- Northwest Communities Education Center, Radio KDNA, Granger, WA, USA
| | - Adriana Perez
- Yakima Valley Farm Workers Clinic, Toppenish, WA, USA
| | - Lisa R. Younglove
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen L. Jansen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David C. Hardie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Farquhar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul D. Sampson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nervana Metwali
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Catherine J. Karr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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The intersect of genetics, environment, and microbiota in asthma-perspectives and challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:781-793. [PMID: 33678251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In asthma, a significant portion of the interaction between genetics and environment occurs through microbiota. The proposed mechanisms behind this interaction are complex and at times contradictory. This review covers recent developments in our understanding of this interaction: the "microbial hypothesis" and the "farm effect"; the role of endotoxin and genetic variation in pattern recognition systems; the interaction with allergen exposure; the additional involvement of host gut and airway microbiota; the role of viral respiratory infections in interaction with the 17q21 and CDHR3 genetic loci; and the importance of in utero and early-life timing of exposures. We propose a unified framework for understanding how all these phenomena interact to drive asthma pathogenesis. Finally, we point out some future challenges for continued research in this field, in particular the need for multiomic integration, as well as the potential utility of asthma endotyping.
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Himly M, Geppert M, Hofer S, Hofstätter N, Horejs-Höck J, Duschl A. When Would Immunologists Consider a Nanomaterial to be Safe? Recommendations for Planning Studies on Nanosafety. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907483. [PMID: 32239645 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is professional in recognizing and responding to non-self, including nanomaterials. Immune responses by professional and nonprofessional immune cells are thus nearly inevitable upon exposure of cells and organisms to such materials. The state of research into taking the immune system into account in nanosafety studies is reviewed and three aspects in which further improvements are desirable are identified: 1) Due to technical limitations, more stringent testing for endotoxin contamination should be made. 2) Since under overdose conditions immunity shows unphysiological responses, all doses used should be justified by being equivalent to tissue-delivered doses. 3) When markers of acute inflammation or cell stress are observed, functional assays are necessary to distinguish between homeostatic fluctuation and genuine defensive or tolerogenic responses. Since immune activation can also indicate that the immune system considers a stimulus to be harmless and induces tolerance, activation markers by themselves do not necessarily imply a danger to the body. Guidelines such as these are necessary to approach the point where specific nanomaterials are classified as safe based on reliable testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Himly
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Sabine Hofer
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Norbert Hofstätter
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Höck
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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11
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Liu D, Wagner JG, Harkema JR, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Pinelli E, Folkerts G, Vandebriel RJ, Cassee FR. Livestock farm particulate matter enhances airway inflammation in mice with or without allergic airway disease. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100114. [PMID: 32256941 PMCID: PMC7132261 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of airborne biological particulate matter (BioPM; from livestock farms) on the pulmonary airways are not well studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether fine (<2.5 μm) BioPM derived from indoor animal stables (two chicken and two pig farms) could modify airway allergic responses by using a mouse model of allergic airway disease (allergic asthma). After intraperitoneal ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization mice were either intranasally challenged with OVA (allergic mice) or saline (non-allergic controls). Mice were also intranasally treated with farm-derived BioPM. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood and lung tissues were collected one day after intranasal exposure. BioPM from all the farms caused an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in non-allergic mice. In allergic mice, BioPM derived from pig farm 2 induced a larger cellular inflammatory response than other farm-derived BioPM. All farm BioPM elicited Th17 cytokine (Interleukin (IL)-23) production except chicken farm 2, whereas Th2 cytokine (IL-5) increase was only induced by BioPM collected from chicken farm 2. These results indicate the exposure of BioPM from chicken and pig farms may cause the enhancement of airway allergic response in mice following exposure to OVA. More variation in the responses between farms was observed in allergic than non-allergic mice. Understanding the source and doses of BioPM that may affect the airway allergic response could help susceptible individuals to avoid worsening their respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyu Liu
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, the Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TC, the Netherlands
| | - James G Wagner
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jack R Harkema
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Elena Pinelli
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TC, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, the Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TC, the Netherlands
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12
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Chu HT, Tran TN, Doyen V, Denis O, Tran TTT, Nguyen TKD, Nguyen HL, Ngo MX, Tran TMH, Corazza F, Bouland C, Hauglustaine JM, Godin I, Michel O. The protective effect of rural life on mite sensitization disappears among urban migrants in the South of Vietnam. World Allergy Organ J 2019; 12:100085. [PMID: 31827665 PMCID: PMC6889047 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid urbanization combined with rural migration to urban areas in southern Vietnam could be risk factors for allergen sensitization, contributing to chronic respiratory diseases (CRD). We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of mite sensitization and its relation to house dust characteristics among rural and urban native and migrating populations with CRD. Methods Rural (n = 19) and urban (n = 46) dwellings were defined on the basis of a home typology. Controls were western Belgian houses (n = 14). Besides the house characteristics, both endotoxin and mite allergens were measured in the settled dusts. The sensitization to mite allergens was defined by positive skin prick test (SPT) and concentration of specific IgE (sIgE)≥ 0.7 U/mL. The prevalence of mite sensitization was evaluated among 610 patients with CRD and compared according to both their home types and places of birth and residences. Results The concentration of endotoxin (but not mite allergen) was higher in rural compared to urban dusts (440 (95%CI: 314–566) versus 170 (95%CI: 115–226) EU/mg; p < 0.0001). The prevalence of positive sIgE to Der p1 and Der p2 was significantly lower in rural (9% and 5%) compared to urban (15% and 9%) population, consistent with the positive SPT to mite (14% and 21%, respectively). Among the urban migrants, the risk of mite sensitization (SPT) was higher compared to the rural natives (OR: 1.79 (1.02–3.15), p < 0.05) and not different to the urban ones (OR: 1.35 (0.82–2.23) p NS). Conclusion In Vietnam, associated with higher endotoxin (but not allergen) dust concentrations, the risk of mite sensitization was lower in rural compared to the native urban population, but this protective effect could disappear among rural to urban migrants.
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Key Words
- APA, Apartment
- Allergens
- Allergy
- CRD, Chronic respiratory diseases
- Dpt, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
- EU, Endotoxin unit
- Endotoxin
- Home typology
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- REN, Rent building
- SPT, Skin prick test
- TRA, Traditional home
- TUB, Tube building
- Urban migration
- sIgE, Specific immunoglobulin E
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Chu
- Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Clinic of Immuno-allergology, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 4 Place A Van Gehuchten, B -1020, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thanh Ngoc Tran
- Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,School of Public Health, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Doyen
- Clinic of Immuno-allergology, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 4 Place A Van Gehuchten, B -1020, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Denis
- Service Immune Response, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thi Thu Thuy Tran
- Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | | | - Minh Xuan Ngo
- Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Francis Corazza
- Laboratory of Immunology, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Olivier Michel
- Clinic of Immuno-allergology, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 4 Place A Van Gehuchten, B -1020, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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de Rooij MMT, Smit LAM, Erbrink HJ, Hagenaars TJ, Hoek G, Ogink NWM, Winkel A, Heederik DJJ, Wouters IM. Endotoxin and particulate matter emitted by livestock farms and respiratory health effects in neighboring residents. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105009. [PMID: 31387023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Living in livestock-dense areas has been associated with health effects, suggesting airborne exposures to livestock farm emissions to be relevant for public health. Livestock farm emissions involve complex mixtures of various gases and particles. Endotoxin, a pro-inflammatory agent of microbial origin, is a constituent of livestock farm emitted particulate matter (PM) that is potentially related to the observed health effects. Quantification of livestock associated endotoxin exposure at residential addresses in relation to health outcomes has not been performed earlier. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess exposure-response relations for a range of respiratory endpoints and atopic sensitization in relation to livestock farm associated PM10 and endotoxin levels. METHODS Self-reported respiratory symptoms of 12,117 persons participating in a population-based cross-sectional study were analyzed. For 2494 persons, data on lung function (spirometry) and serologically assessed atopic sensitization was additionally available. Annual-average PM10 and endotoxin concentrations at home addresses were predicted by dispersion modelling and land-use regression (LUR) modelling. Exposure-response relations were analyzed with generalized additive models. RESULTS Health outcomes were generally more strongly associated with exposure to livestock farm emitted endotoxin compared to PM10. An inverse association was observed for dispersion modelled exposure with atopic sensitization (endotoxin: p = .004, PM10: p = .07) and asthma (endotoxin: p = .029, PM10: p = .022). Prevalence of respiratory symptoms decreased with increasing endotoxin concentration at the lower range, while at the higher range prevalence increased with increasing concentration (p < .05). Associations between lung function parameters with exposure to PM10 and endotoxin were not statistically significant (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to livestock farm emitted particulate matter is associated with respiratory health effects and atopic sensitization in non-farming residents. Results indicate endotoxin to be a potentially plausible etiologic agent, suggesting non-infectious aspects of microbial emissions from livestock farms to be important with respect to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna M T de Rooij
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Lidwien A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas J Hagenaars
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Nico W M Ogink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Winkel
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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14
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Shamsollahi HR, Ghoochani M, Jaafari J, Moosavi A, Sillanpää M, Alimohammadi M. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its health outcomes: A systematic review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:236-244. [PMID: 30831472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to endotoxin occurs environmentally and occupationally. There are several differences between them in terms of the variety and severity of health outcomes, possible exposed groups and type and route of exposure. Occupational exposures caused adverse health outcomes in almost all cases, but there is disparity in the incidence of significant health outcomes due to environmental exposure to endotoxin. This study has therefore endeavoured to investigate health outcomes from environmental exposure to endotoxin. A systematic review was conducted of three databases and non-occupational studies reporting the environmental concentration of endotoxin, and observed health outcomes in exposed groups were included in the review (n = 27). The studies showed that first exposure to endotoxin occurs in infancy by the inhalation route. Inhalation is the only exposure route that can induce inflammation as the main symptom of exposure to endotoxin. The studies included were conducted using four approaches: molecular immunology, measurement of lung volumes, clinical sensitisation test and diagnosis of asthmatic and respiratory symptoms such as wheezing. By the immunological approach, all the included studies reported that environmental exposure to endotoxin, especially at a younger age, has a protective effect on the incidence of asthma in adolescence. The main disparity observed was in studies using the approach of diagnosed asthma. Overall, however, they confirm the protective effect of exposure to endotoxin although, in the case of children with non-atopic asthma, the results could be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Shamsollahi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahboobeh Ghoochani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jalil Jaafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Azam Moosavi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research (CWQI), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Self-Reported Prevalence of Allergic Diseases Among Female University Students. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1020:17-24. [PMID: 28236123 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, most studies report an increasing prevalence of allergy and asthma. The research suggests that the increase may have to do with changes in lifestyle and living conditions. This study seeks to determine the prevalence and changes in allergic diseases in relation to socioeconomic status (SES) 6 years apart. The research material consisted of data collected in two cross-sectional surveys conducted among university female students in 2009 and 2015 (respectively, 702 and 1305 subjects). The surveys evaluated the incidence of allergic conditions and socio-economic status. The occurrence of allergy was determined on the basis of answers to the questions whether the allergy and specific allergens were defined on the basis of medical work-up. The prevalence of allergic diseases increased from 14.0% to 22.3% over a 6-year period. In both cohorts, allergic diseases were more prevalent among females with high SES than with low SES. In 2009, significant differences were noted in relation to urbanization of the place of living and the number of siblings. In 2015, all socioeconomics factors significantly bore on the prevalence of allergy.
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16
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Alexandre-Silva GM, Brito-Souza PA, Oliveira AC, Cerni FA, Zottich U, Pucca MB. The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: Early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies. Acta Trop 2018; 188:16-26. [PMID: 30165069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis was proposed almost three decades ago. Nevertheless, its mechanism still remains with relevant controversies. Some studies defend that early exposures during childhood to microbes and parasites are key determinants to prevent allergies and autoimmune diseases; however, other studies demonstrated that these early exposures can even potentiate the clinical scenario of the diseases. Based on several studies covering the influences of microbiome, parasites, related theories and others, this review focuses on recent advances in the hygiene hypothesis field. In addition, the main immunological mechanisms underlying the hygiene hypothesis are also discussed. We also strongly encourage that researchers do not consider the hygiene hypothesis as a theory based strictly on hygiene habits, but a theory combining diverse influences, as illustrated in this review as the hygiene hypothesis net.
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17
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GAUTAM R, HEO Y, LIM G, SONG E, ROQUE K, LEE J, KIM Y, CHO A, SHIN S, KIM C, BANG G, BAHNG J, KIM H. Altered immune responses in broiler chicken husbandry workers and their association with endotoxin exposure. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2018; 56:10-19. [PMID: 28835578 PMCID: PMC5800861 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to bioaerosols in indoor animal farms associates with respiratory illnesses, but little is known about the immune modulation to chicken farmers. This study aimed to compare the general immunity of chicken farmers with those of control subjects with non-agricultural jobs. Blood taken from the farmers and controls was subjected to plasma IgE and IgG subclass measurements. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated and cytokine production was measured. Indoor total and respirable dust levels and their endotoxin (LPS) and aflatoxin (AF) levels in the farms were measured. In total, 29 chicken farmers on 19 farms and 14 age- and sex-matched office workers participated. Hematological differences were not observed. The farmers tended to have higher serum IgE and IgG subclass levels with significance for IgG1. The cytokines released by PBMC from farmers indicated skewing toward Type-2 helper T-cell responses: interferon (IFN)-γ:interleukin (IL)-4 and IFNγ:IL-13 ratios were significantly lower than for control PBMC. The farms had 707.1 EU/m3 LPS in total dust, and 15.8 EU/m3 LPS in respirable dust. Farmers exhibited immune skewing towards allergic immune responses that correlated with the LPS levels on their farms. Chicken farmers may be at risk of respiratory allergies due to occupational endotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi GAUTAM
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong HEO
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - GyeongDong LIM
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - EunSeob SONG
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - Katharine ROQUE
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHee LEE
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - YeonGyeong KIM
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - AhRang CHO
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - SoJung SHIN
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangYul KIM
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - GiHwan BANG
- Harim Institute of Life Science, Harim Corporation, Republic of Korea
| | - JiYun BAHNG
- Harim Institute of Life Science, Harim Corporation, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoungAh KIM
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
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18
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Li Y, Fujita M, Boraschi D. Endotoxin Contamination in Nanomaterials Leads to the Misinterpretation of Immunosafety Results. Front Immunol 2017; 8:472. [PMID: 28533772 PMCID: PMC5420554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the presence of engineered nanomaterials in consumers' products and their application in nanomedicine, nanosafety assessment is becoming increasingly important. In particular, immunosafety aspects are being actively investigated. In nanomaterial immunosafety testing strategies, it is important to consider that nanomaterials and nanoparticles are very easy to become contaminated with endotoxin, which is a widespread contaminant coming from the Gram-negative bacterial cell membrane. Because of the potent inflammatory activity of endotoxin, contaminated nanomaterials can show inflammatory/toxic effects due to endotoxin, which may mask or misidentify the real biological effects (or lack thereof) of nanomaterials. Therefore, before running immunosafety assays, either in vitro or in vivo, the presence of endotoxin in nanomaterials must be evaluated. This calls for using appropriate assays with proper controls, because many nanomaterials interfere at various levels with the commercially available endotoxin detection methods. This also underlines the need to develop robust and bespoke strategies for endotoxin evaluation in nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
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19
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Pacholewska A, Marti E, Leeb T, Jagannathan V, Gerber V. LPS-induced modules of co-expressed genes in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:34. [PMID: 28056766 PMCID: PMC5217269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) is a strong inducer of the innate immune response. It is widespread in our environment, e.g. in house dust and contributes to asthma. Compared to humans, horses are even more sensitive to LPS. However, data on LPS effects on the equine transcriptome are very limited. Using RNA-seq we analysed LPS-induced differences in the gene expression in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells at the gene and gene-network level in two half-sib families and one group of unrelated horses. RESULTS 24 h-LPS challenge of equine immune cells resulted in substantial changes in the transcriptomic profile (1,265 differentially expressed genes) showing partial overlap with human data. One of the half-sib families showed a specific response different from the other two groups of horses. We also identified co-expressed gene modules that clearly differentiated 24 h-LPS- from non-stimulated samples. These modules consisted of 934 highly interconnected genes and included genes involved in the immune response (e.g. IL6, CCL22, CXCL6, CXCL2), however, none of the top ten hub genes of the modules have been annotated as responsive to LPS in gene ontology. CONCLUSIONS Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis we identified ten co-expressed gene modules significantly regulated by in vitro stimulation with LPS. Apart from 47 genes (5%) all other genes highly interconnected within the most up- and down-regulated modules were also significantly differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05). The LPS-regulated module hub genes have not yet been described as having a role in the immune response to LPS (e.g. VAT1 and TTC25).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Pacholewska
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
Endotoxin significantly contaminates house dust and is an enhancing factor for asthma severity. Natural exposure to endotoxin in early life could influence immune development and protect from the risk of developing atopy. This article will focus on published data showing that home environmental contamination by endotoxin can participate in chronic airways diseases, in particular asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Michel
- Clinic of Allergology and Respiratory Diseases, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium,
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21
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Abstract
Background: Allergen extracts contain variable quantities of bacterial endotoxin. Recent studies have suggested that (1→3)-β-D-glucans (β-glucans), also microbial cell wall components, may have adjuvant properties that could affect allergen immunotherapy. Objective: To determine the quantities of β-glucans in standardized allergen extracts. Materials and Methods : Ninety-four lots of 13 standardized allergen extracts were tested for β-glucan content by Glucatell assay, and for endotoxin content by a specific, chromogenic formulation of the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Results: Standardized allergen extracts contain variable quantities of endotoxins and β-glucans. As in our previous work, endotoxin activity was greatest in cat pelt and Dermatophagoides farinae, and least in the pollens. There was no correlation between endotoxin and β-glucan levels ( r = 0.1887; P = 0.07). β-Glucan content was highest for grass pollen (median content, 10.6 ng/ml; range, 0.4—41.8 ng/ml), ragweed pollen (32.9 ng/ml; range, 6.5—41.2 ng/ml), and cat pelt (25.5 ng/ml; range, 16.7—41.1 ng/ml), and lowest for cat hair (4.9 ng/ml; range, 1.2—10.3 ng/ml), D. farinae (1.2 ng/ml; range, 0.4—5.2 ng/ml) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (1.8 ng/ml; range, 0.4—6.7 ng/ml). Conclusions: β-Glucans are present in standardized allergen extracts. The effects of these quantities of β-glucans on allergen immunotherapy and allergen skin testing require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay E. Slater
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,
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Song Y, Ichinose T, He M, He C, Morita K, Yoshida Y. Lipopolysaccharide attached to urban particulate matter 10 suppresses immune responses in splenocytes while particulate matter itself activates NF-κB. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1445-1452. [PMID: 30090448 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that Asian sand dust (ASD), which contains particulate matter (PM) less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10), induced subacute inflammation in splenocytes. However, it was unclear whether the PM itself or compounds attached to its surface induced the inflammation. Here we characterized the role of organic substances adsorbed onto the PM10 surface in triggering inflammation by comparing the effect on splenocyte activation of PM10 from urban areas (urPM10), which is rich in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as compared to ASD, with that of heated PM10 (H-PM). BALB/c mice were intratracheally administered urPM10 or H-PM with or without LPS (1 ng and 10 ng) four times at 2-week intervals, and splenocytes were prepared at 24 h after the final administration to assay the immune responses. urPM10 suppressed splenocyte activation, while H-PM activated splenocytes and LPS neutralization by polymyxin B rescued urPM10-induced immunosuppression. Co-administration of LPS with H-PM clearly suppressed mitogen-induced immune responses in the spleen. Consistent with these results, H-PM induced the phosphorylation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 and I kappa B kinase (IKK), which was inhibited by co-administration of LPS. In mice deficient in the LPS signal transducer MyD88, splenocyte activation after LPS or H-PM treatment in vivo was comparable to that in the control. Altogether, our results indicate that PM10 itself could activate NF-κB through the MyD88 pathway, which was modulated by the amount of LPS attached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Song
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology , School of Medicine , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Japan , 1-1 Iseigaoka , Yahatanishi-ku , Kitakyushu 807-8555 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-93-691-7431.,Department of Clinical Laboratory , the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , No. 169 Tian Shan Street , Shijiazhuang , 050035 , China
| | - Takamichi Ichinose
- Department of Health Sciences , Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences , 2944-9 Notsuharu , Oita 870-1201 , Japan
| | - Miao He
- Department of Health Sciences , Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences , 2944-9 Notsuharu , Oita 870-1201 , Japan
| | - Cuiying He
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology , School of Medicine , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Japan , 1-1 Iseigaoka , Yahatanishi-ku , Kitakyushu 807-8555 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-93-691-7431
| | - Kentaro Morita
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology , School of Medicine , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Japan , 1-1 Iseigaoka , Yahatanishi-ku , Kitakyushu 807-8555 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-93-691-7431
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology , School of Medicine , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Japan , 1-1 Iseigaoka , Yahatanishi-ku , Kitakyushu 807-8555 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-93-691-7431
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Freitas AS, Simoneti CS, Ferraz E, Bagatin E, Brandão IT, Silva CL, Borges MC, Vianna EO. Exposure to high endotoxin concentration increases wheezing prevalence among laboratory animal workers: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16:69. [PMID: 27153990 PMCID: PMC4859959 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria are found in different concentrations in dust and on the ground of laboratories dealing with small animals and animal houses. Methods Cross-sectional study performed in workplaces of two universities. Dust samples were collected from laboratories and animal facilities housing rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or hamsters and analyzed by the “Limulus amebocyte lysate” (LAL) method. We also sampled workplaces without animals. The concentrations of endotoxin detected in the workplaces were tested for association with wheezing in the last 12 months, asthma defined by self-reported diagnosis and asthma confirmed by bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to mannitol. Results Dust samples were obtained at 145 workplaces, 92 with exposure to animals and 53 with no exposure. Exposed group comprised 412 subjects and non-exposed group comprised 339 subjects. Animal-exposed workplaces had higher concentrations of endotoxin, median of 34.2 endotoxin units (EU) per mg of dust (interquartile range, 12.6–65.4), as compared to the non-exposed group, median of 10.2 EU/mg of dust (interquartile range, 2.6–22.2) (p < 0.001). The high concentration of endotoxin (above whole sample median, 20.4 EU/mg) was associated with increased wheezing prevalence (p < 0.001), i.e., 61 % of workers exposed to high endotoxin concentration reported wheezing in the last 12 months compared to 29 % of workers exposed to low endotoxin concentration. The concentration of endotoxin was not associated with asthma report or with BHR confirmed asthma. Conclusion Exposure to endotoxin is associated with a higher prevalence of wheezing, but not with asthma as defined by the mannitol bronchial challenge test or by self-reported asthma. Preventive measures are necessary for these workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Souza Freitas
- Department of Social Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Christian Silva Simoneti
- Department of Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Erica Ferraz
- Department of Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ericson Bagatin
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Izaira Tincani Brandão
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Celio Lopes Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcos Carvalho Borges
- Department of Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Elcio Oliveira Vianna
- Department of Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Dannemiller KC, Gent JF, Leaderer BP, Peccia J. Indoor microbial communities: Influence on asthma severity in atopic and nonatopic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:76-83.e1. [PMID: 26851966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic and nonallergic asthma severity in children can be affected by microbial exposures. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine associations between exposures to household microbes and childhood asthma severity stratified by atopic status. METHODS Participants (n = 196) were selected from a cohort of asthmatic children in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Children were grouped according to asthma severity (mild with no or minimal symptoms and medication or moderate to severe persistent) and atopic status (determined by serum IgE levels). Microbial community structure and concentrations in house dust were determined by using next-generation DNA sequencing and quantitative PCR. Logistic regression was used to explore associations between asthma severity and exposure metrics, including richness, taxa identification and quantification, community composition, and concentration of total fungi and bacteria. RESULTS Among all children, increased asthma severity was significantly associated with an increased concentration of summed allergenic fungal species, high total fungal concentrations, and high bacterial richness by using logistic regression in addition to microbial community composition by using the distance comparison t test. Asthma severity in atopic children was associated with fungal community composition (P = .001). By using logistic regression, asthma severity in nonatopic children was associated with total fungal concentration (odds ratio, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.06-5.44). The fungal genus Volutella was associated with increased asthma severity in atopic children (P = .0001, q = 0.04). The yeast genera Kondoa might be protective; Cryptococcus species might also affect asthma severity. CONCLUSION Asthma severity among this cohort of children was associated with microbial exposure, and associations differed based on atopic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Dannemiller
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Conn
| | - Janneane F Gent
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Conn
| | - Brian P Leaderer
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Conn
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
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25
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Li Y, Boraschi D. Endotoxin contamination: a key element in the interpretation of nanosafety studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:269-87. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of toxicity and potential risks of engineered nanoparticles is of particular importance in nanomedicine. Endotoxin, a common contaminant of bacterial origin, has biological effects that can mask the true biological effects of nanoparticles, if its presence is overlooked. In this review, we report the features of nanoparticle contamination by endotoxin, and the different biological effects of endotoxin-contaminated nanoparticles. We will describe different methods for endotoxin detection applied to nanoparticles, and discuss their pros and cons. Eventually, we describe various methods for eliminating endotoxin contamination in nanoparticles. Although there is no universal technique for efficiently removing endotoxin from nanoparticles, specific solutions can be found case by case, which can allow us to perform nanosafety studies in biologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity & Cytokines, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity & Cytokines, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
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26
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Salazar F, Hall L, Negm OH, Awuah D, Tighe PJ, Shakib F, Ghaemmaghami AM. The mannose receptor negatively modulates the Toll-like receptor 4-aryl hydrocarbon receptor-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase axis in dendritic cells affecting T helper cell polarization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1841-1851.e2. [PMID: 26703454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are key players in the induction and re-elicitation of TH2 responses to allergens. We have previously shown that different C-type lectin receptors on DCs play a major role in allergen recognition and uptake. In particular, mannose receptor (MR), through modulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling, can regulate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity, favoring TH2 responses. Interestingly, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor with an emerging role in immune modulation, has been implicated in IDO activation in response to TLR stimulation. OBJECTIVE Here we investigated how allergens and lectins modulate the TLR4-AhR-IDO axis in human monocyte-derived DCs. METHODS Using a combination of genomics, proteomics, and immunologic studies, we investigated the role of MR and AhR in IDO regulation and its effect on T helper cell differentiation. RESULTS We have demonstrated that LPS induces both IDO isoforms (IDO1 and IDO2) in DCs, with partial involvement of AhR. Additionally, we found that, like mannan, different airborne allergens can effectively downregulate TLR4-induced IDO1 and IDO2 expression, most likely through binding to the MR. Mannose-based ligands were also able to downregulate IL-12p70 production by DCs, affecting T helper cell polarization. Interestingly, AhR and some components of the noncanonical nuclear factor κB pathway were shown to be downregulated after MR engagement, which could explain the regulatory effects of MR on IDO expression. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrates a key role for MR in the modulation of the TLR4-AhR-IDO axis, which has a significant effect on DC behavior and the development of immune responses against allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Salazar
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Hall
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ola H Negm
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dennis Awuah
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Tighe
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Farouk Shakib
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amir M Ghaemmaghami
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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27
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Role of primary and secondary prevention in atopic dermatitis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2015; 32:409-20. [PMID: 26755903 PMCID: PMC4697018 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2014.44017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a serious epidemiological problem in industrialized countries. The incidence of AD has increased considerably over the last 30 years. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory skin disease accompanied by strong itching. It is characterized by typical features depending on age. The parents of children suffering from AD must be prepared to change their lifestyle. They should avoid factors which can promote skin lesions and apply appropriate, regular skin care. The article describes primary prevention of AD as well as prophylactic measures to avoid skin eczema. It presents the role of infections, vaccinations, breastfeeding and the influence of domestic animals, house renovation and moulds on development of AD. The article also describes the significance of the epidermal barrier, skin colonization by microbial agents, pruritus, stress, food and inhalant allergy among people who suffer from AD.
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28
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Liu AH. Revisiting the hygiene hypothesis for allergy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:860-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure differently affects allergic asthma exacerbations and its amelioration by intranasal curcumin in mice. Cytokine 2015; 76:334-342. [PMID: 26239413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is ubiquitous in the environment and can therefore, exacerbate allergic responses. Studies have suggested immunoregulatory effects of LPS according to route, dose and stage of exposure. Present study has examined whether dose and stage of LPS exposure (during sensitization and challenge with OVA) exacerbates airway inflammations, antigen specific-IgE level, histamine release, Th1/Th2 cytokine response. Further, anti-asthmatic potential of curcumin, through intranasal route has been evaluated for the first time in LPS induced airway inflammation in an ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged mouse asthma model. METHODS Balb/c mice were first sensitized with OVA on 1st and 8th day and exposed to two LPS doses (0.1/1.0 μg) separately on 2nd day and then further exposed to LPS with OVA-aerosol (from 9 to 14 day). Further, lower LPS dose (0.1 μg) was chosen for OVA exposed mouse model of asthma exacerbation study. Intranasal curcumin was administered from 9th to 14th day before every LPS exposure. RESULTS Exposure to LPS (0.1 μg) exacerbates airway inflammations in terms of IgE level, Th2-cytokine response (IL-4 and IL-5), histamine release, EPO and MPO activities and oxidative stress. Intranasal curcumin has effectively ameliorated airway exacerbations whereas dexamethasone, a known glucocorticosteroid, was not promising as compared to intranasal curcumin. CONCLUSION Schedule and dose of LPS exposure determines asthma exacerbations and intranasal curcumin could be better immunomodulatory agent in LPS exposed asthma exacerbations.
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30
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Norbäck D, Cai G. Dampness, indoor mould, fungal DNA and respiratory health - molecular methods in indoor epidemiology. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:840-843. [PMID: 25881855 PMCID: PMC7162140 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Norbäck
- Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental MedicineUppsala University and Uppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden
| | - G.‐H. Cai
- Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental MedicineUppsala University and Uppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden
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31
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Min KB, Min JY. Exposure to household endotoxin and total and allergen-specific IgE in the US population. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:148-154. [PMID: 25656231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although endotoxin has strong pro-inflammatory properties, endotoxin-allergy relationship in adults and children have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between household endotoxin levels and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) or specific IgE in the US general population, classified into three age ranges: children/adolescent, adults, and older adults. METHODS We analyzed the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. A total of 5220 participants for whom serum IgE and household endotoxin data were available was included in the analyses. RESULTS Exposure to endotoxin reduced the risk for allergic sensitization, especially in specific IgE to plants (OR in Quartile 3 = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.44-0.76) and pets (OR in Quartile 3 = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.41-0.92), for children/adolescents. In contrast, the risk among adults and older adults increased with increasing endotoxin levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the effect of endotoxin on allergic reaction is likely to depend on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Bok Min
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Min
- Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Khan AW, Nersesyan A, Knasmüller S, Moshammer H, Kundi M. Nuclear anomalies in exfoliated buccal cells in Pakistani cotton weavers. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:613-9. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Roque K, Shin KM, Jo JH, Kim HA, Heo Y. Relationship between chicken cellular immunity and endotoxin levels in dust from chicken housing environments. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:173-7. [PMID: 25549222 PMCID: PMC4483500 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hazardous biochemical agents in animal husbandry indoor environments are known to promote the occurrence of various illnesses among workers and animals. The relationship between endotoxin levels in dust collected from chicken farms and various immunological markers was investigated. Peripheral blood was obtained from 20 broiler chickens and 20 laying hens from four different chicken farms in Korea. Concentrations of total or respirable dust in the inside the chicken farm buildings were measured using a polyvinyl chloride membrane filter and mini volume sampler. Endotoxin levels in the dust were determined by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Kinetic method. Interferon-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with concanavalin A was significantly lower in broilers or layers from the farms with higher endotoxin concentrations than the chickens from the farms with lower endotoxin levels. An opposite pattern was observed for plasma cortisol concentrations with higher cortisol levels found in chickens from the farms with higher endotoxin levels. When peripheral lymphocytes were examined, the percentage of CD3(-)Ia(+) B cells was lower in layers from farms with higher endotoxin levels than those from locations with lower endotoxin levels. Overall, these results suggest a probable negative association between dust endotoxin levels and cell-mediated immunity in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Roque
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Medical and Public Health Sciences, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 712-702, Korea
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lan N, Luo G, Yang X, Cheng Y, zhang Y, Wang X, Wang X, Xie T, Li G, Liu Z, Zhong N. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-deficiency enhances oxidative stress and corticosteroid resistance in severe asthma exacerbation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111599. [PMID: 25380286 PMCID: PMC4224414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a significant role in exacerbation of asthma. The role of vitamin D in oxidative stress and asthma exacerbation remains unclear. We aimed to determine the relationship between vitamin D status and oxidative stress in asthma exacerbation. Severe asthma exacerbation patients with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-deficiency (V-D deficiency) or 25-hydroxyvitamin D-sufficiency (V-D sufficiency) were enrolled. Severe asthma exacerbation with V-D-deficiency showed lower forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) compared to that with V-D-sufficiency. V-D-deficiency intensified ROS release and DNA damage and increased TNF-α, OGG1 and NFκB expression and NFκB phosphorylation in severe asthma exacerbation. Supplemental vitamin D3 significantly increased the rates of FEV1 change and decreased ROS and DNA damage in V-D-deficiency. Vitamin D3 inhibited LPS-induced ROS and DNA damage and were associated with a decline in TNF-α and NFκB in epithelial cells. H2O2 reduces nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid receptors in airway epithelial cell lines. V-D pretreatment enhanced the dexamethasone-induced nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid receptors in airway epithelial cell lines and monocytes from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-deficiency asthma patients. These findings indicate that V-D deficiency aggravates oxidative stress and DNA damage, suggesting a possible mechanism for corticosteroid resistance in severe asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan lan
- Inflammations & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangyan Luo
- Hygiene Section, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Yang
- Inflammations & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Inflammations & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun zhang
- Inflammations & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Inflammations & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammations & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Inflammations & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Inflammations & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shengzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
- * E-mail: (G. Li); (ZL); (NZ)
| | - Zhigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shengzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
- * E-mail: (G. Li); (ZL); (NZ)
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
- * E-mail: (G. Li); (ZL); (NZ)
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Torii I, Shimizu S, Daimon T, Shinohara Y, Kudo T, Sato A, Tsujimura T. Exposure to High Doses of Lipopolysaccharide during Ovalbumin Sensitization Prevents the Development of Allergic Th2 Responses to a Dietary Antigen. J Toxicol Pathol 2014; 27:205-15. [PMID: 25378805 PMCID: PMC4217231 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2014-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are driven by aberrant T helper (Th) 2 cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
influences the development of Th2-mediated diseases, but its role in food allergy and
tolerance remains unclear. To address this issue, we established mouse models presenting
allergic or tolerant responses to ovalbumin (OVA). Mice sensitized with crude OVA
developed Th2 responses including acute diarrhea, increases in serum OVA-specific IgE,
dominant production of serum OVA-specific IgG1, increases in Th2-type cytokines and
proliferation of mast cells in duodenal and colonic tissues. Sensitization of mice with
crude OVA and LPS abrogated Th2-type responses observed in allergic mice. The level of
OVA-specific proliferation in mesenteric lymph node CD4+ T cells was comparable
in allergic and tolerant mice, indicating that the tolerance is not caused by anergy and
apoptosis of antigen-primed T cells. Expression of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines was
suppressed in whole spleen cells and/or purified spleen CD4+ T cells of
tolerant mice, indicating that the tolerance was not caused by the shift from Th2 to Th1.
On the other hand, interleukin (IL)-10, a regulatory cytokine produced by regulatory T
cells, was upregulated in whole spleen cells and purified spleen CD4+ T cells
of tolerant mice. Furthermore, spleen CD4+ T cells from tolerant mice
suppressed the growth of CD4+ T cells from DO11.10 mice in co-culture. These
results indicate that tolerance is induced in allergic mice by simultaneous exposure to
LPS during sensitization with OVA and that a population of T cells producing IL-10 plays
an important role in the tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Torii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Daimon
- Department of Biostatistics, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoo Kudo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Ayuko Sato
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Tsujimura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Li Y, Italiani P, Casals E, Tran N, Puntes VF, Boraschi D. Optimising the use of commercial LAL assays for the analysis of endotoxin contamination in metal colloids and metal oxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:462-73. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.948090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy,
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy, and
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy,
| | - Eudald Casals
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus of the UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ngoc Tran
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus of the UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Victor F. Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus of the UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy,
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy, and
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Karvonen AM, Hyvärinen A, Rintala H, Korppi M, Täubel M, Doekes G, Gehring U, Renz H, Pfefferle PI, Genuneit J, Keski‐Nisula L, Remes S, Lampi J, Mutius E, Pekkanen J. Quantity and diversity of environmental microbial exposure and development of asthma: a birth cohort study. Allergy 2014; 69:1092-101. [PMID: 24931137 PMCID: PMC4143956 DOI: 10.1111/all.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Early-life exposure to environmental microbial agents may be associated with the development of allergies. The aim of the study was to identify better ways to characterize microbial exposure as a predictor of respiratory symptoms and allergies. Methods A birth cohort of 410 children was followed up until 6 years of age. Bacterial endotoxin, 3-hydroxy fatty acids, N-acetyl-muramic acid, fungal extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) from Penicillium and Aspergillus spp., β-D-glucan, ergosterol, and bacterial or fungal quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) were analyzed from dust samples collected at 2 months of age. Asthma, wheezing, cough, and atopic dermatitis were assessed using repeated questionnaires. Specific IgEs were determined at the age of 1 and 6 years. Results Only few associations were found between single microbial markers and the studied outcomes. In contrast, a score for the total quantity of microbial exposure, that is, sum of indicators for fungi (ergosterol), Gram-positive (muramic acid) bacteria, and Gram-negative (endotoxin) bacteria, was significantly (inverted-U shape) associated with asthma incidence (P < 0.001): the highest risk was found at medium levels (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.24, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.87–5.75 for 3rd quintile) and the lowest risk at the highest level (aOR 0.34, 95% CI 0.09–1.36 for 5th quintile). The microbial diversity score, that is, sum of detected qPCRs, was inversely associated with risk of wheezing and was significantly (inverted-U shape) associated with sensitization to inhalant allergens. Conclusion Score for quantity of microbial exposure predicted asthma better than single microbial markers independently of microbial diversity and amount of dust. Better indicators of total quantity and diversity of microbial exposure are needed in studies on the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Karvonen
- Department of Environmental Health National Institute for Health and Welfare Kuopio Finland
| | - A. Hyvärinen
- Department of Environmental Health National Institute for Health and Welfare Kuopio Finland
| | - H. Rintala
- Department of Environmental Health National Institute for Health and Welfare Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Korppi
- Pediatric Research Center University of Tampere and University Hospital Tampere Finland
| | - M. Täubel
- Department of Environmental Health National Institute for Health and Welfare Kuopio Finland
| | - G. Doekes
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - U. Gehring
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - H. Renz
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - P. I. Pfefferle
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - J. Genuneit
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | - L. Keski‐Nisula
- Department of Environmental Health National Institute for Health and Welfare Kuopio Finland
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - S. Remes
- Department of Pediatrics Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - J. Lampi
- Department of Environmental Health National Institute for Health and Welfare Kuopio Finland
- Unit of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - E. Mutius
- Children's Hospital University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - J. Pekkanen
- Department of Environmental Health National Institute for Health and Welfare Kuopio Finland
- Unit of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
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Ramagopal M, Wang Z, Black K, Hernandez M, Stambler AA, Emoekpere OH, Mainelis G, Shalat SL. Improved exposure characterization with robotic (PIPER) sampling and association with children's respiratory symptoms, asthma and eczema. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:421-427. [PMID: 24802555 PMCID: PMC4311520 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) and its constituents are recognized risk factors for the development of respiratory symptoms and illness in children. Most measurements of exposure have relied upon stationary indoor monitors (SIMs), overlooking the role of resuspended PM. To improve exposure characterization to resuspended aerosol PM, a recently developed methodology has been employed. The goal of this study was to characterize the resuspendable fraction of house dust and early childhood exposures to PM and its constituents in the child's home and compare conventional SIM and the Pre-toddler Inhalable Particulate Environmental Robotic (PIPER), an innovative mobile sampler. The study seeks to demonstrate that PIPER provides a more relevant estimate of exposure from inhalable particulate matter through improved correlation with respiratory symptoms in young children. Seventy-five households with children between 3 and 59 months of age were recruited from clinics in central New Jersey. Demographic information, and responses to a health questionnaire based upon that used by the International Study of Allergies and Asthma in Childhood (ISAAC), and household data were collected. Household exposures to inhalable PM (PM100) and endotoxin were determined with simultaneous SIM and mobile (PIPER) sampling. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out. History of wheeze ("recent" (<1 year) and "ever"), cough, asthma and eczema was evaluated. Multivariate analysis models included PM100 and endotoxin levels by tertiles of exposure. Risk of asthma for the highest tertile of PM100, as measured by PIPER (odds ratio=4.2; 95% confidence interval 0.7-24.0), was compared with measurements by SIM (odds ratio=0.7; 95% confidence interval 0.2-2.6). Measurements of PM and its constituents with PIPER are more strongly associated with asthma, eczema and wheeze compared with measurements using SIMs. Application of this methodology may provide useful insights into early childhood exposures related to the etiology of childhood illnesses associated with inhalation exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ramagopal
- Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Zuocheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Kathleen Black
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Marta Hernandez
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Adam A Stambler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ
| | | | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Stuart L. Shalat
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown an association between the consumption of raw farm milk and reduced incidence of allergy. In the present study, we fed untreated raw milk, gamma-sterilised milk, heat-treated milk or water to mice and compared their responses to allergen exposure and challenge treatment in a mouse model of gastrointestinal allergy. From weaning (3 weeks old), groups of BALB/c female mice (n 8) received raw milk, gamma-sterilised milk, heated milk or water via drink bottles, with the control group receiving water. All mice were fed a standard (dairy protein-free) rodent diet. At 6 and 8 weeks, groups were given intra-peritoneal injections with ovalbumin (OVA)/alum to sensitise them to the antigen. Controls were sham immunised. At week 10, mice were fasted and challenged four times on alternate days by intra-gastric administration with 50 mg OVA or saline. Levels of bacteria and milk proteins were assessed in milk samples. Mouse serum levels of specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies and mouse mast cell protease-1 (MMCP-1) were determined. Cytokine responses to 48 h activation with OVA were measured in cultured splenocytes from mice. Sterilised and heated milks contained no viable bacteria and reduced detectable levels of many milk proteins, in contrast to raw milk. Mice drinking raw milk had highest serum MMCP-1 and specific-OVA IgE responses. Cultured splenocytes from OVA-primed mice produced similar levels of IL-4 in response to the antigen; however, IL-10 levels were highest from mice drinking raw milk. Overall, the present study adds to the evidence that consuming different types of milk can affect allergic responses to a non-related dietary antigen.
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Yoshikawa T, Kanazawa H, Fujimoto S, Hirata K. Epistatic effects of multiple receptor genes on pathophysiology of asthma - its limits and potential for clinical application. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:64-71. [PMID: 24435185 PMCID: PMC3907491 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) permit a comprehensive scan of the genome in an unbiased manner, with high sensitivity, and thereby have the potential to identify candidate genes for the prevalence or development of multifactorial diseases such as bronchial asthma. However, most studies have only managed to explain a small additional percentage of hereditability estimates, and often fail to show consistent results among studies despite large sample sizes. Epistasis is defined as the interaction between multiple different genes affecting phenotypes. By applying epistatic analysis to clinical genetic research, we can analyze interactions among more than 2 molecules (genes) considering the whole system of the human body, illuminating dynamic molecular mechanisms. An increasing number of genetic studies have investigated epistatic effects on the risk for development of asthma. The present review highlights a concept of epistasis to overcome traditional genetic studies in humans and provides an update of evidence on epistatic effects on asthma. Furthermore, we review concerns regarding recent trends in epistatic analyses from the perspective of clinical physicians. These concerns include biological plausibility of genes identified by computational statistics, and definition of the diagnostic label of 'physician-diagnosed asthma'. In terms of these issues, further application of epistatic analysis will prompt identification of susceptibility of diseases and lead to the development of a new generation of pharmacological strategies to treat asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kanazawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fujimoto
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuto Hirata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Lai PS, Hang JQ, Zhang FY, Lin X, Zheng BY, Dai HL, Su L, Cai T, Christiani DC. Gender differences in the effect of occupational endotoxin exposure on impaired lung function and death: the Shanghai Textile Worker Study. Occup Environ Med 2013; 71:118-125. [PMID: 24297825 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Airborne endotoxin exposure has adverse and protective health effects. Studies show men have augmented acute inflammatory responses to endotoxin. In this longitudinal cohort study we investigated the effect of long-term exposure to endotoxin in cotton dust on health, and determined whether these effects differ by gender. METHODS In the Shanghai Textile Worker Study, 447 cotton and 472 control silk textile workers were followed from 1981 to 2011 with repeated measures of occupational endotoxin exposure, spirometry and health questionnaires. Impaired lung function was defined as a decline in forced expiratory volume in one second to less than the 5th centile of population predicted. Death was ascertained by death registries. We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the effect of endotoxin exposure on the time to development of impaired lung function and death. RESULTS 128 deaths and 164 diagnoses of impaired lung function were ascertained between 1981 and 2011. HRs for the composite end point of impaired lung function or death was 1.47 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.97) for cotton vs silk workers and 1.04 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.07) per 10 000 endotoxin units (EU)/m(3)-years increase in exposure. HRs for all-cause mortality was 1.36 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.99) for cotton vs silk workers and 1.04 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.08) per 10 000 EU/m(3)-years. The risk associated with occupational endotoxin exposure was elevated only in men. CONCLUSIONS Occupational endotoxin exposure is associated with an increase in the risk of impaired lung function and all-cause mortality in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy S Lai
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing-Qing Hang
- Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Xinyi Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bu-Yong Zheng
- Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hei-Lian Dai
- Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tianxi Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Salonen H, Duchaine C, Létourneau V, Mazaheri M, Clifford S, Morawska L. Endotoxins in indoor air and settled dust in primary schools in a subtropical climate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:9882-9890. [PMID: 23927534 DOI: 10.1021/es4023706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxins can significantly affect the air quality in school environments. However, there is currently no reliable method for the measurement of endotoxins, and there is a lack of reference values for endotoxin concentrations to aid in the interpretation of measurement results in school settings. We benchmarked the "baseline" range of endotoxin concentration in indoor air, together with endotoxin load in floor dust, and evaluated the correlation between endotoxin levels in indoor air and settled dust, as well as the effects of temperature and humidity on these levels in subtropical school settings. Bayesian hierarchical modeling indicated that the concentration in indoor air and the load in floor dust were generally (<95th percentile) <13 EU/m(3) and <24,570 EU/m(2), respectively. Exceeding these levels would indicate abnormal sources of endotoxins in the school environment and the need for further investigation. Metaregression indicated no relationship between endotoxin concentration and load, which points to the necessity for measuring endotoxin levels in both the air and settled dust. Temperature increases were associated with lower concentrations in indoor air and higher loads in floor dust. Higher levels of humidity may be associated with lower airborne endotoxin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Salonen
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia
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43
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Myles IA, Fontecilla NM, Janelsins BM, Vithayathil PJ, Segre JA, Datta SK. Parental dietary fat intake alters offspring microbiome and immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3200-9. [PMID: 23935191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying modern increases in prevalence of human inflammatory diseases remain unclear. The hygiene hypothesis postulates that decreased microbial exposure has, in part, driven this immune dysregulation. However, dietary fatty acids also influence immunity, partially through modulation of responses to microbes. Prior reports have described the direct effects of high-fat diets on the gut microbiome and inflammation, and some have additionally shown metabolic consequences for offspring. Our study sought to expand on these previous observations to identify the effects of parental diet on offspring immunity using mouse models to provide insights into challenging aspects of human health. To test the hypothesis that parental dietary fat consumption during gestation and lactation influences offspring immunity, we compared pups of mice fed either a Western diet (WD) fatty acid profile or a standard low-fat diet. All pups were weaned onto the control diet to specifically test the effects of early developmental fat exposure on immune development. Pups from WD breeders were not obese or diabetic, but still had worse outcomes in models of infection, autoimmunity, and allergic sensitization. They had heightened colonic inflammatory responses, with increased circulating bacterial LPS and muted systemic LPS responsiveness. These deleterious impacts of the WD were associated with alterations of the offspring gut microbiome. These results indicate that parental fat consumption can leave a "lard legacy" impacting offspring immunity and suggest inheritable microbiota may contribute to the modern patterns of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Myles
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Natalia M Fontecilla
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Brian M Janelsins
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Paul J Vithayathil
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Julia A Segre
- Epithelial Biology Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Sandip K Datta
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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44
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The role of lectins in allergic sensitization and allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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45
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Ownby DR, Peterson EL, Wegienka G, Woodcroft KJ, Nicholas C, Zoratti E, Johnson CC. Are cats and dogs the major source of endotoxin in homes? INDOOR AIR 2013; 23:219-226. [PMID: 23167871 PMCID: PMC4005287 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have suggested that exposure to cats and dogs during early childhood reduces the risk of allergic disease, possibly by increasing home endotoxin exposure. This study asked the question of whether cats and dogs are the dominant influence on dust endotoxin concentrations in homes after considering other variables reportedly associated with endotoxin. The presence of cats or dogs in homes, household and home characteristics, and dust endotoxin concentrations from 5 locations were assessed in 966 urban and suburban homes. Whether considered together as pets or as cats and dogs separately, the presence of cats and dogs significantly contributed to living room and bedroom floor endotoxin concentrations, but not to bed endotoxin concentrations. However, the two variables consistently related to endotoxin in all home sites were the home occupant density (occupants/room) and cleanliness of the home. Our data suggest that reducing occupant density and improving home cleanliness would reduce home endotoxin concentrations more than removing pet cats or dogs from the home. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Many studies have shown that early childhood exposure to indoor cats or dogs is associated with a reduced risk of later allergic disease and asthma. An important question is whether alteration in allergic risk associated with cat and dog exposure results from increased endotoxin exposure or from some other associated exposure. Our findings show that cats and dogs are not the dominant source of endotoxin in homes; rather, the density of human occupation and poor cleaning contribute more consistently to higher home endotoxin concentrations especially in the beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Ownby
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912-3790, USA.
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46
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Time for new methods for avoidance of house dust mite and other allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 12:465-77. [PMID: 22833251 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-012-0285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common disease in which environmental exposures and lifestyle factors play critical roles in expression and symptoms. Recommended methods for reducing exposure to domestic allergens as a component of asthma and rhinitis management have changed little over the last 30 years. The data that implementation of these provides clinical benefit are inconsistent. We contend that current methods are ineffective at reducing chronic personal exposure. More effective strategies can be developed based on understanding when people are exposed, the sources of this exposure and the activities associated with this exposure. Developing new methods should be founded on understanding the aerodynamic behavior of particles, their aerosolization, removal from surfaces, and the complex relationships between exposures and clinical outcomes. It will also require developing better proxy measures of chronic exposure, identifying markers for the sub-set of people who benefit, and integrating this with strategies addressing other domestic exposures and lifestyle factors.
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47
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Abstract
Breast-feeding provides protection against infections and contains numerous factors that modulate and promote the development of the infant immune system. These factors include secretory IgA, antimicrobial proteins like CD14, cytokines, and fatty acids. Studies examining the role of breast-feeding in the development of allergic disease in infants demonstrate potentially protective as well as neutral or nonprotective effects, likely due to the heterogeneity in their study design. In this overview, we explore the potential role of immune factors in the breast milk, as well as selected probiotics, in the development of allergy.
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48
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Lawson JA, Dosman JA, Rennie DC, Beach JR, Newman SC, Crowe T, Senthilselvan A. Endotoxin as a determinant of asthma and wheeze among rural dwelling children and adolescents: a case-control study. BMC Pulm Med 2012; 12:56. [PMID: 22966977 PMCID: PMC3545854 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-12-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between endotoxin exposure and asthma is complex and has been associated with rural living. We examined the relationship between domestic endotoxin and asthma or wheeze among rural school-aged children (6-18 years) and assessed the interaction between endotoxin and other characteristics with these outcomes. METHODS Between 2005 and 2007 we conducted a case-control study of children 6-18 years in the rural region of Humboldt, Canada. Cases (n = 102) reported doctor-diagnosed asthma or wheeze in the past year. Controls (n = 208) were randomly selected from children without asthma or wheeze. Data were collected to ascertain symptoms, asthma history and indoor environmental exposures (questionnaire), endotoxin (dust collection from the play area floor and child's mattress), and tobacco smoke exposure (saliva collection). Statistical testing was completed using multiple logistic regression to account for potential confounders and to assess interaction between risk factors. A stratified analysis was also completed to examine the effect of personal history of allergy. RESULTS Among children aged 6-12 years, mattress endotoxin concentration (EU/mg) and load (EU/m2) were inversely associated with being a case [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.20-0.98; and OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.20-0.75, respectively]. These associations were not observed in older children or with play area endotoxin. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that endotoxin exposure might be protective for asthma or wheeze. The protective effect is found in younger school-aged, non-allergic children. These results may help explain the inconsistencies in previous studies and suggest that the protective effects of endotoxin in the prevention of atopy and asthma or wheeze are most effective earlier in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Lawson
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture & Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture Royal University Hospital University of Saskatchewan, 3641-103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0 W8, Canada
| | - James A Dosman
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Donna C Rennie
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, and the College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jeremy R Beach
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen C Newman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Trever Crowe
- College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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49
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Exposure assessment of residential mould, fungi and microbial components in relation to children's health: achievements and challenges. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 216:109-14. [PMID: 22704485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Each day we are exposed to a complex mixture of microbial agents and components in indoor environments. A major part of this mixture derives from fungal and bacterial origin. The impact between those microbial agents in the home environment in relation to respiratory health in children is still a major issue in research. There is little known about the causal agents that provoke or arrest the development of allergic respiratory disorders in children. Identification is complicated by the biodiversity and variability of microbial components in indoor air as well as the lack of validated and standardized exposure assessment methods. In this review, we aim to consider all important aspects in terms of research which may encounter an epidemiological study. Apart from the need for standardized exposure assessment methods which consider cost, handling and effort, especially for the participants, we suggest that a combination of different analysis methods such as chemical and molecular methods may have the potential to best describe the microbial milieu in indoor environments at present. Further, the impact of mould and moisture remediation activities on health is still heavily under investigated, especially in larger prospective cohorts of children and should be a topic of future research. Moreover, the exposure to mould and microbial agents might be embedded in a broader spectrum of children's health such as behavior and cognitive development.
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50
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Zhou B, Yuan J, Zhou Y, Yang J, James AW, Nair U, Shu X, Liu W, Kanangat S, Yoo TJ. The attenuation of cockroach allergy by DNA vaccine encoding cockroach allergen Bla g 2. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:120-4. [PMID: 22960278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bla g 2 is one of the most potent cockroach allergens. No effective treatment or vaccination strategies are yet available. We evaluated the prophylactic efficacy of Bla g 2 DNA vaccination in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. C57/BL6 mice were given Bla g 2 DNA vaccine prior to sensitization with recombinant Bla g 2 (rBla g 2) antigens, followed by nebulized rBla g 2 challenge. Bla g 2 vaccine could express at both transcriptional and translational levels in mammalian cells. Moreover, Bla g 2 vaccine significantly reduced the total inflammatory cell infiltrate and eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and markedly decreased allergen-induced inflammatory infiltrates in the lungs and Bla g 2-specific IgE in serum upon challenge with rBla g 2. Importantly, Bla g 2 vaccine could induce the production of antigen-specific IFN-γ and downregulated Th2 pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Thus, DNA vaccination showed protective efficacy against a clinically relevant allergen, Bla g 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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