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Bamps D, Blockeel AJ, Dreesen E, Marynissen H, Laenen J, Van Hecken A, Wilke A, Shahabi S, Johnson KW, Collins EC, Broad LM, Phillips KG, de Hoon J. TRPA1 Antagonist LY3526318 Inhibits the Cinnamaldehyde-Evoked Dermal Blood Flow Increase: Translational Proof of Pharmacology. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:1093-1103. [PMID: 37562824 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is an ion channel expressed by sensory neurons, where it mediates pain signaling. Consequently, it has emerged as a promising target for novel analgesics, yet, to date, no TRPA1 antagonists have been approved for clinical use. In the present translational study, we utilized dermal blood flow changes evoked by TRPA1 agonist cinnamaldehyde as a target engagement biomarker to investigate the in vivo pharmacology of LY3526318, a novel TRPA1 antagonist. In rats, LY3526318 (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently reduced the cutaneous vasodilation typically observed following topical application of 10% v/v cinnamaldehyde. The inhibition was significant at the site of cinnamaldehyde application and also when including an adjacent area of skin. Similarly, in a cohort of 16 healthy human volunteers, LY3526318 administration (10, 30, and 100 mg, p.o.) dose-dependently reduced the elevated blood flow surrounding the site of 10% v/v cinnamaldehyde application, with a trend toward inhibition at the site of application. Comparisons between both species reveal that the effects of LY3526318 on the cinnamaldehyde-induced dermal blood flow are greater in rats relative to humans, even when adjusting for cross-species differences in potency of the compound at TRPA1. Exposure-response relationships suggest that a greater magnitude response may be observed in humans if higher antagonist concentrations could be achieved. Taken together, these results demonstrate that cinnamaldehyde-evoked changes in dermal blood flow can be utilized as a target engagement biomarker for TRPA1 activity and that LY3526318 antagonizes the ion channel both in rats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Bamps
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Erwin Dreesen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heleen Marynissen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Laenen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Van Hecken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - August Wilke
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Kirk W Johnson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Lisa M Broad
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK
| | - Keith G Phillips
- Eli Lilly and Company, Neuroscience Next Generation Therapeutics, Lilly Innovation Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan de Hoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Etiologies and management of cutaneous flushing. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 77:391-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Buntinx L, Chang L, Amin A, Morlion B, de Hoon J. Development of an in vivo target-engagement biomarker for TRPA1 antagonists in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:603-611. [PMID: 27685892 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a non-invasive, safe and reproducible target-engagement biomarker for future TRPA1 antagonists in healthy volunteers. METHODS Dose finding (n = 11): 3%, 10%, and 30% cinnamaldehyde (CA) and placebo (= vehicle) was topically applied on the right forearm. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni was used to compare between doses. Reproducibility: 10% CA doses were topically applied during one visit on both arms (n = 10) or during two visits (n = 23) separated by a washout period of 7 days. CA-induced dermal blood flow (DBF) was assessed by laser Doppler imaging (LDI) at baseline and at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min post-CA. Paired t-test was used to compare between arms or visits. Concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was calculated to assess reproducibility. Data are expressed as percent change from baseline (mean ± 95% CI). RESULTS All three doses increased DBF compared to vehicle at all time-points, with the maximum response at 10-20 min post-CA. Dose response was found when comparing AUC0-50min of 30% CA (51 364 ± 8475%*min) with 10% CA (32 239 ± 8034%*min, P = 0.03) and 3% CA (30 226 ± 11 958%*min, P = 0.015). 10% CA was chosen as an effective and safe dose. DBF response to 10% CA was found to be reproducible between arms (AUC0-50min , CCC = 0.91) and visits (AUC0-50min , CCC = 0.83). Based on sample size calculations, this model allows a change in CA-induced DBF of 30-50% to be detected between two independent groups of maximum 10-15 subjects with 80% power. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of CA-induced changes in DBF offers a safe, non-invasive and reproducible target-engagement biomarker in vivo in humans to evaluate TRPA1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linde Buntinx
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lin Chang
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aasim Amin
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Morlion
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan de Hoon
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Farag MR, Alagawany M, Tufarelli V. In vitro antioxidant activities of resveratrol, cinnamaldehyde and their synergistic effect against cyadox-induced cytotoxicity in rabbit erythrocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:196-205. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1193866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayada Ragab Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt,
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt, and
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Jensen TK, Andersen MV, Nielsen KA, Arendt-Nielsen L, Boudreau SA. Interaction between intra-oral cinnamaldehyde and nicotine assessed by psychophysical and physiological responses. Eur J Oral Sci 2016; 124:349-57. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja K. Jensen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Michelle V. Andersen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | | | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Shellie A. Boudreau
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
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High-Concentration L-Menthol Exhibits Counter-Irritancy to Neurogenic Inflammation, Thermal and Mechanical Hyperalgesia Caused by Trans-cinnamaldehyde. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 17:919-29. [PMID: 27260636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M 8 (TRPM8) agonist L-menthol has been used traditionally for its topical counterirritant properties. Although the use of topical L-menthol for pain is casuistically established, evidence regarding its efficacy is negligible. This study aimed to characterize the effect of L-menthol as a counterirritant on cutaneous pain and hyperalgesia provoked by topical application of the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) agonist trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA). In a randomized, double-blinded study CA was applied to a 3 × 3-cm area of the volar forearm evoking neurogenic inflammation, pain, mechanical, and thermal hyperalgesia in 14 healthy volunteers. In different sessions, 10% CA alone or 40% L-menthol applied simultaneously with 10% CA were administered for 20 minutes, throughout which the subjects rated the pain intensity on a visual analogue scale of 0 to 10. Extensive quantitative sensory testing was conducted and superficial blood flow (neurogenic inflammation) was recorded. Administration of CA evoked spontaneous pain, neurogenic inflammation, thermal hyperalgesia, and primary and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia. Coadministration of topical L-menthol reduced spontaneous pain intensity (P < .01), neurogenic inflammation (P < .01), primary mechanical hyperalgesia (P < .05), secondary mechanical hyperalgesia (P < .05), and heat hyperalgesia (P < .05), but not cold hyperalgesia. L-menthol exhibited inhibitory effects on simultaneously established pain, hypersensitivity, and neurogenic inflammation in a human TRPA1-induced pain model. Potent TRPM8 agonists could be useful as topical antihyperalgesics. The study and the trial protocol is registered and approved by the local research ethics committee under the jurisdiction of the Danish Medicines Agency number N-20130005. The protocol also is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov under NCT02653703. PERSPECTIVE Drugs interacting with transient receptor potential channels are of great therapeutic potential. In the present study we established cutaneous pain and hyperalgesia using the TRPA1 agonist CA. Subsequently, we showed that the frequently used topical counterirritant and TRPM8 agonist, L-menthol, decreased evoked pain, hyperalgesia, and inflammation, indicating direct and indirect antinociceptive mechanisms.
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Hagi-Pavli E, Williams D, Rowland J, Thornhill M, Cruchley A. Characterizing the immunological effects of oral healthcare ingredients using an in vitro reconstructed human epithelial model. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Krishna R, Guo Y, Schulz V, Cord-Cruz E, Smith S, Hair S, Nahm WK, Draelos ZD. Non-obligatory role of prostaglandin D2 receptor subtype 1 in rosacea: laropiprant in comparison to a placebo did not alleviate the symptoms of erythematoelangiectaic rosacea. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 55:137-43. [PMID: 25142778 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea shares facial flushing features with those seen after niacin. This study was performed to test the hypothesis whether prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) receptor subtype 1 antagonist (laropiprant) will improve the symptoms of rosacea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of laropiprant 100 mg administered once daily for 4 weeks on the signs and symptoms of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Subjects received laropiprant 100 mg once-daily (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 4 weeks. The primary pharmacodynamics endpoint was change in Clinician's Erythema Assessment (CEA) score from baseline to week 4. The patient self-assessment (PSA) was a secondary endpoint. Laropiprant was generally well tolerated in this study for the primary endpoint of change in CEA score from Baseline to Week 4, the least-squares mean of change from baseline to visit 4/week 4 was -3.7 and -3.4 for placebo and laropiprant (100 mg), respectively. The least-squares mean difference (placebo minus laropiprant) with 90% confidence interval of change in CEA score from baseline to visit 4/week 4 was estimated as -0.3 (-1.6, 1.0). For the secondary endpoint, the least-squares mean difference (placebo minus laropiprant) with 90% confidence interval of change from baseline to visit 4/week 4 was estimated as -0.7 (-7.7, 6.4) for PSA total score, -4.5 (-14.2, 5.3) for PSA emotion score, -1.3 (-7.8, 5.3) for PSA symptoms score, and 3.6 (-4.3, 11.4) for PSA functioning score. Laropiprant administered once daily for 4 weeks was generally well tolerated in this population of subjects with rosacea. However, there were no clinically meaningful changes in the primary endpoint of CEA given that the response to laropiprant could not be differentiated from that to placebo. There was also no clinically meaningful change in the secondary endpoint, PSA. A DP1 antagonist is not likely to be effective in rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Krishna
- Merck, Sharp and Dohme Corporation, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
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Bodkin JV, Thakore P, Aubdool AA, Liang L, Fernandes ES, Nandi M, Spina D, Clark JE, Aaronson PI, Shattock MJ, Brain SD. Investigating the potential role of TRPA1 in locomotion and cardiovascular control during hypertension. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00052. [PMID: 25505598 PMCID: PMC4186440 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotelemetry was used to investigate the in vivo cardiovascular and activity phenotype of both TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1) wild-type (WT) and TRPA1 knockout (KO) mice. After baseline recording, experimental hypertension was induced using angiotensin II infusion (1.1 mg(-1) kg(-1) a day, for 14 days). TRPA1 WT and KO mice showed similar morphological and functional cardiovascular parameters, including similar basal blood pressure (BP), heart rate, size, and function. Similar hypertension was also displayed in response to angiotensin II (156 ± 7 and 165 ± 11 mmHg, systolic BP ± SEM, n = 5-6). TRPA1 KO mice showed increased hypertensive hypertrophy (heart weight:tibia length: 7.3 ± 1.6 mg mm(-1) vs. 8.8 ± 1.7 mg mm(-1)) and presented with blunted interleukin 6 (IL-6) production compared with hypertensive WT mice (151 ± 24 vs. 89 ± 16 pg mL(-1)). TRPA1 expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones was upregulated during hypertension (163% of baseline expression). Investigations utilizing the TRPA1 agonist cinnamaldehyde (CA) on mesenteric arterioles isolated from näive mice suggested a lack of TRPA1-dependent vasoreactivity in this vascular bed; a site with notable ability to alter total peripheral resistance. However, mesenteric arterioles isolated from TRPA1 KO hypertensive mice displayed significantly reduced ability to relax in response to nitric oxide (NO) (P < 0.05). Unexpectedly, naïve TRPA1 KO mice also displayed physical hyperactivity traits at baseline, which was exacerbated during hypertension. In conclusion, our study provides a novel cardiovascular characterization of TRPA1 KO mice in a model of hypertension. Results suggest that TRPA1 has a limited role in global cardiovascular control, but we demonstrate an unexpected capacity for TRPA1 to regulate physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer V Bodkin
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, School of Medicine, King's College London London, SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Pratish Thakore
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, School of Medicine, King's College London London, SE1 9NH, U.K ; Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London London, SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Aisah A Aubdool
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, School of Medicine, King's College London London, SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Lihuan Liang
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, School of Medicine, King's College London London, SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Elizabeth S Fernandes
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, School of Medicine, King's College London London, SE1 9NH, U.K ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Ceuma São Luís, Brazil
| | - Manasi Nandi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London London, SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Domenico Spina
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London London, SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - James E Clark
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, School of Medicine, King's College London London, SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Philip I Aaronson
- Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology Division, School of Medicine, King's College London London, SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Michael J Shattock
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, School of Medicine, King's College London London, SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Susan D Brain
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, School of Medicine, King's College London London, SE1 9NH, U.K
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Olsen R, Andersen H, Møller H, Eskelund P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Somatosensory and vasomotor manifestations of individual and combined stimulation of TRPM8 and TRPA1 using topical L-menthol andtrans-cinnamaldehyde in healthy volunteers. Eur J Pain 2014; 18:1333-42. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.V. Olsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - H.H. Andersen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - H.G. Møller
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - P.W. Eskelund
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - L. Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
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Aging-shifted prostaglandin profile in endothelium as a factor in cardiovascular disorders. J Aging Res 2012; 2012:121390. [PMID: 22500225 PMCID: PMC3303603 DOI: 10.1155/2012/121390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated endothelium dysfunction is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Endothelium-synthesized prostaglandins and thromboxane are local hormones, which mediate vasodilation and vasoconstriction and critically maintain vascular homeostasis. Accumulating evidence indicates that the age-related changes in endothelial eicosanoids contribute to decline in endothelium function and are associated with pathological dysfunction. In this review we summarize currently available information on aging-shifted prostaglandin profiles in endothelium and how these shifts are associated with cardiovascular disorders, providing one molecular mechanism of age-associated endothelium dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
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Ren N, Kaplan R, Hernandez M, Cheng K, Jin L, Taggart AKP, Zhu AY, Gan X, Wright SD, Cai TQ. Phenolic acids suppress adipocyte lipolysis via activation of the nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A (HM74a/PUMA-G). J Lipid Res 2009; 50:908-14. [PMID: 19136666 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800625-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic acids are found in abundance throughout the plant kingdom. Consumption of wine or other rich sources of phenolic acids, such as the "Mediterranean diet," has been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. The underlying mechanism(s), however, has remained unclear. Here, we show that many phenolic acids, including those from the hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid classes, can bind and activate GPR109A (HM74a/PUMA-G), the receptor for the antidyslipidemic agent nicotinic acid. In keeping with this activity, treatment with a number of phenolic acids, including cinnamic acid, reduces lipolysis in cultured human adipocytes and in fat pats isolated from wild-type mice but not from mice deficient of GPR109A. Oral administration of cinnamic acid significantly reduces plasma levels of FFA in the wild type but not in mice deficient of GPR109A. Activation of GPR109A by phenolic acids may thus contribute to a cardiovascular benefit of these plant-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Hu W, Shen ZX. Advance of the relationship between esophageal cancer and cyclooxygenase-2. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:1750-1753. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i15.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the arachidonate metabolism. COX-2, as one of the isoenzymes of COX, is responsible for the pathogenesis, development, metastasis and prognosis of carcinoma through various mechanisms. Esophageal cancer is one of the common cancers with high incidence and high mortality. It is reported that COX-2 plays important roles in it, through xenobiotic metabolism, inhibiting apoptosis, development of inflammation-stimulated hyperplasia and metaplasia, suppressing host immune responses, inducing angiogenesis and promoting infiltration and metastasis. Recently, some trials demonstrated that selective COX-2 inhibitors can inhibit COX-2 to prevent carcinogenesis. In this article, we reviewed the roles of COX-2 in the carcinogenesis and analyzed COX-2 inhibitors for the chemoprevention of esophageal cancer.
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Huang TC, Fu HY, Ho CT, Tan D, Huang YT, Pan MH. Induction of apoptosis by cinnamaldehyde from indigenous cinnamon Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh through reactive oxygen species production, glutathione depletion, and caspase activation in human leukemia K562 cells. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Helliwell RJA, Adams LF, Mitchell MD. Prostaglandin synthases: recent developments and a novel hypothesis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:101-13. [PMID: 14683687 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells are continuously exposed to cues, which signal cell survival or death. Fine-tuning of these conflicting signals is essential for tissue development and homeostasis, and defective pathways are linked to many disease processes, especially cancer. It is well established that prostaglandins (PGs), as signalling molecules, are important regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. PG production has been a focus of many researchers interested in the mechanisms of parturition. Previously, investigators have focussed on the committed step of PG biosynthesis, the conversion by prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS; also termed cyclo-oxygenase, COX) of arachidonic acid (AA) (substrate) to PGH2, the common precursor for biosynthesis of the various prostanoids. However, recently the genes encoding the terminal synthase enzymes involved in converting PGH2 to each of the bioactive PGs, including the major uterotonic PGs, PGE2 (PGE synthase) and PGF2alpha (PGF synthase), have been cloned and characterized. This review highlights how the regulation of the expression and balance of key enzymes can produce, from a single precursor, prostanoids with varied and often opposing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J A Helliwell
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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