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Mihajlovic M, De Boever S, Tabernilla A, Callewaert E, Sanz-Serrano J, Verhoeven A, Maerten A, Rosseel Z, De Waele E, Vinken M. Investigation of parenteral nutrition-induced hepatotoxicity using human liver spheroid co-cultures. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:3109-3126. [PMID: 38740588 PMCID: PMC11324701 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is typically administered to individuals with gastrointestinal dysfunction, a contraindication for enteral feeding, and a need for nutritional therapy. When PN is the only energy source in patients, it is defined as total parenteral nutrition (TPN). TPN is a life-saving approach for different patient populations, both in infants and adults. However, despite numerous benefits, TPN can cause adverse effects, including metabolic disorders and liver injury. TPN-associated liver injury, known as intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), represents a significant problem affecting up to 90% of individuals receiving TPN. IFALD pathogenesis is complex, depending on the TPN components as well as on the patient's medical conditions. Despite numerous animal studies and clinical observations, the molecular mechanisms driving IFALD remain largely unknown. The present study was set up to elucidate the mechanisms underlying IFALD. For this purpose, human liver spheroid co-cultures were treated with a TPN mixture, followed by RNA sequencing analysis. Subsequently, following exposure to TPN and its single nutritional components, several key events of liver injury, including mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and lipid accumulation (steatosis), were studied using various techniques. It was found that prolonged exposure to TPN substantially changes the transcriptome profile of liver spheroids and affects multiple metabolic and signaling pathways contributing to liver injury. Moreover, TPN and its main components, especially lipid emulsion, induce changes in all key events measured and trigger steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Mihajlovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sybren De Boever
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrés Tabernilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Callewaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julen Sanz-Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anouk Verhoeven
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amy Maerten
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zenzi Rosseel
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth De Waele
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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2
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Mihajlovic M, Rosseel Z, De Waele E, Vinken M. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver injury: clinical relevance and mechanistic insights. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:1-11. [PMID: 38383052 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a relatively common complication in individuals receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). IFALD can be manifested as different types of liver injury, including steatosis, cholestasis, and fibrosis, and could result in liver failure in some cases. The onset and progression of IFALD are highly dependent on various patient and PN-related risk factors. Despite still being under investigation, several mechanisms have been proposed. Liver injury can originate due to caloric overload, nutrient deficiency, and toxicity, as well as phytosterol content, and omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids ratio contained in lipid emulsions. Additional mechanisms include immature or defective bile acid metabolism, acute heart failure, infections, and sepsis exerting negative effects via Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor κB inflammatory signaling. Furthermore, lack of enteral feeding, gut dysbiosis, and altered enterohepatic circulation that affect the farnesoid x receptor-fibroblast growth factor 19 axis can also contribute to IFALD. Various best practices can be adopted to minimize the risk of developing IFALD, such as prevention and management of central line infections and sepsis, preservation of intestine's length, a switch to oral and enteral feeding, cyclic PN, avoidance of overfeeding and soybean oil-based lipid formulations, and avoiding hepatotoxic substances. The present review thus provides a comprehensive overview of all relevant aspects inherent to IFALD. Further research focused on clinical observations, translational models, and advanced toxicological knowledge frameworks is needed to gain more insight into the molecular pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity, reduce IFALD incidence, and encourage the safe use of PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Mihajlovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zenzi Rosseel
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth De Waele
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Dewhurst SL, Sarofim M, Wijayawardana R, Morris DL. When all else fails: the colo-duodenal anastomosis. J Surg Case Rep 2024; 2024:rjae137. [PMID: 38469203 PMCID: PMC10927351 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjae137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Total enterectomy is an exceedingly rare procedure performed out of necessity due to massive intestinal infarction, trauma, or peritoneal malignancy. This case describes a 47-year-old patient who has successfully undergone the procedure to manage mesenteric ischaemia. Bowel continuity was achieved with a duodenocolonic anastomosis, and the patient has been transitioned to life-long total parental nutrition. This case highlights that carefully selected patients can achieve long-term survival with good quality of life rather than palliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzannah L Dewhurst
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia
| | - Mina Sarofim
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia
| | - Ruwanthi Wijayawardana
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia
| | - David L Morris
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia
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4
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Tabone T, Mooney P, Donnellan C. Intestinal failure-associated liver disease: Current challenges in screening, diagnosis, and parenteral nutrition considerations. Nutr Clin Pract 2024. [PMID: 38245851 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.11116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a serious life-limiting complication that can occur throughout the clinical course of intestinal failure and its management by parenteral nutrition (PN). Despite this, there is a lack of a standardized definition for IFALD, which makes this insidious condition increasingly difficult to screen and diagnose in clinical practice. Attenuating the progression of liver disease before the onset of liver failure is key to improving morbidity and mortality in these patients. This requires timely detection and promptly addressing reversible factors. Although there are various noninvasive tools available to the clinician to detect early fibrosis or cirrhosis in various chronic liver disease states, these have not been validated in the patient population with IFALD. Such tools include biochemical composite scoring systems for fibrosis, transient elastography, and dynamic liver function tests. This review article aims to highlight the existing real need for an accurate, reproducible method to detect IFALD in its early stages. In addition, we also explore the role PN plays in the pathogenesis of this complex multifactorial condition. Various aspects of PN administration have been implicated in the etiology of IFALD, including the composition of the lipid component, nutrient excess and deficiency, and infusion timing. We aim to highlight the clinical relevance of these PN-associated factors in the development of IFALD and how these can be managed to mitigate the progression of IFALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Tabone
- Department of Gastroenterology, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mooney
- Department of Gastroenterology, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Donnellan
- Department of Gastroenterology, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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5
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Pironi L, Cuerda C, Jeppesen PB, Joly F, Jonkers C, Krznarić Ž, Lal S, Lamprecht G, Lichota M, Mundi MS, Schneider SM, Szczepanek K, Van Gossum A, Wanten G, Wheatley C, Weimann A. ESPEN guideline on chronic intestinal failure in adults - Update 2023. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1940-2021. [PMID: 37639741 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In 2016, ESPEN published the guideline for Chronic Intestinal Failure (CIF) in adults. An updated version of ESPEN guidelines on CIF due to benign disease in adults was devised in order to incorporate new evidence since the publication of the previous ESPEN guidelines. METHODS The grading system of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) was used to grade the literature. Recommendations were graded according to the levels of evidence available as A (strong), B (conditional), 0 (weak) and Good practice points (GPP). The recommendations of the 2016 guideline (graded using the GRADE system) which were still valid, because no studies supporting an update were retrieved, were reworded and re-graded accordingly. RESULTS The recommendations of the 2016 guideline were reviewed, particularly focusing on definitions, and new chapters were included to devise recommendations on IF centers, chronic enterocutaneous fistulas, costs of IF, caring for CIF patients during pregnancy, transition of patients from pediatric to adult centers. The new guideline consist of 149 recommendations and 16 statements which were voted for consensus by ESPEN members, online in July 2022 and at conference during the annual Congress in September 2022. The Grade of recommendation is GPP for 96 (64.4%) of the recommendations, 0 for 29 (19.5%), B for 19 (12.7%), and A for only five (3.4%). The grade of consensus is "strong consensus" for 148 (99.3%) and "consensus" for one (0.7%) recommendation. The grade of consensus for the statements is "strong consensus" for 14 (87.5%) and "consensus" for two (12.5%). CONCLUSIONS It is confirmed that CIF management requires complex technologies, multidisciplinary and multiprofessional activity, and expertise to care for the underlying gastrointestinal disease and to provide HPN support. Most of the recommendations were graded as GPP, but almost all received a strong consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Pironi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center for Chronic Intestinal Failure, IRCCS AOUBO, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Cristina Cuerda
- Nutrition Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisca Joly
- Center for Intestinal Failure, Department of Gastroenterology and Nutritional Support, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Cora Jonkers
- Nutrition Support Team, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Željko Krznarić
- Center of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Simon Lal
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marek Lichota
- Intestinal Failure Patients Association "Appetite for Life", Cracow, Poland
| | - Manpreet S Mundi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kinga Szczepanek
- General and Oncology Surgery Unit, Stanley Dudrick's Memorial Hospital, Skawina, Poland
| | | | - Geert Wanten
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolyn Wheatley
- Support and Advocacy Group for People on Home Artificial Nutrition (PINNT), United Kingdom
| | - Arved Weimann
- Department of General, Visceral and Oncological Surgery, St. George Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Nelson AD, Elkins JR, Stocchi L, Farraye FA, Hashash JG. Use and Misuse of Parenteral Nutrition in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:1592-1602. [PMID: 35472221 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition is a very common and often underrecognized condition among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This is most commonly due to increased nutritional requirements and gastrointestinal losses, along with reduced oral intake. Screening for malnutrition is an essential component of managing both inpatients and outpatients with IBD. Although enteral nutrition is the preferred route of supplementation, parenteral nutrition (PN) remains an important strategy and should be considered in certain situations, such as cases with short-bowel syndrome, high-output intestinal fistula, prolonged ileus, or small-bowel obstruction. Appropriate use of PN is critical in order to prevent associated complications. This review addresses the common indications for use of PN, the composition of PN, and the possible complications encountered with PN use, as well as scenarios of inappropriate PN use among patients with IBD. A clinical management algorithm for utilizing PN among patients with IBD is proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred D Nelson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Luca Stocchi
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis A Farraye
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jana G Hashash
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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7
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Ott L, Vakili K, Cuenca AG. Organ allocation in pediatric abdominal transplant. Semin Pediatr Surg 2022; 31:151180. [PMID: 35725055 PMCID: PMC9333194 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric patients constitute an important group within the general transplant population, given the opportunity to significantly extend their lives with successful transplantation. Children have historically received special consideration under the various abdominal solid organ allocation algorithms, but matching patients with size and weight restrictions with appropriate donors remains an ongoing issue. Here, we describe the historical trends in pediatric organ allocation policies for liver, kidney, intestine, and pancreas transplantation. We also review recent changes to these allocation policies, with particular attention to recent amendments to geographical prioritization, with the dissolution of donor service areas and United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) regions and the subsequent creation of acuity circles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Ott
- Department of General Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Fegan 3, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Khashayar Vakili
- Department of General Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Fegan 3, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Alex G Cuenca
- Department of General Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Fegan 3, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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8
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Cuerda C, Pironi L, Arends J, Bozzetti F, Gillanders L, Jeppesen PB, Joly F, Kelly D, Lal S, Staun M, Szczepanek K, Van Gossum A, Wanten G, Schneider SM, Bischoff SC. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition in chronic intestinal failure. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:5196-5220. [PMID: 34479179 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This practical guideline is based on the ESPEN Guidelines on Chronic Intestinal Failure in Adults. METHODOLOGY ESPEN guidelines have been shortened and transformed into flow charts for easier use in clinical practice. The practical guideline is dedicated to all professionals including physicians, dieticians, nutritionists, and nurses working with patients with chronic intestinal failure. RESULTS This practical guideline consists of 112 recommendations with short commentaries for the management and treatment of benign chronic intestinal failure, including home parenteral nutrition and its complications, intestinal rehabilitation, and intestinal transplantation. CONCLUSION This practical guideline gives guidance to health care providers involved in the management of patients with chronic intestinal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cuerda
- Nutrition Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Loris Pironi
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Italy; IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Centre for Chronic Intestinal Failure - Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, Italy
| | - Jann Arends
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Lyn Gillanders
- Emeritus of Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Palle Bekker Jeppesen
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases Gastroenterology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francisca Joly
- Centre for Intestinal Failure, Department of Gastroenterology and Nutritional Support, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Darlene Kelly
- Emeritus of Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Simon Lal
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Michael Staun
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases Gastroenterology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kinga Szczepanek
- General and Oncology Surgery Unit, Stanley Dudrick's Memorial Hospital, Skawina, Poland
| | - André Van Gossum
- Medico-Surgical Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Erasme, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Wanten
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphane Michel Schneider
- Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, CHU of Nice, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Gupta K, Wang H, Amin SB. Soybean-Oil Lipid Minimization for Prevention of Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease in Late-Preterm and Term Infants With Gastrointestinal Surgical Disorders. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021; 45:1239-1248. [PMID: 32854150 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), a multifactorial disease, is common among infants with gastrointestinal surgical disorders (GISDs). Prolonged soy-based intravenous lipid emulsion (S-ILE) intake is associated with IFALD, but preventive studies of limiting S-ILE have been inconclusive. Furthermore, a double-blind, randomized preventive trial (DBRPT) of S-ILE intake has not been performed in infants with GISDs. Our objective was to compare the effect of 1 g/kg/d vs 2 g/kg/d S-ILE intake for 6 weeks on the incidence of IFALD and the rate of rise of direct bilirubin (DB) in infants with GISDs. METHODS A DBRPT was conducted in infants with GISDs at ≥34 weeks' gestational age (GA) admitted to the NICU within 72 hours after birth. Infants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 1 or 2 g/kg/d S-ILE for 6 weeks. IFALD was defined as DB ≥2 mg/dL. RESULTS Forty infants were studied. The 2 groups had similar clinical characteristics except for GA and blood group incompatibility. Thirty percent of infants in each group developed IFALD (P = .94). However, infants in the group receiving 1 g/kg/d S-ILE (n = 20) had a lower rate of rise of DB compared with infants in the group receiving 2 g/kg/d S-ILE (n = 20). CONCLUSIONS Reducing S-ILE intake for 6 weeks in infants with GISD at ≥34 weeks' GA may not prevent IFALD. The extrapolated data on the rate of rise of DB suggest a possible risk of earlier development of IFALD with S-ILE intake of 2 g/kg/d, as compared with 1 g/kg/d, beyond the 6-week study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hongyue Wang
- Department of Biostastics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sanjiv B Amin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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10
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Park HJ, Lee S, Jung S, Seo J. Parenteral Nutrition–Associated Liver Disease in Adult Inpatients Receiving Commercial Premixed Parenteral Nutrition for More Than 2 Weeks. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Park
- Intestinal Rehabilitation Team, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Intestinal Rehabilitation Team, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Surgery Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Soo‐Min Jung
- Intestinal Rehabilitation Team, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Surgery Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jeong‐Meen Seo
- Intestinal Rehabilitation Team, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Surgery Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
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11
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Gura KM, Premkumar MH, Calkins KL, Puder M. Fish Oil Emulsion Reduces Liver Injury and Liver Transplantation in Children with Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease: A Multicenter Integrated Study. J Pediatr 2021; 230:46-54.e2. [PMID: 33038344 PMCID: PMC7914137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index, liver transplantation, and mortality rates between children with intestinal failure-associated liver disease who received fish oil lipid emulsion (FOLE) or soybean oil intravenous lipid emulsion (SOLE). STUDY DESIGN In this multicenter integrated analysis, FOLE recipients (1 g/kg/d) (n = 189) were compared with historical controls administered SOLE (≤3 g/kg/d) (n = 73). RESULTS Compared with SOLE, FOLE recipients had a higher direct bilirubin level at baseline (5.8 mg/dL vs 3.0 mg/dL; P < .0001). Among FOLE recipients, 65% experienced cholestasis resolution vs 16% of SOLE recipients (P < .0001). The aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index scores improved in FOLE recipients (1.235 vs 0.810 and 0.758, P < .02) but worsened in SOLE recipients (0.540 vs 2.564 and 2.098; P ≤ .0003) when baseline scores were compared with cholestasis resolution and end of study, respectively. Liver transplantation was reduced in FOLE vs SOLE (4% vs 12%; P = .0245). The probability of liver transplantation in relation to baseline direct or conjugated bilirubin (DB) was lower in FOLE vs SOLE recipients (1% vs 9% at DB of 2 mg/dL; 8% vs 35% at DB of 12.87 mg/dL; P = .0022 for both). Death rates were similar (FOLE vs SOLE: 10% vs 14% at DB of 2 mg/dL; 17% vs 23% at a DB of 12.87 mg/dL; P = .36 for both). CONCLUSIONS FOLE recipients experienced a higher rate of cholestasis resolution, lower aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index, and fewer liver transplants compared with SOLE. This study demonstrates that FOLE may be the preferred parenteral lipid emulsion in children with intestinal failure-associated liver disease when DB reaches 2 mg/dL. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00910104 and NCT00738101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Gura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pharmacy (KG); Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program (MPU); Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Muralidhar H. Premkumar
- Baylor College of Medicine, Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kara L. Calkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center of the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Puder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pharmacy (KG); Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program (MPU); Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Fousekis FS, Mitselos IV, Christodoulou DK. New insights into intestinal failure-associated liver disease in adults: A comprehensive review of the literature. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3-12. [PMID: 33642350 PMCID: PMC8083246 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_551_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) remains one of the most common and serious complications of parenteral nutrition (PN), causing a wide spectrum of hepatic manifestations from steatosis and mild cholestasis to portal hypertension and end-stage liver failure. The prevalence of IFALD depends on the diagnostic criteria and ranges from 4.3% to 65%. Moreover, many factors are shown to contribute to its development, including nutrient deficiencies, toxicity of PN, infections, and alterations of bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota. Prevention and management of IFALD aim at ameliorating or eliminating the risk factors associated with IFALD. The use of PN formulations with a lower ratio omega-6-to-omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, cycle PN, optimization of enteral stimulation and prevention and early treatment of infections constitute the main therapeutic targets. However, failure of improvement and severe IFALD with end-stage liver failure should be considered as the indications of intestinal transplantation. The aim of this review is to provide an update of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of IFALD in the adult population as well as to present a clinical approach of the therapeutic strategies of IFALD and present novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios S. Fousekis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Health Sciences, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis V. Mitselos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Health Sciences, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios K. Christodoulou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Health Sciences, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece,Address for correspondence: Prof. Dimitrios K. Christodoulou, Professor of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Health Sciences, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, POBox 1186, Ioannina 45110, Greece. E-mail:
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13
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Abstract
Parenteral nutrition has been widely used in patients whose gastrointestinal tract is anatomically or physiologically unavailable for sufficient food intake. It has been considered lifesaving but is not without adverse effects. It has been proven to cause liver injury through different mechanisms. We present a review of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.
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14
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Karnsakul W, Wasuwanich P, Ingviya T, Vasilescu A, Carson KA, Mogayzel PJ, Schwarz KB. A longitudinal assessment of non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose and predict cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:546-552. [PMID: 32482593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A practical, inexpensive, and non-invasive biomarker of liver fibrosis is needed as a reliable screening test for cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease (CFLD). Studies have shown the utility of AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI), fibrosis index based on 4 factors (FIB-4), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) as good biomarkers for identifying CFLD. The goal of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of APRI, FIB-4, AST/ALT ratio, platelet count, GGT, and GGT platelet ratio (GPR) in predicting CFLD development. METHODS Data was collected from CF Foundation Patient Registry for patients aged 3-21 years at Johns Hopkins from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2014. Collected data included demographic characteristics, presence of splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, ascites, and variceal bleeding, AST, ALT, GGT, platelet count, and FEV1. The sensitivity and specificity of each biomarker were analyzed and reported by the area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. RESULTS By the end of the study, 144 "healthy" CF, 12 CFLD, 19 CF-associated pulmonary disease (CFPD), and 4 CFLD with CFPD cases were identified. APRI scores were higher in CFLD, 0.85 versus 0.28 in "healthy" CF and 0.23 in CFPD groups (p<0.001). GPR had the highest AUROC curve at 0.91. CONCLUSIONS GPR, GGT, APRI score, and platelet count were potentially useful biomarkers while FIB-4 did not predict CFLD development. Cost-effectiveness studies are needed to analyze the utility of these biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wikrom Karnsakul
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Paul Wasuwanich
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Thammasin Ingviya
- Medical Data Center for Research and Innovation, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Alexandra Vasilescu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn A Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Mogayzel
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen B Schwarz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Wang J, Wamuo O, Micic D. Evaluation of Fibrosis in Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease in the Sustain Registry. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 44:1285-1290. [DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wang
- Section of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Department of Internal Medicine University of Chicago Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Obinnaya Wamuo
- Maclean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics University of Chicago Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Dejan Micic
- Section of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Department of Internal Medicine University of Chicago Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
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16
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Guthrie G, Stoll B, Chacko S, Lauridsen C, Plat J, Burrin D. Rifampicin, not vitamin E, suppresses parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease development through the pregnane X receptor pathway in piglets. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G41-G52. [PMID: 31604032 PMCID: PMC6985848 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00193.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Infants receiving long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) develop PN-associated liver disease (PNALD). We previously (Ng K et al. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 40: 656-671, 2016. doi:10.1177/0148607114567900.) showed that PN containing soy-based lipid supplemented with vitamin E (α-tocopherol) prevents the development of PNALD. We hypothesize that this occurs via vitamin E activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR)-mediated pathways involved in bile acid metabolism. Neonatal piglets received PN for 14 days containing Intralipid (IL; soy-based lipid emulsion), IL supplemented with 12.6 mg·kg-1·day-1 vitamin E (VITE), or IL with 10 mg·kg-1·day-1 Rifadin IV (RIF), a PXR agonist. Pigs treated with IL and VITE, but not RIF, developed cholestasis and hyperbilirubinemia, markers of liver disease. The hepatic PXR target genes CYP3A29 and UGT1A6 increased during RIF treatment. RIF also modestly increased metabolism of chenodeoxycholic acid to the more hydrophilic bile acid hyocholic acid. Serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19, a key regulator in suppressing hepatic bile acid synthesis, significantly increased in the RIF group. We conclude rifampicin modified markers of PNALD development by increased metabolism of bile acids and potentially suppressed bile acid synthesis. Vitamin E was ineffective at high lipid doses in preventing PNALD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intravenous vitamin E and rifampicin were administered to neonatal piglets receiving parenteral nutrition to determine their efficacy in reducing the progression of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). Rifampicin increased serum FGF-19 concentrations and synthesis of the bile acid hyocholic acid which led to a reduction of PNALD parameters at 2 wk of administration. This result has potential clinical implications for the use of rifampicin as a safe and inexpensive treatment for short-term development of PNALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Guthrie
- 1United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Barbara Stoll
- 1United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shaji Chacko
- 1United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jogchum Plat
- 3Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas Burrin
- 1United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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17
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Abstract
"The intestinal transplantation is reserved for patients with life-threatening complications of permanent intestinal failure or underlying gastrointestinal disease. The choice of the allograft for a particular patient depends on several factors and the presence of concurrent organ failure, and availability of the donor organs, and specialized care. Combined liver and intestinal transplant allows for patients who have parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease a possibility of improved quality of life and nutrition as well as survival. Intestinal transplantation has made giant strides over the past few decades to the present era where current graft survivals are comparable with other solid organ transplants."
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad B Kahn
- Altru Health System, 715 Delmore Drive, Roseau, MN 56751, USA
| | - Kiara A Tulla
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, 376 CSN, M/C 958, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ivo G Tzvetanov
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Suite 402, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to give up-to-date information on intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) and how its investigation and management has evolved. Despite advances in treatment for patients with intestinal failure, IFALD remains a significant cause of mortality. RECENT FINDINGS Liver biopsy remains as the gold standard for the diagnosis of IFALD, but its invasive nature has prompted assessment of noninvasive techniques. Risk factors for IFALD are both nonnutritional (e.g. sepsis) and nutritional. Strict protocols for the prevention of central venous catheter infections in patients with intestinal failure are well established, as is the optimization of the constituents of parenteral nutrition. Further research comparing the available lipid emulsions has become available. Novel approaches at maximizing intestinal absorption are discussed including glucagon-like peptide-2 analogues, as well as surgical approaches. SUMMARY Although there are data on the novel investigative and therapeutic strategies for managing IFALD, further study is required to identify a suitable noninvasive technique for earlier diagnosis and then monitoring of IFALD. Further data are also required on the impact of novel therapies aimed at improving absorption and reducing parenteral nutrition load on IFALD occurrence and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Morgan
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Ln, Salford M6 8HD
- Gastroenterology Department, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Martyn Dibb
- Gastroenterology Department, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Simon Lal
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Ln, Salford M6 8HD
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19
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Bond A, Huijbers A, Pironi L, Schneider SM, Wanten G, Lal S. Review article: diagnosis and management of intestinal failure-associated liver disease in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 50:640-653. [PMID: 31342540 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic disturbances in the context of intestinal failure and parenteral nutrition (PN) are frequently encountered and carry a significant burden of morbidity and sometimes mortality. The term intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) refers to liver injury due to intestinal failure and associated PN, in the absence of another evident cause of liver disease, encompassing a spectrum of conditions from deranged liver enzymes, steatosis/ steatohepatitis, cholestasis as well as progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. AIMS To present an up to date perspective on the diagnosis/definition, aetiologies and subsequent management of IFALD and to explore future consideration for the condition, including pharmacological therapies RESULTS: In adults using long-term PN for benign chronic intestinal failure, 1%-4% of all deaths are attributed to IFALD. The aetiology of IFALD is multifactorial and can be broadly divided into nutritional factors (eg lipid emulsion type) and patient-related factors (eg remaining bowel anatomy). Given its multifaceted aetiology, the management of IFALD requires clinicians to investigate a number of factors simultaneously. Patients with progressive liver disease should be considered for combined liver-intestine transplantation, although multivisceral grafts have a worse prognosis. However, there is no established non-invasive method to identify progressive IFALD such that liver biopsy, where appropriate, remains the gold standard. CONCLUSION A widely accepted definition of IFALD would aid in diagnosis, monitoring and subsequent management. Management can be complex with a number of factors to consider. In the future, dedicated pharmacological interventions may become more prominent in the management of IFALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bond
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Angelique Huijbers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein, The Netherlands
| | - Loris Pironi
- Department of Digestive System, Center for Chronic Intestinal Failure, St. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stephane M Schneider
- Nutritional Support Unit, Archet University Hospital, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Geert Wanten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Lal
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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20
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Blüthner E, Bednarsch J, Pape UF, Karber M, Maasberg S, Gerlach UA, Pascher A, Wiedenmann B, Pratschke J, Stockmann M. Advanced liver function assessment in patients with intestinal failure on long-term parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:540-547. [PMID: 30885502 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) is one of the leading complications and causes of deaths in adult patients receiving home parenteral nutrition for chronic intestinal failure (CIF). Early diagnosis of IFALD is key to alleviate the progression of hepatic dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of noninvasive liver function tests. METHODS 90 adult patients with CIF receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition were included in a prospective cross-sectional study at our department between 2014 and 2017. All participants underwent dynamic liver function assessment (maximum liver function capacity [LiMAx] test, indocyanine green [ICG] test), transient elastography (FibroScan), blood tests and comprehensive nutritional status assessment. Univariate and multivariable analysis were performed to identify predictors of liver function. RESULTS LiMAx, ICG test, and FibroScan highly correlated with standard liver function tests. Multivariable analysis identified intact ileum (B = 520.895; p = 0.010), digestive anatomy type 3 (B = 75.612; p = 0.025), citrulline level (B = 3.428; p = 0.040), parenteral olive oil intake (B = -0.570; p = 0.043), and oral intake (B = 182.227; p = 0.040) as independent risk factors affecting liver function determined by LiMAx test. ICG test and FibroScan showed no correlation with gastrointestinal and nutrition-related parameters. CONCLUSION The LiMAx test is significantly associated with widely accepted risk factors for IFALD by multivariable analysis, whereas ICG test and FibroScan failed to show significant correlations. Liver function assessment by LiMAx test may therefore have the potential to detect alterations in liver function and identify patients at risk for the development of IFALD. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the impact of liver function determined by LiMAx test on long-term outcome in patients with CIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Blüthner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan Bednarsch
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Rhine-Westphalia Institute of Technology, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich-Frank Pape
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Asklepios Medical School, Lohmühlenstr. 5, 20099 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mirjam Karber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Maasberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Asklepios Medical School, Lohmühlenstr. 5, 20099 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Undine A Gerlach
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Pascher
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Bertram Wiedenmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Stockmann
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Paul Gerhardt Stift, Paul-Gerhardt-Str. 42-45, 06886 Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany.
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21
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Mundi MS, Kuchkuntla AR, Salonen BR, Bonnes S, Hurt RT. Long‐Term Use of Mixed‐Oil Lipid Emulsion in Soybean Oil–Intolerant Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 44:301-307. [DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet S. Mundi
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Aravind R. Kuchkuntla
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Bradley R. Salonen
- Division of General Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Sara Bonnes
- Division of General Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Ryan T. Hurt
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
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22
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Woodward JM, Massey D, Sharkey L. The Long and Short of IT: intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) in adults-recommendations for early diagnosis and intestinal transplantation. Frontline Gastroenterol 2019; 11:34-39. [PMID: 31885838 PMCID: PMC6914300 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2018-101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) often presents in adults unexpectedly with advanced disease. Non-invasive tests can be falsely reassuring. Patients with 'ultrashort' intestine (<20 cm) ending in a stoma are at particular risk of developing IFALD, which may occur rapidly. Recent experience and studies suggest that IFALD can be reversed by isolated intestine transplant occurring before the development of high grade fibrosis or cirrhosis. Post-transplant survival is superior for isolated intestinal grafts compared with liver containing intestinal grafts; waiting time and waiting list mortality is higher for a combined graft, and donor liver supply is limited. Therefore, the aim of clinicians treating patients with intestinal failure should be to identify IFALD early and refer to an intestinal transplant centre while isolated intestine transplantation can be contemplated and before the liver disease has progressed to a stage requiring consideration of combined liver and intestinal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Mark Woodward
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge Intestinal Failure and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dunecan Massey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge Intestinal Failure and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Sharkey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge Intestinal Failure and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Thavamani A, Mhanna MJ, Groh-Wargo S, Gulati R, Shekhawat PS. Enteral fish oil supplementation in the resolution of parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2019; 12:13-20. [PMID: 30373963 DOI: 10.3233/npm-18138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze safety, tolerance and efficacy of enteral omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) in the resolution of Parenteral Nutrition Associated Cholestasis (PNAC) and postnatal growth among preterm neonates. STUDY DESIGN This is a single center retrospective case-control study of all neonates born less than 32 weeks of gestation and developed PNAC (Direct bilirubin >2 mg/dl). Infants who received enteral omega-3 FAs supplementation (1 g/Kg/d) served as cases and were compared with gestational age, gender and direct bilirubin level matched controls who did not receive enteral omega-3 FAs supplementation. RESULTS A total of 48 infants were analyzed, 24 who received enteral omega-3 fatty acids were matched with 24 controls. The omega-3 FAs and control groups were similar in gestational age (weeks) and birth weight (gram). Overall there were no differences between the two groups in infants' demographics or clinical characteristics including risk factors for the development of PNAC. Infants who received enteral omega-3 FAs had significantly fewer days of cholestasis (p = 0.025) and a higher average daily weight gain (grams/day) (p = 0.011) than their controls. In a linear regression analysis with days of cholestasis as the dependent variable and Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and Omega-3 FAs as independent variables, enteral omega-3 FAs remained associated with a shorter duration of cholestasis, p < 0.001. CONCLUSION Enteral fish oil is inexpensive, safe & well tolerated in preterm neonates with no contraindications to enteral feeding. Enteral omega-3 FAs are easy to administer and help in rapid resolution of PNAC while promoting postnatal weight gain in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thavamani
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M J Mhanna
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Groh-Wargo
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Gulati
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P S Shekhawat
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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24
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Abstract
Intravenous lipid emulsions are an integral part of nutrition therapy in the intestinal failure patient. In addition to being a concentrated source of non-protein calories, they provide the essential fatty acids necessary for growth and development. Depending upon the oil source used in these products, complications such as intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) can occur. This review will discuss the risks and benefits associated with these products, especially as they relate to the pediatric intestinal failure patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gura
- Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacist GI/Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - McGreggor Crowley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Hawksworth JS, Desai CS, Khan KM, Kaufman SS, Yazigi N, Girlanda R, Kroemer A, Fishbein TM, Matsumoto CS. Visceral transplantation in patients with intestinal-failure associated liver disease: Evolving indications, graft selection, and outcomes. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:1312-1320. [PMID: 29498797 PMCID: PMC5992069 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal failure (IF)-associated liver disease (IFALD) is widely recognized as a lethal complication of long-term parenteral nutrition. The pathophysiology of IFALD is poorly understood but appears to be multifactorial and related to the inflammatory state in the patient with IF. Visceral transplant for IFALD includes variants of intestine, liver, or combined liver-intestine allografts. Graft selection for an individual patient depends on the etiology of IF, abdominal and vascular anatomy, severity of IFALD, and potential for intestinal rehabilitation. The past decade has witnessed dramatic improvement in the management of IFALD, principally due to improved lipid emulsion formulations and the multidisciplinary care of the patient with IF. As the recognition and treatment of IFALD continue to improve, the requirement of liver-inclusive visceral grafts appears to be decreasing, representing a paradigm shift in the care of the patient with IF. This review highlights the current indications, graft selection, and outcomes of visceral transplantation for IFALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Hawksworth
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Washington, DC USA,Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Organ Transplant Service, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Chirag S. Desai
- University of North Carolina, Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplant, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Khalid M. Khan
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Stuart S. Kaufman
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Nada Yazigi
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Raffaele Girlanda
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Alexander Kroemer
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Thomas M. Fishbein
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Cal S. Matsumoto
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Washington, DC USA
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Huard G, Fiel MI, Moon J, Iyer K, Schiano TD. Prevalence, Evolution, and Risk Factors for Advanced Liver Fibrosis in Adults Undergoing Intestinal Transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Huard
- Department of Medicine; Division of Liver Diseases; Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - M. Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology; Division of Liver Pathology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
| | - Jang Moon
- Recanati-Miller Transplantation Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
- Department of Surgery; Intestinal Transplantation and Rehabilitation Program; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
| | - Kishore Iyer
- Recanati-Miller Transplantation Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
- Department of Surgery; Intestinal Transplantation and Rehabilitation Program; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
| | - Thomas D. Schiano
- Recanati-Miller Transplantation Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
- Department of Medicine; Division of Liver Diseases; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
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Lappas BM, Patel D, Kumpf V, Adams DW, Seidner DL. Parenteral Nutrition: Indications, Access, and Complications. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2018; 47:39-59. [PMID: 29413018 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life-sustaining therapy in patients with intestinal failure who are unable to tolerate enteral feedings. Patient selection should be based on a thorough assessment to identify those at high nutrition risk based on both disease severity and nutritional status. This article reviews both the acute and chronic indications for PN as well as special formulation consideration in specific disease states, vascular access, and complications of both short-term and long-term PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Lappas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dhyanesh Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vanessa Kumpf
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dawn Wiese Adams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Douglas L Seidner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Mundi MS, McMahon MT, Carnell JJ, Hurt RT. Long-Term Use of Mixed-Oil Lipid Emulsion in Adult Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients: A Case Series. Nutr Clin Pract 2018; 33:851-857. [DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet S. Mundi
- Division of Endocrinology; Diabetes; Metabolism and Nutrition; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Megan T. McMahon
- Division of General Internal Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
| | | | - Ryan T. Hurt
- Division of Endocrinology; Diabetes; Metabolism and Nutrition; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
- Division of Gastroenterology; Hepatology and Nutrition; University of Louisville; Louisville Kentucky USA
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Cazals-Hatem D, Billiauws L, Rautou PE, Bondjemah V, Poté N, Corcos O, Paradis V, Joly F. Ultra-short bowel is an independent risk factor for liver fibrosis in adults with home parenteral nutrition. Liver Int 2018; 38:174-182. [PMID: 28792647 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal failure-associated liver disease is rare in adults and risk factors are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors of liver fibrosis in adults receiving home parenteral nutrition for intestinal failure and its impact on survival. METHODS We retrospectively analysed patients with irreversible intestinal failure who underwent a liver biopsy between 2000 and 2013. Significant liver fibrosis was defined as ≥F2 according to NASH-CRN score. RESULTS Thirty-two patients (46 years [29-60]) underwent liver biopsy 55 months (9-201) after beginning parenteral nutrition. Twenty-six patients (81%) had a short bowel (gut < 200 cm), including 12 (37%) with an ultra-short bowel (gut < 20 cm). Eighteen patients (56%) had liver fibrosis (4 F2, 10 F3, 4 F4), associated with steatohepatitis (72%) and/or cholestasis (17%). Factors associated with occurrence of liver fibrosis included ultra-short bowel (83% vs 13% at 60 months; P < .001), alcohol consumption (73% vs 33% at 60 months; P < .001) and diabetes (80% vs 34% at 60 months; P = .01). Home parenteral nutrition composition, quantity, or duration, episodes of sepsis, abandoned bowel segment were not associated with fibrosis. Ultra-short bowel [risk ratio 12.4, P < .001] and alcohol consumption [risk ratio 7.4, P = .009] independently predicted the development of liver fibrosis on multivariate analysis. After a median follow-up of 118 months (72-155), survival was poorer in patients who developed liver fibrosis than in those without (59% vs 92% at 120 months; P = .02). CONCLUSION An ultra-short bowel and alcohol consumption are independent risk factors for liver fibrosis in adults requiring HPN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lore Billiauws
- Department of Gastroenterology, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Department of Hepatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR1149 CRI, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Bondjemah
- Department of Gastroenterology, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Nicolas Poté
- Department of Pathology, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR1149 CRI, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Corcos
- Department of Gastroenterology, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Valérie Paradis
- Department of Pathology, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR1149 CRI, Paris, France
| | - Francisca Joly
- Department of Gastroenterology, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR1149 CRI, Paris, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Stueck
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Mundi MS, Martindale RG, Hurt RT. Emergence of Mixed-Oil Fat Emulsions for Use in Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 41:3S-13S. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607117742595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet S. Mundi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert G. Martindale
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ryan T. Hurt
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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32
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Pre-emptive Intestinal Transplant: The Surgeon's Point of View. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:2966-2976. [PMID: 28918445 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pre-emptive transplantation is a well-established practice for certain types of end-organ failure such as in the use of kidney transplantation. For irreversible intestinal failure, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) remains the gold standard, due to the suboptimal long-term results of intestinal transplantation. As such, the only role for pre-emptive transplantation, if at all, will be for patients identified to be at high risk of complications and mortality while on definitive long-term TPN. In these patients, the timing of early listing and transplantation could become life-saving, taking into account that mortality on the waiting list is still the highest for intestinal candidates. The development of simulation models or pre-transplant scoring systems could help in selecting patients based on potential outcome on TPN or with transplantation, and recent reports from high-volume centers identify few underlying pathologic conditions and some TPN complications as at higher risk of increased morbidity and mortality. A pre-emptive transplant could be used as a rehabilitative procedure in a well-selected case-by-case scenario, among TPN patients at risk of liver failure, repeated central line infections, mesenteric infarction, short bowel syndrome (SBS) <50 cm or with end stoma, congenital mucosal disease, desmoid tumors: These conditions must be carefully evaluated, not to underestimate the clinical stage nor to over-estimate the impact of a temporary situation. At the present time, diseases with a variable and unpredictable course, such as intestinal dysmotility disorders, or quality of life and financial issues are still far from being considered as indications for a pre-emptive transplant.
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Calder PC, Adolph M, Deutz NE, Grau T, Innes JK, Klek S, Lev S, Mayer K, Michael-Titus AT, Pradelli L, Puder M, Vlaardingerbroek H, Singer P. Lipids in the intensive care unit: Recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:1-18. [PMID: 28935438 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the presentations given at an ESPEN Workshop on "Lipids in the ICU" held in Tel Aviv, Israel in November 2014 and subsequent discussions and updates. Lipids are an important component of enteral and parenteral nutrition support and provide essential fatty acids, a concentrated source of calories and building blocks for cell membranes. Whilst linoleic acid-rich vegetable oil-based enteral and parenteral nutrition is still widely used, newer lipid components such as medium-chain triglycerides and olive oil are safe and well tolerated. Fish oil (FO)-enriched enteral and parenteral nutrition appears to be well tolerated and confers additional clinical benefits, particularly in surgical patients, due to its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects. Whilst the evidence base is not conclusive, there appears to be a potential for FO-enriched nutrition, particularly administered peri-operatively, to reduce the rate of complications and intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay in surgical ICU patients. The evidence for FO-enriched nutrition in non-surgical ICU patients is less clear regarding its clinical benefits and additional, well-designed large-scale clinical trials need to be conducted in this area. The ESPEN Expert Group supports the use of olive oil and FO in nutrition support in surgical and non-surgical ICU patients but considers that further research is required to provide a more robust evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Adolph
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nutrition Support Team, University Clinic Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolaas E Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Teodoro Grau
- Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacqueline K Innes
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Stanislaw Klek
- General and Oncology Surgery Unit, Intestinal Failure Center, Stanley Dudrick's Memorial Hospital, Skawina, Poland
| | - Shaul Lev
- Department of General Intensive Care and Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Med. Clinik II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Adina T Michael-Titus
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Pradelli
- AdRes Health Economics and Outcomes Research, 10121 Turin, Italy
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hester Vlaardingerbroek
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Singer
- Department of General Intensive Care and Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Andrews WS, Kane BJ, Hendrickson RJ. Organ allocation and utilization in pediatric transplantation. Semin Pediatr Surg 2017; 26:186-192. [PMID: 28964472 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric transplant candidates include heart, lung, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and kidney. The purpose of this article is to review the history and current methods for determining priority of the above-mentioned transplantable organs. The methods used by the authors involved the review of historical and current manuscripts and UNOS policy documents. We summarized the findings in order to create a concise review of the current policies and wait times for transplantation in pediatric transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter S Andrews
- Department of Pediatric & Transplant Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MI 64108
| | - Bartholomew J Kane
- Department of Pediatric & Transplant Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MI 64108; Department of Surgery, Transplant, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, MO
| | - Richard J Hendrickson
- Department of Pediatric & Transplant Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MI 64108.
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35
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Fairman J, Compher C, Morris J, Mullen JL. Living Long With Short Bowel Syndrome: A Historical Case of Twenty-Nine Years of Living With Home Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 31:127-34. [PMID: 17308253 DOI: 10.1177/0148607107031002127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper traces the 29-year survival of Robert Thomas, who received home parenteral nutrition (PN), and contrasts his oral narrative with the clinical history of PN. METHODS Interviews, chart review, review of the literature, and historical analysis. RESULTS Bobby Thomas was part of an early group of patients scattered throughout the country who, with their medical team, provided the foundation for more successful survival with home PN. They learned together and taught numerous nutrition support clinicians the intricacies of patient management. The importance of the patient to the teaching function of new and experienced practitioners is highly critical. Patients like Robert Thomas gave practitioners firsthand evidence of both the tenacity of the human spirit and the complexity and difficulties of chronic illness and its treatments. CONCLUSIONS While Bobby struggled with the complications and difficulties that came with the disease and the treatment keeping him alive, his own experiences over 29 years, as told to his medical team during his treatment and to informed interviewers before he died, tell a story that is both intersecting and parallel to the medical history. Pioneering patients like Bobby Thomas confirm the possibility of survival. They also, through their own negotiations to maintain a sense of control, can live lives they themselves help define.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Fairman
- University of Pennsylvania-School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6096, USA.
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36
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Salvino R, Ghanta R, Seidner DL, Mascha E, Xu Y, Steiger E. Liver Failure Is Uncommon in Adults Receiving Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 30:202-8. [PMID: 16639066 DOI: 10.1177/0148607106030003202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal liver enzymes and endstage liver disease are reported to occur in 25%-100% and 15%-40% of adult patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition (PN), respectively. The purpose of this historic cohort study was to investigate the incidence of and possible factors leading to the development of liver disease in our large home PN population. METHODS All patients on home PN for at least 6 months from July 1991 through June 2002 were eligible. Patients were excluded if they had active malignancy, underlying liver disease, or exposure to a hepatotoxin. The presence of PN-associated liver disease was only considered if test results were elevated on more than 1 occasion over at least 6 or more months. The severity of liver-associated enzymes was based on the degree of elevation and was stratified as mild (<2 times normal), moderate (2-5 times normal), and severe (>5 times normal). Severe liver dysfunction was defined as having all of the following criteria: total bilirubin >3 mg/dL; albumin <3.2 g/dL; and prothrombin time >3 seconds prolonged. A cumulative logit model was used to compare age, gender, underlying disease, PN indication, and PN formulas in patients with normal vs abnormal laboratory test results. RESULTS Two hundred eight patients received PN for more than 6 months, 36 had exclusion criteria, and 10 could not be analyzed, because of incomplete laboratory test results, leaving 162 in the study group. The average PN duration was 2.14 +/- 2.19 years (maximum, 10.28 years). Abnormal liver tests occurred in 154 patients, with most having a moderate elevation of alkaline phosphatase or aspartate aminotransferase; severe liver dysfunction occurred in 7 patients; 1 patient had completely normal liver enzymes. On average, patients received a PN formula that was high in amino acids (1.45 +/- 0.65 g/kg/d), modest in energy (24.7 +/- 13.4 kcal/kg/d), and in most cases with enough lipid emulsion to meet essential fatty acid requirements (0.28 +/- 0.25 g/kg/d). Only female gender was found to be associated with a greater likelihood of liver failure (p = .02). There was a trend toward a greater amount of total calories, dextrose calories, and duration of PN exposure leading to the development of severe liver dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS When long-term PN is given with a modest amount of total energy and a minimal amount of lipid emulsion, abnormal liver enzymes are common, but severe liver dysfunction is unusual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Salvino
- Department of Nutrition Support and Vascular Access, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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37
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Choice of Allograft in Patients Requiring Intestinal Transplantation: A Critical Review. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2017:1069726. [PMID: 28553630 PMCID: PMC5434314 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1069726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal transplantation (ITx) is indicated in patients with irreversible intestinal failure (IF) and life-threatening complications related to total parenteral nutrition (TPN). ITx can be classified into three main types. Isolated intestinal transplantation (IITx), that is, transplantation of the jejunoileum, is indicated in patients with preserved liver function. Combined liver-intestine transplantation (L-ITx), that is, transplantation of the liver and the jejunoileum, is indicated in patients with liver failure related to TPN. Thus, patients with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis should receive a combined allograft, while patients with lower grades of liver fibrosis can usually safely undergo ITx. Reflecting their degree of sickness, the waitlist mortality rate and the early posttransplant outcomes of patients receiving L-ITx are worse than IITx. However, L-ITx is associated with better long-term graft and patient survival. Multivisceral transplantation (MVTx), that is, transplantation of the organs dependent on the celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery, can be classified into full MVTx if it includes the liver and modified MVTx if it does not. The most common indications for MVTx are extensive portomesenteric thrombosis and diffuse gastrointestinal pathology such as motility disorders and polyposis syndrome. Every patient with IF should undergo a multidisciplinary evaluation by an experienced ITx team.
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Abstract
The use of living donors with intestinal transplantation is controversial because it may not significantly improve candidate access to organs when intestine-only grafts are needed, and may involve excessive donor risk when combined liver-intestine grafts are required. Although limited data are available for comparison at this time, graft and patient survival rates for intestinal transplantations using living donors are no different than for deceased donor transplantations. Potential benefits that may be provided to the intestine transplant recipient through the use of living donors include better HLA matching, shorter ischemia times, better bowel preparation, and better opportunities for introducing immunomodulatory strategies. Conversely, living intestine donors are at risk for mortality, significant morbidity, financial loss, and psychologic trauma. The long-term outcomes of living intestine donors have not yet been reported. Ultimately, these data are essential before the wider use of living donors can be advocated for intestinal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fryer
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill., USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley R. Salonen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara Bonnes
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
Cholestasis in preterm infants has a multifactorial etiology. Risk factors include degree of prematurity, lack of enteral feeding, intestinal injury, prolonged use of parenteral nutrition (PN), and sepsis. Soy-based parenteral lipid emulsions have been implicated in the pathophysiology of PN-associated liver injury. Inflammation plays an important role. Medical therapies are used; however, their effects have not consistently proven effective. Evaluation of cholestasis involves laboratory work; direct bilirubin levels are used for diagnosis and trending. Adverse outcomes include risk for hepatobiliary dysfunction, irreversible liver failure, and death. Early enteral feedings as tolerated is the best way to prevent and manage cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Satrom
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, 6th Floor, East Building, Delivery Code: 8952A, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
| | - Glenn Gourley
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, 6th Floor, East Building, 8952A, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite the availability of powerful immunosuppressants, many patients with Crohn's disease still require one or more intestinal resections throughout the course of their disease. Multiple resections and a progressive reduction in bowel length can lead to the development of short bowel syndrome, a form of intestinal failure that compromises fluid, electrolyte, and nutrient absorption. The pathophysiology of short bowel syndrome involves a reduction in intestinal surface area, alteration in the enteric hormonal feedback, dysmotility, and related comorbidities. Most patients will initially require parenteral nutrition as a primary or supplemental source of nutrition, although several patients may eventually wean off nutrition support depending on the residual gut anatomy and adherence to medical and nutritional interventions. Available surgical treatments focus on reducing motility, lengthening the native small bowel, or small bowel transplantation. Care of these complex patients with short bowel syndrome requires a multidisciplinary approach of physicians, dietitians, and nurses to provide optimal intestinal rehabilitation, nutritional support, and improvement in quality of life.
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Pironi L, Arends J, Bozzetti F, Cuerda C, Gillanders L, Jeppesen PB, Joly F, Kelly D, Lal S, Staun M, Szczepanek K, Van Gossum A, Wanten G, Schneider SM. ESPEN guidelines on chronic intestinal failure in adults. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:247-307. [PMID: 26944585 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic Intestinal Failure (CIF) is the long-lasting reduction of gut function, below the minimum necessary for the absorption of macronutrients and/or water and electrolytes, such that intravenous supplementation is required to maintain health and/or growth. CIF is the rarest organ failure. Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is the primary treatment for CIF. No guidelines (GLs) have been developed that address the global management of CIF. These GLs have been devised to generate comprehensive recommendations for safe and effective management of adult patients with CIF. METHODS The GLs were developed by the Home Artificial Nutrition & Chronic Intestinal Failure Special Interest Group of ESPEN. The GRADE system was used for assigning strength of evidence. Recommendations were discussed, submitted to Delphi rounds, and accepted in an online survey of ESPEN members. RESULTS The following topics were addressed: management of HPN; parenteral nutrition formulation; intestinal rehabilitation, medical therapies, and non-transplant surgery, for short bowel syndrome, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and radiation enteritis; intestinal transplantation; prevention/treatment of CVC-related infection, CVC-related occlusion/thrombosis; intestinal failure-associated liver disease, gallbladder sludge and stones, renal failure and metabolic bone disease. Literature search provided 623 full papers. Only 12% were controlled studies or meta-analyses. A total of 112 recommendations are given: grade of evidence, very low for 51%, low for 39%, moderate for 8%, and high for 2%; strength of recommendation: strong for 63%, weak for 37%. CONCLUSIONS CIF management requires complex technologies, multidisciplinary and multiprofessional activity, and expertise to care for both the underlying gastrointestinal disease and to provide HPN support. The rarity of the condition impairs the development of RCTs. As a consequence, most of the recommendations have a low or very low grade of evidence. However, two-thirds of the recommendations are considered strong. Specialized management and organization underpin these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Pironi
- Center for Chronic Intestinal Failure, Department of Digestive System, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Jann Arends
- Department of Medicine, Oncology and Hematology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Cristina Cuerda
- Nutrition Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lyn Gillanders
- Nutrition Support Team, Auckland City Hospital, (AuSPEN) Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Francisca Joly
- Centre for Intestinal Failure, Department of Gastroenterology and Nutritional Support, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Darlene Kelly
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Oley Foundation for Home Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Simon Lal
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Michael Staun
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Gastroenterology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kinga Szczepanek
- General and Oncology Surgery Unit, Stanley Dudrick's Memorial Hospital, Skawina, Poland
| | - André Van Gossum
- Medico-Surgical Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Erasme, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Wanten
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphane Michel Schneider
- Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, CHU of Nice, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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Kong W, Wang J, Ni X, Li Y, Mao Q, Yao D, Fan S, Chen Y, Cai Z, Li J. Transition of Decade in Short Bowel Syndrome in China: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:1983-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Latour-Beaudet É, Corcos O, Joly F. Complications hépatobiliaires associées à l’insuffisance intestinale chronique en nutrition parentérale de longue durée chez l’adulte : prévention et traitement. NUTR CLIN METAB 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
In adult patients, removal of the entire jejunum and ileum (a near total enterectomy (NTE)) is considered a non-survivable event as patients undergoing this procedure might also suffer from an underlying illness that will lead to bowel necrosis such as septic or cardiac shock and respiratory failure. Parenteral nutrition (PN) dependency with its associated complications and quality of life issues further complicates management decisions in this group of patients. In the following report, we discuss our institutional experience with NTE and present a comprehensive review of the literature with patients undergoing NTE with the establishment of bowel continuity and successful outcomes even in cases dating as far back as the 1950s, over a decade prior to the implementation of PN. Review of the literature revealed 26 cases of NTE. Most of these patients are young (46.7 years old), and 57 % are women. These patients were reported to be alive at 21 months of follow-up. In this report, we present an individual 51 months following NTE. We also document the oldest patient receiving an NTE (76 years old). Both of these patients are alive on home PN. In cases where there is hemodynamic stability and patients request to continue with further care, the possibility of a NTE with bowel continuity and life-long PN might be entertained.
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The natural history of cirrhosis from parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease after resolution of cholestasis with parenteral fish oil therapy. Ann Surg 2015; 261:172-9. [PMID: 24374535 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the natural history of cirrhosis from parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) after resolution of cholestasis with fish oil (FO) therapy. BACKGROUND Historically, cirrhosis from PNALD resulted in end-stage liver disease, often requiring transplantation for survival. With FO therapy, most children now experience resolution of cholestasis and rarely progress to end-stage liver disease. However, outcomes for cirrhosis after resolution of cholestasis are unknown and patients continue to be considered for liver/multivisceral transplantation. METHODS Prospectively collected data were reviewed for children with cirrhosis because of PNALD who had resolution of cholestasis after treatment with FO from 2004 to 2012. Outcomes evaluated included need for liver/multivisceral transplantation, mortality, and the clinical progression of liver disease. RESULTS Fifty-one patients with cirrhosis from PNALD were identified, with 76% demonstrating resolution of cholestasis after FO therapy. The mean direct bilirubin decreased from 6.4 ± 4 mg/dL to 0.2 ± 0.1 mg/dL (P < 0.001) 12 months after resolution of cholestasis, with a mean time to resolution of 74 days. None of the patients required transplantation or died from end-stage liver disease. Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease scores decreased from 16 ± 4.6 to -1.2 ± 4.6, 12 months after resolution of cholestasis (P < 0.001). In children who remained PN-dependent, the Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease score remained normal throughout the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Cirrhosis from PNALD may be stable rather than progressive once cholestasis resolves with FO therapy. Furthermore, these patients may not require transplantation and show no clinical evidence of liver disease progression, even when persistently PN-dependent.
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Llanos JC, Ruiz P, Takahashi H, Delacruz V, Bakonyi Neto A. Outcome of pigs with short gut syndrome submitted to orthotopic intestinal transplantation. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 30:143-50. [PMID: 25714694 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502015002000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the current model of small bowel resection and intestinal transplantation in pigs. METHODS Forty two Large White pigs were distributed in five groups: G1(n=6), G2(n=6) and G3(n=6) were submitted to 80%,100% and 100% plus right colon resection respectively and G4(n=7) and G5(n=5) to 100% SBR plus IT without and with immunosuppression based on Tacrolimus and Mycophenolic acid. Evaluation included weight control, clinical status, biochemical analysis and endoscopies for graft biopsies. Follow-up in G1 and 2 was 84 days, while in G3, four and five was ± three weeks. RESULTS G1 increased weight suggesting adaptation while G2 and 3 loused weight and inadequate adaptation. G4 and 5 died of acute cellular rejection (ACR) and sepses respectively. Overall survival in G1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 at 30 days was 100, 100, 0 and 20 %, respectively. Medium survival in G4 and 5 was 14 and 16 days. CONCLUSIONS The resection of 80% of small intestine in pigs is not suitable for short bowel syndrome induction. Intestinal transplantation with the proposed immunosuppression protocol was effective in prevent the occurrence of severe acute rejection, but inappropriate to increase recipients survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Llanos
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, State University of Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Philip Ruiz
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Immunopathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Immunopathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Victor Delacruz
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Immunopathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandre Bakonyi Neto
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, State University of Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic profile of fish oil emulsions used in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115404. [PMID: 25502575 PMCID: PMC4264955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Home parenteral nutrition (PN) is associated with many complications including severe hepatobiliary dysfunction. Commercial ω-6 fatty acid-soybean based-lipid emulsions in PN may mediate long term PN associate liver disease (PNALD) whereas ω-3-fish oil parenteral emulsions have shown to reverse PNALD in children. However, its clinical effectiveness in adults has been scarcely reported. In this work, we study the role of soybean and fish oil lipid commercial emulsions on inflammatory and profibrotic liver markers in adults with long term PNALD and in in vitro cellular models. Inflammatory and profibrotic markers were measured in serum of ten adults with long term PNALD and in culture supernatants of monocytes. Liver epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) to evaluate in vitro liver fibrosis. Omegaven®, a 100% fish oil commercial emulsion, was infused during four months in two patients with severe long term PNALD reversing, at the first month, the inflammatory, profibrotic and clinical parameters of PNALD. The effect was maintained during the treatment course but impaired when conventional lipid emulsions were reintroduced. The other patients under chronic soybean oil-based PN showed elevated inflammatory and profibrotic parameters. In vitro human monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide induced a strong inflammatory response that was suppressed by Omegaven®, but increased by soybean emulsions. In other experiments, TGFβ1 induced EMT that was suppressed by Omegaven® and enhanced by soybean oil lipid emulsions. Omegaven® improves clinical, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic parameters in adults with long-term home PNALD.
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Pécora RAA, David AI, Lee AD, Galvão FH, Cruz-Junior RJ, D'Albuquerque LAC. Small bowel transplantation. ABCD-ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA 2014; 26:223-9. [PMID: 24190382 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-67202013000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small bowel transplantation evolution, because of its complexity, was slower than other solid organs. Several advances have enabled its clinical application. AIM To review intestinal transplantation evolution and its current status. METHOD Search in MEDLINE and ScIELO literature. The terms used as descriptors were: intestinal failure, intestinal transplantation, small bowel transplantation, multivisceral transplantation. Were analyzed data on historical evolution, centers experience, indications, types of grafts, selection and organ procurement, postoperative management, complications and results. CONCLUSION Despite a slower evolution, intestinal transplantation is currently the standard therapy for patients with intestinal failure and life-threatening parenteral nutrition complications. It involves some modalities: small bowel transplantation, liver-intestinal transplantation, multivisceral transplantation and modified multivisceral transplantation. Currently, survival rate is similar to other solid organs. Most of the patients become free of parenteral nutrition.
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Abu-Wasel B, Molinari M. Liver disease secondary to intestinal failure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:968357. [PMID: 24551858 PMCID: PMC3914483 DOI: 10.1155/2014/968357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IFALD is a common and potentially life-threatening condition for patients with SBS requiring long-term PN. There exists the potential for decreasing its incidence by optimizing the composition and the rate of infusion of parenteral solutions, by advocating a multidisciplinary approach, and by early referral for intestinal-liver transplantation to ensure long-term survival of patients with SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Abu-Wasel
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, 1276 South Park Street, Office 6-302 Victoria Building, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9
| | - Michele Molinari
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, 1276 South Park Street, Office 6-302 Victoria Building, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9
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