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Fan P, Lyu P, Gao F, Li J, Wei C, Du G. A Novel Endoscopic Approach for Treating Breast Cancer: Haigui-1 Hole. Surg Innov 2024; 31:349-354. [PMID: 38867678 DOI: 10.1177/15533506241262563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endoscopic surgery is an effective technique for preserving the nipple and areola, as well as for sentinel lymph node biopsy and breast implant reconstruction. However, the technical challenges associated with endoscopic surgery have limited its widespread adoption. METHODS In the normal single-port endoscopic surgery, the ultrasonic knife was accessed through the retractor. In our modified procedure, a tiny 5 mm incision was made at the lateral margin underneath the breast, serving as the second entry port for the ultrasonic scalpel, which was referred to as the "Haigui-1 hole". Preoperative and postoperative indicators such as blood loss, operative time, and postoperative drainage volume were collected. Differences between parameters were compared using Student's t test. RESULTS Endoscopic surgery with the assistance of the "Haigui-1 hole" led to preserved breast aesthetics with minimal scarring. Moreover, "Haigui-1 hole" surgery significantly reduced the operation time, intraoperative bleeding, and postoperative drainage volume compared to normal single-port endoscopic surgery. CONCLUSION The "Haigui-1 hole" procedure, which involves the addition of a second entrance to improve the maneuverability of the ultrasonic knife, is worthy of further promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingming Fan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Pengfei Lyu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Fangfang Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jingtai Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Changyuan Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Guankui Du
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Chia CLK, Sae-Lim C, Lai HW, Chandrachamnong K, Huang HI, Chen DR, Chen ST. Single-port three-dimensional (3D) endoscopic-assisted breast surgery-preliminary results and patient-reported satisfaction in 145 breast cancer and gynecomastia cases. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:335. [PMID: 37880770 PMCID: PMC10601236 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimal-accessed (robotic and endoscopic) breast cancer surgery is increasingly performed due to better cosmetic results and acceptable oncological outcomes. This study aims to demonstrate the clinical safety and patient-reported cosmetic satisfaction of single-port three-dimensional endoscopic-assisted breast surgery (S-P 3D EABS), which is our new endoscopic surgical innovation, in both malignant and benign breast conditions. METHODS Patients who underwent S-P 3D EABS from 1 August 2018 to 31 July 2022 in a single institution were enrolled. Clinical outcomes of this procedure were retrospectively reviewed, and the patient-reported cosmetic satisfaction was evaluated by a questionnaire and reported herein. RESULTS During the study period, 145 patients underwent 164 procedures of S-P 3D EABS. One hundred fifty (91.5%) procedures were endoscopic-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy (S-P 3D E-NSM; 117 therapeutic procedures for breast cancer, 13 prophylactic mastectomies, 20 procedures for gynecomastia). Fourteen (8.5%) procedures of endoscopic-assisted breast-conserving surgery (S-P 3D E-BCS) were performed (12 S-P 3D E-BCS, 2 S-P 3D E-BCS with 3D videoscope-assisted partial breast reconstruction, which was 1 case of latissimus dorsi flap and 1 case of omental flap). The mean operative time was 245 ± 110 min in S-P 3D E-NSM and 260 ± 142 min in S-P 3D E-BCS. The mean intraoperative blood loss was 49.7 ± 46.9 ml in S-P 3D E-NSM and 32.8 ± 17.5 ml in S-P 3D E-BCS. Subnipple biopsy showed positive malignancy in 3 (2.6%) S-P 3D E-NSM patients. None of the S-P 3D E-BCS patients found margin involvement; however, 3 (2.6%) reported margin involvement in S-P 3D E-NSM patients. Thirty-two complications were found (24.6%): 7 (5.3%) transient nipple-areolar complex (NAC) ischemia, 7 (5.3%) partial NAC necrosis, 1 (0.7%) total NAC necrosis, and 1 (0.7%) implant loss. During the mean follow-up time of 34 months, there were 2 (1.5%) patients with locoregional recurrence, 9 (6.9%) distant metastasis, and 2 (1.5%) mortality. 78.6% (77/98) of patients answering the cosmetic-evaluated questionnaire reported good and excellent overall satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS S-P 3D EABS is a novel surgical innovation, which is able to perform safely in either malignant or benign breast conditions and offer promising cosmetic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Luck Khng Chia
- Department of Surgery, Breast Surgery Service, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chayanee Sae-Lim
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hung-Wen Lai
- Department of Surgery, Endoscopic & Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
- Minimal Invasive Surgery Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Division of Breast Surgery, Yuanlin Christian Hospital, Yuanlin, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Korawan Chandrachamnong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast Surgery, Police General Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hsin-I Huang
- Department of Information Management, National Sun-Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Ren Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Tung Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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Burns HR, McCarter JH, King BW, Yu JZ, Hwang RF. Robotic-Assisted Nipple Sparing Mastectomy. Semin Plast Surg 2023; 37:176-183. [PMID: 38444956 PMCID: PMC10911906 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Minimally invasive approaches to breast surgery have evolved from endoscopic techniques to recent developments in robotic-assisted mastectomies. Initial studies on robotic-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy (RNSM) have shown improved patient satisfaction and aesthetic outcomes with similar complication rates and oncological outcomes in selected patients. This chapter reviews techniques used and available data on complications and clinical outcomes for RNSM. Currently, RNSM is an investigational technique in the United States and should be performed in clinical trials with U.S. Food & Drug Administration approval to rigorously evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R. Burns
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacob H. McCarter
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Brody W. King
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessie Z. Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rosa F. Hwang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Qiu M, Yang H, Zhou J, Feng Y, Liu X, Zhang Q, Du Z. Short-term safety and cosmetic outcomes of endoscopic direct-to-implant breast reconstruction and simultaneous contralateral breast augmentation for breast cancer: a prospective analysis of 33 patients. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:201. [PMID: 37424000 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For patients with small breasts, breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and unilateral nipple-/skin-sparing mastectomy (N/SSM) with breast reconstruction may result in visible breast deformities or asymmetry, and contralateral breast augmentation often require a two-staged operation. We propose a novel endoscopic technique, direct-to-implant breast reconstruction and simultaneous contralateral breast augmentation (DTI-BR-SCBA), and report its short-term safety and cosmetic outcomes. METHODS In this prospective study, patients with early breast cancer who underwent endoscopic DTI-BR-SCBA between November 2020 and August 2022 were followed for more than 3 months to analysed short-term postoperative safety (complications and oncological safety) and cosmetic outcomes (doctor-assessed results by Ueda scale and patient-reported results by Breast-Q scale). RESULTS A total of 33 patients, including 30 treated with endoscopic prepectoral DTI-BR-SCBA, 1 with endoscopic dual-plane DTI-BR-SCBA and 2 with endoscopic subpectoral DTI-BR-SCBA, were analysed. The mean age was 39.7 ± 6.7 years. The mean operation time was 165.1 ± 36.1 min. The overall surgical complication rate was 18.2%. All complications were minor, including haemorrhage (3.0%), cured by compression haemostasis, surgical site infection (9.1%), cured by oral antibiotics, and self-healing nipple-areolar complex ischaemia (6.1%). Furthermore, rippling and implant edge visibility occurred in 6.2% of them. The outcome was graded as "Excellent" and "Good" in 87.9% and 12.1% of patients in the doctor cosmetic assessment, respectively, and patient satisfaction with breasts was significantly improved (55.0 ± 9.5 vs. 58.8 ± 7.9, P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS The novel endoscopic DTI-BR-SCBA method may be an ideal alternative for patients with small breasts because it can improve cosmetic results with a relatively low complications rate, which makes it worthy of clinical promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huanzuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinran Liu
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhenggui Du
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, WuHou District, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Ryu JM, Lee J, Lee J, Ko B, Kim JH, Shin H, Park HS. Mastectomy with Reconstruction Including Robotic Endoscopic Surgery (MARRES): a prospective cohort study of the Korea Robot-Endoscopy Minimal Access Breast Surgery Study Group (KoREa-BSG) and Korean Breast Cancer Study Group (KBCSG). BMC Cancer 2023; 23:571. [PMID: 37344780 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robotic nipple-sparing mastectomy (RNSM) has emerged as a new treatment option for breast cancer and risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM) for women who have a high risk of pathogenic variants. Even though several studies have reported that RNSM is a feasible procedure, some argue that it should only be performed by specialized surgeons, and data on oncologic outcomes and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are limited. Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration and several surgeons warned that robotic breast surgery should be performed only by specialized surgeons and recommended that the benefits, risks, and alternatives of all available treatment options be discussed with patients so they can make informed treatment decisions. The Korea Robot-Endoscopy Minimal Access Breast Surgery Study Group (KoREa-BSG) has been established to evaluate, standardize, and teach this state-of-the-art procedure. We have designed a multicenter prospective cohort study entitled Mastectomy with Reconstruction Including Robot Endoscopic Surgery (MARRES) to report surgical, PRO, and oncologic outcomes. METHODS MARRES is a multi-institution cohort study prospectively collecting data from patients undergoing mastectomy and reconstruction. The patient inclusion criteria are adult women older than 19 with breast cancer or a high risk of breast cancer (patients with BRCA1/2, TP53, PALB2 mutations, etc.), who have scheduled therapeutic or RRM and want immediate reconstruction. Surgical outcomes, including pre- and postoperative photos, oncologic outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and PRO, are collected. The primary endpoints are postoperative complication rates within 30 postoperative days and the Clavien-Dindo grade of postoperative complications within 180 postoperative days. The secondary endpoints are 5-year postoperative recurrence-free survival and cancer incidence rate (for those who underwent RRM), patient satisfaction with reconstruction expectations preoperative (baseline) and results within 6 to 12 postoperative months, surgeon satisfaction with postoperative results in 6 postoperative months, and cost-effectiveness of the definitive surgery. Patient recruitment will be completed in April 2025, and the target number of enrolled patients is 2000. DISCUSSION This study will provide evidence about the surgical outcomes, oncologic outcomes, and patient satisfaction with RNSM and endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM), compared with conventional NSM. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04585074. Registered April 8, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Min Ryu
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeea Lee
- Department of Surgery, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - BeomSeok Ko
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Heung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Hyukjai Shin
- Department of Surgery, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Park
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Ngaserin S, Wong AWJ, Leong FQH, Feng JJ, Kok YO, Tan BKT. A Preliminary Experience of Endoscopic Total Mastectomy With Immediate Free Abdominal-Based Perforator Flap Reconstruction Using Minimal Incisions, and Literature Review. J Breast Cancer 2023; 26:152-167. [PMID: 37051645 PMCID: PMC10139846 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2023.26.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Endoscopic total mastectomy (ETM) is predominantly performed with reconstruction using prostheses, lipofilling, omental flaps, latissimus dorsi flaps, or a combination of these techniques. Common approaches include minimal incisions, e.g., periareolar, inframammary, axillary, or mid-axillary line, which limit the technical ability to perform autologous flap insets and microvascular anastomoses, as such the ETM with free abdominal-based perforator flap reconstruction has not been robustly explored. METHODS We studied female patients with breast cancer who underwent ETM and abdominal-based flap reconstruction. Clinical-radiological-pathological characteristics, surgery, complications, recurrence rates, and aesthetic outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS Twelve patients underwent ETM with abdominal-based flap reconstruction. The mean age was 53.4 years (range 36-65). Of the patients, 33.3% were surgically treated for stage I, 58.4% for stage II, and 8.3% for stage III cancer. Mean tumor size was 35.4 mm (range 1-67). Mean specimen weight was 458.75 g (range 242-800). Of the patients, 92.3% successfully received endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy and 7.7% underwent intraoperative conversion to skin-sparing mastectomy after carcinoma was reported on frozen section of the nipple base. Mean operative time for ETM was 139 minutes (92-198), and the average ischemic time was 37.3 minutes (range 22-50). Fifty percent of patients underwent deep inferior epigastric perforator, 33.4% underwent MS-2 transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM), 8.3% underwent MS-1 TRAM, and 8.3% underwent pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction. No cases required re-exploration, no flap failure occurred, margins were clear, and no skin or nipple-areolar complex ischemia/necrosis developed. In the aesthetic outcome evaluation, 16.7% were excellent, 75% good, 8.3% fair, and none were unsatisfactory. No recurrences were observed. CONCLUSION ETM through a minimal-access inferior mammary or mid-axillary line approach, followed by immediate pedicled TRAM or free abdominal-based perforator flap reconstruction, can be a safe means of achieving an "aesthetically scarless" mastectomy and reconstruction through minimal incisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ngaserin
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Breast Centre, Singapore.
| | - Allen Wei-Jiat Wong
- Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Faith Qi-Hui Leong
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Breast Centre, Singapore
| | - Jia-Jun Feng
- Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yee Onn Kok
- Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Benita Kiat-Tee Tan
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Breast Centre, Singapore
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Pediatric endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy (pesma) with liposuction in adolescents with gynecomastia. Surg Endosc 2023; 37:766-773. [PMID: 36050608 PMCID: PMC9839820 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical techniques for treatment of gynecomastia are increasingly less invasive. We described technical standardization of pediatric endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy (PESMA) with liposuction. METHODS All adolescents with primary gynecomastia, operated using PESMA with liposuction over the period June 2014-July 2021, were included. The video recording of procedures was analyzed to standardize the operative technique. After patient installation, 3 trocars were placed on the mid-axillary line. The technique included 5 steps: (1) subcutaneous injection of lipolysis solution and liposuction; (2) creation of working space using an inflated balloon; (3) gland dissection using 5-mm sealing device; (4) specimen extraction through the largest trocar orifice; and (5) placement of suction drainage tube. RESULTS Twenty-four male adolescents, operated for Simon's grade 2B and 3 gynecomastia using PESMA with liposuction over the study period, were included. Mean patient age was 16 years (range 15-18). Gynecomastia was bilateral in 19/24 (79.2%) and unilateral in 5/24 (20.8%). One (4.1%) conversion to open was reported. The mean operative time was 87 min (range 98-160) for unilateral and 160 min (range 140-250) for bilateral procedure. The mean length of stay was 2.2 days (range 1-4). Patients wore a thoracic belt for 15 up to 30 days postoperatively. Post-operative complications occurred in 5/24 (20.8%): 2- or 3 mm second-degree burns in 4 (16.7%) and subcutaneous seroma in 1 (4.1%). All complications were Clavien 2 grade and did not require further treatment. Aesthetic outcomes were very good in 21/24 (87.5%). Three (12.5%) boys had persistent minimal breast asymmetry but did never perceive it negatively. CONCLUSION PESMA combined with liposuction was feasible and safe for surgical treatment of gynecomastia in this selected cohort of patients. Although challenging, this procedure provided good aesthetic results, with no scars on the anterior thoracic wall. Standardization of the operative technique was a key point for successful outcome.
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Gui Y, Chen Q, Li S, Yang X, Liu J, Wu X, Zhu Y, Fan L, Jiang J, Chen L. Safety and Feasibility of Minimally Invasive (Laparoscopic/Robotic-Assisted) Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy Combined with Prosthesis Breast Reconstruction in Breast Cancer: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:10.1245/s10434-022-11420-8. [PMID: 35171405 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-11420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally invasive (robotic or laparoscopic-assisted) nipple-sparing mastectomy combined with prosthesis breast reconstruction (NSM-PBR) is associated with smaller scars and greater patient satisfaction. However, the oncological safety of minimally invasive NSM-PBR remains controversial. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective study of patients with breast cancer who underwent breast reconstruction between 1 January 2006 and 20 February 2021. Demographic and clinicopathological characteristics, operation information, postoperative complications, and survival outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS In all, 292 patients underwent minimally invasive NSM-PBR and 205 underwent open NSM-PBR for breast cancer. In the minimally invasive NSM-PBR group, 268 (91.8%) patients underwent laparoscopy and 24 (8.2%) patients underwent robot-assisted NSM-PBR. Mean operation time in the minimally invasive NSM-PBR group was significantly longer than that in the open NSM-PBR group (P = 0.023). Mean intraoperative blood loss was significantly less in the minimally invasive NSM-PBR group (P < 0.05). There was no significant between-group difference in total complications. Similarly, there were no significant between-group differences in overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and local recurrence rate (P = 0.450, P = 0.613, and P = 0.679, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The complication, recurrence, and mortality rates in minimally invasive NSM-PBR group were comparable to those in open NSM-PBR group. Our preliminary results are encouraging and suggest that minimally invasive NSM-PBR affords good cosmetic results and its oncological safety is comparable to that of open surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gui
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingqiu Chen
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shichao Li
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Linjun Fan
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Dobke MK, Kolb FG. Invited Discussion on: "Video-Assisted Transaxillary Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy with Immediate Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction: A Novel and Promising Method". Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46:99-100. [PMID: 34559282 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek K Dobke
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8890, USA.
| | - Frederic G Kolb
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8890, USA
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Current Trends in and Indications for Endoscopy-Assisted Breast Surgery for Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33983600 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9620-6_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Endoscopic oncoplastic breast surgery represents a minimal invasive approach with the aim of both safe excision of cancer and preserving the breast shape. It has less noticeable scar, excellent cosmetic outcomes, high patient satisfaction rate. Recently, relative long-term follow-up results have been reported to be very safe (Soybir and Fukuma, J Breast Health 11:52-58, 2015; Fan et al., Chin Med J 122:2945-2950, 2009; Jiang, Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 45:439-441, 2007).Operative techniques for both endoscopic breast-conserving surgery and endoscopic nipple/areola/skin-sparing mastectomy have been described in detail. Two different working planes in which one of them is subcutaneous and the other one is sub-mammary planes are being used during the surgery. Surgical technique needs some instruments such as endoscopic retractor, light guided specific mammary retractor, wound protector, and energy device such as bipolar scissor, Harmonic Scalpel, LigaSure, Thunderbeat. Endoscopic breast retractors provide magnified visualization and extensive posterior dissection facility. Tunneling method and the hydro-dissection simplify the technique in the subcutaneous field (Soybir and Fukuma, J Breast Health 11:52-58, 2015; Fan et al., Chin Med J 122:2945-2950, 2009). Oncoplastic reconstruction techniques are also applied after the tumor resection by endoscopic method. The complication rate of endoscopic breast surgery is similar with the rate of open breast surgery. Quite successful local recurrence, distant metastasis, and overall survival rates have been declared. However, it looks reasonable to wait for the results with longer follow-up before having a judgement about oncologic efficiency and safety of the endoscopic breast cancer surgery (Tamaki et al., Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 103(11):835-838, 2002; Leff et al., Breast Cancer Res Treat 125(3):607-625, 2011; Fukuma, Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 116(5):316-319, 2015).Recently some surgeons reported about robotic nipple sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction with Gel implant procedure. Nevertheless, experience with application of a robotic surgery platform in the management of breast cancer is limited. From the preliminary experiences, R-NSM and IBR with Gel implant is a safe procedure, with good cosmetic results, and could be a promising new technique for breast cancer patients indicated for mastectomy (Lai et al., Ann Surg Oncol 26(1):42-52, 2019).
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Lai HW, Chen ST, Liao CY, Mok CW, Lin YJ, Chen DR, Kuo SJ. Oncologic Outcome of Endoscopic Assisted Breast Surgery Compared with Conventional Approach in Breast Cancer: An Analysis of 3426 Primary Operable Breast Cancer Patients from Single Institute with and Without Propensity Score Matching. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:7368-7380. [PMID: 33974198 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-09950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopy-assisted breast surgery (EABS) performed through minimal axillary and/or peri-areolar incisions is a possible alternative to conventional breast surgery (CBS) for certain patients with breast cancer. In this study, we report the oncologic safety results of EABS compared with CBS. METHODS Patients underwent EABS for breast cancer during the period June 2010 to March 2020 were collected from the EABS database from single institute, and another cohort of patients, who received CBS, were identified to determine the effectiveness and oncologic safety of EABS. A case-control study was conducted using propensity score matching (PSM) to prevent bias from cases selection. RESULTS A total of 3426 patients were enrolled in the current study, including 405 patients receiving EABS and 3021 underwent CBS. Before PSM, patients selected for EABS tend to be smaller in tumor size, node negative, early stage, low histologic grade, and HER-2 negative. After PSM, 343 patients underwent EABS were compared with another 343 patients received CBS. The margin involved rate in EABS group is 2.6%, and 5.6% in CBS group (p = 0.054) after PSM. In breast conserving cases, the margin involved rates were 2% in EABS group, and 7.2% in CBS group (p = 0.04). In Kaplan-Meier survival curves analysis, there was no difference in local regional recurrence (p = 0.89), distant metastasis (p = 0.08), and overall survival (p = 0.14). CONCLUSION The preliminary oncologic safety analysis from current study showed EABS is a safe procedure and results in low margin involved rate, and no increase of locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis or mortality compared with CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Lai
- Endoscopic and Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan. .,Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan. .,Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan. .,Minimal Invasive Surgery Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan. .,Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Division of Breast Surgery, Yuanlin Christian Hospital, Yuanlin, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. .,Division of General Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shou-Tung Chen
- Endoscopic and Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ying Liao
- Department of Radiology, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chi Wei Mok
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying-Jen Lin
- Tumor Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Ren Chen
- Endoscopic and Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Jen Kuo
- Endoscopic and Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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12
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Houvenaeghel G, Barrou J, Jauffret C, Rua S, Sabiani L, Van Troy A, Buttarelli M, Blache G, Lambaudie E, Cohen M, Bannier M. Robotic Versus Conventional Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy With Immediate Breast Reconstruction. Front Oncol 2021; 11:637049. [PMID: 33747960 PMCID: PMC7971115 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.637049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies reported the feasibility and safety of robotic-NSM (R-NSM). The aim of our prospective study was to compare R-NSM and conventional-NSM (C-NSM). Methods We analyzed patients who were operated on with and without robotic assistance (R-NSM or C-NSM) and who received immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) with implant or latissimus dorsi-flap (LDF). The main objective was complication rate and secondary aims were post-operative length of hospitalization (POLH), duration of surgery, and cost. Results We analyzed 87 R-NSM and 142 C-NSM with implant-IBR in 50 and 135 patients, with LDF-IBR in 37 and 7 patients, respectively. Higher durations of surgery and costs were observed for R-NSM, without a difference in POLH and interval time to adjuvant therapy between R-NSM and C-NSM. In the multivariate analysis, R-NSM was not associated with a higher breast complication rate (OR=0.608) and significant factors were breast cup-size, LDF combined with implant-IBR, tobacco and inversed-T incision. Grade 2-3 breast complications rate were 13% for R-NSM and 17.3% for C-NSM, significantly higher for LDF combined with implant-IBR, areolar/radial incisions and BMI>=30. A predictive score was calculated (AUC=0.754). In logistic regression, patient's satisfaction between C-NSM and R-NSM were not significantly different, with unfavorable results for BMI >=25 (OR=2.139), NSM for recurrence (OR=5.371) and primary breast cancer with radiotherapy (OR=4.533). A predictive score was calculated. In conclusion, our study confirms the comparable clinical outcome between C- NSM and R-NSM, in the price of longer surgery and higher cost for R-NSM. Predictive scores of breast complications and satisfaction were significantly associated with factors known in the pre-operative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Houvenaeghel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Paoli Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France.,CRCM, CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Barrou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Paoli Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France.,CRCM, CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Jauffret
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Paoli Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Rua
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Paoli Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Sabiani
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Paoli Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France
| | - Aurore Van Troy
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Paoli Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France
| | - Max Buttarelli
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Paoli Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Blache
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Paoli Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Lambaudie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Paoli Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France.,CRCM, CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Monique Cohen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Paoli Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Bannier
- CRCM, CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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13
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Raheem AA, Zaghloul AS, Sadek AMG, Rayes B, Abdel-Raheem TM. The Impact and Management of Gynaecomastia in Klinefelter Syndrome. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2021; 3:629673. [PMID: 36303983 PMCID: PMC9580767 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.629673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynecomastia is defined as a palpable enlargement of the male breast, secondary to an increase in the glandular and stromal breast tissue. Gynecomastia is encountered in up to 80% of Klinefelter syndrome cases. The pathophysiology involves testosterone/estrogen imbalance. This review article will further explore the pathophysiology of gynecomastia along with the different lines of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Abdel Raheem
- Andrology Department Cairo University Hospital, Beni Suef, Egypt
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Amr Abdel Raheem
| | | | | | - Bilal Rayes
- King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Quilichini O, Barrou J, Bannier M, Rua S, Van Troy A, Sabiani L, Lambaudie E, Cohen M, Houvenaeghel G. Mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction: Results of a mono-centric 4-years cohort. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 61:172-179. [PMID: 33437474 PMCID: PMC7787913 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oncological safety, quality of life and cosmetic outcomes seems to be similar between breast conserving surgery (BCS) and mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction (IBR). We report our experience of IBR for consecutive mastectomies realized in a recent period of four years in order to determined immediate surgical results according to type of mastectomy and type of reconstruction, as mains objectives. Methods All mastectomies with IBR during years 2016–2019 were included. A retrospective analysis with prospective data collection was performed. Results We analyzed 748 IBR: 353 nipple-sparing mastectomies (NSM), 391 skin-sparing mastectomies (SSM) and 4 standard mastectomies, 551 with definitive implant or expanders and 196 with latissimus dorsi-flap (LDF). More NSM were performed during the 2 last years and more LDF were performed for high BMI, high breast cup-size, neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy and local recurrence. We realized 111 robotic NSM and 125 robotic LDF. Longer duration of surgery was significantly associated with the robotic procedures. The overall complications crude rate was 31.4% with 9.9% of re-operations and 5.8% of implant loss. Grade 2–3 complications were significantly associated with smoking. Breast complications occurred in 32.9% of mastectomies with principally skin or nipple-areola-complex suffering or necrosis, hematomas and infections. A predictive score was determined to evaluate risk of complications before surgery. Conclusion Mastectomy with IBR seems to be a safe technique with an acceptable complication rate which is increased by tobacco use, high breast cup-size and IBR-type. Mastectomy with immediate breast to determined immediate surgical results. More Nipple Sparing Mastectomy performed during the 2 last years. More Latissimus dorsi-flap performed for high BMI, high breast cup-size, after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Quilichini
- Department of Surgery, Paoli Calmettes Institute, 232 Bd Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Barrou
- Department of Surgery, Paoli Calmettes Institute, 232 Bd Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Bannier
- Department of Surgery, Paoli Calmettes Institute, 232 Bd Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Rua
- Department of Surgery, Paoli Calmettes Institute, 232 Bd Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Aurore Van Troy
- Department of Surgery, Paoli Calmettes Institute, 232 Bd Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Sabiani
- Department of Surgery, Paoli Calmettes Institute, 232 Bd Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Lambaudie
- Department of Surgery, Paoli Calmettes Institute & CRCM & Aix Marseille Univ, 232 Bd Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Monique Cohen
- Department of Surgery, Paoli Calmettes Institute, 232 Bd Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Houvenaeghel
- Department of Surgery, Paoli Calmettes Institute & CRCM & Aix Marseille Univ, 232 Bd Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
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15
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Robotic-assisted skin sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction using latissimus dorsi flap a new effective and safe technique: A comparative study. Surg Oncol 2020; 35:406-411. [PMID: 33035789 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast reconstruction is an essential part of breast cancer treatment. After skin sparing mastectomy, Immediate Breast Reconstruction (IBR) can be achieved using breast implants, autologous flaps (i.e. latissimus dorsi-myo-cutaneous flap (LDF)) or an association of both. Robotic assistance has gained popularity in many surgical fields including breast surgery. This study aims to compare the post-operative results of Robotic Assisted Latissimus Dorsi Flap (RALDF) to Traditional Latissimus Dorsi Flap (TLDF) for IBR after Skin Sparing Mastectomy (SSM) without nipple conservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between March 2016 and June 2019, all patients who underwent a SSM and a concurrent IBR with a TLDF were retrospectively compared to patients who underwent SSM and a concurrent IBR with a RALDF. Outcomes compared included operative time, length of hospital stay and complications rate. RESULTS 105 cases of SSM with a LDF based IBR were included in the study. 46 patients underwent RALDF and 59 patients underwent TLDF. Mean operative time was longer in the RALDF group (290.5min versus 259.7min). In binary regression, the concomitant placement of breast implant was the only factor associated with an operative time exceeding 290 min (p = 0.032). Univariate analysis showed no significant difference concerning the rate of complications (p = 0.061). After logistic regression, RALDF was associated with a decreased rate of complications (p = 0.042; OR 0.37; IC 95% (0.142-0.966)). DISCUSSION SSM with IBR using RALDF is an effective and safe technique. This technique is actually associated with a lower complication rate at the expense of a longer operative time.
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16
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Visconti G, Franceschini G, Bianchi A, Barone-Adesi L, Garganese G, Masetti R, Salgarello M. Transaxillary Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Direct-to-Implant Breast Reconstruction Using a Simplified Endoscopic Approach: Indications, Cosmetic Outcomes and Technical Refinements. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2020; 44:1466-1475. [PMID: 32468120 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-01792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing demand for further aesthetic outcome improvement in implant-based breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) leads to major novelties, including endoscopic and robotic NSM with the aim to limit scar visibility. In this paper, we report our experience with a novel and simplified surgical approach-single-axillary-incision non-endoscopic NSM and node surgery followed by an endoscopic DTI breast reconstruction-by focusing on reconstructive indications, technical refinements and aesthetic outcomes. METHODS Between June 2016 and October 2019, 14 women underwent this novel technique using definitive anatomical silicone gel filled, totaling 20 breasts. Reconstructive evaluation methods were clinically and photography-based assessment. Breast-Q has been used to quantify patient satisfaction. Feasibility and safety data are also provided. RESULTS The average follow-up time was 11 months (range 3-42 months). No local-regional recurrence occurred during follow-up. Median operation time was 340 min; mean hospital stay was 4.1 days. The average mastectomy specimen weight was on average 139 g (ranging from 98 to 182 g). The average implant volume for the reconstructed side was 306 cc (ranging from 165 to 550 cc). Patients' satisfaction was high to very high. CONCLUSION Authors' experience suggests that non-endoscopic transaxillary NSM, node surgery and endoscopic direct-to-implant breast reconstruction is a valid, oncological safe, aesthetically sound scarless option in breast cancer patients with small to moderate breast size. It should represent the incision of choice in patient with previous breast surgery with scars that may compromise flap/NAC vascularity using traditional NSM incisions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Visconti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, UOC Chirurgia Plastica, Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore", Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00169, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Franceschini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, UOC Senologia, Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore", Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00169, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, UOC Chirurgia Plastica, Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore", Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00169, Rome, Italy
| | - Liliana Barone-Adesi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, UOC Chirurgia Plastica, Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore", Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00169, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Garganese
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, UOC Chirurgia Plastica, Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore", Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00169, Rome, Italy
- Centro di Ginecologia e Senologia, Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Masetti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, UOC Senologia, Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore", Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00169, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Salgarello
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, UOC Chirurgia Plastica, Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore", Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00169, Rome, Italy
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Rathat G, Herlin C, Bonnel C, Captier G, Duraes M. Endoscopic Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy with Immediate Prepectoral Implant-Based Reconstruction: A Case Report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2019; 20:1812-1816. [PMID: 31801936 PMCID: PMC6913238 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.919669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 45-year-old Final Diagnosis: Prophylactic mastectomy Symptoms: — Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Rathat
- Department of Oncological Breast Surgery, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Herlin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Bonnel
- Innovation Extractor Department, Montpellier Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Captier
- Laboratory of Anatomy, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martha Duraes
- Department of Oncological Breast Surgery, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
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18
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Mok CW, Lai HW. Evolution of minimal access breast surgery. Gland Surg 2019; 8:784-793. [PMID: 32042687 PMCID: PMC6989909 DOI: 10.21037/gs.2019.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Surgical management of breast cancer has been evolving rapidly over the past 20-30 years. Prior to this, conventional surgical options were limited to either a mastectomy or breast conserving surgery. The demand for better aesthetic outcomes had driven the development of oncoplastic breast conserving surgery where glandular rearrangement or replacement coupled with thoughtfully placed incisions became the standard approach to breast conserving surgery. As breast surgeons and patients demand for improved aesthetic outcomes, minimally invasive or minimal access breast surgery has gained much attention over the past two decades, from endoscopic assisted to robotic-assisted breast surgery more recently. However, there has been a lack of review articles discussing this relatively recent but under-reported subset of surgical techniques in the management of breast cancer. This article aims to discuss the concept and development of minimal access breast surgery along with a review of current literature on its indications, techniques and outcome measures as well as a discussion on the strengths, limitations as well as future directions. Continued improvement in techniques and advancement of technology will definitely increase the likelihood of minimal access techniques being placed as the standard of care in the management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wei Mok
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hung-Wen Lai
- Endoscopy & Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei
- Division of General Surgery, National Yang Ming University, Taipei
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei
- Division of Breast Surgery, Yuanlin Christian Hospital, Yuanlin
- Minimal Invasive Surgery Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City
- Division of General Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung
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Endoscopic-assisted surgery in the management of breast cancer: 20 years review of trend, techniques and outcomes. Breast 2019; 46:144-156. [PMID: 31176887 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To review current literature on the outcomes, techniques and trend of endoscopic-assisted breast surgery (EABS) in the management of breast cancer over a 20 years period Materials and Methods: Literature search was performed using PubMed/Medline database from 1st January 1998 to 31st December 2018 using the terms "endoscopy", "endoscopy-assisted", "breast cancer", "mastectomy" and "breast conserving surgery". Additional studies were also identified by reviewing references of relevant articles. Only case series and cohort studies were included in this review. Oncological and surgical outcome measures as well as detailed technical aspects were discussed. Results: EABS was comparable in terms of oncological, surgical as well as aesthetic outcomes if compared to conventional techniques. Patient selection and important adjuncts are essential to ensure successful and safe conduct of EABS. Conclusions: Standardization of techniques, practice guidelines and objective outcome assessments methods might pave the way for better conduct of EABS and place EABS as one of the standards of care for breast cancer care.
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Rajappa SK, Kumar R, Garg S, Ram D. Robotic nipple-sparing mastectomy: The first experience from Indian subcontinent. Breast J 2018; 24:1114-1115. [DOI: 10.1111/tbj.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Kodasoge Rajappa
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre; New Delhi India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre; New Delhi India
| | - Shubha Garg
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre; New Delhi India
| | - Dharma Ram
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre; New Delhi India
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21
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Lai HW, Lin SL, Chen ST, Kuok KM, Chen SL, Lin YL, Chen DR, Kuo SJ. Single-Axillary-Incision Endoscopic-Assisted Hybrid Technique for Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: Technique, Preliminary Results, and Patient-Reported Cosmetic Outcome from Preliminary 50 Procedures. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:1340-1349. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sarfati B, Honart JF, Leymarie N, Rimareix F, Al Khashnam H, Kolb F. Robotic da Vinci Xi-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy: First clinical report. Breast J 2017; 24:373-376. [DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sarfati
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif France
| | - Jean-Francois Honart
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif France
| | - Nicolas Leymarie
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif France
| | - Francoise Rimareix
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif France
| | - Heba Al Khashnam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif France
| | - Frederic Kolb
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif France
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23
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Endoscopic Delayed Breast Reconstruction With Expanders and Implants via the Axillary Incision Made for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy or Lymphadenectomy. Ann Plast Surg 2017; 80:100-103. [PMID: 28930777 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classic techniques of delayed prosthetic breast reconstruction use the mastectomy scar as an access route. As a result, the filling of the expander must be postponed until the wounds have healed. This creates an asymmetry between the breasts with the volume changes caused by the filling of the expander, which may occur over several weeks and cause considerable discomfort. METHODS Delayed breast reconstruction was performed via the axillary incision made for sentinel lymph node biopsy or lymphadenectomy with endoscopic assistance and detachment of the pectoralis major muscle. The filling of the expander and symmetrization with the contralateral breast was performed in the first stage.The expander was replaced with the definitive prosthesis 3 months later, after endoscopic capsulotomy. Fat grafting was performed to create a lipobed around the implant and to improve tissue quality. RESULTS Sixty-two patients underwent surgery. Mean follow-up was 19 months. There were no major complications in the reconstructed breast. One case of hematoma in a contralateral breast reduction and an oil cystic mass secondary to fat grafting were recorded. In all cases, the filling of the expander with the definitive volume was possible during the first stage. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic delayed breast reconstruction with insertion of implants through the axillary incision for sentinel node biopsy or lymphadenectomy is safe and feasible. It achieves complete intraoperative expansion, symmetry between the volumes of the breasts during the first stage, and avoids problems with the scar and the risk of extrusion, as the scar is placed remotely in the axilla.
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The learning curve of endoscopic total mastectomy in Taiwan: A multi-center study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178251. [PMID: 28594922 PMCID: PMC5464537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Laparoscopic techniques are commonly used in abdominal and gynecologic surgery, while breast cancer surgery has remained largely unchanged. In Asia, especially in Japan, many surgeons have started to use endoscopic surgery for breast cancer. In Taiwan, endoscopy-assisted breast surgery started in 2010. The benefits of this surgical method include smaller incisions, an axillary anatomic approach, clear vision, no oncologic compromise, and good cosmetic outcomes. This is the first report to discuss the learning curve of endoscopy-assisted breast surgery, including the difficulties experienced. Materials and methods From June 2011 to December 2013, data were collected from 134 patients who received an endoscopic total mastectomy at the Taipei Medical University Hospital (TMUH) or Changhua Christian Hospital (CCH). We divided these patients into a learning group (TMUH, n = 15; CCH, n = 15) and a mature group (TMUH, n = 50; CCH, n = 54). Patient data and perioperative variables were recorded by retrospective chart review. Variables were compared using the χ2 test and Student’s t-test. Results There was a significant difference in operation time (275.3 vs. 228.9 minutes, p < 0.01) between the learning and mature groups. Perioperative variables (lymph node dissection method, nipple preservation, and reconstruction method) were also analyzed, but there were no demographic differences between the groups. The complication rate was higher in the learning group, although this difference was also not statistically significant. Conclusion Our study is the first to discuss the learning curve of endoscopic total mastectomy. The operation time decreased significantly after 15 cases at each hospital. Although the operation is still more time-consuming than traditional methods, it has the benefit of smaller wounds and improved cosmetic outcomes if combined with immediate reconstruction.
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Lai HW, Chen ST, Chen DR, Chen SL, Chang TW, Kuo SJ, Kuo YL, Hung CS. Current Trends in and Indications for Endoscopy-Assisted Breast Surgery for Breast Cancer: Results from a Six-Year Study Conducted by the Taiwan Endoscopic Breast Surgery Cooperative Group. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150310. [PMID: 26950469 PMCID: PMC4780808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endoscopy-assisted breast surgery (EABS) performed through minimal axillary and/or periareolar incisions is a possible alternative to open surgery for certain patients with breast cancer. In this study, we report the early results of an EABS program in Taiwan. Methods The medical records of patients who underwent EABS for breast cancer during the period May 2009 to December 2014 were collected from the Taiwan Endoscopic Breast Surgery Cooperative Group database. Data on clinicopathologic characteristics, type of surgery, method of breast reconstruction, complications and recurrence were analyzed to determine the effectiveness and oncologic safety of EABS in Taiwan. Results A total of 315 EABS procedures were performed in 292 patients with breast cancer, including 23 (7.8%) patients with bilateral disease. The number of breast cancer patients who underwent EABS increased initially from 2009 to 2012 and then stabilized during the period 2012–2014. The most commonly performed EABS was endoscopy-assisted total mastectomy (EATM) (85.4%) followed by endoscopy-assisted partial mastectomy (EAPM) (14.6%). Approximately 74% of the EATM procedures involved breast reconstruction, with the most common types of reconstruction being implant insertion and autologous pedicled TRAM flap surgery. During the six-year study period, there was an increasing trend in the performance of EABS for the management of breast cancer when total mastectomy was indicated. The positive surgical margin rate was 1.9%. Overall, the rate of complications associated with EABS was 15.2% and all were minor and wound-related. During a median follow-up of 26.8 (3.3–68.6) months, there were 3 (1%) cases of local recurrence, 1 (0.3%) case of distant metastasis and 1 (0.3%) death. Conclusion The preliminary results from the EABS program in Taiwan show that EABS is a safe procedure and results in acceptable cosmetic outcome. These findings could help to promote this under-used surgical technique in the field of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Lai
- Endoscopy & Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Shou-Tung Chen
- Endoscopy & Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Dar-Ren Chen
- Endoscopy & Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Shu-Ling Chen
- Endoscopy & Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Tsai-Wang Chang
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan and Dou-Liou branch, N0. 138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Shou-Jen Kuo
- Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yao-Lung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan and Dou-Liou branch, N0. 138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- * E-mail: (CSH); (YLK)
| | - Chin-Sheng Hung
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wu Hsing Street, Taipei, 110 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- * E-mail: (CSH); (YLK)
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Tamaki Y, Ikeda Y, Usui Y, Okamura R, Kitamura K, Kazuo S, Tangoku A. Breast. Asian J Endosc Surg 2015; 8:374-8. [PMID: 26708580 DOI: 10.1111/ases.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Owaki T, Kijima Y, Yoshinaka H, Hirata M, Okumura H, Ishigami S, Nerome Y, Takezaki T, Natsugoe S. Present status of endoscopic mastectomy for breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2015; 6:25-29. [PMID: 26078919 PMCID: PMC4462682 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v6.i3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoscopy is now being used for breast cancer surgery. Though it is used for mastectomy, lymph node dissection, and breast reconstruction, its prime use is for mastectomy. Because an incision can be placed inconspicuously in the axillary site, a relatively large incision can be created. A retractor with an endoscope, CO2, and an abrasion device with the endoscope are used for operation space security. It is extremely rare that an endoscope is used for lymph node dissection. For breast reconstruction, it may be used for latissimus muscle flap making, but an endoscope is rarely used for other reconstructions. Endoscopic mastectomy is limited to certain institutions and practiced hands, and it has not been significantly developed in breast cancer surgery. On the other hand, endoscopic surgery may be used widely in breast reconstruction. With respect to the spread of robotic surgery, many factors remain uncertain.
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Soybir G, Fukuma E. Endoscopy Assisted Oncoplastic Breast Surgery (EAOBS). THE JOURNAL OF BREAST HEALTH 2015; 11:52-58. [PMID: 28331692 DOI: 10.5152/tjbh.2015.2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic oncoplastic breast surgery represents a minimal invasive approach with the aim of both removing cancer safely and also restoring the breast image. It has less noticeable scar, excellent cosmetic outcomes, high patient satisfaction rate and recently reported relatively long term safety. Operative techniques for both endoscopic breast conserving surgery and endoscopic nipple/areola/skin sparing mastectomy have been described in detail. Two different working planes in which one of them is subcutaneous and the other one is sub-mammary planes are being used during the surgery. Surgical techniqe needs some instruments such as endoscopic retractor, light guided specific mammary retractor, wound protector and bipolar scissor. Endoscopic breast retractors provide magnified visualization and extensive posterior dissection facility. Tunneling method and hydrodissection simplify the technique in the subcutaneous field. Oncoplastic reconstruction techniques are also applied after the tumor resection by endoscopic method. Complication rates of endoscopic breast surgery are similar to open breast surgery rates. Quite succesful local recurrence, distant metastasis and overall survival rates have been declared. However it looks reasonable to wait for the results with longer follow-up before having a judgement about oncologic efficiency and safety of the endoscopic breast cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürsel Soybir
- Department of General Surgery, Memorial Hospital Polyclinic of Etiler, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Eisuke Fukuma
- Breast Center, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa Chiba, Japonya
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Local recurrence following treatment for breast cancer with an endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy. Breast Cancer 2015; 23:552-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-015-0600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lai HW, Wu HS, Chuang KL, Chen DR, Chang TW, Kuo SJ, Chen ST, Kuo YL. Endoscopy-Assisted Total Mastectomy Followed by Immediate Pedicled Transverse Rectus Abdominis Musculocutaneous (TRAM) Flap Reconstruction. Surg Innov 2014; 22:382-9. [PMID: 25118202 DOI: 10.1177/1553350614546003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background. Endoscopy-assisted breast surgery performed through minimal axillary and/or periareolar incisions is a viable option for patients with breast cancer. In this study, we report the preliminary results of patients with breast cancer who underwent endoscopy-assisted total mastectomy (EATM) followed immediately by pedicled transverse abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction. Methods. Patients in this study comprised women with breast cancer who received EATM and pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction. Clinicopathologic characteristics, type of surgery, complications, and rate of recurrence were recorded. The cosmetic outcomes were evaluated objectively by the surgeons and subjectively by the patients at 3-month postoperative follow-up. Results. A total of 48 patients underwent 49 EATM procedures followed by pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction. Of them, 79.6% underwent endoscopic-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy and 20.4% received endoscopic-assisted skin-sparing mastectomy. The types of cancer among these patients included ductal carcinoma in situ in 34.7%, stage I cancer in 36.7%, stage II cancer in 24.5%, and stage IIIa cancer in 4.1% patients. Mean tumor size was 2.1 ± 1.4 cm. There were no cases of flap failure. Partial nipple areolar complex ischemia/necrosis occurred in 4 (10.3%) patients; however, all cases resolved after conservative treatment. In the aesthetic outcome evaluation, EATM + TRAM were associated with 89.8% good, 8.2% fair, and 2% unsatisfactory result. No local recurrence was observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion. EATM followed immediately by pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction is a safe procedure and results in good cosmetic outcome in women with early-stage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Lai
- Endoscopy and Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
- National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hurng-Sheng Wu
- Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Asian Institute of TeleSurgery/IRCAD Taiwan Training Center, Changhua County, Taiwan, Republic of China
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kun-Lin Chuang
- National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan and Dou-Liou Branch, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Dar-Ren Chen
- Endoscopy and Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsai-Wang Chang
- National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan and Dou-Liou Branch, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shou-Jen Kuo
- Endoscopy and Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shou-Tung Chen
- Endoscopy and Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Center, Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yao-Lung Kuo
- National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan and Dou-Liou Branch, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Tukenmez M, Ozden BC, Agcaoglu O, Kecer M, Ozmen V, Muslumanoglu M, Igci A. Videoendoscopic single-port nipple-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2014; 24:77-82. [PMID: 24401140 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2013.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Single-incision videoendoscopic surgery has recently become popular as a result of the ongoing search for less invasive procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic single-port nipple-sparing mastectomy, axillary lymphadenectomy, and immediate reconstruction in patients with breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS From May 14, 2012 through January 23, 2013, 10 patients underwent videoendoscopic single-port nipple-sparing mastectomy and axillary dissection via a single, limited incision and immediate prosthetic reconstruction. Patient charts were reviewed, and demographic data, operative time, complications and pathology results were analyzed. RESULTS In all patients, videoendoscopic surgery was performed successfully. Of 10 patients, 7 were diagnosed as having invasive ductal carcinoma, 2 had a ductal carcinoma in situ, and 1 underwent bilateral prophylactic mastectomy. The weight of the resected gland was 300-650 g, with a mean of 420 g. There were no operative complications, and the mean operative time was 250 minutes (range, 160-330 minutes). One-stage reconstruction with implants was performed on 4 patients, whereas expanders were placed in the remaining 6. Surgical margins of all cases were pathologically negative, and there were no recurrences observed during the early follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Videoendoscopic single-port nipple-sparing mastectomy is technically feasible even in larger breasts, enabling immediate reconstruction with good cosmetic outcomes. However, further studies with larger clinical series and long-term follow-up are required to compare the safety and efficacy of the technique with those of the standard nipple-sparing mastectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Tukenmez
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University , Istanbul, Turkey
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Agrawal A, Sibbering DM, Courtney CA. Skin sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: a review. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013; 39:320-8. [PMID: 23333068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Skin Sparing Mastectomy (SSM) is widely practised now in major centres which manage large numbers of breast cancer but anxiety still exists over the safety of SSM both from oncological and aesthetic points of view. We aim to review literature to date in SSM and summarise and discuss the current evidence. METHODS Studies were identified by an online search of the English language literature in the PubMed database till April 2012 followed by an extensive review of bibliographies from relevant articles. RESULTS There is abundance of evidence with regards to the safety of SSM both oncologically and aesthetically especially in immediate breast reconstruction. The use of SSM technique broadens the repertoire of oncoplastic techniques and at the same time facilitates such techniques by preserving patient's native skin and anatomical landmarks. CONCLUSIONS SSM is a safe technique providing better cosmetic outcome without compromising oncological safety as per the current evidence. However, prospective data collection of its application in various newer types of reconstructions, and continuing long-term follow-up of current data series would be prudent to evaluate long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agrawal
- University of Nottingham, Division of Breast Surgery, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK.
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Shi A, Wu D, Li X, Zhang S, Li S, Xu H, Xie H, Fan Z. Subcutaneous Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 7:131-136. [PMID: 22740800 DOI: 10.1159/000337640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Without a doubt, nipple-sparing mastectomy affords a better cosmetic result than modified radical mastectomy. However, the surgical safety, radicality, complications, indications, and psychological benefits associated with this method are controversially discussed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective analysis of 35 patients (study group) who underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy between 2000 and 2008. Indications, incision selection, postoperative complications, recurrence, morbidity rate, and psychological status were recorded and assessed. RESULTS: The survival outcome (5.7 vs. 6%; p = 0.35) and complication rate (5.7 vs. 19%; p = 0.062) of patients who underwent subcutaneous nipple-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction with prosthesis were similar to those of patients who underwent modified radical mastectomy. Most patients in the study group were completely satisfied with the aesthetic results (immediately, p < 0.001; < 1 year, p < 0.001; > 1 year, p < 0.001), and no serious psychological disorders or stress were detected relative to patients with traditional mastectomy. CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous nipple-sparing mastectomy was beneficial and safe in this cohort of breast cancer patients. The approach is suitable for patients with isolated lesions located ≥ 2 cm from the nipple, as well as for patients with multiple lesions who are anxious about a good cosmetic appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Shi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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Nipple- or skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction by the "moving window" operation. Breast Cancer 2011; 20:54-61. [PMID: 22038670 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-011-0302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscope-assisted skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) or nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has been developed to minimize the skin incision and to improve the cosmetic outcome of reconstructed breast for patients with breast cancer. However, this procedure can be performed without using endoscopic instruments. METHODS We have performed SSM or NSM via a small periareolar incision with axillary incision using wound retractors without disposable endoscopic instruments. After the entire breast tissue was removed, immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) using tissue expanders was performed through the axillary incision. RESULTS Twelve patients (13 cases: 1 patient had synchronous bilateral primary cancer) underwent NSM, and 8 had SSM because of involvement of the nipple-areola complex. IBR was performed with tissue expanders in 18 patients, while 2 patients refused to have IBR because of small breast size. When 3 patients with synchronous or metachronous bilateral breast cancer were excluded, the average length of surgery was 267 min in 15 patients who underwent SSM or NSM followed by IBR with implants, while it was only 120 min in 2 patients who underwent NSM alone. Average blood loss was 135 mL (range 40-350 mL). CONCLUSION We have described a novel technique using the wound retractor for SSM or NSM followed by IBR in treating breast cancer patients. This technique can minimize skin incisions without using disposable endoscopic instruments and improve the cosmetic outcome of the reconstructed breast.
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Park HS, Lee JS, Lee JS, Park S, Kim SI, Park BW. The feasibility of endoscopy-assisted breast conservation surgery for patients with early breast cancer. J Breast Cancer 2011; 14:52-7. [PMID: 21847395 PMCID: PMC3148518 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2011.14.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast conservation surgery (BCS) has become a standard treatment method for patients with early breast cancer. Endoscopy-assisted BCS (EABCS) can be performed through an inconspicuous periareolar and a small axillary incision for sentinel node biopsy, which may give better cosmetic outcomes than conventional BCS skin incisions. This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of EABCS for patients with early breast cancer. Methods Forty-three patients were candidates for EABCS, and EABCS was performed in 40 patients with breast cancer between January 2008 and July 2010. Their clinicopathological features were retrospectively analyzed. Operative time, margin status, complications, and relapse-free survival were compared with those of patients treated by conventional BCS and who were treated at the same institute during the same period. Results The most common lesion site of the EABCS and conventional BCS groups was the upper area of the breast. Tumor size in all patients was less than 4 cm (range, 0.4-3.7 cm), and nodal involvement was found in eight (20%) patients in the BCS group. The mean operative time was 110 minutes for the EABCS group and 107 minutes for the conventional BCS group, and those were not significantly different. No significant difference in frozen or final margin status was observed between the EABCS and conventional BCS groups. Relapse-free survival was statistically equivalent between the groups with a median follow-up of 12 months. Postoperative complications occurred in five cases in four patients with EABCS, which was not significantly different from conventional BCS. Conclusion Performing EABCS in patients with early breast cancer seems to be feasible and safe. Further study with a longer-term follow-up may be needed to confirm the clinical value of EABCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Seok Park
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND.: Endoscopic mastectomy has been reportedly associated with smaller scars and greater patient satisfaction; however, few reports on this topic have been made. The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine the early results of endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy (ENSM) and to investigate the safety of this procedure. METHODS.: Between January 2002 and December 2005, a total of 87 patients with breast cancer but without skin and nipple involvement, including two cases of bilateral breast cancer, underwent E-NSM. In case of bloody nipple discharge and suspicious extension near the nipple as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, the major ducts within the nipple were cored (nipple coring). In other cases, nipple coring was not performed. RESULTS.: Of the 89 breasts in 87 patients, 42 had tumors of >2 cm and 80 were diagnosed as having invasive carcinoma. Lymph node involvement was observed in 36 procedures. The overall rate of nipple necrosis was 18% (16 of 89). The rate of nipple necrosis among the procedures with nipple coring was statistically higher than that among those without nipple coring (7 of 17, 41%, vs. 9 of 72, 13%) (P = .01). Nipple involvement was observed in 2.2% (2 of 89). After a median follow-up period of 52 months, distant metastasis was observed in nine cases; no local recurrences occurred in this series. CONCLUSIONS.: E-NSM is an oncologically safe procedure and an acceptable method in selected patients requiring a mastectomy. The higher rate of nipple necrosis may have been the result of a technical problem, indicating the need for continued improvement in nipple coring procedures.
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Leff DR, Vashisht R, Yongue G, Keshtgar M, Yang GZ, Darzi A. Endoscopic breast surgery: where are we now and what might the future hold for video-assisted breast surgery? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 125:607-25. [PMID: 21128113 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic surgery has been extensively used for many surgical conditions and has gained acceptance as an alternative and less invasive approach to open surgery. However, minimal access endoscopic techniques have yet to be translated into mainstream clinical practice in breast surgery. More recently, technical innovations have made it feasible to conduct endoscopic breast cancer resection, with or without breast reconstruction, through wounds inconspicuously hidden in the axilla and periareolar region. Several clinical trials have now been conducted to demonstrate technical feasibility, assess safety and provide follow up data regarding oncological success of endoscopic breast surgery. This primary aim was to critically evaluate the literature in order to determine the oncological and cosmetic efficacy of endoscopic breast surgery. A systematic review was conducted using Medline, Ovid and Embase to identify original data from studies of endoscopic breast surgery. Initial results have demonstrated that endoscopic breast surgery is safe and technically feasible. Early data suggests that it is possible to achieve disease control with high rates of overall survival and low rates of local relapse recurrence and/or distant metastases. However, the absence of level I randomised clinical evidence currently precludes a recommendation that endoscopic breast cancer surgery is capable of achieving equivalent oncological outcomes to open surgery.
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Liu H, Huang CK, Yu PC, Chen HP, Hsieh PM, Hung KC, Hung CM, Chen YS. Retromammary approach for endoscopic resection of benign breast lesions. World J Surg 2009; 33:2572-8. [PMID: 19771469 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-0225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the merits of endoscopic surgery is that it can be performed through small remote incisions made in inconspicuous areas. To improve cosmetic outcomes of surgical treatment of benign breast lesions, we performed endoscopic surgery through minimally sized axillary incisions with the goal of achieving scar-free breasts. METHODS From August 2007 to August 2008, 18 patients with 20 benign breast lesions underwent endoscopic breast excision in our institution. Endoscopic resection of benign breast lesions was performed via the retromammary route with video assistance. Cosmetic results were evaluated using the five-item, four-step ABNSW scoring system, assessing breast asymmetry, breast shape, nipple shape, skin condition, and wound scars. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 27 years (IQR 23.0, 29.0). Median resected lesion size was 3.3 cm (IQR 2.9, 3.9). Median operative time was 85.0 min (IQR 70.0, 100.0). A marginally significant difference in operative times was noted between fibroadenoma and/or juvenile fibroadenoma cases and mastopathy or benign phyllodes cases (80.0 vs. 100.0; p < 0.06). Median total ABNSW score was 14 points. Postoperatively, 5 patients had mild local subcutaneous emphysema, and one had transient brachial palsy. No breast ecchymosis or deformity was noted. No major complications developed in any patient, and 89% of patients had good or excellent results. CONCLUSIONS Video-assisted endoscopic breast surgery has changed routine breast surgery, manifesting cosmetic effects that cannot be achieved by previous routine surgical techniques. Patients with multiple or large benign tumors who desire excellent cosmetic results are good candidates for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien Liu
- Division of General Surgery, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Jaiu-Shu Tsuen, Yan-Chau Shiang, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Sakamoto N, Fukuma E, Higa K, Ozaki S, Sakamoto M, Abe S, Kurihara T, Tozaki M. Early Results of an Endoscopic Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy for Breast Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:3406-13. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Endoscopic Subcutaneous Mastectomy for the Treatment of Gynecomastia. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2009; 19:e85-90. [DOI: 10.1097/sle.0b013e3181a2fdbd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Oncological and aesthetic considerations of skin-sparing mastectomy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 111:391-403. [PMID: 17965954 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To review the oncological safety and aesthetic value of skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) for invasive breast cancer (IBC) and ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS). Controversies including the impact of radiotherapy (RT) on immediate breast reconstruction (IBR), preservation of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) and the role of endoscopic mastectomy are also considered. METHODS Literature review facilitated by Medline and PubMed databases. RESULTS SSM is an oncologically safe technique in selected cases, including IBC <5 cm, multi-centric tumours, DCIS and prophylactic risk-reduction surgery. The high risk of local recurrence (LR) excludes inflammatory breast cancers and tumours with extensive involvement of the skin. SSM can facilitate IBR and is associated with an excellent aesthetic result. Prior breast irradiation or the need for post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMR) do not preclude SSM, however the cosmetic outcome may be affected. Nipple/areola preservation is possible for remote tumours, employing a frozen section protocol for the retro-areolar tissue. There is limited data available for endoscopic mastectomy and superiority over conventional SSM has not been established. CONCLUSION In appropriately selected cases SSM is oncologically adequate. There are several patient centred advantages over conventional mastectomy, including aesthetic outcome and the avoidance of multiple staged procedures. Despite widespread uptake into surgical practice, validation of these techniques from randomised controlled trials is lacking.
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Hussein O, El-Nahhas W, El-Saed A, Denewer A. Video-assisted axillary surgery for cancer: Non-randomized comparison with conventional techniques. Breast 2007; 16:513-9. [PMID: 17532217 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic techniques have been introduced in most of surgical disciplines including surgery for breast cancer. However, there is shortage of evidence-based guidelines and oncological outcome data. We present a controlled trial of endoscopic axillary surgery for breast cancer with mid-term oncologic results. Fifty cases of axilloscopy for sentinel node biopsy, axillary sampling or full axillary dissection were included. Sentinel node biopsy was accomplished with the blue dye technique. Full axillary dissection was performed with a three-port approach with gas insufflation without liposuction. Endoscopic axillary dissection significantly lowered duration of drainage and operative blood loss. Lymph node harvest with endoscopic approach was significantly lower than with open procedure. One case developed axillary recurrence. Endoscopic sentinel node biopsy yielded identification rate of 80%. Current data do not justify the oncological safety of resectional endoscopic procedures. Endoscopically assisted axillary cancer surgery is technically feasible. The technique is valuable to maximize utility of blue dye method for sentinel lymphadenectomy in areas with no access to radio-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Hussein
- Department of Surgery, Mansoura University Cancer Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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Autorino R, Perdonà S, D'Armiento M, De Sio M, Damiano R, Cosentino L, Di Lorenzo G. Gynecomastia in patients with prostate cancer: update on treatment options. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006; 9:109-14. [PMID: 16432533 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal antiandrogen monotherapy offers potential quality of life benefits over other treatment modalities in patients with prostate cancer. Nevertheless, gynecomastia and breast pain still represent the most bothersome side effects during this treatment. In this update article, recent advances in the management options for gynecomastia/breast pain caused by hormonal manipulation are reviewed and critically analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Autorino
- Clinica Urologica, Seconda Università degli Studi, Napoli, Italy.
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Di Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Perdonà S, De Placido S. Management of gynaecomastia in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6:972-9. [PMID: 16321765 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(05)70464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with prostate cancer are increasingly being offered treatment with non-steroidal antiandrogen monotherapy, which offers potential quality-of-life benefits compared with other treatment. Non-steroidal antiandrogens directly antagonise androgen action in breast tissue, and indirectly increase the oestrogen concentration. Thus, the most troublesome side-effects of monotherapy with these drugs are gynaecomastia and breast pain. Patients younger than 60 years of age, who might not have symptoms of prostate cancer, are probably more concerned about their body image and the development of enlarged breasts than are those older than 60 years. Clinicians who seek a treatment for prostate cancer need information on simple and well-tolerated options for the management of gynaecomastia and breast pain. In this review, management options for gynaecomastia caused by hormonal manipulation in patients with prostate cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
- Department of Endocrinology and Molecular and Clinical Oncology, Second University Naples, Naples, Italy.
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