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Wu X, Yang L, Zheng Z, Li Z, Shi J, Li Y, Han S, Gao J, Tang C, Su L, Hu D. Src promotes cutaneous wound healing by regulating MMP-2 through the ERK pathway. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:639-48. [PMID: 26821191 PMCID: PMC4771097 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a highly orchestrated, multistep process, and delayed wound healing is a significant symptomatic clinical problem. Keratinocyte migration and re-epithelialization play the most important roles in wound healing, as they determine the rate of wound healing. In our previous study, we found that Src, one of the oldest proto-oncogenes encoding a membrane-associated, non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase, promotes keratinocyte migration. We therefore hypothesized that Src promotes wound healing through enhanced keratinocyte migration. In order to test this hypothesis, vectors for overexpressing Src and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for silencing of Src were used in the present study. We found that the overexpression of Src accelerated keratinocyte migration in vitro and promoted wound healing in vivo without exerting a marked effect on cell proliferation. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways play important roles in Src-accelerated keratinocyte migration. Further experiments demonstrated that Src induced the protein expression of matrix metallopro-teinase-2 (MMP-2) and decreased the protein expression of E-cadherin. We suggest that ERK signaling is involved in the Src-mediated regulation of MMP-2 expression. The present study provided evidence that Src promotes keratinocyte migration and cutaneous wound healing, in which the regulation of MMP-2 through the ERK pathway plays an important role, and thus we also demonstrated a potential therapeutic role for Src in cutaneous wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Longlong Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zheng
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jihong Shi
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shichao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Gao
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Chaowu Tang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Su
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Jang EJ, Jeong HO, Park D, Kim DH, Choi YJ, Chung KW, Park MH, Yu BP, Chung HY. Src Tyrosine Kinase Activation by 4-Hydroxynonenal Upregulates p38, ERK/AP-1 Signaling and COX-2 Expression in YPEN-1 Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129244. [PMID: 26466383 PMCID: PMC4605600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a major end product of lipid peroxidation, is highly reactive and involved in various cellular processes, such as inflammatory signaling. However, to date, the mechanistic roles of 4-HNE in inflammatory signaling related to protein tyrosine kinases have not been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between 4-HNE and Src (a non-receptor tyrosine kinase) for its involvement in the molecular modulation of the inflammatory signaling pathway utilizing the YPEN-1 cell system. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that 4-HNE phosphorylates (activates) Src at Tyr416 via adduct formation. In addition, LC-MS/MS and a docking simulation model revealed an addiction site at the Cys248 residue of Src, resulting in the stimulation of downstream p38, ERK/AP-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) signaling in YPEN-1 cells. The role of 4-HNE-activated Src in downstream inflammatory signaling was further investigated using dasatinib (a Src inhibitor) and by siRNA knockdown of Src. p38 and ERK were directly regulated by Src, as revealed by immunoblotting of the phosphorylated forms of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are key elements in the signaling transduction pathway initiated by Src. The study also shows that Src modulates the HNE-enhanced activation of AP-1 and the expression of COX-2 (a target gene of AP-1). Together, the results of this study show that 4-HNE stimulates Src tyrosine kinase in activation of the inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Jang
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Oh Jeong
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ja Choi
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hi Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229–3900, United States of America
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Xu E, Chen J, Wang Y, Ke Z, Luo S, Zou Z. A phosphoproteomic study reveals shp-1 cleavage reprograms LPS signaling via a PI-3K/NF-κB and mTORC1 related mechanism. J Proteomics 2015. [PMID: 26206180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The reprogrammed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pathway has been reported to render patients more susceptible to the development of post-traumatic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). To facilitate thorough understanding of this mechanism, a phosphoproteomic study was utilized to screen the potential signaling molecules. Interestingly, a truncated form of Src homology 2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 (shp-1) emerged in human THP-1 macrophages sequentially treated with H2O2 and LPS and not with either of the treatments alone. Subsequent immunoblot analysis confirmed the cleavage of shp-1 and reduction of shp-1 activity in rat alveolar macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils. Mechanistically, calpain is essential but not sufficient for shp-1 cleavage. In addition, shp-1 cleavage renders the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in macrophages, resulting in enhanced cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) secretion, which is critical for neutrophil recruitment in MODS. On the other hand, shp-1 cleavage results in the activation of PI-3K/Akt, enhancing the survival of neutrophils. Collectively, these results highlight the cleavage of shp-1 as a critical event in reprogramming LPS pathway to promote both neutrophil recruitment and survival and provide a novel mechanistic framework for the investigation of the post-traumatic MODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enwu Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, The 309th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhiyong Ke
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shenqiu Luo
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhipeng Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Sun Y, Yang J, Wang LZ, Sun LR, Dong Q. Crocin attenuates cisplatin-induced liver injury in the mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:855-62. [PMID: 24275644 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113511475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is one of the most frequently used antitumor agents, but its application is significantly limited by its hepatotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of crocin against CDDP-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the liver of Kunming mice. Crocin was administered to the mice once daily for 7 consecutive days at the doses of 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg body weight orally. On day 1, a single intraperitoneal injection of CDDP was given at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Crocin treatment significantly improved CDDP-induced hepatic damage as indicated by serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. Crocin relieved CDDP-induced oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde level and recovering the levels of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. In addition, liver histopathology indicated that crocin alleviated CDDP-induced focal necrosis. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis showed that crocin significantly decreased the levels of phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), tumor protein 53 (p53), and cleaved caspase-3. Taken together, our data suggest that crocin provides protective effects against CDDP-induced hepatoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress and inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK, p53, and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - J Yang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - L-Z Wang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - L-R Sun
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Q Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Smolinska MJ, Page TH, Urbaniak AM, Mutch BE, Horwood NJ. Hck Tyrosine Kinase Regulates TLR4-Induced TNF and IL-6 Production via AP-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6043-51. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Bhattacharjee A, Pal S, Feldman GM, Cathcart MK. Hck is a key regulator of gene expression in alternatively activated human monocytes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36709-23. [PMID: 21878628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.291492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-13 is a Th2 cytokine that promotes alternative activation (M2 polarization) in primary human monocytes. Our studies have characterized the functional IL-13 receptor complex and the downstream signaling events in response to IL-13 stimulation in alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages. In this report, we present evidence that IL-13 induces the activation of a Src family tyrosine kinase, which is required for IL-13 induction of M2 gene expression, including 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO). Our data show that Src kinase activity regulates IL-13-induced p38 MAPK tyrosine phosphorylation via the upstream kinases MKK3 or MKK6. Our findings also reveal that the IL-13 receptor-associated tyrosine kinase Jak2 is required for the activation of both Src kinase as well as p38 MAPK. Further, we found that Src tyrosine kinase-mediated activation of p38 MAPK is required for Stat1 and Stat3 serine 727 phosphorylation in alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages. Additional studies identify Hck as the specific Src family member, stimulated by IL-13 and involved in regulating both p38 MAPK activation and p38 MAPK-mediated 15-LO expression. Finally we show that the Hck regulates the expression of other alternative state (M2)-specific genes (Mannose receptor, MAO-A, and CD36) and therefore conclude that Hck acts as a key regulator controlling gene expression in alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bhattacharjee
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Monzon ME, Fregien N, Schmid N, Falcon NS, Campos M, Casalino-Matsuda SM, Forteza RM. Reactive oxygen species and hyaluronidase 2 regulate airway epithelial hyaluronan fragmentation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26126-34. [PMID: 20554532 PMCID: PMC2924017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.135194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronidase 2 (Hyal2) is a hyaluronan (HA)-degrading enzyme found intracellularly or/and anchored to the plasma membrane through glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). Normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) grown at the air-liquid interphase (ALI), treated with PI-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), exhibited increased Hyal activity in secretions and decreased protein and activity on the apical membrane, confirming that GPI-anchored Hyal2 is expressed in NHBE cells and it remains active in its soluble form. We have reported that HA degradation was mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human airways. Here we show that ROS increase Hyal2 expression and activity in NHBE cells and that the p38MAPK signaling pathway is involved in this effect. Hyal2 induction was confirmed by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) expressing lentivirus. These in vitro findings correlated in vivo with smokers, where increased Hyal2 immunoreactivity in the epithelium was associated with augmented levels of HA and the appearance of low molecular mass HA species in bronchial secretions. In summary, this work provides evidence that ROS induce Hyal2, suggesting that Hyal2 is likely responsible for the sustained HA fragmentation in the airway lumen observed in inflammatory conditions associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Monzon
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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8
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Chan HL, Chou HC, Duran M, Gruenewald J, Waterfield MD, Ridley A, Timms JF. Major role of epidermal growth factor receptor and Src kinases in promoting oxidative stress-dependent loss of adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:4307-18. [PMID: 19996095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.047027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species are critical components of cell signaling pathways, in particular regulating protein phosphorylation events. Here, we show that oxidative stress in response to hydrogen peroxide treatment of human epithelial cells induces robust tyrosine phosphorylation on multiple proteins. Using an anti-phosphotyrosine purification and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach, we have identified many of these H(2)O(2)-induced tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. Importantly, we show that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Src are the primary upstream kinases mediating these events through their redox activation. The finding that many of the identified proteins have functions in cell adhesion, cell-cell junctions, and the actin cytoskeleton prompted us to examine stress-induced changes in adhesion. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that H(2)O(2) alters cell adhesion structures and the actin cytoskeleton causing loss of adhesion and apoptosis. Remarkably, these cellular changes could be attenuated by inhibition of EGFR and Src, identifying these kinases as targets to block oxidative damage. In summary, our data demonstrate that EGFR and Src together play a central role in oxidative stress-induced phosphorylation, which in turn results in loss of adhesion, morphological changes, and cell damage in epithelial cells. These data also provide a general model for redox signaling in other cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lin Chan
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
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9
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Abram CL, Lowell CA. The diverse functions of Src family kinases in macrophages. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:4426-50. [PMID: 18508521 DOI: 10.2741/3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key components of the innate immune response. These cells possess a diverse repertoire of receptors that allow them to respond to a host of external stimuli including cytokines, chemokines, and pathogen-associated molecules. Signals resulting from these stimuli activate a number of macrophage functional responses such as adhesion, migration, phagocytosis, proliferation, survival, cytokine release and production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Src and its family members (SFKs) have been implicated in many intracellular signaling pathways in macrophages, initiated by a diverse set of receptors ranging from integrins to Toll-like receptors. However, it has been difficult to implicate any given member of the family in any specific pathway. SFKs appear to have overlapping and complementary functions in many pathways. Perhaps the function of these enzymes is to modulate the overall intracellular signaling network in macrophages, rather than operating as exclusive signaling switches for defined pathways. In general, SFKs may function more like rheostats, influencing the amplitude of many pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Abram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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10
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Differential gene profiling in acute lung injury identifies injury-specific gene expression*. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:855-65. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181659333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Smolinska MJ, Horwood NJ, Page TH, Smallie T, Foxwell BMJ. Chemical inhibition of Src family kinases affects major LPS-activated pathways in primary human macrophages. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:990-1000. [PMID: 17875324 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the signalling mechanisms controlling inflammatory cytokine production is pivotal to the research of both acute and chronic immune disorders. Tyrosine phosphorylation is one of the earliest events to occur in response to an immune challenge yet the role of specific tyrosine kinases in inflammatory cytokine production has been difficult to ascribe due to conflicting literature. Here we show that the pyrazolo pyrimidine compound PP2, a selective inhibitor of Src family kinases (SFK), can inhibit LPS-induced TNF production as well as a number of other inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we show similar effects of PP2 on cytokine production when induced by other TLRs, (1, 2 and 5-8), indicating that SFK are important common regulators of TLR signalling. PP2 suppressed the activity of both TNF and IL-10 driven reporter genes, suggesting that this activity is mediated at the level of transcription. Interestingly, however, PP2 had no significant effect on the activation of NF-kappaB, or on p42/44 ERK, p46/54 JNK or p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In contrast, PP2 did inhibit AP-1 nuclear accumulation in response to LPS. Taken together, these findings show that the Src kinases are able to control inflammatory cytokine production at the transcriptional level independently of NF-kappaB, and highlight the role of the AP-1 family of transcription factors as downstream mediators of Src kinase action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Smolinska
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Charing Cross Campus, ARC Building, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
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Norkina O, Dolganiuc A, Shapiro T, Kodys K, Mandrekar P, Szabo G. Acute alcohol activates STAT3, AP-1, and Sp-1 transcription factors via the family of Src kinases to promote IL-10 production in human monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:752-62. [PMID: 17575268 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0207099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is associated with an imbalance in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immunosuppression, partially as a result of enhanced IL-10 production. The mechanisms of IL-10 induction by alcohol remain poorly understood. We identified that increased IL-10 production in human monocytes after acute in vivo alcohol consumption or in vitro alcohol treatment was associated with increased STAT3 activation. Alcohol alone induced and in combination with LPS augmented STAT3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 (tyr705) and serine 727 (ser727) residues and increased STAT3 binding to DNA. Upstream, alcohol activated the Src kinases, as indicated by an increase in phosphorylated and a decrease in nonphosphorylated Src proteins. STAT3 activation by Src kinases occurred directly at the tyr705 residue and indirectly at the ser727 residue via JNK MAPKs. Using specific Src (PP2), JNK1/2 (SB600125), or p38 (SB203580) inhibitors, we determined that alcohol treatment alone induced and together with LPS, augmented the DNA-binding capacity of the specificity protein-1 (Sp-1) and AP-1 transcription factors involved in IL-10 production via Src-mediated activation of p38 MAPK and JNK, respectively. Our data suggest that acute alcohol activates Src/STAT3 and Src/MAPK/STAT3, AP-1, and Sp-1 pathways as important mechanisms for IL-10-mediated immunomodulation after acute alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Norkina
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, LRB 215, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Schneider EM, Weiss M, Du W, Leder G, Buttenschön K, Liener UC, Brückner UB. MAPkinase gene expression, as determined by microarray analysis, distinguishes uncomplicated from complicated reconstitution after major surgical trauma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1090:429-44. [PMID: 17384287 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1378.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Microarray expression analysis was performed in patients with major surgical trauma to identify signaling pathways which may be indicative for complicated versus uneventful reconstitution post trauma. In addition to a generalized upregulation of nonspecific stress response genes in all patients, a remarkable number of differences in gene expression patterns were found in individual patients. Some of the differing genes were associated with uncomplicated convalescence such as upregulation of both the ERK5 pathway (MAPK7 [mitogen-activated protein kinase-7]) and transcription factors which stimulate hematopoiesis and tissue reconstitution (MEF2, BMP-2, TNFRSF11A [RANK], and RUNX-1). Chemokine genes active in stem cell recruitment from the bone marrow as well as dendritic cell and natural killer (NK) cell maturation (SCYA14 [HCC-1]), and activators of the lymphoid compartment (TNFRSF7 [CD27], CD3zeta and perforin [PRF1]) were increased. In contrast, all these transcripts were downregulated in complicated reconstitution and later development of septic shock. Moreover, p38 kinase (MAPK14), S100 molecules, and members of the lipoxygenase pathway were associated with a more eventful outcome. Microarray expression studies are a promising tool for screening and then selecting differentially regulated genes in favorable as compared to complicated reconstitution post trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Marion Schneider
- Section of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, University Clinic Ulm, Steinhoevelstrasse 9, 89075 Ulm, Germany.
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Tikoo K, Bhatt DK, Gaikwad AB, Sharma V, Kabra DG. Differential effects of tannic acid on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2027-35. [PMID: 17470369 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used antineoplastic drug. Major drawback of cisplatin therapy is its nephrotoxicity. The objective of this study was to check the effect of tannic acid on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. Post-treatment of tannic acid prevents cisplatin (5mg/kg) induced nephrotoxicity and decreases poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, phosphorylation of p38 and hypoacetylation of histone H4. In contrast, co-treatment of tannic acid potentiates the nephrotoxicity. Comparative nephrotoxicity studies show that co-treatment of tannic acid with reduced dose of cisplatin (1.5mg/kg) developed almost similar nephrotoxicity. MALDI protein profiling of plasma samples provides indirect evidence that tannic acid co-treatment increases bioavailability of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, SAS. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India.
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Powers KA, Szászi K, Khadaroo RG, Tawadros PS, Marshall JC, Kapus A, Rotstein OD. Oxidative stress generated by hemorrhagic shock recruits Toll-like receptor 4 to the plasma membrane in macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:1951-61. [PMID: 16847070 PMCID: PMC2118368 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress generated by ischemia/reperfusion is known to prime inflammatory cells for increased responsiveness to subsequent stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The mechanism(s) underlying this effect remains poorly elucidated. These studies show that alveolar macrophages recovered from rodents subjected to hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation expressed increased surface levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), an effect inhibited by adding the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine to the resuscitation fluid. Consistent with a role for oxidative stress in this effect, in vitro H2O2 treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages similarly caused an increase in surface TLR4. The H2O2-induced increase in surface TLR4 was prevented by depleting intracellular calcium or disrupting the cytoskeleton, suggesting the involvement of receptor exocytosis. Further, fluorescent resonance energy transfer between TLR4 and the raft marker GM1 as well as biochemical analysis of the raft components demonstrated that oxidative stress redistributes TLR4 to lipid rafts in the plasma membrane. Preventing the oxidant-induced movement of TLR4 to lipid rafts using methyl-β-cyclodextrin precluded the increased responsiveness of cells to LPS after H2O2 treatment. Collectively, these studies suggest a novel mechanism whereby oxidative stress might prime the responsiveness of cells of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga A Powers
- Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Okutani D, Lodyga M, Han B, Liu M. Src protein tyrosine kinase family and acute inflammatory responses. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L129-41. [PMID: 16581827 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00261.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammatory responses are one of the major underlying mechanisms for tissue damage of multiple diseases, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, sepsis, and acute lung injury. By use of cellular and molecular approaches and transgenic animals, Src protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) family members have been identified to be essential for the recruitment and activation of monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and other immune cells. Src PTKs also play a critical role in the regulation of vascular permeability and inflammatory responses in tissue cells. Importantly, animal studies have demonstrated that small chemical inhibitors for Src PTKs attenuate tissue injury and improve survival from a variety of pathological conditions related to acute inflammatory responses. Further investigation may lead to the clinical application of these inhibitors as drugs for ischemia-reperfusion injury (such as stroke and myocardial infarction), sepsis, acute lung injury, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Okutani
- Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, University Health Network Toronto General, Ontario, Canada
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Thobe BM, Frink M, Choudhry MA, Schwacha MG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Src family kinases regulate p38 MAPK-mediated IL-6 production in Kupffer cells following hypoxia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C476-82. [PMID: 16571868 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00076.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia is a common sequel of trauma-hemorrhage but can occur even without blood loss under hypoxic conditions. Although hypoxia is known to upregulate Kupffer cells (KC) to release cytokines, the precise mechanism of release remains unknown. We hypothesized that Src family kinases play a role in mediating KC mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and their cytokine production after hypoxia. Male C3H/HeN mice received either Src inhibitor PP1 (1.5 mg/kg body wt) or vehicle 1 h before hypoxia. KCs were isolated 1 h after hypoxia, lysed, and immunoblotted with antibodies to Src, p38, ERK1/2, or JNK proteins. In addition, KCs were cultured to measure interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production. Hypoxia produced a significant increase in KC Src and MAPK (p38, ERK, JNK) activity compared with normoxic controls. This was associated with an increase in IL-6 and MCP-1 production. Treatment with PP1 abolished the increase in KC Src activation as well as p38 activity. However, PP1 did not prevent the increase in KC ERK1/2 or JNK phosphorylation. Furthermore, administration of PP1 prevented the hypoxia-induced increase in IL-6 but not MCP-1 release by KC. Additional in vitro results suggest that p38 but not ERK1/2 or JNK are critical for KC IL-6 production. In contrast, the production of MCP-1 by KC was found to be independent of MAPK. Thus hypoxia increases KC IL-6 production by p38 MAPK activation via Src-dependent pathway. Src kinases may therefore be a novel therapeutic target for preventing immune dysfunction following low-flow conditions in trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn M Thobe
- Center for Surgical Research, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall G094, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
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Xiao YQ, Freire-de-Lima CG, Janssen WJ, Morimoto K, Lyu D, Bratton DL, Henson PM. Oxidants selectively reverse TGF-beta suppression of proinflammatory mediator production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1209-17. [PMID: 16394011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although TGF-beta inhibits the production of proinflammatory mediators in vitro and in vivo, its anti-inflammatory activities may be ineffective in early or severe acute inflammatory circumstances. In this study, we suggest a role for oxidative stress on TGF-beta signaling, leading to prevention of its normal anti-inflammatory effects but leaving its Smad-driven effects on cellular differentiation or matrix production unaffected. Stimulation of the RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, human or mouse alveolar macrophages with LPS led to NF-kappaB-driven production of proinflammatory mediators, which were inhibited by TGF-beta. This inhibition was prevented in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. We found that hydrogen peroxide acted by inducing p38 MAPK activation, which then prevented the ERK activation and MAPK phosphatase-1 up-regulation normally induced by TGF-beta. This was mediated through Src tyrosine kinases and protein phosphatase-1/2A. By contrast, hydrogen peroxide had no effects on TGF-beta-induced Smad2 phosphorylation and SBE-luc reporter gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qun Xiao
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Cuschieri J, Bulger E, Garcia I, Maier RV. Oxidative-induced calcium mobilization is dependent on annexin VI release from lipid rafts. Surgery 2005; 138:158-64. [PMID: 16153422 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress results in macrophage reprogramming through the formation of focal adhesion-like complexes on lipid rafts. Although the cellular mechanisms responsible for this reprogramming remain unknown, oxidative stress is known to result in a transient increase in intracellular calcium. This transient flux is thought to occur through the membrane dissociation of the calcium-bound protein annexin VI. The purpose of this study is to clarify the source of the calcium, and determine if it is responsible for the formation of focal adhesion-like complexes during oxidative stress through the activation of calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II). METHODS THP-1 cells were stimulated with hydrogen peroxide. Selected cells were pretreated with methyl beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD), a cholesterol-depleting agent; 1,2-bis aminophenoxy ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, an intracellular calcium chelator; or autocamtide 2-related inhibitory peptide, a CaMK II inhibitor. Intracellular calcium flux was determined by a Fluo-3 technique. Lipid raft and cellular protein were extracted and analyzed for active CaMK II, annexin VI, and components of focal adhesion-like complexes. RESULTS Hydrogen peroxide exposure led to mobilization of annexin VI from lipid rafts to the cytosol, which was followed by an increase in cytosolic calcium, phosphorylation of CaMK II, and formation of focal adhesion-like complexes. Cholesterol depletion from lipid rafts attenuated all of these effects. 1,2-bis Aminophenoxy ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid and autocamtide 2-related inhibitory peptide pretreatment attenuated CaMK II phopshorylation and formation of focal ahdesionlike complexes. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage reprogramming during oxidative stress occurs through the cytosolic mobilization of annexin VI from lipid rafts. As a result, bound calcium dissociates, resulting in the activation of CaMK II and the formation of focal adhesion-like complexes.
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Souza DG, Vieira AT, Pinho V, Sousa LP, Andrade AA, Bonjardim CA, McMillan M, Kahn M, Teixeira MM. NF-kappaB plays a major role during the systemic and local acute inflammatory response following intestinal reperfusion injury. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 145:246-54. [PMID: 15765103 PMCID: PMC1576137 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1 The nuclear translocation of transcription factors may be a critical factor in the intracellular pathway involved in ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here, we examined whether NF-kappaB and AP-1 participated in the cascade of events leading to TNF-alpha production, neutrophil recruitment, tissue injury and lethality following intestinal I/R. 2 The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) of mice was made ischaemic for 60 min followed by 30 min of reperfusion. The effects of NF-kappaB and AP-1 were studied by the administration of the thioredoxin inhibitor, MOL-294 (methyl 4-hydroxy-4-(8-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2-phenyl-2,3,5,8-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,2-a]pyridazin-5-yl)but-2-ynoate), and the AP-1 inhibitor, PNRI-299 (N-benzyl-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1,3,7-trioxo-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,2-a]pyridazine-5-carboxamide). After I/R, there was increase of translocation of NF-kappaB, but not of AP-1, in the intestine and lungs, as assessed by a gel shift assay. 3 Treatment with MOL-294 inhibited the increase in vascular permeability, neutrophil accumulation, hemorrhage and proinflammatory cytokine levels, induced by intestinal I/R injury in the intestine. In the lungs, MOL-294 partially inhibited edema formation, TNF-alpha production, but did not alter neutrophil recruitment. 4 Treatment with MOL-294 inhibited reperfusion-associated lethality, an effect likely to be secondary to the inhibition of systemic TNF-alpha levels. PNRI-299 had no effects on the inflammatory changes or lethality induced by I/R injury. 5 Our results point to an important role for NF-kappaB in triggering endogenous proinflammatory networks during intestinal I/R injury. Inhibition of NF-kappaB prevents tissue injury and lethality, and this was associated with inhibition of TNF-alpha production and decrease in neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle G Souza
- Immunopharmacology, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Angélica T Vieira
- Immunopharmacology, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Immunopharmacology, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Immunopharmacology, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Anderson A Andrade
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Cláudio A Bonjardim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Michael McMillan
- Institute for Chemical Genomics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Michael Kahn
- Institute for Chemical Genomics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
- Deparment of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
- Author for correspondence:
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Zhou HR, Jia Q, Pestka JJ. Ribotoxic Stress Response to the Trichothecene Deoxynivalenol in the Macrophage Involves the Src Family Kinase Hck. Toxicol Sci 2005; 85:916-26. [PMID: 15772366 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins and other translational inhibitors activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) by a mechanism called the "ribotoxic stress response," which drives both cytokine gene expression and apoptosis in macrophages. The purpose of this study was to identify upstream kinases involved in the ribotoxic stress response using the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) and the RAW 264.7 macrophage as models. DON (100 to 1000 ng/ml) dose-dependently induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 MAPKs. MAPK phosphorylation in response to DON exposure occurred as early as 5 min, was maximal from 15 to 30 min, and lasted up to 8 h. Preincubation with inhibitors of protein kinase C, protein kinase A, or phospholipase C had no effect on DON-induced MAPK phosphorylation. In contrast, the Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PP1 (4-amino-5-[4-methylphenyl)]-7-[t-butyl]pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine) and, PP2 (4-amino-5-[4-chlorophenyl]-7-[t-butyl]pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine) concentration-dependently impaired phosphorylation of all three MAPK families. PP1 suppressed DON-induced phosphorylation of the MAPK substrates c-jun, ATF-2, and p90(Rsk). MAPK phosphorylation by two other translational inhibitors, anisomycin and emetine, were similarly Src-dependent. PP1 reduced DON-induced increases in nuclear levels and binding activities of several transcription factors (NF-kappaB, AP-1, and C/EBP), which corresponded to decreases in TNF-alpha production, caspase-3 activation, and apoptosis. Tyrosine phosphorylation of hematopoeitic cell kinase (Hck), a Src found in macrophages, was detectable within 1 to 5 min after DON addition, and this was suppressed by PP1. Knockdown of Hck expression with siRNAs confirmed involvement of this Src in DON-induced TNF-alpha production and caspase activation. Taken together, activation of Hck and possibly other Src family tyrosine kinases are likely to be critical signals that precede both MAPK activation and induction of resultant downstream sequelae by DON and other ribotoxic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ren Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1224, USA
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Ramesh G, Reeves WB. p38 MAP kinase inhibition ameliorates cisplatin nephrotoxicity in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289:F166-74. [PMID: 15701814 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00401.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is an important chemotherapeutic agent but can cause acute renal injury. Part of this acute renal injury is mediated through tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The pathway through which cisplatin mediates the production of TNF-alpha and injury is not known. Cisplatin activates p38 MAPK and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. p38 MAPK activation leads to increased production of TNF-alpha in ischemic injury and in macrophages. However, little is known concerning the role of p38 MAPK in cisplatin-induced renal injury. Therefore, we examined the effect of cisplatin on p38 MAPK activity and the role of p38 MAPK in mediating cisplatin-induced TNF-alpha production and renal injury. In vitro, cisplatin caused a dose-dependent activation of p38 MAPK in proximal tubule cells. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activation led to inhibition of TNF-alpha production. In vivo, mice treated with a single dose of cisplatin (20 mg/kg body wt) developed severe renal dysfunction at 72 h [blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 154 +/- 34 mg/dl, creatinine: 1.4 +/- 0.4 mg/dl], which was accompanied by an increase in kidney p38 MAPK activity and an increase in infiltrating leukocytes. However, animals treated with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SKF-86002 along with cisplatin showed less renal dysfunction (BUN: 55 +/- 14 mg/dl, creatinine: 0.3 +/- 0.02 mg/dl, P < 0.05), less severe histological damage, and fewer leukocytes compared with cisplatin+vehicle-treated animals. Serum levels of TNF-alpha, sTNFRI, and sTNFRII also increased significantly in cisplatin-treated mice compared with SKF-86002-treated mice (P < 0.05). Kidney mRNA levels of TNF-alpha were significantly increased in cisplatin-treated mice compared with either SKF-86002- or saline-treated animals. The hydroxyl radical scavenger DMTU (100 mg.kg body wt(-1).day(-1)) prevented the activation of p38 MAPK by cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo. DMTU also completely prevented cisplatin-induced renal injury (BUN: 140 +/- 27 vs. 22 +/- 2 mg/dl, P < 0.005) and the increase in serum TNF-alpha (33 +/- 7 vs. 4 +/- 2 pg/ml, P < 0.005) and kidney TNF-alpha mRNA in vivo. We conclude that hydroxyl radicals, either directly or indirectly, activate p38 MAPK and that p38 MAPK plays an important role in mediating cisplatin-induced acute renal injury and inflammation, perhaps through production of TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Ramesh
- Division of Nephrology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Choi JS, Kim HY, Chung JW, Chun MH, Kim SY, Yoon SH, Lee MY. Activation of Src tyrosine kinase in microglia in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2005; 380:1-5. [PMID: 15854740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the pathophysiological role of Src protein, a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase of 60kDa, in the ischemic brain, we investigated the time course and regional distribution of active Src expression by using a specific antibody against Tyr416 phosphorylated Src (phospho-Src) in the rat hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. In the hippocampus of the control animals, active Src expression was too low to be detected by immunolabeling. Beginning 4h after reperfusion, active Src expression became evident and, after 1 day, had increased preferentially in the CA field of the hippocampus proper and the dentate gyrus. By day 3, active Src expression markedly increased in the pyramidal cell layer of CA1 and the dentate hilar region in temporal correlation with neuronal cell death occurring in these areas, where cells typical of phagocytic microglia showed phospho-Src immunoreactivity. Double-labeling experiments revealed that cells expressing active Src were microglia that stained for biotinylated lectin derived from Griffonia simplicifolia (GSI-B4). Active Src expression began to decline at day 7 and returned to the basal level by day 14 after reperfusion. These results demonstrate increased phosphorylation of Src in activated microglia of the post-ischemic hippocampus, indicating that Src signaling may be involved in the microglial reaction to an ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Sun Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Cho MK, Cho YH, Lee GH, Kim SG. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by bovine type I collagen in macrophages via C/EBP and CREB activation by multiple cell signaling pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:2239-50. [PMID: 15163555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bovine type I collagen (Col-I) is utilized for medical purposes such as cosmetic surgery and wrinkle removal. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays roles in pathophysiological processes including inflammation and tumorigenesis. This study examines the effects of Col-I on the COX-2 expression and the signaling pathways in macrophages. Col-I increased the levels of COX-2 protein and mRNA in serum-stimulated Raw264.7 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of cells with Col-I increased CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) DNA binding. Antibody supershift experiments revealed that C/EBP DNA binding activity induced by Col-I depended largely on C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta. Immunocytochemistry showed that Col-I induced nuclear translocation of C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta, whose activation contributes to COX-2 induction. Overexpression of the dominant-negative mutant form of C/EBP abolished COX-2 induction by Col-I. Col-I also increased cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) binding to DNA. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) or downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase and p70S6 kinase by specific chemical inhibitors prevented COX-2 induction by Col-I, and C/EBP and CREB from binding to their consensus DNA oligonucleotides. Experiments using chemical inhibitors or dominant-negative mutant vectors showed that the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways including p38-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1), simultaneously regulated COX-2 induction by Col-I. This was in agreement with inhibition of Col-I-inducible C/EBP and CREB DNA binding by concomitant treatment with SB203580 and PD98059. These results provide evidence that Col-I induces COX-2 in serum-stimulated macrophages and that the multiple cell signaling pathways involving Src-focal adhesion kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and MAP kinases regulate COX-2 induction by Col-I via C/EBP and CREB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Cho
- National Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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