1
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Matthews CM, Ritchie KL, Laurence S, Mondloch CJ. Multiple images captured from a single encounter do not promote face learning. Perception 2024; 53:299-316. [PMID: 38454616 PMCID: PMC11088208 DOI: 10.1177/03010066241234034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Viewing multiple images of a newly encountered face improves recognition of that identity in new instances. Studies examining face learning have presented high-variability (HV) images that incorporate changes that occur from moment-to-moment (e.g., head orientation and expression) and over time (e.g., lighting, hairstyle, and health). We examined whether low-variability (LV) images (i.e., images that incorporate only moment-to-moment changes) also promote generalisation of learning such that novel instances are recognised. Participants viewed a single image, six LV images, or six HV images of a target identity before being asked to recognise novel images of that identity in a face matching task (training stimuli remained visible) or a memory task (training stimuli were removed). In Experiment 1 (n = 71), participants indicated which image(s) in 8-image arrays belonged to the target identity. In Experiment 2 (n = 73), participants indicated whether sequentially presented images belonged to the target identity. Relative to the single-image condition, sensitivity to identity improved and response biases were less conservative in the HV condition; we found no evidence of generalisation of learning in the LV condition regardless of testing protocol. Our findings suggest that day-to-day variability in appearance plays an essential role in acquiring expertise with a novel face.
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2
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Sama MA, Nestor A, Cant JS. The Neural Dynamics of Face Ensemble and Central Face Processing. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1027232023. [PMID: 38148151 PMCID: PMC10869155 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1027-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive work has investigated the neural processing of single faces, including the role of shape and surface properties. However, much less is known about the neural basis of face ensemble perception (e.g., simultaneously viewing several faces in a crowd). Importantly, the contribution of shape and surface properties have not been elucidated in face ensemble processing. Furthermore, how single central faces are processed within the context of an ensemble remains unclear. Here, we probe the neural dynamics of ensemble representation using pattern analyses as applied to electrophysiology data in healthy adults (seven males, nine females). Our investigation relies on a unique set of stimuli, depicting different facial identities, which vary parametrically and independently along their shape and surface properties. These stimuli were organized into ensemble displays consisting of six surround faces arranged in a circle around one central face. Overall, our results indicate that both shape and surface properties play a significant role in face ensemble encoding, with the latter demonstrating a more pronounced contribution. Importantly, we find that the neural processing of the center face precedes that of the surround faces in an ensemble. Further, the temporal profile of center face decoding is similar to that of single faces, while those of single faces and face ensembles diverge extensively from each other. Thus, our work capitalizes on a new center-surround paradigm to elucidate the neural dynamics of ensemble processing and the information that underpins it. Critically, our results serve to bridge the study of single and ensemble face perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Agazio Sama
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Adrian Nestor
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan Samuel Cant
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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3
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Andrews TJ, Rogers D, Mileva M, Watson DM, Wang A, Burton AM. A narrow band of image dimensions is critical for face recognition. Vision Res 2023; 212:108297. [PMID: 37527594 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge in human and computer face recognition is to differentiate information that is diagnostic for identity from other sources of image variation. Here, we used a combined computational and behavioural approach to reveal critical image dimensions for face recognition. Behavioural data were collected using a sorting and matching task with unfamiliar faces and a recognition task with familiar faces. Principal components analysis was used to reveal the dimensions across which the shape and texture of faces in these tasks varied. We then asked which image dimensions were able to predict behavioural performance across these tasks. We found that the ability to predict behavioural responses in the unfamiliar face tasks increased when the early PCA dimensions (i.e. those accounting for most variance) of shape and texture were removed from the analysis. Image similarity also predicted the output of a computer model of face recognition, but again only when the early image dimensions were removed from the analysis. Finally, we found that recognition of familiar faces increased when the early image dimensions were removed, decreased when intermediate dimensions were removed, but then returned to baseline recognition when only later dimensions were removed. Together, these findings suggest that early image dimensions reflect ambient changes, such as changes in viewpoint or lighting, that do not contribute to face recognition. However, there is a narrow band of image dimensions for shape and texture that are critical for the recognition of identity in humans and computer models of face recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mila Mileva
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - David M Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ao Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A Mike Burton
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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4
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Yovel G, Grosbard I, Abudarham N. Deep learning models challenge the prevailing assumption that face-like effects for objects of expertise support domain-general mechanisms. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230093. [PMID: 37161322 PMCID: PMC10170201 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of whether task performance is best achieved by domain-specific, or domain-general processing mechanisms is fundemental for both artificial and biological systems. This question has generated a fierce debate in the study of expert object recognition. Because humans are experts in face recognition, face-like neural and cognitive effects for objects of expertise were considered support for domain-general mechanisms. However, effects of domain, experience and level of categorization, are confounded in human studies, which may lead to erroneous inferences. To overcome these limitations, we trained deep learning algorithms on different domains (objects, faces, birds) and levels of categorization (basic, sub-ordinate, individual), matched for amount of experience. Like humans, the models generated a larger inversion effect for faces than for objects. Importantly, a face-like inversion effect was found for individual-based categorization of non-faces (birds) but only in a network specialized for that domain. Thus, contrary to prevalent assumptions, face-like effects for objects of expertise do not support domain-general mechanisms but may originate from domain-specific mechanisms. More generally, we show how deep learning algorithms can be used to dissociate factors that are inherently confounded in the natural environment of biological organisms to test hypotheses about their isolated contributions to cognition and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Yovel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69987, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69987, Israel
| | - Idan Grosbard
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69987, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69987, Israel
| | - Naphtali Abudarham
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69987, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69987, Israel
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5
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How quickly do we learn new faces in everyday life? Neurophysiological evidence for face identity learning after a brief real-life encounter. Cortex 2023; 159:205-216. [PMID: 36640620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Faces learnt in a single experimental session elicit a familiarity effect in event-related brain potentials (ERPs), with more negative amplitudes for newly learnt relative to unfamiliar faces in the N250 component. However, no ERP study has examined face learning following a brief real-life encounter, and it is not clear how long it takes to learn new faces in such ecologically more valid conditions. To investigate these questions, the present study examined whether robust image-independent representations, as reflected in the N250 familiarity effect, could be established after a brief unconstrained social interaction by analysing the ERPs elicited by highly variable images of the newly learnt identity and an unfamiliar person. Significant N250 familiarity effects were observed after a 30-min (Experiment 1) and a 10-min (Experiment 2) encounter, and a trend was observed after 5 min of learning (Experiment 3), demonstrating that 5-10 min of exposure were sufficient for the initial establishment of image-independent representations. Additionally, the magnitude of the effects reported after 10 and 30 min was comparable suggesting that the first 10 min of a social encounter might be crucial, with extra 20 min from the same encounter not adding further benefit for the initial formation of robust face representations.
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6
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Canas-Bajo T, Whitney D. Individual differences in classification images of Mooney faces. J Vis 2022; 22:3. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.13.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Canas-Bajo
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David Whitney
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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7
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Matthews CM, Mondloch CJ, Lewis-Dennis F, Laurence S. Children's ability to recognize their parent's face improves with age. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 223:105480. [PMID: 35753197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Adults are experts at recognizing familiar faces across images that incorporate natural within-person variability in appearance (i.e., ambient images). Little is known about children's ability to do so. In the current study, we investigated whether 4- to 7-year-olds (n = 56) could recognize images of their own parent-a person with whom children have had abundant exposure in a variety of different contexts. Children were asked to identify images of their parent that were intermixed with images of other people. We included images of each parent taken both before and after their child was born to manipulate how close the images were to the child's own experience. When viewing before-birth images, 4- and 5-year-olds were less sensitive to identity than were older children; sensitivity did not differ when viewing images taken after the child was born. These findings suggest that with even the most familiar face, 4- and 5-year-olds have difficulty recognizing instances that go beyond their direct experience. We discuss two factors that may contribute to the prolonged development of familiar face recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Laurence
- Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.
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8
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Rogers D, Baseler H, Young AW, Jenkins R, Andrews TJ. The roles of shape and texture in the recognition of familiar faces. Vision Res 2022; 194:108013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Neurocognitive effects of a training program for poor face recognizers using shape and texture caricatures: A pilot investigation. Neuropsychologia 2021; 165:108133. [PMID: 34971671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggested disproportional usage of shape information by people with poor face recognition, although texture information appears to be more important for familiar face recognition. Here, we tested a training program with faces that were selectively caricatured in either shape or texture parameters. Forty-eight young adults with poor face recognition skills (1 SD below the mean in at least 2/3 face processing tests: CFMT, GFMT, BFFT) were pseudo-randomly assigned to either one of two training groups or a control group (n = 16 each). Training comprised six sessions over three weeks. Per session, participants studied ten unfamiliar facial identities whose shape or texture characteristics were caricatured. Before and after training (or waiting in the control group), all participants completed EEG experiments on face learning and famous face recognition, and behavioral face processing tests. Results showed small but specific training-induced improvements: Whereas shape training improved face matching (training tasks, and to some extent GFMT), texture training elicited marked improvements in face learning (CFMT). Moreover, for the texture training group the N170 ERP was enhanced for novel faces post-training, suggesting training-induced changes in early markers of face processing. Although further research is necessary, this suggests that parameter-specific caricature training is a promising way to improve performance in people with poor face recognition skills.
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10
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Campbell A, Tanaka JW. When a stranger becomes a friend: Measuring the neural correlates of real-world face familiarisation. VISUAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2021.2002993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Campbell
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - James W. Tanaka
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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11
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Hunnisett N, Favelle S. Within-person variability can improve the identification of unfamiliar faces across changes in viewpoint. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:1873-1887. [PMID: 33783277 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211009771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Unfamiliar face identification is concerningly error prone, especially across changes in viewing conditions. Within-person variability has been shown to improve matching performance for unfamiliar faces, but this has only been demonstrated using images of a front view. In this study, we test whether the advantage of within-person variability from front views extends to matching to target images of a face rotated in view. Participants completed either a simultaneous matching task (Experiment 1) or a sequential matching task (Experiment 2) in which they were tested on their ability to match the identity of a face shown in an array of either one or three ambient front-view images, with a target image shown in front, three-quarter, or profile view. While the effect was stronger in Experiment 2, we found a consistent pattern in match trials across both experiments in that there was a multiple image matching benefit for front, three-quarter, and profile-view targets. We found multiple image effects for match trials only, indicating that providing observers with multiple ambient images confers an advantage for recognising different images of the same identity but not for discriminating between images of different identities. Signal detection measures also indicate a multiple image advantage despite a more liberal response bias for multiple image trials. Our results show that within-person variability information for unfamiliar faces can be generalised across views and can provide insights into the initial processes involved in the representation of familiar faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Hunnisett
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Simone Favelle
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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12
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Yan X, Goffaux V, Rossion B. Coarse-to-Fine(r) Automatic Familiar Face Recognition in the Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1560-1573. [PMID: 34505130 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At what level of spatial resolution can the human brain recognize a familiar face in a crowd of strangers? Does it depend on whether one approaches or rather moves back from the crowd? To answer these questions, 16 observers viewed different unsegmented images of unfamiliar faces alternating at 6 Hz, with spatial frequency (SF) content progressively increasing (i.e., coarse-to-fine) or decreasing (fine-to-coarse) in different sequences. Variable natural images of celebrity faces every sixth stimulus generated an objective neural index of single-glanced automatic familiar face recognition (FFR) at 1 Hz in participants' electroencephalogram (EEG). For blurry images increasing in spatial resolution, the neural FFR response over occipitotemporal regions emerged abruptly with additional cues at about 6.3-8.7 cycles/head width, immediately reaching amplitude saturation. When the same images progressively decreased in resolution, the FFR response disappeared already below 12 cycles/head width, thus providing no support for a predictive coding hypothesis. Overall, these observations indicate that rapid automatic recognition of heterogenous natural views of familiar faces is achieved from coarser visual inputs than generally thought, and support a coarse-to-fine FFR dynamics in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yan
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, 54000 Nancy, France.,Institute of Research in Psychology (IPSY), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Valérie Goffaux
- Institute of Research in Psychology (IPSY), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229, the Netherlands.,Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, 54000 Nancy, France.,Institute of Research in Psychology (IPSY), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium.,Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurologie, 54000 Nancy, France
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13
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Zhou X, Itz ML, Vogt S, Kaufmann JM, Schweinberger SR, Mondloch CJ. Similar use of shape and texture cues for own- and other-race faces during face learning and recognition. Vision Res 2021; 188:32-41. [PMID: 34280815 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the other-race effect (ORE; superior recognition of own- relative to other-race faces) is well established, the mechanisms underlying it are not well understood. We examined whether the ORE is attributable to differential use of shape and texture cues for own- vs. other-race faces. Shape cues are particularly important for detecting that an own-race face is unfamiliar, whereas texture cues are more important for recognizing familiar and newly learned own-race faces. We compared the influence of shape and texture cues on Caucasian participants' recognition of Caucasian and East Asian faces using two complementary approaches. In Experiment 1, participants studied veridical, shape-caricatured, or texture-caricatured faces and then were asked to recognize them in an old/new recognition task. In Experiment 2, all study faces were veridical and we independently removed the diagnosticity of shape (or texture) cues in the test phase by replacing original shape (or texture) with average shape (or texture). Despite an overall own-race advantage, participants' use of shape and texture cues was comparable for own- and other-race faces. These results suggest that the other-race effect is not attributable to qualitative differences in the use of shape and texture cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada; Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marlena L Itz
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Counseling and Clinical Intervention, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandro Vogt
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada; Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Kaufmann
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan R Schweinberger
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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14
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Johnston A, Brown BB, Elson R. Synchronous facial action binds dynamic facial features. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7191. [PMID: 33785856 PMCID: PMC8010062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We asked how dynamic facial features are perceptually grouped. To address this question, we varied the timing of mouth movements relative to eyebrow movements, while measuring the detectability of a small temporal misalignment between a pair of oscillating eyebrows-an eyebrow wave. We found eyebrow wave detection performance was worse for synchronous movements of the eyebrows and mouth. Subsequently, we found this effect was specific to stimuli presented to the right visual field, implicating the involvement of left lateralised visual speech areas. Adaptation has been used as a tool in low-level vision to establish the presence of separable visual channels. Adaptation to moving eyebrows and mouths with various relative timings reduced eyebrow wave detection but only when the adapting mouth and eyebrows moved asynchronously. Inverting the face led to a greater reduction in detection after adaptation particularly for asynchronous facial motion at test. We conclude that synchronous motion binds dynamic facial features whereas asynchronous motion releases them, allowing adaptation to impair eyebrow wave detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Johnston
- School of Psychology, University Park, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Ben B Brown
- School of Psychology, University Park, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ryan Elson
- School of Psychology, University Park, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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15
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The constancy of the holistic processing of unfamiliar faces: Evidence from the study-test consistency effect and the within-person motion and viewpoint invariance. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 83:2174-2188. [PMID: 33772450 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been well documented that static face processing is holistic. Faces contain variant (e.g., motion, viewpoint) and invariant (race, sex) features. However, little research has focused on whether holistic face representations are tolerant of within-person variations. The present study thus investigated whether holistic face representations of faces are tolerant of within-person motion and viewpoint variations by manipulating study-test consistency using a complete composite paradigm. Participants were shown two faces sequentially and were asked to judge whether the faces' top halves were identical or different. The first face was a static face or a dynamic face rotated in depth at 30°, 60°, and 90°. The second face was either a different front-view static face (Experiment 1a, study-test inconsistent) or identical to the first face (Experiment 1b, study-test consistent). In Experiment 2, study-test consistency was manipulated within subjects, and inverted faces were included. Our results show that study-test consistency significantly enhanced the holistic processing of upright and inverted faces; this study-test consistency effect and holistic processing were not modulated by motion and viewpoint changes via depth rotation. Interestingly, we found holistic processing for moving study-test consistent inverted faces, but not for static inverted faces. What these results tell us about the nature of holistic face representation is discussed in depth with respect to earlier and current theories on face processing.
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16
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Sandford A, Pec D, Hatfield AN. Contrast Negation Impairs Sorting Unfamiliar Faces by Identity: A Comparison With Original (Contrast-Positive) and Stretched Images. Perception 2020; 50:3-26. [PMID: 33349150 DOI: 10.1177/0301006620982205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of unfamiliar faces is difficult in part due to variations in expressions, angles, and image quality. Studies suggest shape and surface properties play varied roles in face learning, and identification of unfamiliar faces uses diagnostic pigmentation/surface reflectance relative to shape information. Here, participants sorted photo-cards of unfamiliar faces by identity, which were shown in their original, stretched, and contrast-negated forms, to examine the utility of diagnostic shape and surface properties in sorting unfamiliar faces by identity. In four experiments, we varied the presentation order of conditions (contrast-negated first or original first with stretched second across experiments) and whether the same or different photo-cards were seen across conditions. Stretching the images did not impair performance in any measures relative to other conditions. Contrast negation generally exacerbated poor sorting by identity compared with the other conditions. However, seeing the contrast-negated photo-cards last mitigated some of the effects of contrast negation. Together, results suggest an important role for surface properties such as pigmentation and reflectance for sorting by identity and add to literatures on informational content and appearance variability in discrimination of facial identity.
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17
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Abstract
Recognition of familiar as compared to unfamiliar faces is robust and resistant to marked image distortion or degradation. Here we tested the flexibility of familiar face recognition with a morphing paradigm where the appearance of a personally familiar face was mixed with the appearance of a stranger (Experiment 1) and the appearance of one's own face with the appearance of a familiar face and the appearance of a stranger (Experiment 2). The aim of the two experiments was to assess how categorical boundaries for recognition of identity are affected by familiarity. We found a narrower categorical boundary for the identity of personally familiar faces when they were mixed with unfamiliar identities as compared to the control condition, in which the appearance of two unfamiliar faces was mixed. Our results suggest that familiarity warps the representational geometry of face space, amplifying perceptual distances for small changes in the appearance of familiar faces that are inconsistent with the structural features that define their identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiki Chauhan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Ilona Kotlewska
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Humanities, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Sunny Tang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - M Ida Gobbini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES), Medical School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Cognitive Science Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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18
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Longo MR, Holmes M. Distorted perceptual face maps. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 208:103128. [PMID: 32585432 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that proprioception relies on distorted representations of body size and shape. By asking participants to localise multiple landmarks in space, perceptual body maps can be constructed. Such maps of the hand and forearm is highly distorted, with large overestimation of limb width compared to length. Here, we investigated perceptual maps of the face, a body part central to our sense of self and personal identity. Participants localised 19 facial landmarks by pointing on a board covering their face. By comparing the relative location of judgments, we constructed perceptual face maps and compared them to actual face structure. These maps were massively distorted, with large overestimation of face width, but not length. This shows that distortions in perceptual body maps are not unique to the hand, but widespread on the body, including parts like the face at the core of our personal identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Longo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom.
| | - Marie Holmes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom
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19
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Kobayashi M, Kakigi R, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK. Infants' recognition of their mothers' faces in facial drawings. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:1011-1020. [PMID: 32227340 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the development of ability to recognize familiar face in drawings in infants aged 6-8 months. In Experiment 1, we investigated infants' recognition of their mothers' faces by testing their visual preference for their mother's face over a stranger's face under three conditions: photographs, cartoons produced by online software that simplifies and enhances the contours of facial features of line drawings, and veridical line drawings. We found that 7- and 8-month-old infants showed a significant preference for their mother's face in photographs and cartoons, but not in veridical line drawings. In contrast, 6-month-old infants preferred their mother's face only in photographs. In Experiment 2, we investigated a visual preference for an upright face over an inverted face for cartoons and veridical line drawings in 6- to 8-month-old infants, finding that infants aged older than 6 months showed the inversion effect in face preference in both cartoons and veridical line drawings. Our results imply that the ability to utilize the enhanced information of a face to recognize familiar faces may develop aged around 7 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kobayashi
- Department of Functioning and Disability, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Kawasaki, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Subtle metric differences in facial configuration, such as between-person variation in the distances between the eyes, have been used widely in psychology to explain face recognition. However, these studies of configuration have typically utilized unfamiliar faces rather than the familiar faces that the process of recognition ultimately seeks to explain. This study investigates whether face recognition relies on the metric information presumed in configural theory, by manipulating the interocular distance in both unfamiliar and familiar faces. In Experiment 1, observers were asked to detect which face in a pair was presented with its configuration intact. In Experiment 2, this discrimination task was repeated with faces presented individually, and observers were also asked to make familiarity categorizations to the same stimuli. In both experiments, familiarity determined detection of faces in their original configuration, and also enhanced identity categorization in Experiment 2. However, discrimination of configuration was generally low. In turn, recognition accuracy was generally high irrespective of configuration condition. Moreover, observers most sensitive to configuration during discrimination did not appear to rely on this information for recognition of familiar faces. These results demonstrate that configuration theory provides limited explanatory power for the recognition of familiar faces.
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21
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Liu CYJ, Wilkinson C. Image conditions for machine-based face recognition of juvenile faces. Sci Justice 2020; 60:43-52. [PMID: 31924288 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching Yiu Jessica Liu
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool School of Art and Design, IC1 Liverpool Science Park, 131 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, Merseyside L3 5TF, United Kingdom.
| | - Caroline Wilkinson
- Liverpool John Moores University, Art and Design Academy, 2 Duckinfield Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L3 5RD, United Kingdom.
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22
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Gender Differences in Familiar Face Recognition and the Influence of Sociocultural Gender Inequality. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17884. [PMID: 31784547 PMCID: PMC6884510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Are gender differences in face recognition influenced by familiarity and socio-cultural factors? Previous studies have reported gender differences in processing unfamiliar faces, consistently finding a female advantage and a female own-gender bias. However, researchers have recently highlighted that unfamiliar faces are processed less efficiently than familiar faces, which have more robust, invariant representations. To-date, no study has examined whether gender differences exist for familiar face recognition. The current study addressed this by using a famous faces task in a large, web-based sample of > 2000 participants across different countries. We also sought to examine if differences varied by socio-cultural gender equality within countries. When examining raw accuracy as well when controlling for fame, the results demonstrated that there were no participant gender differences in overall famous face accuracy, in contrast to studies of unfamiliar faces. There was also a consistent own-gender bias in male but not female participants. In countries with low gender equality, including the USA, females showed significantly better recognition of famous female faces compared to male participants, whereas this difference was abolished in high gender equality countries. Together, this suggests that gender differences in recognizing unfamiliar faces can be attenuated when there is enough face learning and that sociocultural gender equality can drive gender differences in familiar face recognition.
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23
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Roberts A, Palermo R, Visser TAW. Unravelling how low dominance in faces biases non-spatial attention. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17962. [PMID: 31784586 PMCID: PMC6884648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Dual Dodel of Social Hierarchy, one pathway for attaining social status is through dominance (coercion and intimidation). High dominance stimuli are known to more readily attract eye gaze and social attention. However, when there is a competition for non-spatial attentional resources, low dominance stimuli show an advantage. This low dominance bias was hypothesised to occur due to either counter-stereotypicality or attention competition. Here, these two hypotheses were examined across two experiments using modified versions of the attentional blink paradigm, used to measure non-spatial attention, and manipulations of facial dominance in both males and females. The results support the attention competition theory, suggesting that low dominance stimuli have a consistently strong ability to compete for attentional resources. Unexpectedly, high dominance stimuli fluctuate between having a strong and weak ability to compete for the same resources. The results challenge the current understanding of how humans interact with status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton Roberts
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Romina Palermo
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders (CCD), Sydney, Australia
| | - Troy A W Visser
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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24
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Hills PJ, Roberts AL, Boobyer C. Being observed detrimentally affects face perception. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2019.1685528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hills
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Aimee Lee Roberts
- Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Charlotte Boobyer
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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25
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Sandford A, Rego S. Recognition of Deformed Familiar Faces: Contrast Negation and Nonglobal Stretching. Perception 2019; 48:992-1012. [DOI: 10.1177/0301006619872059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sandford
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph-Humber, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Skylar Rego
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph-Humber, Toronto, ON, Canada
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26
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Mathewson KJ, Maurer D, Mondloch CJ, Saigal S, Van Lieshout RJ, Schmidt LA. Visual configural processing in adults born at extremely low birth weight. Dev Sci 2019; 23:e12890. [PMID: 31350857 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Being born at extremely low birth weight (ELBW; ≤1,000 g) is associated with enduring visual impairments. We tested for long-term, higher order visual processing problems in the oldest known prospectively followed cohort of ELBW survivors. Configural processing (spacing among features of an object) was examined in 62 adults born at ELBW (Mage = 31.9 years) and 82 adults born at normal birth weight (NBW; ≥2,500 g: Mage = 32.5 years). Pairs of human faces, monkey faces, or houses were presented in a delayed match-to-sample task, where non-matching stimuli differed only in the spacing of their features. Discrimination accuracy for each stimulus type was compared between birth weight groups, adjusting for neurosensory impairment, visual acuity, binocular fusion ability, IQ, and sex. Both groups were better able to discriminate human faces than monkey faces (p < .001). However, the ELBW group discriminated between human faces (p < .001), between monkey faces (p < .001), and to some degree, between houses (p < .06), more poorly than NBW control participants, suggesting a general deficit in perceptual processing. Human face discrimination was related to performance IQ (PIQ) across groups, but especially among ELBW survivors. Coding (a PIQ subtest) also predicted human face discrimination in ELBW survivors, consistent with previously reported links between visuo-perceptive difficulties and regional slowing of cortical activity in individuals born preterm. Correlations with Coding suggested ELBW survivors may have used a feature-matching approach to processing human faces. Future studies could examine brain-based anatomical and functional evidence for altered face processing, as well as the social and memory consequences of face-processing deficits in ELBW survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Mathewson
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Daphne Maurer
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Saroj Saigal
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan J Van Lieshout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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27
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Tummon HM, Allen J, Bindemann M. Facial Identification at a Virtual Reality Airport. Iperception 2019; 10:2041669519863077. [PMID: 31321020 PMCID: PMC6628534 DOI: 10.1177/2041669519863077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Person identification at airports requires the comparison of a passport photograph with its bearer. In psychology, this process is typically studied with static pairs of face photographs that require identity-match (same person shown) versus mismatch (two different people) decisions, but this approach provides a limited proxy for studying how environment and social interaction factors affect this task. In this study, we explore the feasibility of virtual reality (VR) as a solution to this problem, by examining the identity matching of avatars in a VR airport. We show that facial photographs of real people can be rendered into VR avatars in a manner that preserves image and identity information (Experiments 1 to 3). We then show that identity matching of avatar pairs reflects similar cognitive processes to the matching of face photographs (Experiments 4 and 5). This pattern holds when avatar matching is assessed in a VR airport (Experiments 6 and 7). These findings demonstrate the feasibility of VR as a new method for investigating face matching in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Allen
- School of Psychology,
University
of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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28
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Zimmermann FGS, Yan X, Rossion B. An objective, sensitive and ecologically valid neural measure of rapid human individual face recognition. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181904. [PMID: 31312474 PMCID: PMC6599768 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Humans may be the only species able to rapidly and automatically recognize a familiar face identity in a crowd of unfamiliar faces, an important social skill. Here, by combining electroencephalography (EEG) and fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS), we introduce an ecologically valid, objective and sensitive neural measure of this human individual face recognition function. Natural images of various unfamiliar faces are presented at a fast rate of 6 Hz, allowing one fixation per face, with variable natural images of a highly familiar face identity, a celebrity, appearing every seven images (0.86 Hz). Following a few minutes of stimulation, a high signal-to-noise ratio neural response reflecting the generalized discrimination of the familiar face identity from unfamiliar faces is observed over the occipito-temporal cortex at 0.86 Hz and harmonics. When face images are presented upside-down, the individual familiar face recognition response is negligible, being reduced by a factor of 5 over occipito-temporal regions. Differences in the magnitude of the individual face recognition response across different familiar face identities suggest that factors such as exposure, within-person variability and distinctiveness mediate this response. Our findings of a biological marker for fast and automatic recognition of individual familiar faces with ecological stimuli open an avenue for understanding this function, its development and neural basis in neurotypical individual brains along with its pathology. This should also have implications for the use of facial recognition measures in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike G. S. Zimmermann
- Institute of Research in Psychological Science, Institute of Neuroscience, Université de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- BG Klinikum Hamburg, Bergedorfer Straße 10, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoqian Yan
- Institute of Research in Psychological Science, Institute of Neuroscience, Université de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Institute of Research in Psychological Science, Institute of Neuroscience, Université de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, 54000 Nancy, France
- CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurologie, 54000 Nancy, France
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29
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Ritchie KL, Mireku MO, Kramer RSS. Face averages and multiple images in a live matching task. Br J Psychol 2019; 111:92-102. [PMID: 30945267 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We know from previous research that unfamiliar face matching (determining whether two simultaneously presented images show the same person or not) is very error-prone. A small number of studies in laboratory settings have shown that the use of multiple images or a face average, rather than a single image, can improve face matching performance. Here, we tested 1,999 participants using four-image arrays and face averages in two separate live matching tasks. Matching a single image to a live person resulted in numerous errors (79.9% accuracy across both experiments), and neither multiple images (82.4% accuracy) nor face averages (76.9% accuracy) improved performance. These results are important when considering possible alterations which could be made to photo-ID. Although multiple images and face averages have produced measurable improvements in performance in recent laboratory studies, they do not produce benefits in a real-world live face matching context.
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30
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Abudarham N, Yovel G. Same critical features are used for identification of familiarized and unfamiliar faces. Vision Res 2019; 157:105-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Nemrodov D, Behrmann M, Niemeier M, Drobotenko N, Nestor A. Multimodal evidence on shape and surface information in individual face processing. Neuroimage 2019; 184:813-825. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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32
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Abudarham N, Shkiller L, Yovel G. Critical features for face recognition. Cognition 2019; 182:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Balas B, Gable J, Pearson H. The Effects of Blur and Inversion on the Recognition of Ambient Face Images. Perception 2018; 48:58-71. [DOI: 10.1177/0301006618812581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
When viewing unfamiliar faces that vary in expressions, angles, and image quality, observers make many recognition errors. Specifically, in unconstrained identity-sorting tasks, observers struggle to cope with variation across different images of the same person while succeeding at telling different people apart. The use of ambient face images in this simple card-sorting task reveals the magnitude of these face recognition errors and suggests a useful platform to reexamine the nature of face processing using naturalistic stimuli. In the present study, we chose to investigate the impact of two basic stimulus manipulations (image blur and face inversion) on identity sorting with ambient images. Although these manipulations are both known to affect face processing when well-controlled, frontally viewed face images are used, examining how they affect performance for ambient images is an important step toward linking the large body of research using controlled face images to more ecologically valid viewing conditions. Briefly, we observed a high cost of image blur regardless of blur magnitude, and a strong inversion effect that affected observers’ sensitivity to extrapersonal variability but did not affect the number of unique identities they estimated were present in the set of images presented to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Balas
- Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Jacob Gable
- Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Hannah Pearson
- Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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34
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Fysh MC. Individual differences in the detection, matching and memory of faces. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2018; 3:20. [PMID: 30009250 PMCID: PMC6019413 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-018-0111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has explored relationships between individual performance in the detection, matching and memory of faces, but under limiting conditions. The current study sought to extend previous findings with a different measure of face detection, and a more challenging face matching task, in combination with an established test of face memory. Experiment 1 tested face detection ability under conditions designed to maximise individual differences in accuracy but did not find evidence for relationships between measures. In addition, in Experiments 2 and 3, which utilised response times as the primary performance measure for face detection, but accuracy for face matching and face memory, no correlations were observed between performance on face detection and the other tasks. However, there was a correlation between accuracy in face matching and face memory, consistent with other research. Together, these experiments provide further evidence for a dissociation between face detection, and face matching and face memory, but suggest that these latter tasks share some common mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Fysh
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NP UK
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35
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36
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Lavan N, Burston LFK, Garrido L. How many voices did you hear? Natural variability disrupts identity perception from unfamiliar voices. Br J Psychol 2018; 110:576-593. [PMID: 30221374 PMCID: PMC6767376 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our voices sound different depending on the context (laughing vs. talking to a child vs. giving a speech), making within‐person variability an inherent feature of human voices. When perceiving speaker identities, listeners therefore need to not only ‘tell people apart’ (perceiving exemplars from two different speakers as separate identities) but also ‘tell people together’ (perceiving different exemplars from the same speaker as a single identity). In the current study, we investigated how such natural within‐person variability affects voice identity perception. Using voices from a popular TV show, listeners, who were either familiar or unfamiliar with this show, sorted naturally varying voice clips from two speakers into clusters to represent perceived identities. Across three independent participant samples, unfamiliar listeners perceived more identities than familiar listeners and frequently mistook exemplars from the same speaker to be different identities. These findings point towards a selective failure in ‘telling people together’. Our study highlights within‐person variability as a key feature of voices that has striking effects on (unfamiliar) voice identity perception. Our findings not only open up a new line of enquiry in the field of voice perception but also call for a re‐evaluation of theoretical models to account for natural variability during identity perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Lavan
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.,Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Luke F K Burston
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Lúcia Garrido
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, UK
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37
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Lorenzino M, Caminati M, Caudek C. Tolerance to spatial-relational transformations in unfamiliar faces: A further challenge to a configural processing account of identity recognition. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 188:25-38. [PMID: 29807303 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important questions in face perception research is to understand what information is extracted from a face in order to recognize its identity. Recognition of facial identity has been attributed to a special sensitivity to "configural" information. However, recent studies have challenged the configural account by showing that participants are poor in discriminating variations of metric distances among facial features, especially for familiar as opposed to unfamiliar faces, whereas a configural account predicts the opposite. We aimed to extend these previous results by examining classes of unfamiliar faces with which we have different levels of expertise. We hypothesized an inverse relation between sensitivity to configural information and expertise with a given class of faces, but only for neutral expressions. By first matching perceptual discriminability, we measured tolerance to subtle configural transformations with same-race (SR) versus other-race (OR) faces, and with upright versus upside-down faces. Consistently with our predictions, we found a lower sensitivity to at-threshold configural changes for SR compared to OR faces. We also found that, for our stimuli, the face inversion effect disappeared for neutral but not for emotional faces - a result that can also be attributed to a lower sensitivity to configural transformations for faces presented in a more familiar orientation. The present findings question a purely configural account of face processing and suggest that the role of spatial-relational information in face processing varies according to the functional demands of the task and to the characteristics of the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lorenzino
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Section of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via di San Salvi 12, Complesso di San Salvi, Padiglione 26, Firenze (FI) 50135, Italy.
| | - Martina Caminati
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Section of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via di San Salvi 12, Complesso di San Salvi, Padiglione 26, Firenze (FI) 50135, Italy.
| | - Corrado Caudek
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Section of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via di San Salvi 12, Complesso di San Salvi, Padiglione 26, Firenze (FI) 50135, Italy.
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38
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Matthews CM, Mondloch CJ. Improving Identity Matching of Newly Encountered Faces: Effects of Multi-image Training. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Hayes S, Rheinberger N, Powley M, Rawnsley T, Brown L, Brown M, Butler K, Clarke A, Crichton S, Henderson M, McCosker H, Musgrave A, Wilcock J, Williams D, Yeaman K, Zaracostas TS, Taylor AC, Wallace G. Variation and Likeness in Ambient Artistic Portraiture. Perception 2018; 47:585-607. [PMID: 29701505 DOI: 10.1177/0301006618770347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An artist-led exploration of portrait accuracy and likeness involved 12 Artists producing 12 portraits referencing a life-size 3D print of the same Sitter. The works were assessed during a public exhibition, and the resulting likeness assessments were compared to portrait accuracy as measured using geometric morphometrics (statistical shape analysis). Our results are that, independently of the assessors' prior familiarity with the Sitter's face, the likeness judgements tended to be higher for less morphologically accurate portraits. The two highest rated were the portrait that most exaggerated the Sitter's distinctive features, and a portrait that was a more accurate (but not the most accurate) depiction. In keeping with research showing photograph likeness assessments involve recognition, we found familiar assessors rated the two highest ranked portraits even higher than those with some or no familiarity. In contrast, those lacking prior familiarity with the Sitter's face showed greater favour for the portrait with the highest morphological accuracy, and therefore most likely engaged in face-matching with the exhibited 3D print. Furthermore, our research indicates that abstraction in portraiture may not enhance likeness, and we found that when our 12 highly diverse portraits were statistically averaged, this resulted in a portrait that is more morphologically accurate than any of the individual artworks comprising the average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hayes
- Centre for Archaeological Science, University of Wollongong Australia; Red Point Artists Association, Port Kembla, Australia
| | - Nick Rheinberger
- Australian Broadcasting Commission, ABC Radio Illawarra, Australia
| | - Meagan Powley
- Red Point Artists Association, Port Kembla, Australia
| | | | - Linda Brown
- Red Point Artists Association, Port Kembla, Australia
| | - Malcolm Brown
- Red Point Artists Association, Port Kembla, Australia
| | - Karen Butler
- Red Point Artists Association, Port Kembla, Australia
| | - Ann Clarke
- Red Point Artists Association, Port Kembla, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Ann Musgrave
- Red Point Artists Association, Port Kembla, Australia
| | - Joyce Wilcock
- Red Point Artists Association, Port Kembla, Australia
| | | | - Karin Yeaman
- Red Point Artists Association, Port Kembla, Australia
| | | | - Adam C Taylor
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, 90119 University of Wollongong Australia
| | - Gordon Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, 90119 University of Wollongong Australia
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40
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Gilad-Gutnick S, Harmatz ES, Tsourides K, Yovel G, Sinha P. Recognizing Facial Slivers. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:951-962. [PMID: 29668392 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We report here an unexpectedly robust ability of healthy human individuals ( n = 40) to recognize extremely distorted needle-like facial images, challenging the well-entrenched notion that veridical spatial configuration is necessary for extracting facial identity. In face identification tasks of parametrically compressed internal and external features, we found that the sum of performances on each cue falls significantly short of performance on full faces, despite the equal visual information available from both measures (with full faces essentially being a superposition of internal and external features). We hypothesize that this large deficit stems from the use of positional information about how the internal features are positioned relative to the external features. To test this, we systematically changed the relations between internal and external features and found preferential encoding of vertical but not horizontal spatial relationships in facial representations ( n = 20). Finally, we employ magnetoencephalography imaging ( n = 20) to demonstrate a close mapping between the behavioral psychometric curve and the amplitude of the M250 face familiarity, but not M170 face-sensitive evoked response field component, providing evidence that the M250 can be modulated by faces that are perceptually identifiable, irrespective of extreme distortions to the face's veridical configuration. We theorize that the tolerance to compressive distortions has evolved from the need to recognize faces across varying viewpoints. Our findings help clarify the important, but poorly defined, concept of facial configuration and also enable an association between behavioral performance and previously reported neural correlates of face perception.
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41
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Kramer RS, Young AW, Burton AM. Understanding face familiarity. Cognition 2018; 172:46-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Nakato E, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK. Holistic processing in mother's face perception for infants. Infant Behav Dev 2018; 50:257-263. [PMID: 29455114 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we created composite faces using mothers' faces to examine holistic face processing in infants aged 5-8 months. The composite-face effect occurred only in infants aged 7-8 months, suggesting that infants older than 7 months are able to process familiar faces holistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Nakato
- Department of Psychology, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Kanagawa, Japan
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43
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Liu M, Pei G, Peng Y, Wang C, Yan T, Wu J. Disordered high-frequency oscillation in face processing in schizophrenia patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9753. [PMID: 29419668 PMCID: PMC5944697 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder characterized by marked social dysfunctions, but the neural mechanism underlying this deficit is unknown. To investigate whether face-specific perceptual processes are influenced in schizophrenia patients, both face detection and configural analysis were assessed in normal individuals and schizophrenia patients by recording electroencephalogram (EEG) data. Here, a face processing model was built based on the frequency oscillations, and the evoked power (theta, alpha, and beta bands) and the induced power (gamma bands) were recorded while the subjects passively viewed face and nonface images presented in upright and inverted orientations. The healthy adults showed a significant face-specific effect in the alpha, beta, and gamma bands, and an inversion effect was observed in the gamma band in the occipital lobe and right temporal lobe. Importantly, the schizophrenia patients showed face-specific deficits in the low-frequency beta and gamma bands, and the face inversion effect in the gamma band was absent from the occipital lobe. All these results revealed face-specific processing in patients due to the disorder of high-frequency EEG, providing additional evidence to enrich future studies investigating neural mechanisms and serving as a marked diagnostic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama
University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Guangying Pei
- Key Laboratory of Convergence Medical Engineering System and
Healthcare Technology. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing
| | - Yinuo Peng
- Zhengzhou Foreign Language School, Zhengzhou
| | - Changming Wang
- Beijing key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding
Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Tianyi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Convergence Medical Engineering System and
Healthcare Technology. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing, China
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama
University, Okayama, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Convergence Medical Engineering System and
Healthcare Technology. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing
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44
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Sandford A, Sarker T, Bernier T. Effects of geometric distortions, Gaussian blur, and contrast negation on recognition of familiar faces. VISUAL COGNITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2017.1407853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sandford
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph-Humber, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tasmie Sarker
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph-Humber, Toronto, Canada
| | - Teresa Bernier
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph-Humber, Toronto, Canada
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45
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Itz ML, Schweinberger SR, Kaufmann JM. Familiar Face Priming: The Role of Second-Order Configuration and Individual Face Recognition Abilities. Perception 2017; 47:185-196. [PMID: 29165025 DOI: 10.1177/0301006617742069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of second-order configuration-that is, metric distances between individual features-for familiar face recognition has been the subject of debate. Recent reports suggest that better face recognition abilities coincide with a weaker reliance on shape information for face recognition. We examined contributions of second-order configuration to familiar face repetition priming by manipulating metric distances between facial features. S1 comprised familiar face primes as either: unaltered, with increased or decreased interocular distance, with increased or decreased distance between nose and mouth; or a different familiar face (unprimed). Participants performed a familiarity decision task on familiar and unfamiliar S2 targets, and completed a test battery consisting of three face identity processing tests. Accuracies, reaction times, and inverse efficiency scores were assessed for the priming experiment, and potential priming costs in inverse efficiency scores were correlated with test battery scores. Overall, priming was found, and priming effects were reduced only by primes with interocular distance distortions. Correlational data showed that better face recognition skills coincided with a weaker reliance on second-order configurations. Our findings (a) suggest an importance of interocular, but not mouth-to-nose, distances for familiar face recognition and (b) show that good face recognizers are less sensitive to second-order configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena L Itz
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, 9378 Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Am Steiger, Jena, Germany; DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leutragraben, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan R Schweinberger
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, 9378 Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Am Steiger, Jena, Germany; DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leutragraben, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Kaufmann
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, 9378 Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Am Steiger, Jena, Germany; DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leutragraben, Jena, Germany
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46
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Bagaïni A, Hole G. Effect of Vertical Stretching on the Extraction of Mean Identity From Faces. Perception 2017; 46:1048-1061. [PMID: 28814203 DOI: 10.1177/0301006617701160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Observers can extract the mean identity from a set of faces and falsely recognise it as a genuine set member. The current experiment demonstrated that this 'perceptual averaging' also occurs with vertically stretched faces. On each trial, participants decided whether a target face was present in a preceding set of four faces. In the control condition, the faces were all normally proportioned; in the stretched set condition, the face sets were stretched but the targets were normal; and in the stretched target condition, the face sets were normal but the targets were stretched. In all three conditions, participants falsely identified the set mean as a face that had been presented within the set, implying that this identity-averaging effect is based on high-level identity information rather than the low-level physical characteristics of the face stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham Hole
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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47
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Longmore CA, Santos IM, Silva CF, Hall A, Faloyin D, Little E. Image Dependency in the Recognition of Newly Learnt Faces. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2017; 70:863-873. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1236825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research investigating the effect of lighting and viewpoint changes on unfamiliar and newly learnt faces has revealed that such recognition is highly image dependent and that changes in either of these leads to poor recognition accuracy. Three experiments are reported to extend these findings by examining the effect of apparent age on the recognition of newly learnt faces. Experiment 1 investigated the ability to generalize to novel ages of a face after learning a single image. It was found that recognition was best for the learnt image with performance falling the greater the dissimilarity between the study and test images. Experiments 2 and 3 examined whether learning two images aids subsequent recognition of a novel image. The results indicated that interpolation between two studied images (Experiment 2) provided some additional benefit over learning a single view, but that this did not extend to extrapolation (Experiment 3). The results from all studies suggest that recognition was driven primarily by pictorial codes and that the recognition of faces learnt from a limited number of sources operates on stored images of faces as opposed to more abstract, structural, representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Longmore
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Isabel M. Santos
- CINTESIS, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos F. Silva
- CINTESIS, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Abi Hall
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Dipo Faloyin
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Emily Little
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Bindemann M, Johnston RA. Understanding how unfamiliar faces become familiar: Introduction to a special issue on face learning. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2017; 70:859-862. [PMID: 27918245 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1267235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bindemann
- a School of Psychology , University of Kent , Canterbury , Kent , UK
| | - Robert A Johnston
- a School of Psychology , University of Kent , Canterbury , Kent , UK
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Hills PJ, Marquardt Z, Young I, Goodenough I. Explaining Sad People's Memory Advantage for Faces. Front Psychol 2017; 8:207. [PMID: 28261138 PMCID: PMC5313490 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sad people recognize faces more accurately than happy people (Hills et al., 2011). We devised four hypotheses for this finding that are tested between in the current study. The four hypotheses are: (1) sad people engage in more expert processing associated with face processing; (2) sad people are motivated to be more accurate than happy people in an attempt to repair their mood; (3) sad people have a defocused attentional strategy that allows more information about a face to be encoded; and (4) sad people scan more of the face than happy people leading to more facial features to be encoded. In Experiment 1, we found that dysphoria (sad mood often associated with depression) was not correlated with the face-inversion effect (a measure of expert processing) nor with response times but was correlated with defocused attention and recognition accuracy. Experiment 2 established that dysphoric participants detected changes made to more facial features than happy participants. In Experiment 3, using eye-tracking we found that sad-induced participants sampled more of the face whilst avoiding the eyes. Experiment 4 showed that sad-induced people demonstrated a smaller own-ethnicity bias. These results indicate that sad people show different attentional allocation to faces than happy and neutral people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hills
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, UK
| | - Zoe Marquardt
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, UK
| | - Isabel Young
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, UK
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50
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Detecting distortions of peripherally presented letter stimuli under crowded conditions. Atten Percept Psychophys 2017; 79:850-862. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-016-1245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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