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Lacroix A, Harquel S, Barbosa LS, Kovarski K, Garrido MI, Vercueil L, Kauffmann L, Dutheil F, Gomot M, Mermillod M. Reduced spatial frequency differentiation and sex-related specificities in fearful face detection in autism: Insights from EEG and the predictive brain model. Autism Res 2024. [PMID: 39092565 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Face processing relies on predictive processes driven by low spatial frequencies (LSF) that convey coarse information prior to fine information conveyed by high spatial frequencies. However, autistic individuals might have atypical predictive processes, contributing to facial processing difficulties. This may be more normalized in autistic females, who often exhibit better socio-communicational abilities than males. We hypothesized that autistic females would display a more typical coarse-to-fine processing for socio-emotional stimuli compared to autistic males. To test this hypothesis, we asked adult participants (44 autistic, 51 non-autistic) to detect fearful faces among neutral faces, filtered in two orders: from coarse-to-fine (CtF) and from fine-to-coarse (FtC). Results show lower d' values and longer reaction times for fearful detection in autism compared to non-autistic (NA) individuals, regardless of the filtering order. Both groups presented shorter P100 latency after CtF compared to FtC, and larger amplitude for N170 after FtC compared to CtF. However, autistic participants presented a reduced difference in source activity between CtF and FtC in the fusiform. There was also a more spatially spread activation pattern in autistic females compared to NA females. Finally, females had faster P100 and N170 latencies, as well as larger occipital activation for FtC sequences than males, irrespective of the group. Overall, the results do not suggest impaired predictive processes from LSF in autism despite behavioral differences in fear detection. However, they do indicate reduced brain modulation by spatial frequency in autism. In addition, the findings highlight sex differences that warrant consideration in understanding autistic females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Lacroix
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo S Barbosa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Klara Kovarski
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Lettres, INSPE, Paris, France
- LaPsyDÉ, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marta I Garrido
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Computational Psychiatry Lab, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Graeme Clark Institute for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurent Vercueil
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Louise Kauffmann
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie Gomot
- Université de Tours, INSERM, Imaging Brain and Neuropsychiatry iBraiN U1253, Tours, France
| | - Martial Mermillod
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
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2
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Ito M, Suzuki A. Discrepancies in perceived humanness between spatially filtered and unfiltered faces and their associations with uncanny feelings. Perception 2024:3010066241252355. [PMID: 38752230 DOI: 10.1177/03010066241252355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Human and artificial features that coexist in certain types of human-like robots create a discrepancy in perceived humanness and evoke uncanny feelings in human observers. However, whether this perceptual mismatch in humanness occurs for all faces, and whether it is related to the uncanny feelings toward them, is unknown. We investigated this by examining perceived humanness for a variety of natural images of robot and human faces with different spatial frequency (SF) information: that is, faces with only low SF, middle SF, and high SF information, and intact (spatially unfiltered) faces. Uncanny feelings elicited by these faces were also measured. The results showed perceptual mismatches that LSF, MSF, and HSF faces were perceived as more human than intact faces. This was particularly true for intact robot faces that looked slightly human, which tended to evoke strong uncanny feelings. Importantly, the mismatch in perceived humanness between the intact and spatially filtered faces was positively correlated with uncanny feelings toward intact faces. Given that the human visual system performs SF analysis when processing faces, the perceptual mismatches observed in this study likely occur in real life for all faces, and as such might be a ubiquitous source of uncanny feelings in real-life situations.
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3
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Walsh E, Whitby J, Chen YY, Longo MR. No influence of emotional expression on size underestimation of upright faces. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293920. [PMID: 38300951 PMCID: PMC10833517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Faces are a primary means of conveying social information between humans. One important factor modulating the perception of human faces is emotional expression. Face inversion also affects perception, including judgments of emotional expression, possibly through the disruption of configural processing. One intriguing inversion effect is an illusion whereby faces appear to be physically smaller when upright than when inverted. This illusion appears to be highly selective for faces. In this study, we investigated whether the emotional expression of a face (neutral, happy, afraid, and angry) modulates the magnitude of this size illusion. Results showed that for all four expressions, there was a clear bias for inverted stimuli to be judged as larger than upright ones. This demonstrates that there is no influence of emotional expression on the size underestimation of upright faces, a surprising result given that recognition of different emotional expressions is known to be affected unevenly by inversion. Results are discussed considering recent neuroimaging research which used population receptive field (pRF) mapping to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying face perception features and which may provide an explanation for how an upright face appears smaller than an inverted one. Elucidation of this effect would lead to a greater understanding of how humans communicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Walsh
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cultural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Whitby
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yen-Ya Chen
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R. Longo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Yu Z, Moses E, Kritikos A, Pegna AJ. Looming Angry Faces: Preliminary Evidence of Differential Electrophysiological Dynamics for Filtered Stimuli via Low and High Spatial Frequencies. Brain Sci 2024; 14:98. [PMID: 38275518 PMCID: PMC10813450 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Looming motion interacts with threatening emotional cues in the initial stages of visual processing. However, the underlying neural networks are unclear. The current study investigated if the interactive effect of threat elicited by angry and looming faces is favoured by rapid, magnocellular neural pathways and if exogenous or endogenous attention influences such processing. Here, EEG/ERP techniques were used to explore the early ERP responses to moving emotional faces filtered for high spatial frequencies (HSF) and low spatial frequencies (LSF). Experiment 1 applied a passive-viewing paradigm, presenting filtered angry and neutral faces in static, approaching, or receding motions on a depth-cued background. In the second experiment, broadband faces (BSF) were included, and endogenous attention was directed to the expression of faces. Our main results showed that regardless of attentional control, P1 was enhanced by BSF angry faces, but neither HSF nor LSF faces drove the effect of facial expressions. Such findings indicate that looming motion and threatening expressions are integrated rapidly at the P1 level but that this processing relies neither on LSF nor on HSF information in isolation. The N170 was enhanced for BSF angry faces regardless of attention but was enhanced for LSF angry faces during passive viewing. These results suggest the involvement of a neural pathway reliant on LSF information at the N170 level. Taken together with previous reports from the literature, this may indicate the involvement of multiple parallel neural pathways during early visual processing of approaching emotional faces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan J. Pegna
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.Y.); (E.M.); (A.K.)
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5
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Wang H, Lian Y, Wang A, Chen E, Liu C. Face motion form at learning influences the time course of face spatial frequency processing during test. Biol Psychol 2023; 183:108691. [PMID: 37748703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Studies that use static faces suggest that facial processing follows a coarse-to-fine sequence; i.e., holistic precedes featural processing, due to low and high spatial frequencies (LSF, HSF) transmitting holistic/global and featural/local information respectively. Although recent studies have focused on the role of facial movement in holistic facial processing, it is unclear whether moving faces have the same processing mechanism as static ones, especially in the time course of processing. The current study uses the event-related potential technique to investigate this issue by manipulating the facial format at study and face spatial frequency during the test. ERP results showed that the P1 amplitude was increased by LSF faces relative to HSF ones, using both moving and static study faces, with the former larger than the latter. The N170 amplitude was more sensitive to HSF than LSF faces when only static study faces were used, while the P2 amplitude was more sensitive to LSF faces regardless of the facial study format. The above results were not modulated by the race of the faces. These results favor the view that regardless of face race, moving study faces promote holistic processing during the earliest stage of face recognition. Furthermore, holistic processing is observed to be the same for both static and moving study faces at a later stage associated with more in-depth processing. It is evident that facial motion should be factored into further studies of face recognition, given the distinctions between holistic and featural processing for moving and static study faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Wang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Yujing Lian
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Anqing Wang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Enguang Chen
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Chengdong Liu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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6
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Jarudi IN, Braun A, Vogelsang M, Vogelsang L, Gilad-Gutnick S, Bosch XB, Dixon WV, Sinha P. Recognizing distant faces. Vision Res 2023; 205:108184. [PMID: 36720191 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
As an 'early alerting' sense, one of the primary tasks for the human visual system is to recognize distant objects. In the specific context of facial identification, this ecologically important task has received surprisingly little attention. Most studies have investigated facial recognition at short, fixed distances. Under these conditions, the photometric and configural information related to the eyes, nose and mouth are typically found to be primary determinants of facial identity. Here we characterize face recognition performance as a function of viewing distance and investigate whether the primacy of the internal features continues to hold across increasing viewing distances. We find that exploring the distance dimension reveals a qualitatively different salience distribution across a face. Observers' recognition performance significantly exceeds that obtained with the internal facial physiognomy, and also exceeds the computed union of performances with internal and external features alone, suggesting that in addition to the mutual configuration of the eyes, nose and mouth, it is the relationships between these features and external head contours that are crucial for recognition. We have also conducted computational studies with convolutional neural networks trained on the task of face recognition to examine whether this representational bias could emerge spontaneously through exposure to faces. The results provide partial support for this possibility while also highlighting important differences between the human and artificial system. These findings have implications for the nature of facial representations useful for a visual system, whether human or machine, for recognition over large and varying distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzat N Jarudi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Ainsley Braun
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Marin Vogelsang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; School of Computer and Communication Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Vogelsang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Gilad-Gutnick
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Xavier Boix Bosch
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | | | - Pawan Sinha
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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7
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D’Argenio G, Finisguerra A, Urgesi C. Spatial Frequency Tuning of Body Inversion Effects. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020190. [PMID: 36831733 PMCID: PMC9954120 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Body inversion effects (BIEs) reflect the deployment of the configural processing of body stimuli. BIE modulates the activity of body-selective areas within both the dorsal and the ventral streams, which are tuned to low (LSF) or high spatial frequencies (HSF), respectively. The specific contribution of different bands to the configural processing of bodies along gender and posture dimensions, however, is still unclear. Seventy-two participants performed a delayed matching-to-sample paradigm in which upright and inverted bodies, differing for gender or posture, could be presented in their original intact form or in the LSF- or HSF-filtered version. In the gender discrimination task, participants' performance was enhanced by the presentation of HSF images. Conversely, for the posture discrimination task, a better performance was shown for either HSF or LSF images. Importantly, comparing the amount of BIE across spatial-frequency conditions, we found greater BIEs for HSF than LSF images in both tasks, indicating that configural body processing may be better supported by HSF information, which will bias processing in the ventral stream areas. Finally, the exploitation of HSF information for the configural processing of body postures was lower in individuals with higher autistic traits, likely reflecting a stronger reliance on the local processing of body-part details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D’Argenio
- PhD Program in Neural and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (C.U.)
| | | | - Cosimo Urgesi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Pasian di Prato (Udine), 33037 Udine, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (C.U.)
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8
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Canoluk MU, Moors P, Goffaux V. Contributions of low- and high-level contextual mechanisms to human face perception. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285255. [PMID: 37130144 PMCID: PMC10153715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Contextual modulations at primary stages of visual processing depend on the strength of local input. Contextual modulations at high-level stages of (face) processing show a similar dependence to local input strength. Namely, the discriminability of a facial feature determines the amount of influence of the face context on that feature. How high-level contextual modulations emerge from primary mechanisms is unclear due to the scarcity of empirical research systematically addressing the functional link between the two. We tested (62) young adults' ability to process local input independent of the context using contrast detection and (upright and inverted) morphed facial feature matching tasks. We first investigated contextual modulation magnitudes across tasks to address their shared variance. A second analysis focused on the profile of performance across contextual conditions. In upright eye matching and contrast detection tasks, contextual modulations only correlated at the level of their profile (averaged Fisher-Z transformed r = 1.18, BF10 > 100), but not magnitude (r = .15, BF10 = .61), suggesting the functional independence but similar working principles of the mechanisms involved. Both the profile (averaged Fisher-Z transformed r = .32, BF10 = 9.7) and magnitude (r = .28, BF10 = 4.58) of the contextual modulations correlated between inverted eye matching and contrast detection tasks. Our results suggest that non-face-specialized high-level contextual mechanisms (inverted faces) work in connection to primary contextual mechanisms, but that the engagement of face-specialized mechanisms for upright faces obscures this connection. Such combined study of low- and high-level contextual modulations sheds new light on the functional relationship between different levels of the visual processing hierarchy, and thus on its functional organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Umut Canoluk
- Research Institute for Psychological Science (IPSY), UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pieter Moors
- Department of Brain and Cognition, Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valerie Goffaux
- Research Institute for Psychological Science (IPSY), UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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9
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Mermillod M, Perrier MJ, Lacroix A, Kauffmann L, Peyrin C, Méot A, Vermeulen N, Dutheil F. High spatial frequencies disrupt conscious visual recognition: evidence from an attentional blink paradigm. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11964. [PMID: 36561662 PMCID: PMC9763755 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we tested the respective importance of low spatial frequencies (LSF) and high spatial frequencies (HSF) for conscious visual recognition of emotional stimuli by using an attentional blink paradigm. Thirty-eight participants were asked to identify and report two targets (happy faces) embedded in a rapid serial visual presentation of distractors (angry faces). During attentional blink, conscious perception of the second target (T2) is usually altered when the lag between the two targets is short (200-500 ms) but is restored at longer lags. The distractors between T1 and T2 were either non-filtered (broad spatial frequencies, BSF), low-pass filtered (LSF), or high-pass filtered (HSF). Assuming that prediction abilities could be at the root of conscious visual recognition, we expected that LSF distractors could result in a greater disturbance of T2 reporting than HSF distractors. Results showed that both LSF and HSF play a role in the emergence of exogenous consciousness in the visual system. Furthermore, HSF distractors strongly affected T1 and T2 reporting irrespective of the lag between targets, suggesting their role for facial emotion processing. We discuss these results with regards to other models of visual recognition. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Mermillod
- LPNC, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France,Corresponding author.
| | | | - Adeline Lacroix
- LPNC, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Louise Kauffmann
- LPNC, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Carole Peyrin
- LPNC, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Méot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Vermeulen
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium,Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FRS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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10
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Silvestri V, Arioli M, Baccolo E, Macchi Cassia V. Sensitivity to trustworthiness cues in own- and other-race faces: The role of spatial frequency information. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272256. [PMID: 36067183 PMCID: PMC9447876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that adults are better at processing faces of the most represented ethnic group in their social environment compared to faces from other ethnicities, and that they rely more on holistic/configural information for identity discrimination in own-race than other-race faces. Here, we applied a spatial filtering approach to the investigation of trustworthiness perception to explore whether the information on which trustworthiness judgments are based differs according to face race. European participants (N = 165) performed an online-delivered pairwise preference task in which they were asked to select the face they would trust more within pairs randomly selected from validated White and Asian broad spectrum, low-pass filter and high-pass filter trustworthiness continua. Results confirmed earlier demonstrations that trustworthiness perception generalizes across face ethnicity, but discrimination of trustworthiness intensity relied more heavily on the LSF content of the images for own-race faces compared to other-race faces. Results are discussed in light of previous work on emotion discrimination and the hypothesis of overlapping perceptual mechanisms subtending social perception of faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Silvestri
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Martina Arioli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Baccolo
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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11
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Wang A, Chen E, Zhang H, Borjigin CH, Wang H. The Time Sequence of Face Spatial Frequency Differs During Working Memory Encoding and Retrieval Stages. Front Psychol 2022; 13:853992. [PMID: 35668961 PMCID: PMC9165599 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.853992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found that P1 and P2 components were more sensitive to configural and featural face processing, respectively, when attentional resources were sufficient, suggesting that face processing follows a coarse-to-fine sequence. However, the role of working memory (WM) load in the time course of configural and featural face processing is poorly understood, especially whether it differs during encoding and retrieval stages. This study employed a delayed recognition task with varying WM load and face spatial frequency (SF). Our behavioral and ERP results showed that WM load modulated face SF processing. Specifically, for the encoding stage, P1 and P2 were more sensitive to broadband SF (BSF) faces, while N170 was more sensitive to low SF (LSF) and BSF faces. For the retrieval stage, P1 on the right hemisphere was more sensitive to BSF faces relative to HSF faces, N170 was more sensitive to LSF faces than HSF faces, especially under the load 1 condition, while P2 was more sensitive to high SF (HSF) faces than HSF faces, especially under load 3 condition. These results indicate that faces are perceived less finely during the encoding stage, whereas face perception follows a coarse-to-fine sequence during the retrieval stage, which is influenced by WM load. The coarse and fine information were processed especially under the low and high load conditions, respectively.
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12
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Canas-Bajo T, Whitney D. Relative tuning of holistic face processing towards the fovea. Vision Res 2022; 197:108049. [PMID: 35461170 PMCID: PMC10101769 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Humans quickly detect and gaze at faces in the world, which reflects their importance in cognition and may lead to tuning of face recognition toward the central visual field. Although sometimes reported, foveal selectivity in face processing is debated: brain imaging studies have found evidence for a central field bias specific to faces, but behavioral studies have found little foveal selectivity in face recognition. These conflicting results are difficult to reconcile, but they could arise from stimulus-specific differences. Recent studies, for example, suggest that individual faces vary in the degree to which they require holistic processing. Holistic processing is the perception of faces as a whole rather than as a set of separate features. We hypothesized that the dissociation between behavioral and neuroimaging studies arises because of this stimulus-specific dependence on holistic processing. Specifically, the central bias found in neuroimaging studies may be specific to holistic processing. Here, we tested whether the eccentricity-dependence of face perception is determined by the degree to which faces require holistic processing. We first measured the holistic-ness of individual Mooney faces (two-tone shadow images readily perceived as faces). In a group of independent observers, we then used a gender discrimination task to measured recognition of these Mooney faces as a function of their eccentricity. Face gender was recognized across the visual field, even at substantial eccentricities, replicating prior work. Importantly, however, holistic face gender recognition was relatively tuned-slightly, but reliably stronger in the central visual field. Our results may reconcile the debate on the eccentricity-dependance of face perception and reveal a spatial inhomogeneity specifically in the holistic representations of faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Canas-Bajo
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - David Whitney
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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13
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Zhang K, Yuan Y, Chen J, Wang G, Chen Q, Luo M. Eye Tracking Research on the Influence of Spatial Frequency and Inversion Effect on Facial Expression Processing in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020283. [PMID: 35204046 PMCID: PMC8870542 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expression processing mainly depends on whether the facial features related to expressions can be fully acquired, and whether the appropriate processing strategies can be adopted according to different conditions. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulty accurately recognizing facial expressions and responding appropriately, which is regarded as an important cause of their social disorders. This study used eye tracking technology to explore the internal processing mechanism of facial expressions in children with ASD under the influence of spatial frequency and inversion effects for improving their social disorders. The facial expression recognition rate and eye tracking characteristics of children with ASD and typical developing (TD) children on the facial area of interest were recorded and analyzed. The multi-factor mixed experiment results showed that the facial expression recognition rate of children with ASD under various conditions was significantly lower than that of TD children. TD children had more visual attention to the eyes area. However, children with ASD preferred the features of the mouth area, and lacked visual attention and processing of the eyes area. When the face was inverted, TD children had the inversion effect under all three spatial frequency conditions, which was manifested as a significant decrease in expression recognition rate. However, children with ASD only had the inversion effect under the LSF condition, indicating that they mainly used a featural processing method and had the capacity of configural processing under the LSF condition. The eye tracking results showed that when the face was inverted or facial feature information was weakened, both children with ASD and TD children would adjust their facial expression processing strategies accordingly, to increase the visual attention and information processing of their preferred areas. The fixation counts and fixation duration of TD children on the eyes area increased significantly, while the fixation duration of children with ASD on the mouth area increased significantly. The results of this study provided theoretical and practical support for facial expression intervention in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Q.C.); (M.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yishuang Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Q.C.); (M.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jingying Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Q.C.); (M.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Guangshuai Wang
- School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Qian Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Q.C.); (M.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Meijuan Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Q.C.); (M.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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14
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Ma X, Kang J, Li X, Maurer U, Cao X, Sommer W. Does learning different script systems affect configural visual processing? ERP evidence from early readers of Chinese and German. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14006. [PMID: 35150451 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jing Kang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jin Hua, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Urs Maurer
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jin Hua, China
| | - Werner Sommer
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jin Hua, China
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15
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Sigurdardottir HM, Arnardottir A, Halldorsdottir ET. Faces and words are both associated and dissociated as evidenced by visual problems in dyslexia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23000. [PMID: 34837013 PMCID: PMC8626489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Faces and words are traditionally assumed to be independently processed. Dyslexia is also traditionally thought to be a non-visual deficit. Counter to both ideas, face perception deficits in dyslexia have been reported. Others report no such deficits. We sought to resolve this discrepancy. 60 adults participated in the study (24 dyslexic, 36 typical readers). Feature-based processing and configural or global form processing of faces was measured with a face matching task. Opposite laterality effects in these tasks, dependent on left-right orientation of faces, supported that they tapped into separable visual mechanisms. Dyslexic readers tended to be poorer than typical readers at feature-based face matching while no differences were found for global form face matching. We conclude that word and face perception are associated when the latter requires the processing of visual features of a face, while processing the global form of faces apparently shares minimal-if any-resources with visual word processing. The current results indicate that visual word and face processing are both associated and dissociated-but this depends on what visual mechanisms are task-relevant. We suggest that reading deficits could stem from multiple factors, and that one such factor is a problem with feature-based processing of visual objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heida Maria Sigurdardottir
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 12, 102, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Alexandra Arnardottir
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 12, 102, Reykjavik, Iceland
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16
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Jang H, Tong F. Convolutional neural networks trained with a developmental sequence of blurry to clear images reveal core differences between face and object processing. J Vis 2021; 21:6. [PMID: 34767621 PMCID: PMC8590164 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.12.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) provide a promising model for understanding human vision, most CNNs lack robustness to challenging viewing conditions, such as image blur, whereas human vision is much more reliable. Might robustness to blur be attributable to vision during infancy, given that acuity is initially poor but improves considerably over the first several months of life? Here, we evaluated the potential consequences of such early experiences by training CNN models on face and object recognition tasks while gradually reducing the amount of blur applied to the training images. For CNNs trained on blurry to clear faces, we observed sustained robustness to blur, consistent with a recent report by Vogelsang and colleagues (2018). By contrast, CNNs trained with blurry to clear objects failed to retain robustness to blur. Further analyses revealed that the spatial frequency tuning of the two CNNs was profoundly different. The blurry to clear face-trained network successfully retained a preference for low spatial frequencies, whereas the blurry to clear object-trained CNN exhibited a progressive shift toward higher spatial frequencies. Our findings provide novel computational evidence showing how face recognition, unlike object recognition, allows for more holistic processing. Moreover, our results suggest that blurry vision during infancy is insufficient to account for the robustness of adult vision to blurry objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Jang
- Department of Psychology and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,
| | - Frank Tong
- Department of Psychology and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,
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17
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Tommasi V, Prete G, Tommasi L. The role of low spatial frequencies in facial emotion processing: A study on anorthoscopic perception. VISUAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2021.1966150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Tommasi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Prete
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Tommasi
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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18
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Kauffmann L, Khazaz S, Peyrin C, Guyader N. Isolated face features are sufficient to elicit ultra-rapid and involuntary orienting responses toward faces. J Vis 2021; 21:4. [PMID: 33544121 PMCID: PMC7873494 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that face stimuli influence the programming of eye movements by eliciting involuntary and extremely fast saccades toward them. The present study examined whether holistic processing of faces mediates these effects. We used a saccadic choice task in which participants were presented simultaneously with two images and had to perform a saccade toward the one containing a target stimulus (e.g., a face). Across three experiments, stimuli were altered via upside-down inversion (Experiment 1) or scrambling of thumbnails within the images (Experiments 2 and 3) in order to disrupt holistic processing. We found that disruption of holistic processing only had a limited impact on the latency of saccades toward face targets, which remained extremely short (minimum saccadic reaction times of only ∼120–130 ms), and did not affect the proportion of error saccades toward face distractors that captured attention more than other distractor categories. It, however, resulted in increasing error rate of saccades toward face targets. These results suggest that the processing of isolated face features is sufficient to elicit extremely fast and involuntary saccadic responses toward them. Holistic representations of faces may, however, be used as a search template to accurately detect faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Kauffmann
- CNRS, LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-lab, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,
| | - Sarah Khazaz
- CNRS, LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France.,
| | - Carole Peyrin
- CNRS, LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France.,
| | - Nathalie Guyader
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-lab, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,
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19
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Lin J, Zhou G. Chinese Aesthetic Mask: Three Forehead and Five Eyes-Holistic Processing and Facial Attractiveness. Perception 2021; 50:540-554. [PMID: 34000910 DOI: 10.1177/03010066211015542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human face processing has been attributed to holistic processing. Here, we ask whether humans are sensitive to configural information when perceiving facial attractiveness. By referring to a traditional Chinese aesthetic theory-Three Forehead and Five Eyes-we generated a series of faces that differed in spacing between facial features. We adopted a two-alternative forced-choice task in Experiment 1 and a rating task in Experiment 2 to assess attractiveness. Both tasks showed a consistent result: The faces which fit the Chinese aesthetic theory were chosen or rated as most attractive. This effect of configural information on facial attractiveness was larger for faces with highly attractive features than for faces with low attractive features. These findings provide experimental evidence for the traditional Chinese aesthetic theory. This issue can be further explored from the perspective of culture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin
- 26469Sun Yat-Sen University, China
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20
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The image features of emotional faces that predict the initial eye movement to a face. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8287. [PMID: 33859332 PMCID: PMC8050215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional facial expressions are important visual communication signals that indicate a sender's intent and emotional state to an observer. As such, it is not surprising that reactions to different expressions are thought to be automatic and independent of awareness. What is surprising, is that studies show inconsistent results concerning such automatic reactions, particularly when using different face stimuli. We argue that automatic reactions to facial expressions can be better explained, and better understood, in terms of quantitative descriptions of their low-level image features rather than in terms of the emotional content (e.g. angry) of the expressions. Here, we focused on overall spatial frequency (SF) and localized Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features. We used machine learning classification to reveal the SF and HOG features that are sufficient for classification of the initial eye movement towards one out of two simultaneously presented faces. Interestingly, the identified features serve as better predictors than the emotional content of the expressions. We therefore propose that our modelling approach can further specify which visual features drive these and other behavioural effects related to emotional expressions, which can help solve the inconsistencies found in this line of research.
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21
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Gerlach C, Starrfelt R. Patterns of perceptual performance in developmental prosopagnosia: An in-depth case series. Cogn Neuropsychol 2021; 38:27-49. [PMID: 33459172 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2020.1869709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a syndrome characterized by lifelong impairment in face recognition in the absence of brain damage. A key question regarding DP concerns which process(es) might be affected to selectively/disproportionally impair face recognition. We present evidence from a group of DPs, combining an overview of previous results with additional analyses important for understanding their pattern of preserved and impaired perceptual abilities. We argue that for most of these individuals, the common denominator is a deficit in (rapid) processing of global shape information. We conclude that the deficit in this group of DPs is not face-selective, but that it may appear so because faces are more visually similar-and recognized at a more fine-grained level-than objects. Indeed, when the demand on perceptual differentiation and visual similarity are held constant for faces and objects, we find no evidence for a disproportionate deficit for faces in this group of DPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gerlach
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Randi Starrfelt
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Gordillo León F, Mestas Hernández L, Pérez Nieto MÁ, Arana Martínez JM. Detecting emotion faces in a Posner’s spatial cueing task: the adaptive value of surprise. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1862854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilia Mestas Hernández
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, D. F., Mexico
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23
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Statsenko Y, Habuza T, Gorkom KNV, Zaki N, Almansoori TM. Applying the Inverse Efficiency Score to Visual-Motor Task for Studying Speed-Accuracy Performance While Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:574401. [PMID: 33362528 PMCID: PMC7757351 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.574401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The current study examines the relationship between speed and accuracy of performance in a reaction time setting and explores the informative value of the inverse efficiency score (IES) regarding the possibility to reflect age-related cognitive changes. Objectives: To study the characteristics of speed and accuracy while performing psychophysiological tests throughout the lifespan; to examine the speed-accuracy ratio in age groups and to apply IES to discriminative visual-motor reaction task; and to figure out the predictive potential of psychophysiological tests to identify IES values. Methods: We utilize nonparametric statistical tests, regression analysis, and supervised machine learning methods. Results and Conclusion: The examinees under 20 and over 60 years of age share one tendency regarding the speed-accuracy ratio without speed-accuracy trade-off. Both at the time of active developmental changes in adolescence and during ongoing atrophic changes in elderly there is a tendency toward a rise of the number of mistakes while slowing the reaction. In the age range from 20 to 60 the relationship between the speed and accuracy is opposite and speed-accuracy trade-off is present. In our battery, complex visual-motor reaction is the only test with the significant negative association between reaction time and error rate in the subcohort of young and midlife adults taken together. On average, women perform more slowly and accurately than men in the speed-accuracy task, however most of the gender-related differences are insignificant. Using results of other psychophysiological tests, we predicted IES values for the visual-motor reaction with high accuracy (R2 = 0.77 ± 0.08; mean absolute error / IES range = 3.37%). The regression model shows the best performance in the cognitively preserved population groups of young and middle-aged adults (20–60 years). Because of the individual rate of neurodevelopment in youth and cognitive decline in the elderly, the regression model for these subcohorts has a low predictive performance. IES accounts for different cognitive subdomains and may reflect their disproportional changes throughout the lifespan. This encourages us to proceed to explore the combination of executive functioning and psychophysiological test results utilizing machine learning models. The latter can be designed as a reliable computer-aided detector of cognitive changes at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Statsenko
- Radiology Department of College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tetiana Habuza
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering of College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Klaus Neidl-Van Gorkom
- Radiology Department of College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering of College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb M Almansoori
- Radiology Department of College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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24
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Pinpointing the optimal spatial frequency range for automatic neural facial fear processing. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117151. [PMID: 32673746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Faces convey an assortment of emotional information via low and high spatial frequencies (LSFs and HSFs). However, there is no consensus on the role of particular spatial frequency (SF) information during facial fear processing. Comparison across studies is hampered by the high variability in cut-off values for demarcating the SF spectrum and by differences in task demands. We investigated which SF information is minimally required to rapidly detect briefly presented fearful faces in an implicit and automatic manner, by sweeping through an entire SF range without constraints of predefined cut-offs for LSFs and HSFs. We combined fast periodic visual stimulation with electroencephalography. We presented neutral faces at 6 Hz, periodically interleaved every 5th image with a fearful face, allowing us to quantify an objective neural index of fear discrimination at exactly 1.2 Hz. We started from a stimulus containing either only very low or very high SFs and gradually increased the SF content by adding higher or lower SF information, respectively, to reach the full SF spectrum over the course of 70 s. We found that faces require at least SF information higher than 5.93 cycles per image (cpi) to implicitly differentiate fearful from neutral faces. However, exclusive HSF faces, even in a restricted SF range between 94.82 and 189.63 cpi already carry the critical information to extract the emotional expression of the faces.
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25
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Charbonneau I, Robinson K, Blais C, Fiset D. Implicit race attitudes modulate visual information extraction for trustworthiness judgments. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239305. [PMID: 32970725 PMCID: PMC7514083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Black people are still considered to be one of the most stigmatized groups and have to face multiple prejudices that undermine their well-being. Assumptions and beliefs about other racial groups are quite pervasive and have been shown to impact basic social tasks such as face processing. For example, individuals with high racial prejudice conceptualize other-race faces as less trustworthy and more criminal. However, it is unknown if implicit racial bias could modulate even low-level perceptual mechanisms such as spatial frequency (SF) extraction when judging the level of trustworthiness of other-race faces. The present study showed that although similar facial features are used to judge the trustworthiness of White and Black faces, own-race faces are processed in lower SF (i.e. coarse information such as the contour of the face and blurred shapes as opposed to high SF representing fine-grained information such as eyelashes or fine wrinkles). This pattern was modulated by implicit race biases: higher implicit biases are associated with a significantly higher reliance on low SF with White than with Black faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Charbonneau
- Groupe de Neurosciences Sociales, Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Karolann Robinson
- Groupe de Neurosciences Sociales, Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Blais
- Groupe de Neurosciences Sociales, Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Fiset
- Groupe de Neurosciences Sociales, Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
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26
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Wang S, Cheong YF, Dilks DD, Rochat P. The Uncanny Valley Phenomenon and the Temporal Dynamics of Face Animacy Perception. Perception 2020; 49:1069-1089. [PMID: 32903162 DOI: 10.1177/0301006620952611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human replicas highly resembling people tend to elicit eerie sensations-a phenomenon known as the uncanny valley. To test whether this effect is attributable to people's ascription of mind to (i.e., mind perception hypothesis) or subtraction of mind from androids (i.e., dehumanization hypothesis), in Study 1, we examined the effect of face exposure time on the perceived animacy of human, android, and mechanical-looking robot faces. In Study 2, in addition to exposure time, we also manipulated the spatial frequency of faces, by preserving either their fine (high spatial frequency) or coarse (low spatial frequency) information, to examine its effect on faces' perceived animacy and uncanniness. We found that perceived animacy decreased as a function of exposure time only in android but not in human or mechanical-looking robot faces (Study 1). In addition, the manipulation of spatial frequency eliminated the decrease in android faces' perceived animacy and reduced their perceived uncanniness (Study 2). These findings link perceived uncanniness in androids to the temporal dynamics of face animacy perception. We discuss these findings in relation to the dehumanization hypothesis and alternative hypotheses of the uncanny valley phenomenon.
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27
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Ying H, Cheng W, Deepu Rajan N, Xu H. Perception of attractive and unattractive face groups is driven by distinct spatial frequencies. Psych J 2020; 9:804-818. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haojiang Ying
- Department of Psychology Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Wenxuan Cheng
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Nidhi Deepu Rajan
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Hong Xu
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore
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28
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Grose-Fifer J, Lobel M, diFilipo D, Gordon J. Low Spatial Frequency Sensitivity and Emotional Face Processing in Adolescents: An Event-related Potential Study. Dev Neuropsychol 2020; 45:279-296. [PMID: 32648782 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1789144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Slow maturation of visual pathways transmitting low spatial frequency (LSF) information may contribute to inaccurate facial emotion recognition in adolescence. We recorded ERPs from adolescents and adults to upright and inverted happy faces, fearful faces, and chairs, which were unfiltered, contained only LSFs, or only high spatial frequencies. P100s and N170s were larger for adolescents than adults, with the greatest effect size for LSF stimuli. For LSFs only, adolescents showed a larger N170 inversion effect for happy than for fearful faces, but adults showed the opposite response. Thus, immaturities in LSF pathways appear to impact facial expression processing in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Grose-Fifer
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York , New York, NY.,John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
| | - Max Lobel
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
| | - Danielle diFilipo
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York , New York, NY.,John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
| | - James Gordon
- Hunter College, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
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29
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Boutet I, Meinhardt-Injac B. Age Differences in Face Processing: The Role of Perceptual Degradation and Holistic Processing. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 74:933-942. [PMID: 29373754 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We simultaneously investigated the role of three hypotheses regarding age-related differences in face processing: perceptual degradation, impaired holistic processing, and an interaction between the two. METHODS Young adults (YA) aged 20-33-year olds, middle-age adults (MA) aged 50-64-year olds, and older adults (OA) aged 65-82-year olds were tested on the context congruency paradigm, which allows measurement of face-specific holistic processing across the life span (Meinhardt-Injac, Persike & Meinhardt, 2014. Acta Psychologica, 151, 155-163). Perceptual degradation was examined by measuring performance with faces that were not filtered (FSF), with faces filtered to preserve low spatial frequencies (LSF), and with faces filtered to preserve high spatial frequencies (HSF). RESULTS We found that reducing perceptual signal strength had a greater impact on MA and OA for HSF faces, but not LSF faces. Context congruency effects were significant and of comparable magnitude across ages for FSF, LSF, and HSF faces. By using watches as control objects, we show that these holistic effects reflect face-specific mechanisms in all age groups. DISCUSSION Our results support the perceptual degradation hypothesis for faces containing only HSF and suggest that holistic processing is preserved in aging even under conditions of reduced signal strength.
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Fox E, Bindemann M. Individual differences in visual acuity and face matching ability. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fox
- School of Psychology, University of Kent Canterbury UK
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Felisatti A, Laubrock J, Shaki S, Fischer MH. Commentary: A mental number line in human newborns. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:99. [PMID: 32265677 PMCID: PMC7105603 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jochen Laubrock
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Samuel Shaki
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Martin H Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Fitousi D. From Global-to-Local? Uncovering the Temporal Dynamics of the Composite Face Illusion Using Distributional Analyses. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2331. [PMID: 31736814 PMCID: PMC6831644 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that faces are processed holistically such that their facial features or parts are represented as global wholes rather than independent entities. But how does their holistic representation evolve in time? According to the global-to-local hypothesis, the initial representation of faces is holistic and coarse at the outset but is becoming progressively detailed and analytic. The current study set to test this global-to-local hypothesis by applying fine-grained methods of response time analyses to the composite face illusion - a traditional marker of holistic face processing. The analyses included the delta plots and conditional accuracy functions. These tools move beyond the mean RT and accuracy to provide detailed analysis of the temporal dynamics of the composite face effect. The methodologies converged on the conclusion that the composite effect is minimal for fast RTs but becomes progressively larger as RT gets slower. This pattern is inconsistent with a global-to-local dynamics. The implications of these results to the study of face perception are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fitousi
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Kihara K, Takeda Y. The Role of Low-Spatial Frequency Components in the Processing of Deceptive Faces: A Study Using Artificial Face Models. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1468. [PMID: 31297078 PMCID: PMC6607955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpreting another's true emotion is important for social communication, even in the face of deceptive facial cues. Because spatial frequency components provide important clues for recognizing facial expressions, we investigated how we use spatial frequency information from deceptive faces to interpret true emotion. We conducted two different tasks: a face-generating experiment in which participants were asked to generate deceptive and genuine faces by tuning the intensity of happy and angry expressions (Experiment 1) and a face-classification task in which participants had to classify presented faces as either deceptive or genuine (Experiment 2). Low- and high-spatial frequency (LSF and HSF) components were varied independently. The results showed that deceptive happiness (i.e., anger is the hidden expression) involved different intensities for LSF and HSF. These results suggest that we can identify hidden anger by perceiving unbalanced intensities of emotional expression between LSF and HSF information contained in deceptive faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kihara
- Automotive Human Factors Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Takeda
- Automotive Human Factors Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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Kikuchi Y, Ip J, Lagier G, Mossom JC, Kumar S, Petkov CI, Barraclough NE, Vuong QC. Interactions between Conscious and Subconscious Signals: Selective Attention under Feature-Based Competition Increases Neural Selectivity during Brain Adaptation. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5506-5516. [PMID: 31068438 PMCID: PMC6616293 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3052-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient perception in natural environments depends on neural interactions between voluntary processes within cognitive control, such as attention, and those that are automatic and subconscious, such as brain adaptation to predictable input (also called repetition suppression). Although both attention and adaptation have been studied separately and there is considerable knowledge of the neurobiology involved in each of these processes, how attention interacts with adaptation remains equivocal. We examined how attention interacts with visual and auditory adaptation by measuring neuroimaging effects consistent with changes in either neural gain or selectivity. Male and female human participants were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) first while they discriminated repetition of morphed faces or voices and either directed their attention to stimulus identity or spatial location. Attention to face or voice identity, while ignoring stimulus location, solely increased the gain of respectively face- or voice-sensitive cortex. The results were strikingly different in an experiment when participants attended to voice identity versus stimulus loudness. In this case, attention to voice while ignoring sound loudness increased neural selectivity. The combined results show that how attention affects adaptation depends on the level of feature-based competition, reconciling prior conflicting observations. The findings are theoretically important and are discussed in relation to neurobiological interactions between attention and different types of predictive signals.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Adaptation to repeated environmental events is ubiquitous in the animal brain, an automatic typically subconscious, predictive signal. Cognitive influences, such as by attention, powerfully affect sensory processing and can overcome brain adaptation. However, how neural interactions occur between adaptation and attention remains controversial. We conducted fMRI experiments regulating the focus of attention during adaptation to repeated stimuli with perceptually balanced stimulus expectancy. We observed an interaction between attention and adaptation consistent with increased neural selectivity, but only under conditions of feature-based competition, challenging the notion that attention interacts with brain adaptation by only affecting response gain. This demonstrates that attention retains its full complement of mechanistic influences on sensory cortex even as it interacts with more automatic or subconscious predictive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kikuchi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Henry Wellcome Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Jennifer Ip
- Institute of Neuroscience, Henry Wellcome Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Gaëtan Lagier
- Institute of Neuroscience, Henry Wellcome Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, and
| | - James C Mossom
- Institute of Neuroscience, Henry Wellcome Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Sukhbinder Kumar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Henry Wellcome Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Institute of Neuroscience, Henry Wellcome Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Nick E Barraclough
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Quoc C Vuong
- Institute of Neuroscience, Henry Wellcome Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, and
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Jeantet C, Laprevote V, Schwan R, Schwitzer T, Maillard L, Lighezzolo-Alnot J, Caharel S. Time course of spatial frequency integration in face perception: An ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 143:105-115. [PMID: 31276696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Face perception is based on the processing and integration of multiple spatial frequency (SF) ranges. However, the temporal dynamics of SF integration to form an early face representation in the human brain is still a matter of debate. To address this issue, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) during the presentation of spatial frequency-manipulated facial images. Twenty-six participants performed a gender discrimination task on non-filtered, low-, high-, and band-pass filtered face images, corresponding, respectively, to the full range, spatial frequencies up to 8 cycles/image, above 32 cycles/image, and from 8 to 16 cycles/image. Behaviorally, the task related-performance was more accurate and faster for non-filtered (NF) and mid-range SF (MSF) than for low SF (LSF) and high SF (HSF) stimuli. At both behavioral and electrophysiological levels, response to MSF contained in faces did not differ from the responses to full spectrum non-filtered (NF) facial images. In ERPs, LSF facial images evoked the largest P1 amplitude while HSF facial images evoked the largest N170 amplitude compared with the other three conditions. Since LSFs and HSFs would transmit global and local information respectively, our observations lend further support to the "coarse-to-fine" processing theory of faces. Furthermore, they offer original evidence of the effectiveness and adequacy of the mid-range spatial frequency in face perception. Possible theoretical interpretations of our findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Jeantet
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Lorrain de Psychologie et Neurosciences (2LPN - EA 7489), Nancy F-54000, France; Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire InterPsy (EA 4432), Nancy F-54000, France; Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou F-54520, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou F-54520, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500 France
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou F-54520, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; CHRU Nancy, Maison des Addictions, Nancy F-54000, France; Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500 France
| | - Thomas Schwitzer
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou F-54520, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500 France
| | - Louis Maillard
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN - UMR 7039, Nancy F-54000, France; CHRU Nancy, Service de Neurologie, Nancy F-54000, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Caharel
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Lorrain de Psychologie et Neurosciences (2LPN - EA 7489), Nancy F-54000, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris F-75000, France.
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Global precedence effects account for individual differences in both face and object recognition performance. Psychon Bull Rev 2019; 25:1365-1372. [PMID: 29560562 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-018-1458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increase in studies adopting an individual difference approach to examine visual cognition and in particular in studies trying to relate face recognition performance with measures of holistic processing (the face composite effect and the part-whole effect). In the present study we examine whether global precedence effects, measured by means of non-face stimuli in Navon's paradigm, can also account for individual differences in face recognition and, if so, whether the effect is of similar magnitude for faces and objects. We find evidence that global precedence effects facilitate both face and object recognition, and to a similar extent. Our results suggest that both face and object recognition are characterized by a coarse-to-fine temporal dynamic, where global shape information is derived prior to local shape information, and that the efficiency of face and object recognition is related to the magnitude of the global precedence effect.
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Yao Q, Zhao L. Using spatial frequency scales for processing own-race and other-race faces: An ERP analysis. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:167-171. [PMID: 31051221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we examined the influence of spatial filtering on the N170 elicited by own-race and other-race faces, a relatively early face-selective ERP difference associated with face detection. It was found that BB (broad band) faces elicited larger N170 than did LSF (low spatial frequency) faces and the latter larger than HSF (high spatial frequency) condition. Faces' races significantly modulated the N170 amplitudes, showing larger N170 for other-race than own-race faces for both BB and HSF conditions but not for LSF condition. For own-race faces, the N170 did not differ between BB and LSF conditions, whereas other-race faces elicited larger N170 for BB than LSF conditions. The present data provided new electrophysiological evidence for race perception of faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Yao
- School of Design and Art, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lun Zhao
- School of Educational Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; Institute of Brain Research, Beijing Yiran Sunny Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China.
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Raymond JE, Jones SP. Strategic Eye Movements are Used to Support Object Authentication. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2424. [PMID: 30787415 PMCID: PMC6382755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Authentication is an important cognitive process used to determine whether one’s initial identification of an object is corroborated by additional sensory information. Although authentication is critical for safe interaction with many objects, including food, websites, and valuable documents, the visual orienting strategies used to garner additional sensory data to support authentication remain poorly understood. When reliable visual cues to counterfeit cannot be anticipated, distributing fixations widely across an object’s surface might be useful. However, strategic fixation of specific object-defining attributes would be more efficient and should lead to better authentication performance. To investigate, we monitored eye movements during a repetitive banknote authentication task involving genuine and counterfeit banknotes. Although fixations were distributed widely across the note prior to authentication decisions, preference for hard-to mimic areas and avoidance of easily mimicked areas was evident. However, there was a strong tendency to initially fixate the banknote’s portrait, and only thereafter did eye movement control appear to be more strategic. Those who directed a greater proportion of fixations at hard-to-mimic areas and resisted more easily mimicked areas performed better on the authenticity task. The tendency to deploy strategic fixation improved with experience, suggesting that authentication benefits from precise visual orienting and refined categorisation criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Raymond
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Scott P Jones
- College of Liberal Arts, Bath Spa University, Bath, UK
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Wegrzyn M, Garlichs A, Heß RWK, Woermann FG, Labudda K. The hidden identity of faces: a case of lifelong prosopagnosia. BMC Psychol 2019; 7:4. [PMID: 30670082 PMCID: PMC6343346 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-019-0278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Not being able to recognize a person's face is a highly debilitating condition from which people with developmental prosopagnosia (DP) suffer their entire life. Here we describe the case of J, a 30 year old woman who reports being unable to recognize her parents, her husband, or herself in the mirror. CASE PRESENTATION We set out to assess the severity of J's prosopagnosia using tests with unfamiliar as well as familiar faces and investigated whether impaired configural processing explains her deficit. To assess the specificity of the impairment, we tested J's performance when evaluating emotions, intentions, and the attractiveness and likability of faces. Detailed testing revealed typical brain activity patterns for faces and normal object recognition skills, and no evidence of any brain injury. However, compared to a group of matched controls, J showed severe deficits in learning new faces, and in recognizing familiar faces when only inner features were available. Her recognition of uncropped faces with blurred features was within the normal range, indicating preserved configural processing when peripheral features are available. J was also unimpaired when evaluating intentions and emotions in faces. In line with healthy controls, J rated more average faces as more attractive. However, she was the only one to rate them as less likable, indicating a preference for more distinctive and easier to recognize faces. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results illustrate both the severity and the specificity of DP in a single case. While DP is a heterogeneous disorder, an inability to integrate the inner features of the face into a whole might be the best explanation for the difficulties many individuals with prosopagnosia experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wegrzyn
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Annika Garlichs
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Kirsten Labudda
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Abstract
Children who are treated for congenital cataracts later exhibit impairments in configural face analysis. This has been explained in terms of a critical period for the acquisition of normal face processing. Here, we consider a more parsimonious account according to which deficits in configural analysis result from the abnormally high initial retinal acuity that children treated for cataracts experience, relative to typical newborns. According to this proposal, the initial period of low retinal acuity characteristic of normal visual development induces extended spatial processing in the cortex that is important for configural face judgments. As a computational test of this hypothesis, we examined the effects of training with high-resolution or blurred images, and staged combinations, on the receptive fields and performance of a convolutional neural network. The results show that commencing training with blurred images creates receptive fields that integrate information across larger image areas and leads to improved performance and better generalization across a range of resolutions. These findings offer an explanation for the observed face recognition impairments after late treatment of congenital blindness, suggest an adaptive function for the acuity trajectory in normal development, and provide a scheme for improving the performance of computational face recognition systems.
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Jeantet C, Caharel S, Schwan R, Lighezzolo-Alnot J, Laprevote V. Factors influencing spatial frequency extraction in faces: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Nava E, Rinaldi L, Bulf H, Macchi Cassia V. The spatial representation of numbers and time follow distinct developmental trajectories: A study in 6- and 10-year-old children. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gerlach C, Starrfelt R. Delayed processing of global shape information is associated with weaker top-down effects in developmental prosopagnosia. Cogn Neuropsychol 2018; 35:471-478. [PMID: 30204050 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2018.1519505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we have shown that a group of individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (DP): (i) were impaired at recognizing objects when presented as silhouettes or fragmented forms; stimuli which place particular demands on global shape processing, (ii) that these impairments correlated with their face recognition deficit, (iii) that they showed a reduced global precedence effect in Navon's paradigm, and (iv) that the magnitude of their global precedence effect correlated with their face and object recognition performance. This pattern of deficits points towards a delay in the processing of global shape information; a delay that may weaken top-down influences on recognition performance. Here we show that the DPs show reduced real object superiority effects (faster responses to real objects than nonobjects) compared with controls. Given that real object superiority effects reflect top-down processing, these findings support the notion of impaired global shape based top-down processing in DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gerlach
- a Department of Psychology , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Randi Starrfelt
- b Department of Psychology , University of Copenhagen , København , Denmark
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Yin Y, Yuan Y, Zhang L. The Influence of Face Inversion and Spatial Frequency on the Self-Positive Expression Processing Advantage. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1624. [PMID: 30233463 PMCID: PMC6127817 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has examined the impact of late self-evaluation, ignoring the impact of the early visual coding stage and the extraction of facial identity information and expression information on the self-positive expression processing advantage. From the perspective of the processing course, this study examined the stability of the self-positive expression processing advantage and revealed its generation mechanism. In Experiment 1, inverted self-expression and others’ expressive pictures were used to influence early structural coding. In Experiments 2a and 2b, we used expression pictures of high and low spatial frequency, thereby affecting the extraction of facial identity information or expression information in the mid-term stage. The visual search paradigm was adopted in three experiments, asking subjects to respond to the target expression. We found that under the above experimental conditions, the search speed for self-faces was always faster than that for self-angry expressions and others’ faces. These results showed that, compared with others’ expressions and self-angry expressions, self-positive expressions were more prominent and more attractive. These findings suggest that self-expression recognition combines with conceptual self-knowledge to form an abstract and constant processing pattern. Therefore, the processing of self-expression recognition was not affected by the facial orientation and spatial frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Yin
- School of Philosophy and Sociology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Literature and Journalism and Communication, Changchun Guanghua University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Peters JC, Goebel R, Goffaux V. From coarse to fine: Interactive feature processing precedes local feature analysis in human face perception. Biol Psychol 2018; 138:1-10. [PMID: 30076873 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Face perception depends on a dynamic interplay of a "holistic" Interactive Feature Processing (IFP) and a Local Feature Processing (LFP) style. However, it is unclear whether features are processed locally before they are integrated into a holistic percept (Fine-to-Coarse strategy), or whether local feature processing occurs only after a holistic percept is established (Coarse-to-Fine strategy). The present Event-Related Potentials study investigates whether IFP precedes LFP (Coarse-to-Fine) or vice versa (Fine-to-Coarse). Participants matched target features within face pairs (here the eye region), in which distracter features (nose and mouth) called for the same or a different response (congruent and incongruent, respectively). Psychophysical results replicated previous findings. That is, dissimilar target features are locally processed (LFP), which minimizes interference from surrounding incongruent distracters. Conversely, an IFP mode is elicited when similar target features are embedded in dissimilar contexts. In IFP mode, incongruent distracters do interfere with the processing of similar target features, thereby deteriorating task performance. Face inversion, which preserves input properties but disrupts high-level face perception, annihilated these incongruency effects. Psychophysical observations were reflected at the neural level. The IFP and LFP modes of face perception elicited distinct time-courses in occipito-temporal cortex. IFP was affected by inversion as soon as 176 ms post-stimulus onset (coinciding with the N170 peak). In contrast, the first robust indications of LFP occurred 120 ms later, at 296 ms. Thus, the contribution of IFP to high-level face perception appears to temporally precede LFP. Moreover, results showed that the IFP and LFP modes did not only operate in distinct time intervals, but also in different brain areas: activity associated with the IFP mode was right-lateralized, whereas the LPF mode engaged the left hemisphere. In sum, interactive "holistic" encoding of facial features temporally precedes their local analysis. This agrees with models suggesting a Coarse-to-Fine strategy for face perception, in line with generic descriptions of visual perception in which global scene analysis precedes the examination of local details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Peters
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie Goffaux
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Psychological Sciences Research Institute (IPSY), Institute of Neuroscience (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Electrophysiological correlates of voice memory for young and old speakers in young and old listeners. Neuropsychologia 2018; 116:215-227. [PMID: 28802769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Faces of one's own-age group are easier to recognize than other-age faces. Using behavioral measures and EEG, we studied whether an own-age bias (OAB) also exists in voice memory. Young (19 - 26 years) and old (60-75 years) participants studied young (18-25 years) and old (60-77 years) unfamiliar voices from short sentences. Subsequently, they classified studied and novel voices as "old" (i.e. studied) or "new", from the same sentences. Recognition performance was higher in young compared to old participants, and for old compared to young voices, with no OAB. At the same time, we found evidence for higher distinctiveness of old compared to young voices, both in terms of acoustic measures and subjective ratings (independent of rater age). Analyses of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) indicated more negative-going deflections (400-1000ms) for old compared to young voices in young participants. In old participants, we observed a reversed OLD/NEW memory effect, with overall more positive amplitudes for novel compared to studied old (but not young) voices (400-1000ms). Time-frequency analyses revealed less beta power (16-26Hz) for young compared to old voices at left anterior sites, and also reduced beta power for correctly recognized studied (compared to novel) voices at left posterior sites (300-900ms). These findings could suggest an engagement of cortical areas during stimulus-specific recollection from about 300ms, in a task that emphasized the analysis of individual acoustic features.
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Afferent cardiac signals modulate attentional engagement to low spatial frequency fearful faces. Cortex 2018; 104:232-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Menzel C, Redies C, Hayn-Leichsenring GU. Low-level image properties in facial expressions. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 188:74-83. [PMID: 29879683 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied low-level image properties of face photographs and analyzed whether they change with different emotional expressions displayed by an individual. Differences in image properties were measured in three databases that depicted a total of 167 individuals. Face images were used either in their original form, cut to a standard format or superimposed with a mask. Image properties analyzed were: brightness, redness, yellowness, contrast, spectral slope, overall power and relative power in low, medium and high spatial frequencies. Results showed that image properties differed significantly between expressions within each individual image set. Further, specific facial expressions corresponded to patterns of image properties that were consistent across all three databases. In order to experimentally validate our findings, we equalized the luminance histograms and spectral slopes of three images from a given individual who showed two expressions. Participants were significantly slower in matching the expression in an equalized compared to an original image triad. Thus, existing differences in these image properties (i.e., spectral slope, brightness or contrast) facilitate emotion detection in particular sets of face images.
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Chen J, Chen Y, Liu Y. Color-motion feature binding occurs unconsciously. Neurosci Lett 2018; 675:54-58. [PMID: 29604405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between consciousness and feature binding has long been a topic of debate. Although they may be associated, there is growing evidence supporting the notion that feature binding and visual consciousness can be separated to some degree. In our study, we manipulated the visibility of priming stimuli, which consisted of color-motion features, and then measured the effects of those manipulations on reporting of cued targets' direction of rotation. A priming effect was observed even when the priming stimuli were invisible, implying that the color-motion features of the prime could bind unconsciously. These findings support the notion that, at least under certain conditions, feature binding and visual consciousness are separable psychological processes wherein feature binding is not sufficient to establish visual awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, China; Key Lab of Cognitive Evaluation and Regulation in Sport, General Administration of Sport, China.
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