1
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Rashid F, Farook TH, Dudley J. Digital Shade Matching in Dentistry: A Systematic Review. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:250. [PMID: 37999014 PMCID: PMC10670912 DOI: 10.3390/dj11110250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pursuit of aesthetic excellence in dentistry, shaped by societal trends and digital advancements, highlights the critical role of precise shade matching in restorative procedures. Although conventional methods are prevalent, challenges such as shade guide variability and subjective interpretation necessitate a re-evaluation in the face of emerging non-proximity digital instruments. This systematic review employs PRISMA protocols and keyword-based search strategies spanning the Scopus®, PubMed.gov, and Web of ScienceTM databases, with the last updated search carried out in October 2023. The study aimed to synthesise literature that identified digital non-proximity recording instruments and associated colour spaces in dentistry and compare the clinical outcomes of digital systems with spectrophotometers and conventional visual methods. Utilising predefined criteria and resolving disagreements between two reviewers through Cohen's kappa calculator, the review assessed 85 articles, with 33 included in a PICO model for clinical comparisons. The results reveal that 42% of studies employed the CIELAB colour space. Despite the challenges in study quality, non-proximity digital instruments demonstrated more consistent clinical outcomes than visual methods, akin to spectrophotometers, emphasising their efficacy in controlled conditions. The review underscores the evolving landscape of dental shade matching, recognising technological advancements and advocating for methodological rigor in dental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Rashid
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (T.H.F.); (J.D.)
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2
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Shimakura H, Sakata K. Color criteria of facial skin tone judgment. Vision Res 2022; 193:108011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Spiezio C, Pugassi M, Agrillo C, Regaiolli B. Color preference and manual laterality in the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23375. [PMID: 35322888 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current research focuses on color preference between red and green stimuli and manual laterality in the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). Trichromacy in primates has been related to a foraging advantage allowing frugivore primates to distinguish ripe from unripe fruits as well to socio-sexual communication, as trichromats would be advantaged in recognizing social and sexual signals. As warm colors can affect the emotive state of the subjects, leading to the activation of one hemisphere over the other (e.g., right hemisphere), this could lead to behavioral lateralization. Thus, studying of hand preference may be relevant when testing color preference. Nine adult zoo emperor tamarins were involved and the study aimed to investigate the preference between red, green, and white cones as well as manual laterality. Tamarins were provided with pairs of red-green, red-white, and green-white combinations of cones. Ten 30-min sessions per combination were carried out and data on the interaction with one of the two cones of each apparatus were collected to assess subjects' color preference. We also recorded the hand used by each subject during the interaction with cones of different colors and the position of the apparatus in respect to the tamarin. We found no preferences for colored versus white cones. Similarly, we reported no group-level preferences within different color combinations, whereas individual-level preferences were found when considering all choices. Finally, we found that red cones elicited a left-hand preference, suggesting a right-hemisphere involvement in the presence of red cones. Although we do not have genetic data on trichromat and dichromat females, the tendency to use the left hand when interacting with red stimuli provides further evidence that warm colors can influence the emotive state of the perceiver, affecting their manual lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Spiezio
- Department of Research & Conservation, Parco Natura Viva, Bussolengo, Italy
| | - Marta Pugassi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Parco Regionale di Montevecchia e della Valle del Curone, Lecco, Italy
| | - Christian Agrillo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Regaiolli
- Department of Research & Conservation, Parco Natura Viva, Bussolengo, Italy
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4
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People can identify the likely owner of heartbeats by looking at individuals’ faces. Cortex 2022; 151:176-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Liao S, Sakata K, Paramei GV. Color Affects Recognition of Emoticon Expressions. Iperception 2022; 13:20416695221080778. [PMID: 35265312 PMCID: PMC8900290 DOI: 10.1177/20416695221080778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In computer-mediated communication, emoticons are conventionally rendered in yellow.
Previous studies demonstrated that colors evoke certain affective meanings, and face color
modulates perceived emotion. We investigated whether color variation affects the
recognition of emoticon expressions. Japanese participants were presented with emoticons
depicting four basic emotions (Happy, Sad, Angry, Surprised) and a Neutral expression,
each rendered in eight colors. Four conditions (E1–E4) were employed in the lab-based
experiment; E5, with an additional participant sample, was an online replication of the
critical E4. In E1, colored emoticons were categorized in a 5AFC task. In E2–E5, stimulus
affective meaning was assessed using visual scales with anchors corresponding to each
emotion. The conditions varied in stimulus arrays: E2: light gray emoticons; E3: colored
circles; E4 and E5: colored emoticons. The affective meaning of Angry and Sad emoticons
was found to be stronger when conferred in warm and cool colors, respectively, the pattern
highly consistent between E4 and E5. The affective meaning of colored emoticons is
regressed to that of achromatic expression counterparts and decontextualized color. The
findings provide evidence that affective congruency of the emoticon expression and the
color it is rendered in facilitates recognition of the depicted emotion, augmenting the
conveyed emotional message.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyang Liao
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Fine Arts, Joshibi University of Art and Design, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sakata
- Department of Fine Arts, Joshibi University of Art and Design, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Mueller R, Utz S, Carbon CC, Strobach T. Face Adaptation-Investigating Nonconfigural Saturation Alterations. Iperception 2021; 12:20416695211056362. [PMID: 34900213 PMCID: PMC8652183 DOI: 10.1177/20416695211056362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognizing familiar faces requires a comparison of the incoming perceptual information with mental face representations stored in memory. Mounting evidence indicates that these representations adapt quickly to recently perceived facial changes. This becomes apparent in face adaptation studies where exposure to a strongly manipulated face alters the perception of subsequent face stimuli: original, non-manipulated face images then appear to be manipulated, while images similar to the adaptor are perceived as "normal." The face adaptation paradigm serves as a good tool for investigating the information stored in facial memory. So far, most of the face adaptation studies focused on configural (second-order relationship) face information, mainly neglecting non-configural face information (i.e., that does not affect spatial face relations), such as color, although several (non-adaptation) studies were able to demonstrate the importance of color information in face perception and identification. The present study therefore focuses on adaptation effects on saturation color information and compares the results with previous findings on brightness. The study reveals differences in the effect pattern and robustness, indicating that adaptation effects vary considerably even within the same class of non-configural face information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Mueller
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Bamberg Graduate School of Affective and Cognitive Sciences (BaGrACS), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Utz
- Bamberg Graduate School of Affective and Cognitive Sciences (BaGrACS), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
- Department of General Psychology and Methodology,
University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
- Research Group EPÆG (Ergonomics, Psychological Æsthetics, Gestalt), Bamberg, Germany
| | - Claus-Christian Carbon
- Bamberg Graduate School of Affective and Cognitive Sciences (BaGrACS), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
- Department of General Psychology and Methodology,
University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
- Research Group EPÆG (Ergonomics, Psychological Æsthetics, Gestalt), Bamberg, Germany
| | - Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Wolf D, Leder J, Röseler L, Schütz A. Does facial redness really affect emotion perception? Evidence for limited generalisability of effects of facial redness on emotion perception in a large sample. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:1607-1617. [PMID: 34590539 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1979473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a preregistered study (N = 609) to conceptually replicate and extend prior research regarding the effects of facial redness on emotion perception. In a within-subjects design, participants saw emotion faces (anger, happiness, fear, neutral) of a random female and a random male target with default facial colouration and increased facial redness and were asked to simultaneously rate the intensity of six emotions (happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, disgust, anger) for each emotion face. The emotion intensity was rated higher, when the emotion face and the rated emotion matched than when the emotion face and the rated emotion did not match. However, increased facial redness did not influence the intensity of the rated emotion. The results of this conceptual replication limit the generalisability of previous findings, challenge the assumption that facial redness is used as a cue to infer emotions, and point to the necessity to develop a more nuanced theoretical account of contextual boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wolf
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Leder
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Röseler
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Astrid Schütz
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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8
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Hasantash M, Lafer-Sousa R, Afraz A, Conway BR. Paradoxical impact of memory on color appearance of faces. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3010. [PMID: 31285438 PMCID: PMC6614425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
What is color vision for? Here we compared the extent to which memory modulates color appearance of objects and faces. Participants matched the colors of stimuli illuminated by low-pressure sodium light, which renders scenes monochromatic. Matches for fruit were not predicted by stimulus identity. In contrast, matches for faces were predictable, but surprising: faces appeared green and looked sick. The paradoxical face-color percept could be explained by a Bayesian observer model constrained by efficient coding. The color-matching data suggest that the face-color prior is established by visual signals arising from the recently evolved L-M cone system, not the older S-cone channel. Taken together, the results show that when retinal mechanisms of color vision are impaired, the impact of memory on color perception is greatest for face color, supporting the idea that trichromatic color plays an important role in social communication. What is the function of color vision? Here, the authors show that when retinal mechanisms of color are impaired, memory has a paradoxical impact on color appearance that is selective for faces, providing evidence that color contributes to face encoding and social communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hasantash
- Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, P.O. Box 19395-5746, Iran
| | - Rosa Lafer-Sousa
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Arash Afraz
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bevil R Conway
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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9
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Chauhan T, Xiao K, Wuerger S. Chromatic and luminance sensitivity for skin and skinlike textures. J Vis 2019; 19:13. [PMID: 30677123 DOI: 10.1167/19.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of the appearance of human skin for theoretical and practical purposes, little is known about visual sensitivity to subtle skin-tone changes, and whether the human visual system is indeed optimized to discern skin-color changes that confer some evolutionary advantage. Here, we report discrimination thresholds in a three-dimensional chromatic-luminance color space for natural skin and skinlike textures, and compare these to thresholds for uniform stimuli of the same mean color. We find no evidence that discrimination performance is superior along evolutionarily relevant color directions. Instead, discriminability is primarily determined by the prevailing illumination, and discrimination ellipses are aligned with the daylight locus. More specifically, the area and orientation of discrimination ellipses are governed by the chromatic distance between the stimulus and the illumination. Since this is true for both uniform and textured stimuli, it is likely to be driven by adaptation to mean stimulus color. Natural skin texture itself does not confer any advantage for discrimination performance. Furthermore, we find that discrimination boundaries for skin, skinlike, and scrambled skin stimuli are consistently larger than those for uniform stimuli, suggesting a possible adaptation to higher order color statistics of skin. This is in line with findings by Hansen, Giesel, and Gegenfurtner (2008) for other natural stimuli (fruit and vegetables). Human observers are also more sensitive to skin-color changes under simulated daylight as opposed to fluorescent light. The reduced sensitivity is driven by a decline in sensitivity along the luminance axis, which is qualitatively consistent with predictions from a Von Kries adaptation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Chauhan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Kaida Xiao
- School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sophie Wuerger
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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10
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Shimakura H. Desaturation-Induced Brightness in Face Color Perception. Iperception 2019; 10:2041669519854782. [PMID: 31217945 PMCID: PMC6563406 DOI: 10.1177/2041669519854782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinctiveness of perception of face from nonface objects has been noted previously. However, face brightness is often confounded with whiteness in the beauty industry; few studies have examined these perceptual differences. To investigate the interactions among face color attributes, we measured the effect of saturation on brightness and whiteness in both uniform color patches and face images to elucidate the relationship between these two perceptions. We found that, at constant luminance, a uniform color patch looked brighter with an increase in saturation (i.e., the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect occurred), while in contrast, brightness of a facial skin image looked less bright with increased saturation (i.e., contrary to the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect), which suggested this interaction of color attributes was influenced by top-down information. We conclude that this inverse effect of saturation on brightness for face images is not due to face recognition, color range of the skin tone, the luminance distribution, or recognition of human skin but due to the composite interactions of these facial skin factors in higher order recognition mechanisms.
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11
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Holding BC, Sundelin T, Cairns P, Perrett DI, Axelsson J. The effect of sleep deprivation on objective and subjective measures of facial appearance. J Sleep Res 2019; 28:e12860. [PMID: 31006920 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The faces of people who are sleep deprived are perceived by others as looking paler, less healthy and less attractive compared to when well rested. However, there is little research using objective measures to investigate sleep-loss-related changes in facial appearance. We aimed to assess the effects of sleep deprivation on skin colour, eye openness, mouth curvature and periorbital darkness using objective measures, as well as to replicate previous findings for subjective ratings. We also investigated the extent to which these facial features predicted ratings of fatigue by others and could be used to classify the sleep condition of the person. Subjects (n = 181) were randomised to one night of total sleep deprivation or a night of normal sleep (8-9 hr in bed). The following day facial photographs were taken and, in a subset (n = 141), skin colour was measured using spectrophotometry. A separate set of participants (n = 63) later rated the photographs in terms of health, paleness and fatigue. The photographs were also digitally analysed with respect to eye openness, mouth curvature and periorbital darkness. The results showed that neither sleep deprivation nor the subjects' sleepiness was related to differences in any facial variable. Similarly, there was no difference in subjective ratings between the groups. Decreased skin yellowness, less eye openness, downward mouth curvature and periorbital darkness all predicted increased fatigue ratings by others. However, the combination of appearance variables could not be accurately used to classify sleep condition. These findings have implications for both face-to-face and computerised visual assessment of sleep loss and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Holding
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tina Sundelin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Cairns
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - David I Perrett
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - John Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Minami T, Nakajima K, Nakauchi S. Effects of Face and Background Color on Facial Expression Perception. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1012. [PMID: 29977215 PMCID: PMC6021534 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting others' emotional states from their faces is an essential component of successful social interaction. However, the ability to perceive emotional expressions is reported to be modulated by a number of factors. We have previously found that facial color modulates the judgment of facial expression, while another study has shown that background color plays a modulatory role. Therefore, in this study, we directly compared the effects of face and background color on facial expression judgment within a single experiment. Fear-to-anger morphed faces were presented in face and background color conditions. Our results showed that judgments of facial expressions was influenced by both face and background color. However, facial color effects were significantly greater than background color effects, although the color saturation of faces was lower compared to background colors. These results suggest that facial color is intimately related to the judgment of facial expression, over and above the influence of simple color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuto Minami
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Kae Nakajima
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakauchi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
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13
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Thorstenson CA. The Social Psychophysics of Human Face Color: Review and Recommendations. SOCIAL COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2018.36.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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14
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Rowland HM, Burriss RP. Human colour in mate choice and competition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0350. [PMID: 28533465 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The colour of our skin and clothing affects how others perceive us and how we behave. Human skin colour varies conspicuously with genetic ancestry, but even subtle changes in skin colour due to diet, blood oxygenation and hormone levels influence social perceptions. In this review, we describe the theoretical and empirical frameworks in which human colour is researched. We explore how subtle skin colour differences relate to judgements of health and attractiveness. Also, because humans are one of the few organisms able to manipulate their apparent colour, we review how cosmetics and clothing are implicated in courtship and competition, both inside the laboratory and in the real world. Research on human colour is in its infancy compared with human psychophysics and colour research in non-human animals, and hence we present best-practice guidelines for methods and reporting, which we hope will improve the validity and reproducibility of studies on human coloration.This article is part of the themed issue 'Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rowland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK .,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Robert P Burriss
- Faculty of Psychology, Basel University, Basel 4055, Switzerland
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15
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16
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Thorstenson CA, Pazda AD, Elliot AJ. Subjective Perception of Color Differences Is Greater for Faces Than Non-Faces. SOCIAL COGNITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2017.35.3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Thorstenson
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
- Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology
| | - Adam D. Pazda
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina–Aiken
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
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17
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Foo YZ, Rhodes G, Simmons LW. The carotenoid beta-carotene enhances facial color, attractiveness and perceived health, but not actual health, in humans. Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhi Foo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia, and
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology & School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gillian Rhodes
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia, and
| | - Leigh W. Simmons
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia, and
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology & School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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18
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Henderson AJ, Lasselin J, Lekander M, Olsson MJ, Powis SJ, Axelsson J, Perrett DI. Skin colour changes during experimentally-induced sickness. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:312-318. [PMID: 27847284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin colour may be an important cue to detect sickness in humans but how skin colour changes with acute sickness is currently unknown. To determine possible colour changes, 22 healthy Caucasian participants were injected twice, once with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, at a dose of 2ng/kg body weight) and once with placebo (saline), in a randomised cross-over design study. Skin colour across 3 arm and 3 face locations was recorded spectrophotometrically over a period of 8h in terms of lightness (L∗), redness (a∗) and yellowness (b∗) in a manner that is consistent with human colour perception. In addition, carotenoid status was assessed as we predicted that a decrease it skin yellowness would reflect a drop in skin carotenoids. We found an early change in skin colouration 1-3h post LPS injection with facial skin becoming lighter and less red whilst arm skin become darker but also less red and less yellow. The LPS injection also caused a drop in plasma carotenoids from 3h onwards. However, the timing of the carotenoid changes was not consistent with the skin colour changes suggesting that other mechanisms, such as a reduction of blood perfusion, oxygenation or composition. This is the first experimental study characterising skin colour associated with acute illness, and shows that changes occur early in the development of the sickness response. Colour changes may serve as a cue to health, prompting actions from others in terms of care-giving or disease avoidance. Specific mechanisms underlying these colour changes require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey J Henderson
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Julie Lasselin
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Universitätsklinikum, Essen, Germany
| | - Mats Lekander
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats J Olsson
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon J Powis
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John Axelsson
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David I Perrett
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
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19
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Nakajima K, Minami T, Nakauchi S. Interaction between facial expression and color. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41019. [PMID: 28117349 PMCID: PMC5259783 DOI: 10.1038/srep41019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial color varies depending on emotional state, and emotions are often described in relation to facial color. In this study, we investigated whether the recognition of facial expressions was affected by facial color and vice versa. In the facial expression task, expression morph continua were employed: fear-anger and sadness-happiness. The morphed faces were presented in three different facial colors (bluish, neutral, and reddish color). Participants identified a facial expression between the two endpoints (e.g., fear or anger) regardless of its facial color. The results showed that the perception of facial expression was influenced by facial color. In the fear-anger morphs, intermediate morphs of reddish-colored and bluish colored faces had a greater tendency to be identified as angry faces and fearful faces, respectively. In the facial color task, two bluish-to-reddish colored face continua were presented in three different facial expressions (fear-neutral-anger and sadness-neutral-happiness). Participants judged whether the facial color was reddish or bluish regardless of its expression. The faces with sad expression tended to be identified as more bluish, while the faces with other expressions did not affect facial color judgment. These results suggest that an interactive but disproportionate relationship exists between facial color and expression in face perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Nakajima
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Tetsuto Minami
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakauchi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
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Kandrik M, Hahn AC, Fisher CI, Wincenciak J, DeBruine LM, Jones BC. Are physiological and behavioral immune responses negatively correlated? Evidence from hormone-linked differences in men's face preferences. Horm Behav 2017; 87:57-61. [PMID: 27810343 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Behaviors that minimize exposure to sources of pathogens can carry opportunity costs. Consequently, how individuals resolve the tradeoff between the benefits and costs of behavioral immune responses should be sensitive to the extent to which they are vulnerable to infectious diseases. However, although it is a strong prediction of this functional flexibility principle, there is little compelling evidence that individuals with stronger physiological immune responses show weaker behavioral immune responses. Here we show that men with the combination of high testosterone and low cortisol levels, a hormonal profile recently found to be associated with particularly strong physiological immune responses, show weaker preferences for color cues associated with carotenoid pigmentation. Since carotenoid cues are thought to index vulnerability to infectious illnesses, our results are consistent with the functional flexibility principle's prediction that individuals with stronger physiological immune responses show weaker behavioral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kandrik
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK.
| | - Amanda C Hahn
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK
| | - Claire I Fisher
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK
| | - Joanna Wincenciak
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK
| | - Lisa M DeBruine
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK
| | - Benedict C Jones
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK
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21
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Young SG, Thorstenson CA, Pazda AD. Facial redness, expression, and masculinity influence perceptions of anger and health. Cogn Emot 2016; 32:49-60. [PMID: 28033739 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1273201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Past research has found that skin colouration, particularly facial redness, influences the perceived health and emotional state of target individuals. In the current work, we explore several extensions of this past research. In Experiment 1, we manipulated facial redness incrementally on neutral and angry faces and had participants rate each face for anger and health. Different red effects emerged, as perceived anger increased in a linear manner as facial redness increased. Health ratings instead showed a curvilinear trend, as both extreme paleness and redness were rated as less healthy than moderate levels of red. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings by manipulating the masculinity of both angry and neutral faces that varied in redness. The results found the effect of red on perceived anger and health was moderated by masculine face structure. Collectively, these results show that facial redness has context dependent effects that vary based on facial expression, appearance, and differentially impact ratings of emotional states and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Young
- a Baruch College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York , New York , NY , USA
| | - Christopher A Thorstenson
- b The Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology , University of Rochester , Rochester , NY , USA.,c Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Adam D Pazda
- d Department of Psychology , University of South Carolina - Aiken , Aiken , SC , USA
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22
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Thorstenson CA, Pazda AD, Elliot AJ, Perrett DI. Facial Redness Increases Men’s Perceived Healthiness and Attractiveness. Perception 2016; 46:650-664. [DOI: 10.1177/0301006616680124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Past research has shown that peripheral and facial redness influences perceptions of attractiveness for men viewing women. The current research investigated whether a parallel effect is present when women rate men with varying facial redness. In four experiments, women judged the attractiveness of men’s faces, which were presented with varying degrees of redness. We also examined perceived healthiness and other candidate variables as mediators of the red-attractiveness effect. The results show that facial redness positively influences ratings of men’s attractiveness. Additionally, perceived healthiness was documented as a mediator of this effect, independent of other potential mediator variables. The current research emphasizes facial coloration as an important feature of social judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Thorstenson
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, NY, USA
- Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA
| | - Adam D. Pazda
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina–Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David I. Perrett
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY, UK
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Silver H, Bilker WB. Colour influences perception of facial emotions but this effect is impaired in healthy ageing and schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 20:438-55. [PMID: 26395165 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2015.1080157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social cognition is commonly assessed by identification of emotions in facial expressions. Presence of colour, a salient feature of stimuli, might influence emotional face perception. METHODS We administered 2 tests of facial emotion recognition, the Emotion Recognition Test (ER40) using colour pictures and the Penn Emotional Acuity Test using monochromatic pictures, to 37 young healthy, 39 old healthy and 37 schizophrenic men. RESULTS Among young healthy individuals recognition of emotions was more accurate and faster in colour than in monochromatic pictures. Compared to the younger group, older healthy individuals revealed impairment in identification of sad expressions in colour but not monochromatic pictures. Schizophrenia patients showed greater impairment in colour than monochromatic pictures of neutral and sad expressions and overall total score compared to both healthy groups. Patients showed significant correlations between cognitive impairment and perception of emotion in colour but not monochromatic pictures. CONCLUSIONS Colour enhances perception of general emotional clues and this contextual effect is impaired in healthy ageing and schizophrenia. The effects of colour need to be considered in interpreting and comparing studies of emotion perception. Coloured face stimuli may be more sensitive to emotion processing impairments but less selective for emotion-specific information than monochromatic stimuli. This may impact on their utility in early detection of impairments and investigations of underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Silver
- a Brain Behavior Laboratory , Sha'ar Menashe Mental Health Center , Mobile Post Hefer 37806, Israel.,b Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Technion Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel
| | - Warren B Bilker
- c Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Pazda AD, Thorstenson CA, Elliot AJ, Perrett DI. Women’s Facial Redness Increases Their Perceived Attractiveness: Mediation Through Perceived Healthiness. Perception 2016; 45:739-54. [DOI: 10.1177/0301006616633386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present research, we investigated whether the red-attraction relation that has been observed for men viewing women may also be observed with regard to women’s facial redness. We manipulated facial redness by slightly increasing or decreasing the redness on the faces of baseline pictures of target women, and then had men judge the attractiveness of the women. We also examined healthiness perceptions as a mediator of the redness-attraction relation, along with several other candidate mediator variables. A series of experiments showed that increased redness led to increased ratings of attractiveness, and decreased redness led to decreased ratings of attractiveness. Perceived healthiness was documented as a mediator of the influence of female facial redness on male perceptions of attractiveness, and this mediation was independent of other candidate mediator variables. The findings highlight the importance of attending to facial coloration as an attraction-relevant cue and point to interesting areas for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Pazda
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Christopher A. Thorstenson
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, NY, USA; Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David I. Perrett
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, Fife, UK
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Burriss RP, Troscianko J, Lovell PG, Fulford AJC, Stevens M, Quigley R, Payne J, Saxton TK, Rowland HM. Changes in Women's Facial Skin Color over the Ovulatory Cycle are Not Detectable by the Human Visual System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130093. [PMID: 26134671 PMCID: PMC4489916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ovulation is not advertised, as it is in several primate species, by conspicuous sexual swellings. However, there is increasing evidence that the attractiveness of women's body odor, voice, and facial appearance peak during the fertile phase of their ovulatory cycle. Cycle effects on facial attractiveness may be underpinned by changes in facial skin color, but it is not clear if skin color varies cyclically in humans or if any changes are detectable. To test these questions we photographed women daily for at least one cycle. Changes in facial skin redness and luminance were then quantified by mapping the digital images to human long, medium, and shortwave visual receptors. We find cyclic variation in skin redness, but not luminance. Redness decreases rapidly after menstrual onset, increases in the days before ovulation, and remains high through the luteal phase. However, we also show that this variation is unlikely to be detectable by the human visual system. We conclude that changes in skin color are not responsible for the effects of the ovulatory cycle on women's attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Burriss
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Jolyon Troscianko
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - P. George Lovell
- Division of Psychology, Abertay University, Dundee, DD1 1HG, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. C. Fulford
- MRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Stevens
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Quigley
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Payne
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tamsin K. Saxton
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M. Rowland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
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26
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Jones BC, Hahn AC, Fisher CI, Wincenciak J, Kandrik M, Roberts SC, Little AC, DeBruine LM. Facial coloration tracks changes in women's estradiol. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 56:29-34. [PMID: 25796069 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Red facial coloration is an important social cue in many primate species, including humans. In such species, the vasodilatory effects of estradiol may cause red facial coloration to change systematically during females' ovarian cycle. Although increased red facial coloration during estrus has been observed in female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), evidence linking primate facial color changes directly to changes in measured estradiol is lacking. Addressing this issue, we used a longitudinal design to demonstrate that red facial coloration tracks within-subject changes in women's estradiol, but not within-subject changes in women's progesterone or estradiol-to-progesterone ratio. Moreover, the relationship between estradiol and facial redness was observed in two independent samples of women (N = 50 and N = 65). Our results suggest that changes in facial coloration may provide cues of women's fertility and present the first evidence for a direct link between estradiol and female facial redness in a primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict C Jones
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK.
| | - Amanda C Hahn
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Claire I Fisher
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Joanna Wincenciak
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Michal Kandrik
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - S Craig Roberts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Anthony C Little
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Lisa M DeBruine
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
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27
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Elliot AJ. Color and psychological functioning: a review of theoretical and empirical work. Front Psychol 2015; 6:368. [PMID: 25883578 PMCID: PMC4383146 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade there has been increased interest in research on color and psychological functioning. Important advances have been made in theoretical work and empirical work, but there are also important weaknesses in both areas that must be addressed for the literature to continue to develop apace. In this article, I provide brief theoretical and empirical reviews of research in this area, in each instance beginning with a historical background and recent advancements, and proceeding to an evaluation focused on weaknesses that provide guidelines for future research. I conclude by reiterating that the literature on color and psychological functioning is at a nascent stage of development, and by recommending patience and prudence regarding conclusions about theory, findings, and real-world application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
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28
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Lefevre CE, Perrett DI. Fruit over sunbed: Carotenoid skin colouration is found more attractive than melanin colouration. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2015; 68:284-93. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.944194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin colouration appears to play a pivotal part in facial attractiveness. Skin yellowness contributes to an attractive appearance and is influenced both by dietary carotenoids and by melanin. While both increased carotenoid colouration and increased melanin colouration enhance apparent health in Caucasian faces by increasing skin yellowness, it remains unclear, firstly, whether both pigments contribute to attractiveness judgements, secondly, whether one pigment is clearly preferred over the other, and thirdly, whether these effects depend on the sex of the face. Here, in three studies, we examine these questions using controlled facial stimuli transformed to be either high or low in (a) carotenoid colouration, or (b) melanin colouration. We show, firstly, that both increased carotenoid colouration and increased melanin colouration are found attractive compared to lower levels of these pigments. Secondly, we show that carotenoid colouration is consistently preferred over melanin colouration when levels of colouration are matched. In addition, we find an effect of the sex of stimuli with stronger preferences for carotenoids over melanin in female compared to male faces, irrespective of the sex of the observer. These results are interpreted as reflecting preferences for sex-typical skin colouration: men have darker skin than women and high melanization in male faces may further enhance this masculine trait, thus carotenoid colouration is not less desirable, but melanin colouration is relatively more desirable in males compared to females. Taken together, our findings provide further support for a carotenoid-linked health-signalling system that is highly important in mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen E. Lefevre
- Centre for Decision Research, Leeds University Business School, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Perrett
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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