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Boyde A, Tyler NJC. Microanatomy of incremental growth lines in dental tissues in reindeer Rangifer tarandus. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 39234748 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Counting growth layers in dentine and/or secondary cementum is widely used for age determination in wild mammals but the underlying seasonal changes in the structure and degree of mineralisation of dental tissue have not been well characterised. We embedded first (m1) and second (m2) mandibular permanent molar teeth from a 12-year-old female Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) in PolyMethylMethAcrylate (PMMA), prepared cut and polished surfaces coated with evaporated carbon and used 20 kV back-scattered electron imaging in a scanning electron microscope (BSE-SEM) to study aspects of dental tissue structure which depend on the degree of mineralisation at the micron and sub-micron scale. BSE-SEM revealed differences between the mineral content of growth layers (annulations) in the secondary cementum and the primary and secondary dentine, the latter, incidentally, still forming at death in m1. Wide bands of less well mineralised tissue formed in the cementum during active appositional phases. Thin, denser bands formed by maturation-mineralisation of existing tissue when growth slowed in winter. This maturation mimics the processes seen in lamellar bone and articular cartilage. Counter to previous suggestions, there was evidence of substantial resorption and repair of the secondary cementum and of formation of dentine throughout life. Secondary dentine is layered by mineral content like cementum. In the crown, this was mainly tubular dentine with well-marked interglobular dentine layers. In the lower pulp chamber and root, it was largely without tubules. Substantial non-mineralised spaces found at the cement-dentine junction in the root apical regions in m2 represent inclusions of the Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS) or the Epithelial Rests of Malassez (ERM) between the two tissues, a phenomenon which has previously only been identified in Muridae. The anatomical changes which result in the formation of the incremental lines (annulations) in dental tissues of reindeer, identified here for the first time at the micrometre level, are likely to be common across most if not all long-lived species of mammals living in seasonal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J C Tyler
- Centre for Saami Studies, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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2
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Tyler NJC, Post E, Hazlerigg DG. Weak coupling between energetic status and the timing of reproduction in an Arctic ungulate. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6352. [PMID: 38491083 PMCID: PMC11322327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioenergetic constraints are the ultimate determinant of the timing of reproduction, and seasonal breeding is consequently a widely observed trait. Consistent with this, attention has focused on plasticity in reproductive phenology conceptualized as a response to concomitant advances in the phenology of the environmental energy supply caused by climate change. Few studies, however, have directly compared timing of reproduction with energetic status in free-living wild animals. Here we demonstrate that neither body mass nor adiposity are strong proximate predictors of date of conception in wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Weak coupling between energetic status and the phenology of reproduction accounts for the increasing discrepancy between the phenology of forage (energy supply) and the phenology of reproduction (energy demand) observed across the last 2-4 decades in two populations of this species. The results emphasise that phenological plasticity is not a passive response to changes in energy supply but derives from the way in which environmental factors interact with the core control mechanisms that govern timing. Central in this respect is integration, within the rheostatic centres of the hypothalamus, of information on nutritional status with the circannual life-history calendar.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J C Tyler
- Centre for Saami Studies, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - E Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D G Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Barboza PS, Shively RD, Thompson DP. Robust Responses of Female Caribou to Changes in Food Supply. ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 97:29-52. [PMID: 38717369 DOI: 10.1086/729668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
AbstractUngulates can respond to changes in food supply by altering foraging behavior, digestive function, and metabolism. A multifaceted response to an environmental change is considered robust. Short seasons of plant growth make herbivores sensitive to changes in food supply because maintenance and production must be accomplished in less time with fewer options in a more fragile response. Caribou live at high latitudes where short summers constrain their response to changes in food supply. We measured the ability of female caribou to resist and tolerate changes in the quality and quantity of their food supply during winter and summer. Caribou resisted changes in food abundance and quality by changing food intake and physical activity with changes in daily temperature within each season. Peak food intake rose by 134% from winter pregnancy to summer lactation (98 vs. 229 g kg-0.75 d-1), as digestible requirements to maintain the body increased by 85% for energy (1,164 vs. 2,155 kJ kg-0.75 d-1) and by 266% for N (0.79 vs. 2.89 g N kg-0.75 d-1). Caribou required a diet with a digestible content of 12 kJ g-1 and 0.8% N in pregnancy, 18 kJ g-1 and 1.9% N in early lactation, and 11 kJ g-1 and 1.2% N in late lactation, which corresponds with the phenology of the wild diet. Female caribou tolerated restriction of ad lib. food intake to 58% of their energy requirement (680 vs. 1,164 kJ kg-0.75 d-1) during winter pregnancy and to 84% of their energy requirement (1,814 vs. 2,155 kJ kg-0.75 d-1) during summer lactation without a change in stress level, as indicated by fecal corticosterone concentration. Conversely, caribou can respond to increased availability of food with a spare capacity to process digestible energy and N at 123% (2,642 vs. 2,155 kJ kg-0.75 d-1) and 145% (4.20 vs. 2.89 g N kg-0.75 d-1) of those respective requirements during lactation. Robust responses to changes in food supply allow caribou to sustain reproduction, which would buffer demographic response. However, herds may decline when thresholds of behavioral resistance and physiological tolerance are frequently exceeded. Therefore, the challenge for managing declining populations of caribou and other robust species is to identify declines in robustness before their response becomes fragile.
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Ortega AC, LaSharr TN, Kauffman MJ, Monteith KL. Energy expenditure of fat in a large herbivore is non-linear over winter. Ecology 2022; 104:e3952. [PMID: 36495073 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Ortega
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.,Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Tayler N LaSharr
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.,Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.,Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Matthew J Kauffman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Kevin L Monteith
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.,Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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5
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Jakopak RP, Sawyer H, LaSharr TN, Randall J, Dwinnell SP, Fralick GL, Monteith KL. Diel timing of migration is not plastic in a migratory ungulate. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Denryter K, Conner MM, Stephenson TR, German DW, Monteith KL. Survival of the fattest: how body fat and migration influence survival in highly seasonal environments. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Denryter
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Wyoming, 804 East Fremont Laramie WY USA
| | - Mary M. Conner
- Utah State University Department of Wildland Resources, 5320 Old Main Hill Logan UT USA
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 787 North Main Street, Suite 220 Bishop CA USA
| | - Thomas R. Stephenson
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program, 787 North Main Street, Suite 220 Bishop CA USA
| | - David W. German
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program, 787 North Main Street, Suite 220 Bishop CA USA
| | - Kevin L. Monteith
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 804 East Fremont Laramie WY USA
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7
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Smiley RA, LaSharr TN, Abernathy HN, Shakeri YN, Levine RL, Rankins ST, Jakopak RP, Rafferty RT, Kolek JT, Wagler BL, Dwinnell SPH, Robinson TJ, Randall JE, Kaiser RC, Thonhoff M, Scurlock B, Fieseler T, Fralick GL, Monteith KL. Biomarkers of Animal Nutrition: From Seasonal to Lifetime Indicators of Environmental Conditions. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:375. [PMID: 35330126 PMCID: PMC8949293 DOI: 10.3390/life12030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition underpins survival and reproduction in animal populations; reliable nutritional biomarkers are therefore requisites to understanding environmental drivers of population dynamics. Biomarkers vary in scope of inference and sensitivity, making it important to know what and when to measure to properly quantify biological responses. We evaluated the repeatability of three nutritional biomarkers in a large, iteroparous mammal to evaluate the level of intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to those traits. During a long-term, individual-based study in a highly variable environment, we measured body fat, body mass, and lean mass of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) each autumn and spring. Lean mass was the most repeatable biomarker (0.72 autumn; 0.61 spring), followed by body mass (0.64 autumn; 0.53 spring), and then body fat (0.22 autumn; 0.01 spring). High repeatability in body and lean mass likely reflects primary structural composition, which is conserved across seasons. Low repeatability of body fat supports that it is the primary labile source of energy that is largely a product of environmental contributions of the previous season. Based on the disparate levels in repeatability among nutritional biomarkers, we contend that body and lean mass are better indicators of nutritional legacies (e.g., maternal effects), whereas body fat is a direct and sensitive reflection of recent nutritional gains and losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Smiley
- Haub School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E Fremont St., Laramie, WY 82072, USA; (T.N.L.); (H.N.A.); (Y.N.S.); (R.L.L.); (S.T.R.); (R.P.J.); (R.T.R.); (J.T.K.); (B.L.W.); (K.L.M.)
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Tayler N. LaSharr
- Haub School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E Fremont St., Laramie, WY 82072, USA; (T.N.L.); (H.N.A.); (Y.N.S.); (R.L.L.); (S.T.R.); (R.P.J.); (R.T.R.); (J.T.K.); (B.L.W.); (K.L.M.)
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Heather N. Abernathy
- Haub School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E Fremont St., Laramie, WY 82072, USA; (T.N.L.); (H.N.A.); (Y.N.S.); (R.L.L.); (S.T.R.); (R.P.J.); (R.T.R.); (J.T.K.); (B.L.W.); (K.L.M.)
| | - Yasaman N. Shakeri
- Haub School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E Fremont St., Laramie, WY 82072, USA; (T.N.L.); (H.N.A.); (Y.N.S.); (R.L.L.); (S.T.R.); (R.P.J.); (R.T.R.); (J.T.K.); (B.L.W.); (K.L.M.)
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Levine
- Haub School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E Fremont St., Laramie, WY 82072, USA; (T.N.L.); (H.N.A.); (Y.N.S.); (R.L.L.); (S.T.R.); (R.P.J.); (R.T.R.); (J.T.K.); (B.L.W.); (K.L.M.)
| | - Seth T. Rankins
- Haub School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E Fremont St., Laramie, WY 82072, USA; (T.N.L.); (H.N.A.); (Y.N.S.); (R.L.L.); (S.T.R.); (R.P.J.); (R.T.R.); (J.T.K.); (B.L.W.); (K.L.M.)
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Rhiannon P. Jakopak
- Haub School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E Fremont St., Laramie, WY 82072, USA; (T.N.L.); (H.N.A.); (Y.N.S.); (R.L.L.); (S.T.R.); (R.P.J.); (R.T.R.); (J.T.K.); (B.L.W.); (K.L.M.)
| | - Rebekah T. Rafferty
- Haub School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E Fremont St., Laramie, WY 82072, USA; (T.N.L.); (H.N.A.); (Y.N.S.); (R.L.L.); (S.T.R.); (R.P.J.); (R.T.R.); (J.T.K.); (B.L.W.); (K.L.M.)
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jaron T. Kolek
- Haub School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E Fremont St., Laramie, WY 82072, USA; (T.N.L.); (H.N.A.); (Y.N.S.); (R.L.L.); (S.T.R.); (R.P.J.); (R.T.R.); (J.T.K.); (B.L.W.); (K.L.M.)
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Brittany L. Wagler
- Haub School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E Fremont St., Laramie, WY 82072, USA; (T.N.L.); (H.N.A.); (Y.N.S.); (R.L.L.); (S.T.R.); (R.P.J.); (R.T.R.); (J.T.K.); (B.L.W.); (K.L.M.)
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Samantha P. H. Dwinnell
- Arctic Terrestrial Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156 N−9187, 9170 Longyearbyen, Norway;
| | - Timothy J. Robinson
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Wyoming, Department 3036, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
| | - Jill E. Randall
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Pinedale Regional Office, 432 Mill St., Pinedale, WY 82941, USA; (J.E.R.); (B.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Rusty C. Kaiser
- United States Forest Service, Big Piney Ranger District, 10418 South US Highway 189, Big Piney, WY 83113, USA;
| | - Mark Thonhoff
- Bureau of Land Management, Pinedale Field Office, 1625 West Pine St., Pinedale, WY 82941, USA;
| | - Brandon Scurlock
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Pinedale Regional Office, 432 Mill St., Pinedale, WY 82941, USA; (J.E.R.); (B.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Troy Fieseler
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Pinedale Regional Office, 432 Mill St., Pinedale, WY 82941, USA; (J.E.R.); (B.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Gary L. Fralick
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Jackson Regional Office, 420 North Cache, Jackson, WY 83001, USA;
| | - Kevin L. Monteith
- Haub School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E Fremont St., Laramie, WY 82072, USA; (T.N.L.); (H.N.A.); (Y.N.S.); (R.L.L.); (S.T.R.); (R.P.J.); (R.T.R.); (J.T.K.); (B.L.W.); (K.L.M.)
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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8
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Importance of the morphological plasticity of Cervus elaphus in the biochronology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene of the Italian peninsula. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:40. [PMID: 34477978 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The species Cervus elaphus is characterised by its significant and very swift ability to adapt to the broad woodland-related range of environments in the northern hemisphere, as can be seen by the large number of distinct populations and living subspecies. From studies on the phenotypic plasticity and adaptative capability of living populations of red deer, we can hypothesise that environmental conditions influenced the spread and the evolution of the species, especially in changing landscapes like those of the Italian peninsula during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. In fact, Cervus elaphus occurs on the Italian peninsula from the Middle Pleistocene, a period characterised by a particularly wide variety of environments determined by changeable palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographical conditions that are in all cases more significant in the late Middle Pleistocene and in the Late Pleistocene. If we observe the various fossil subspecies and apply the principle that present features like phenotypic plasticity are important keys to understanding the past, we must reconsider the Pleistocene red deer in evolutionary and taxonomic terms. This reappraisal also provides new data on the biochronological importance of the various red deer subspecies widespread in Italy during the Middle and Late Pleistocene.
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Aikens EO, Dwinnell SPH, LaSharr TN, Jakopak RP, Fralick GL, Randall J, Kaiser R, Thonhoff M, Kauffman MJ, Monteith KL. Migration distance and maternal resource allocation determine timing of birth in a large herbivore. Ecology 2021; 102:e03334. [PMID: 33710647 PMCID: PMC8243980 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Birth timing is a key life‐history characteristic that influences fitness and population performance. For migratory animals, however, appropriately timing birth on one seasonal range may be constrained by events occurring during other parts of the migratory cycle. We investigated how the use of capital and income resources may facilitate flexibility in reproductive phenology of migratory mule deer in western Wyoming, USA, over a 5‐yr period (2015–2019). Specifically, we examined how seasonal interactions affected three interrelated life‐history characteristics: fetal development, birth mass, and birth timing. Females in good nutritional condition at the onset of winter and those that migrated short distances had more developed fetuses (measured as fetal eye diameter in March). Variation in parturition date was explained largely by fetal development; however, there were up to 16 d of plasticity in expected birth date. Plasticity in expected birth date was shaped by income resources in the form of exposure to spring green‐up. Although individuals that experienced greater exposure to spring green‐up were able to advance expected birth date, being born early or late with respect to fetal development had no effect on birth mass of offspring. Furthermore, we investigated the trade‐offs migrating mule deer face by evaluating support for existing theory that predicts that births should be matched to local peaks in resource availability at the birth site. In contrast to this prediction, only long‐distance migrants that paced migration with the flush of spring green‐up, giving birth shortly after ending migration, were able to match birth with spring green‐up. Shorter‐distance migrants completed migration sooner and gave birth earlier, seemingly trading off more time for offspring to grow and develop over greater access to resources. Thus, movement tactic had profound downstream effects on birth timing. These findings highlight a need to reconsider classical theory on optimal birth timing, which has focused solely on conditions at the birth site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen O Aikens
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Laramie, Wyoming, 82701, USA.,Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - Samantha P H Dwinnell
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E. Fremont Street, Laramie, Wyoming, 82072, USA
| | - Tayler N LaSharr
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Laramie, Wyoming, 82701, USA.,Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E. Fremont Street, Laramie, Wyoming, 82072, USA.,Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - Rhiannon P Jakopak
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Laramie, Wyoming, 82701, USA.,Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E. Fremont Street, Laramie, Wyoming, 82072, USA.,Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - Gary L Fralick
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, P.O. Box 1022, Thayne, Wyoming, 83127, USA
| | - Jill Randall
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, PO Box 850, 432 East Mill St, Pinedale, Wyoming, 82941, USA
| | - Rusty Kaiser
- U.S. Forest Service, 10418 Highway 189, Big Piney, Wyoming, 83113, USA
| | - Mark Thonhoff
- U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1625 W Pine St, PO Box 768, Pinedale, Wyoming, 82941, USA
| | - Matthew J Kauffman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - Kevin L Monteith
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Laramie, Wyoming, 82701, USA.,Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 804 E. Fremont Street, Laramie, Wyoming, 82072, USA
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10
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Denryter K, German DW, Stephenson TR, Monteith KL. State- and context-dependent applications of an energetics model in free-ranging bighorn sheep. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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