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Gupta A, Laha JK. Growing Utilization of Radical Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300207. [PMID: 37565381 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Our current unhealthy lifestyle and the exponential surge in the population getting affected by a variety of diseases have made pharmaceuticals or drugs an imperative part of life, making the development of innovative strategies for drug discovery or the introduction of refined, cost-effective and modern technologies for the synthesis of clinically used drugs, a need of the hour. Ever since their discovery, free radicals and radical cations or anions as reactive intermediates have captivated the chemists, resulting in an exceptional utilization of these moieties throughout the field of chemical synthesis, owing to their unprecedented and widespread reactivity. Sticking with the idea of not judging the book by its cover, despite the conventional thought process of radicals being unstable and difficult to control entities, scientists and academicians around the globe have done an appreciable amount of work utilizing both persistent as well as transient radicals for a variety of organic transformations, exemplifying them with the synthesis of significant biologically active pharmaceutical ingredients. This review truly accounts for the organic radical transformations including radical addition, radical cascade cyclization, radical/radical cross-coupling, coupling with metal-complexes and radical cations coupling with nucleophiles, that offers fascinating and unconventional approaches towards the construction of intricate structural frameworks of marketed APIs with high atom- and step-economy; complementing the otherwise employed traditional methods. This tutorial review presents a comprehensive package of diverse methods utilized for radical generation, featuring their reactivity to form critical bonds in pharmaceutical total synthesis or in building key starting materials or intermediates of their synthetic journey, acknowledging their excellence, downsides and underlying mechanisms, which are otherwise poorly highlighted in the literature. Despite great achievements over the past few decades in this area, many challenges and obstacles are yet to be unraveled to shorten the distance between the academics and the industry, which are all discussed in summary and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
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Weinhold TD, Reece NA, Ribeiro K, Lopez Ocasio M, Watson N, Hanson K, Longstreet AR. Assessing Carbazole Derivatives as Single-Electron Photoreductants. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16928-16936. [PMID: 36472491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The electron-donating capabilities of carbazoles have stimulated interest in their use as photoinduced single-electron reductants. Due to the modularity of the carbazole, a further broadening and understanding of their reactivity could be achieved by manipulating the structure. Herein, eight carbazole derivatives were synthesized, characterized, and assessed as single-electron photoreductants in the hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides and the arylation of N-methylpyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Weinhold
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida 33606, United States
| | - Natalie A Reece
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida 33606, United States
| | - Kevin Ribeiro
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida 33606, United States
| | - Maredh Lopez Ocasio
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida 33606, United States
| | - Noelle Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Ashley R Longstreet
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida 33606, United States
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Lu FD, Shu ZC, He GF, Bai JC, Lu LQ, Xiao WJ. Photoinduced C–O bond cleavage for copper-catalyzed allenyl radical cyanation. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00938b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of allenyl nitriles was realized through the combination of photoinduced C–O bond cleavage and copper catalysis. Both 1,3-disubstituted and trisubstituted allenyl nitriles were accessed with good yields and high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Dong Lu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Zhen-Cao Shu
- Wuhan Youji Industries Co., Ltd, No.1 2nd Chemical Rd., Wuhan, Hubei, 430082, China
| | - Gui-Feng He
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jun-Chuan Bai
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Liang-Qiu Lu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
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Politano F, Oksdath-Mansilla G. Light on the Horizon: Current Research and Future Perspectives in Flow Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Politano
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Oksdath-Mansilla
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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Matsubara R, Yabuta T, Md Idros U, Hayashi M, Ema F, Kobori Y, Sakata K. UVA- and Visible-Light-Mediated Generation of Carbon Radicals from Organochlorides Using Nonmetal Photocatalyst. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9381-9390. [PMID: 30005575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon radicals are reactive species useful in various organic transformations. The C-X bond cleavage of organohalides by photoirradiation is a common method to generate carbon radicals in a controlled fashion. The use of organochloride substrates is still a formidable challenge due to the low reduction potential and the high dissociation energy of the C-Cl bond. In this report, we address these issues by using a nonmetal organic molecule with a relatively simple structure as a photocatalyst. In this catalyst (bis(dimethylamino)carbazole), the amino groups increase both the HOMO and LUMO energy levels, especially in the former. As a result, compared to the parent molecule, the new catalyst shows experimentally red-shifted absorption in the visible region and forms an excited state with better reducing capability. This photocatalyst was used in the reduction of unactivated aryl chlorides and alkyl chlorides in the presence of hydrogen atom donor at room temperature. The catalytic system can also be applied to the coupling of aryl chlorides with electron-rich arene and heteroarenes to affect the C-C bond-forming reactions. Our mechanistic study results support the assumption that carbon radicals are formed from the organochlorides via a single-electron-transfer step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kobe University , Nada , Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Tatsushi Yabuta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kobe University , Nada , Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Ubaidah Md Idros
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kobe University , Nada , Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Masahiko Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kobe University , Nada , Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ema
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kobe University , Nada , Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kobe University , Nada , Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Ken Sakata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Toho University , Miyama, Funabashi , Chiba 274-8510 , Japan
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Gérardy R, Winter M, Horn CR, Vizza A, Van Hecke K, Monbaliu JCM. Continuous-Flow Preparation of γ-Butyrolactone Scaffolds from Renewable Fumaric and Itaconic Acids under Photosensitized Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center
for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Marc Winter
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156
Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
| | - Clemens R. Horn
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156
Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
| | - Alessandra Vizza
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156
Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct,
Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center
for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
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Terao K, Nishiyama Y, Kakiuchi K. Highly Efficient Asymmetric Paternò–Büchi Reaction in a Microcapillary Reactor Utilizing Slug Flow. J Flow Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-13-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Plutschack MB, Correia CA, Seeberger PH, Gilmore K. Organic Photoredox Chemistry in Flow. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Rackl D, Kais V, Kreitmeier P, Reiser O. Visible light photoredox-catalyzed deoxygenation of alcohols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2157-65. [PMID: 25246974 PMCID: PMC4168922 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon–oxygen single bonds are ubiquitous in natural products whereas efficient methods for their reductive defunctionalization are rare. In this work an environmentally benign protocol for the activation of carbon–oxygen single bonds of alcohols towards a reductive bond cleavage under visible light photocatalysis was developed. Alcohols were activated as 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-substituted benzoates and irradiation with blue light in the presence of [Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)](PF6) as visible light photocatalyst and Hünig’s base as sacrificial electron donor in an acetonitrile/water mixture generally gave good to excellent yields of the desired defunctionalized compounds. Functional group tolerance is high but the protocol developed is limited to benzylic, α-carbonyl, and α-cyanoalcohols; with other alcohols a slow partial C–F bond reduction in the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoate moiety occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rackl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Kais
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kreitmeier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Matsubara R, Shin YS, Shimada T, Hayashi M. Revisiting the Saito Photochemical Reduction and the Development of a One-Pot Deoxygenation of Alcohols. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bachollet S, Terao K, Aida S, Nishiyama Y, Kakiuchi K, Oelgemöller M. Microflow photochemistry: UVC-induced [2 + 2]-photoadditions to furanone in a microcapillary reactor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2015-21. [PMID: 24204412 PMCID: PMC3817530 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
[2 + 2]-Cycloadditions of cyclopentene and 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene to furanone were investigated under continuous-flow conditions. Irradiations were conducted in a FEP-microcapillary module which was placed in a Rayonet chamber photoreactor equipped with low wattage UVC-lamps. Conversion rates and isolated yields were compared to analogue batch reactions in a quartz test tube. In all cases examined, the microcapillary reactor furnished faster conversions and improved product qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvestre Bachollet
- James Cook University, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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