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Amarowicz R, Cwalina-Ambroziak B, Janiak MA, Damszel M, Stępień A, Sulewska K, Karamać M, Penkacik K. Effect of Fertilization on Phenolics of Rapeseeds and Their Antioxidant Potential. Foods 2024; 13:561. [PMID: 38397538 PMCID: PMC10888290 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Three varieties of rapeseed (Castilla, California, and Nelson F1) were cultivated using medium-intensive (control), intensive, and economical (spare) technologies with different nitrogen and sulfur fertilization techniques. The antioxidant potential of rapeseeds was investigated using ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays. The content of total phenolic compounds was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent. The profile of phenolic compounds was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Diversifying fertilization in various ways influenced the content of phenolic compounds in extracts of rapeseed. In extracts from the Nelson F1 rapeseeds, intensive cultivation resulted in a lower content of phenolic compounds compared to the control group. Economic fertilization reduced the content of phenolic compounds in seeds from the California variety. HPLC chromatograms of the extracts were characterized by the presence of five (California and Castilla) and six (Nelson F1) main phenolic compounds. Two compounds were identified as sinapine and sinapic acid; others were classified as derivatives of sinapic acid. The effect of fertilization on the antioxidant activity of the seeds and their extracts varied depending on the plant variety and antioxidant assay. For the Castilla and California varieties, no differences were found in the results of the ABTS assay. The antiradical activity against ABTS•+ of extracts from the Nelson F1 intensive and spare cultivated seeds was higher than that of extracts from control seeds. The FRAP values of extracts/seeds from the Castilla variety cultivated using different methods did not differ significantly. The results of the DPPH assay were not affected by fertilization in the case of extracts from the California and Castilla varieties. However, the extracts from spare cultivated seeds of Nelson F1 exhibited stronger antiradical activity against DPPH•. These findings highlight the complex relationship between fertilization practices, phenolic compound accumulation, and antioxidant activity in rapeseed. Integrating varietal traits and cultivation practices is crucial for optimizing the nutritional benefits of rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Amarowicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10 Tuwima Street, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.A.J.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Bożena Cwalina-Ambroziak
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Masury, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland; (B.C.-A.); (M.D.)
| | - Michał Adam Janiak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10 Tuwima Street, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.A.J.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Marta Damszel
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Masury, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland; (B.C.-A.); (M.D.)
| | - Arkadiusz Stępień
- Department of Agroecosystems and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-721 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Sulewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10 Tuwima Street, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.A.J.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Magdalena Karamać
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10 Tuwima Street, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.A.J.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Kamila Penkacik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10 Tuwima Street, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.A.J.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
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NMR-Based Metabolomic Comparison of Brassica oleracea (Var. italica): Organic and Conventional Farming. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070945. [PMID: 32708866 PMCID: PMC7404451 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassicaceae family provides several crops which are worldwide known for their interesting phytochemical profiles, especially in terms of content of glucosinolates. These secondary metabolites show several beneficial effects toward consumers’ health, and several studies have been conducted to identify cultivation factors affecting their content in crops. One of the agronomic practices which is attracting growing interest is the organic one, which consists in avoiding the use of mineral fertilizers as well as pesticides. The aim of this study is to define the metabolic profile of Brassicaoleracea (var. italica) and to compare the samples grown using organic and conventional fertilization methods. The hydroalcoholic and organic extracts of the samples have been analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. Forty-seven metabolites belonging to the categories of organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, sterols, and other molecules have been identified. Thirty-seven metabolites have been quantified. Univariate and multivariate PCA analyses allowed to observe that the organic practice influenced the nitrogen transport, the carbohydrate metabolism, the glucosinolate content and the phenylpropanoid pathway in B. oleracea (var. italica).
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Borgognone D, Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Lucini L, Colla G. Changes in Biomass, Mineral Composition, and Quality of Cardoon in Response to [Formula: see text]:Cl(-) Ratio and Nitrate Deprivation from the Nutrient Solution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:978. [PMID: 27446196 PMCID: PMC4928370 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf extracts of cultivated cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis DC) are an important source of phenols. Soilless culture represents an important and alternative tool to traditional agriculture, since it allows a precise control of plant nutrition and the maximization of yield and quality of the product. Reducing N supply, while keeping quantity as high as possible is desirable for environmental and health-related reasons, especially that N deficiency can lead to improved concentrations of secondary plant metabolites. Two greenhouse experiments were carried out in order to determine the effect of a decreasing [Formula: see text]:Cl(-) ratio (80:20, 60:40, 40:60, or 20:80) and nitrate deprivation (0, 5, 10, or 15 days before harvest) on biomass production, leaf chlorophyll content and fluorescence, mineral composition, and phytochemicals in leaves of cardoon 'Bianco Avorio' grown in a floating system. Total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity increased linearly with Cl(-) availability, especially when nitrate was replaced by 80% of chloride (20:80 [Formula: see text]:Cl(-) ratio), without having a detrimental effect on yield. Total nitrogen and nitrate concentration in leaves decreased linearly with increasing Cl(-) in the nutrient solution. Total phenols and antioxidant capacity recorded after 15 days of nitrate deprivation were higher by 43.1, 42.8, and 44.3% and by 70.5, 40.9, and 62.2%, at 59, 97 and 124 days after sowing, respectively compared to the control treatment. The decrease in leaf nitrate content recorded under N-deprivation occurred more rapidly than the reduction in total nitrogen. Thus, up to 15 days of nitrate withdrawal can lower nitrates without sharply reduce total nitrogen or affecting growth and biomass of cultivated cardoon. The use of N-free nutrient solution prior to harvest or the replacement of nitrates with chlorides could be adopted among growers to improve the quality of the product and enhance sustainability of crop production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Borgognone
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Tuscia University, ViterboItaly
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, PorticiItaly
| | - Mariateresa Cardarelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per lo Studio delle Relazioni tra Pianta e Suolo, RomaItaly
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, PiacenzaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Tuscia University, ViterboItaly
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Agati G, Tuccio L, Kusznierewicz B, Chmiel T, Bartoszek A, Kowalski A, Grzegorzewska M, Kosson R, Kaniszewski S. Nondestructive Optical Sensing of Flavonols and Chlorophyll in White Head Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. alba) Grown under Different Nitrogen Regimens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:85-94. [PMID: 26679081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A multiparametric optical sensor was used to nondestructively estimate phytochemical compounds in white cabbage leaves directly in the field. An experimental site of 1980 white cabbages (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. alba), under different nitrogen (N) treatments, was mapped by measuring leaf transmittance and chlorophyll fluorescence screening in one leaf/cabbage head. The provided indices of flavonols (FLAV) and chlorophyll (CHL) displayed the opposite response to applied N rates, decreasing and increasing, respectively. The combined nitrogen balance index (NBI = CHL/FLAV) calculated was able to discriminate all of the plots under four N regimens (0, 100, 200, and 400 kg/ha) and was correlated with the leaf N content determined destructively. CHL and FLAV were properly calibrated against chlorophyll (R(2) = 0.945) and flavonol (R(2) = 0.932) leaf contents, respectively, by using a homographic fit function. The proposed optical sensing of cabbage crops can be used to estimate the N status of plants and perform precision fertilization to maintain acceptable crop yield levels and, additionally, to rapidly detect health-promoting flavonol antioxidants in Brassica plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'N. Carrara' - CNR , via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Lorenza Tuccio
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'N. Carrara' - CNR , via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Barbara Kusznierewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology , Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Chmiel
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology , Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bartoszek
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology , Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Kowalski
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Maria Grzegorzewska
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Ryszard Kosson
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Kaniszewski
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
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Lombardo S, Pandino G, Mauromicale G. The nutraceutical response of two globe artichoke cultivars to contrasting NPK fertilizer regimes. Food Res Int 2015; 76:852-859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chun JH, Kim S, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Chung DY, Kim SJ. Combined effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium fertilizers on the contents of glucosinolates in rocket salad ( Eruca sativa Mill.). Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 24:436-443. [PMID: 28149184 PMCID: PMC5272939 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) are the most limiting factors in crop production. N often affects the amino acid composition of protein and in turn its nutritional quality. In Brassica plants, abundant supply of N fertilizer decreases the relative proportion of glucosinolates (GSLs), thus reducing the biological and medical values of the vegetables. Hence effort was made to evaluate the influence of different proportions of nutrient solutions containing N–P–K on the GSL profiles of rocket salad (Eruca sativa Mill.). Fifteen desulpho-(DS) GSLs were isolated and identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. Rocket salad plants supplied with lesser amount of N, P or higher concentrations of K showed a typical improvement in total GSL contents. In contrast, total GSL levels were less at higher N supply. Furthermore, with N concentrations above 5 mM and K concentrations less than 2.5 mM, the GSL amounts were on average 13.51 and 13.75 μmol/g dry weight (DW), respectively. Aliphatic GSLs predominated in all concentrations of NPK while indolyl GSLs made up marginally less amount of the total compositions. Five and 2 mM N and P possessed much higher levels of several types of aliphatic GSLs than other concentrations, including glucoerucin, glucoraphanin and dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl GSL. From this perspective, it is contended that supply of less N results in enhancing the metabolic pathway for the synthesis of GSLs in rocket salad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyuk Chun
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Silbia Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doug Young Chung
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Valverde J, Reilly K, Villacreces S, Gaffney M, Grant J, Brunton N. Variation in bioactive content in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) grown under conventional and organic production systems. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1163-1171. [PMID: 24976520 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables contain a number of bioactive compounds, in particular glucosinolates and polyphenols, which are proposed to confer health benefits to the consumer. Demand for organic crops is at least partly based on a perception that organic crops may contain higher levels of bioactive compounds; however, insufficient research has been carried out to either support or refute such claims. RESULTS In this study we examined the effect of conventional, organic, and mixed cultivation practices on the content of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total and individual glucosinolates in two varieties of broccoli grown over 2 years in a split-plot factorial systems comparison trial. Levels of total phenolics and total flavonoids showed a significant year-on-year variation but were not significantly different between organic and conventional production systems. In contrast, levels of the indolyl glucosinolates glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin were significantly higher (P < 0.05) under fully organic compared to fully conventional management. CONCLUSION Organic cultivation practices resulted in significantly higher levels of glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin in broccoli florets; however, other investigated compounds were unaffected by production practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Valverde
- Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; Monaghan Mushrooms, Tyholland, Co., Monaghan, Ireland
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Groenbaek M, Jensen S, Neugart S, Schreiner M, Kidmose U, Kristensen HL. Influence of cultivar and fertilizer approach on curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica). 1. Genetic diversity reflected in agronomic characteristics and phytochemical concentration. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11393-402. [PMID: 25335817 DOI: 10.1021/jf503096p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The objectives were to investigate if genetic diversity among field-grown traditional and F1 hybrid kale cultivars was reflected in different agronomic characteristics and consequently glucosinolate (GLS) and flavonoid glycoside concentration. This study evaluated how nitrogen and sulfur supply and biomass allocation modified phytochemicals in two experiments with combinations of three cultivars and four N and two S application levels. Results showed less growth, and higher N concentration in the traditional cultivar 'Tiara' was associated with increased indole and total GLSs compared to traditional 'Høj Amager Toftø' and F1 hybrid 'Reflex' cultivars, which exhibited higher yield, lower N concentration, and different biomass allocation. S application increased total GLS concentration, whereas aliphatic GLS percentage decreased when N application increased. Decrease of six 'Reflex' GLSs besides quercetin glycosides and total flavonoid glycosides with increased N indicated higher N responsiveness for 'Reflex'. In conclusion, differences in agronomic characteristics were reflected in diverse phytochemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Groenbaek
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, Aarslev DK-5792, Denmark
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Wu CS, Gao QH, Kjelgren RK, Guo XD, Wang M. Yields, phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of Ziziphus jujube Mill. in response to different fertilization treatments. Molecules 2013; 18:12029-40. [PMID: 24084012 PMCID: PMC6270186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing demand for more jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) production requires understanding the specific fertilization needs of jujube trees. This study was conducted to compare fruit yields, phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of jujube in response to different fertilizers. Application of organic fertilizer appeared to enhance the phenolics and antioxidant activity accumulation of jujubes, compared to conventional fertilized jujubes. Amongst inorganic fertilizers, supplemental potassium as an individual nutrient improved the accumulation of phenolics in jujubes. Our results demonstrate that phenolics levels and antioxidant activity of jujube can be manipulated through fertilizer management and tracked by following proanthocyanidin concentrations. In a practical production context, the combination of organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers such as more supplemental individual potassium, and less supplemental individual nitrogen and phosphorus, might be the best management combination for achieving higher phenolic concentration, stronger antioxidant activity and a good harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sen Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; E-Mail:
| | - Qing-Han Gao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China; E-Mail:
| | - Roger Keith Kjelgren
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Xu-Dan Guo
- Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, Beijing 100037, China; E-Mail:
| | - Min Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: or ; Tel.: +86-29-8709-2816; Fax: +86-29-8709-2486
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Fallovo C, Schreiner M, Schwarz D, Colla G, Krumbein A. Phytochemical changes induced by different nitrogen supply forms and radiation levels in two leafy Brassica species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4198-207. [PMID: 21395334 DOI: 10.1021/jf1048904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of three different nitrogen (N) supply forms differing in their ammonium-to-nitrate (NH(4):NO(3)) ratio (100% NH(4), 50% NH(4) + 50% NO(3), 100% NO(3)) under three different levels of daily photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) (low, 5.0; medium, 6.8; high, 9.0 mol m(-2) day(-1)) on a range of desirable health-promoting phytochemicals in Brassica rapa subsp. nipposinica var. chinoleifera and Brassica juncea was determined. The 100% NH(4) supply under medium PAR levels led to the highest concentration of glucosinolates based on a low nitrogen/sulfur ratio as well as high levels of carotenoids in the leaves of both Brassica species. However, the 100% NH(4) supply under low and medium PAR levels resulted in low concentrations of flavonoids based on high N concentration in the leaves. Thus, the data provided here have strong implications for crop management strategies aimed at optimizing both the concentration and composition of a range of phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fallovo
- Department of Geology and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering and Hydraulics for the Territory, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Poiroux-Gonord F, Bidel LPR, Fanciullino AL, Gautier H, Lauri-Lopez F, Urban L. Health benefits of vitamins and secondary metabolites of fruits and vegetables and prospects to increase their concentrations by agronomic approaches. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12065-82. [PMID: 21067179 DOI: 10.1021/jf1037745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables (FAVs) are an important part of the human diet and a major source of biologically active substances such as vitamins and secondary metabolites. The consumption of FAVs remains globally insufficient, so it should be encouraged, and it may be useful to propose to consumers FAVs with enhanced concentrations in vitamins and secondary metabolites. There are basically two ways to reach this target: the genetic approach or the environmental approach. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the results that have been obtained so far through purely agronomic approaches and brings them into perspective by comparing them with the achievements of genetic approaches. Although agronomic approaches offer very good perspectives, the existence of variability of responses suggests that the current understanding of the way regulatory and metabolic pathways are controlled needs to be increased. For this purpose, more in-depth study of the interactions existing between factors (light and temperature, for instance, genetic factors × environmental factors), between processes (primary metabolism and ontogeny, for example), and between organs (as there is some evidence that photooxidative stress in leaves affects antioxidant metabolism in fruits) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Poiroux-Gonord
- INRA - Centre de Corse, Unité "Génétique et Ecophysiologie de la Qualité des Agrumes", F-20230 San Giuliano, France
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Stefanelli D, Goodwin I, Jones R. Minimal nitrogen and water use in horticulture: Effects on quality and content of selected nutrients. Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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