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Wu R, Wu Y, Zhai R, Gao K, Xu J. Ocean acidification and desalination increase the growth and photosynthesis of the diatom Skeletonema costatum isolated from the coastal water of the Yellow Sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 197:106450. [PMID: 38552454 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Global climate changes induce substantial alterations in the marine system, including ocean acidification (OA), desalination and warming of surface seawater. Here, we examined the combined effects of OA and reduced salinity under different temperatures on the growth and photosynthesis of the diatom Skeletonema costatum. After having been acclimated to 2 CO2 concentrations (400 μatm, 1000 μatm) and 2 salinity levels (20 psu, 30 psu) at temperature levels of 10 °C and 20 °C, the diatom showed enhanced growth rate at the lowered salinity and elevated pCO2 irrespective of the temperature. The OA treatment increased the net photosynthetic rate and biogenic silica (Bsi) contents. Increasing the temperature from 10 to 20 °C raised the net photosynthetic rate by over twofold. The elevated pCO2 increased the net and gross photosynthetic rates by 20%-40% and by 16%-32%, respectively, with the higher enhancement observed at the higher levels of salinity and temperature. Our results imply that OA and desalination along with warming to the levels tested can enhance S. costatum's competitiveness in coastal phytoplankton communities under influence of future climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Salt Marsh Ecosystems and Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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2
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Smith WO, Trimborn S. Phaeocystis: A Global Enigma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2024; 16:417-441. [PMID: 37647611 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-022223-025031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The genus Phaeocystis is globally distributed, with blooms commonly occurring on continental shelves. This unusual phytoplankter has two major morphologies: solitary cells and cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Only colonies form blooms. Their large size (commonly 2 mm but up to 3 cm) and mucilaginous envelope allow the colonies to escape predation, but data are inconsistent as to whether colonies are grazed. Cultured Phaeocystis can also inhibit the growth of co-occurring phytoplankton or the feeding of potential grazers. Colonies and solitary cells use nitrate as a nitrogen source, although solitary cells can also grow on ammonium. Phaeocystis colonies might be a major contributor to carbon flux to depth, but in most cases, colonies are rapidly remineralized in the upper 300 m. The occurrence of large Phaeocystis blooms is often associated with environments with low and highly variable light and high nitrate levels, with Phaeocystis antarctica blooms being linked additionally to high iron availability. Emerging results indicate that different clones of Phaeocystis have substantial genetic plasticity, which may explain its appearance in a variety of environments. Given the evidence of Phaeocystis appearing in new systems, this trend will likely continue in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker O Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA;
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Scarlett Trimborn
- Division of Biosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany;
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3
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Rehder L, Rost B, Rokitta SD. Abrupt and acclimation responses to changing temperature elicit divergent physiological effects in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37247339 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Growth rates and other biomass traits of phytoplankton are strongly affected by temperature. We hypothesized that resulting phenotypes originate from deviating temperature sensitivities of underlying physiological processes. We used membrane-inlet mass spectrometry to assess photosynthetic and respiratory O2 and CO2 fluxes in response to abrupt temperature changes as well as after acclimation periods in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Abrupt temperature changes caused immediate over- or undershoots in most physiological processes, that is, photosynthetic oxygen release ( PS O 2 $$ {\mathrm{PS}}_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} $$ ), photosynthetic carbon uptake ( PS CO 2 $$ {\mathrm{PS}}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2} $$ ), and respiratory oxygen release ( R O 2 $$ {\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} $$ ). Over acclimation timescales, cells were, however, able to re-adjust their physiology and revert to phenotypic 'sweet spots'. Respiratory CO2 release ( R CO 2 $$ {\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2} $$ ) was generally inhibited under high temperature and stimulated under low-temperature settings, on abrupt as well as acclimation timescales. Such behavior may help mitochondria to stabilize plastidial ATP : NADPH ratios and thus maximize photosynthetic carbon assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rehder
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
- FB2 Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Björn Rost
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
- FB2 Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Sebastian D Rokitta
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
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4
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Li M, Young JN. Temperature sensitivity of carbon concentrating mechanisms in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 156:205-215. [PMID: 36881356 PMCID: PMC10154264 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine diatoms are key primary producers across diverse habitats in the global ocean. Diatoms rely on a biophysical carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) to supply high concentrations of CO2 around their carboxylating enzyme, RuBisCO. The necessity and energetic cost of the CCM are likely to be highly sensitive to temperature, as temperature impacts CO2 concentration, diffusivity, and the kinetics of CCM components. Here, we used membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) and modeling to capture temperature regulation of the CCM in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Pt). We found that enhanced carbon fixation rates by Pt at elevated temperatures were accompanied by increased CCM activity capable of maintaining RuBisCO close to CO2 saturation but that the mechanism varied. At 10 and 18 °C, diffusion of CO2 into the cell, driven by Pt's 'chloroplast pump' was the major inorganic carbon source. However, at 18 °C, upregulation of the chloroplast pump enhanced (while retaining the proportion of) both diffusive CO2 and active HCO3- uptake into the cytosol, and significantly increased chloroplast HCO3- concentrations. In contrast, at 25 °C, compared to 18 °C, the chloroplast pump had only a slight increase in activity. While diffusive uptake of CO2 into the cell remained constant, active HCO3- uptake across the cell membrane increased resulting in Pt depending equally on both CO2 and HCO3- as inorganic carbon sources. Despite changes in the CCM, the overall rate of active carbon transport remained double that of carbon fixation across all temperatures tested. The implication of the energetic cost of the Pt CCM in response to increasing temperatures was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jodi N Young
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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5
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Jin P, Wan J, Dai X, Zhou Y, Huang J, Lin J, Lu Y, Liang S, Xiao M, Zhao J, Xu L, Li M, Peng B, Xia J. Long-term adaptation to elevated temperature but not CO 2 alleviates the negative effects of ultraviolet-B radiation in a marine diatom. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 186:105929. [PMID: 36863076 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multifaceted changes in marine environments as a result of anthropogenic activities are likely to have a compounding impact on the physiology of marine phytoplankton. Most studies on the combined effects of rising pCO2, sea surface temperature, and UVB radiation on marine phytoplankton were only conducted in the short-term, which does not allow to test the adaptive capacity of phytoplankton and associated potential trade-offs. Here, we investigated populations of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum that were long-term (∼3.5 years, ∼3000 generations) adapted to elevated CO2 and/or elevated temperatures, and their physiological responses to short-term (∼2 weeks) exposure of two levels of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation. Our results showed that while elevated UVB radiation showed predominantly negative effects on the physiological performance of P. tricornutum regardless of adaptation regimes. Elevated temperature alleviated these effects on most of the measured physiological parameters (e.g., photosynthesis). We also found that elevated CO2 can modulate these antagonistic interactions, and conclude that long-term adaptation to sea surface warming and rising CO2 may alter this diatom's sensitivity to elevated UVB radiation in the environment. Our study provides new insights into marine phytoplankton's long-term responses to the interplay of multiple environmental changes driven by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiaofeng Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yunyue Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiali Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiamin Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yucong Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shiman Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Mengting Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Leyao Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Mingke Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Baoyi Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jianrong Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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6
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Sanchez-Arcos C, Paris D, Mazzella V, Mutalipassi M, Costantini M, Buia MC, von Elert E, Cutignano A, Zupo V. Responses of the Macroalga Ulva prolifera Müller to Ocean Acidification Revealed by Complementary NMR- and MS-Based Omics Approaches. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120743. [PMID: 36547890 PMCID: PMC9783899 DOI: 10.3390/md20120743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is a dramatic perturbation of seawater environments due to increasing anthropogenic emissions of CO2. Several studies indicated that OA frequently induces marine biota stress and a reduction of biodiversity. Here, we adopted the macroalga Ulva prolifera as a model and applied a complementary multi-omics approach to investigate the metabolic profiles under normal and acidified conditions. Our results show that U. prolifera grows at higher rates in acidified environments. Consistently, we observed lower sucrose and phosphocreatine concentrations in response to a higher demand of energy for growth and a higher availability of essential amino acids, likely related to increased protein biosynthesis. In addition, pathways leading to signaling and deterrent compounds appeared perturbed. Finally, a remarkable shift was observed here for the first time in the fatty acid composition of triglycerides, with a decrease in the relative abundance of PUFAs towards an appreciable increase of palmitic acid, thus suggesting a remodeling in lipid biosynthesis. Overall, our studies revealed modulation of several biosynthetic pathways under OA conditions in which, besides the possible effects on the marine ecosystem, the metabolic changes of the alga should be taken into account considering its potential nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanchez-Arcos
- Institute for Zoology, Cologne Biocenter University of Cologne, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Debora Paris
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Valerio Mazzella
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia Marine Center, 80077 Ischia, Italy
| | - Mirko Mutalipassi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, 87071 Amendolara, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Buia
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia Marine Center, 80077 Ischia, Italy
| | - Eric von Elert
- Institute for Zoology, Cologne Biocenter University of Cologne, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Adele Cutignano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (V.Z.); Tel.: +39-081-8675313 (A.C.); +39-081-5833503 (V.Z.)
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80077 Ischia, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (V.Z.); Tel.: +39-081-8675313 (A.C.); +39-081-5833503 (V.Z.)
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7
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Zang S, Xu Z, Yan F, Wu H. Elevated CO 2 modulates the physiological responses of Thalassiosira pseudonana to ultraviolet radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 236:112572. [PMID: 36166913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms account for a large proportion of marine primary productivity, they tend to be the predominant species in the phytoplankton communities in the surface ocean with frequent and large light fluctuations. To understand the impacts of increased CO2 on diatoms' capacity in exploitation of variable solar radiation, we cultured a model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with 400 or 1000ppmv CO2 and exposed it to high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) alone or PAR plus ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to examine its physiological performances. The results showed that the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/fm) was significantly reduced by high PAR and PAR + UVR in T. pseudonana, UVR-induced inhibition on PSII activity was exacerbated by high CO2. PSII activity drops coincide approximately with PsbA content in the cells exposed to high PAR or PAR + UVR, which was pronounced at high CO2. The removal of PsbD in T. pseudonana cells declined under high CO2 during UVR exposure, limiting the repair capacity of PSII. In addition, high CO2 reversed the induction of energy-dependent form of NPQ by UVR to the increase of Y(No), indicating the severe damage of the photoprotective reactions. Our findings suggest that the adverse impacts of UVR on PSII function of T. pseudonana were aggravated by the elevated CO2 through modulating its capacity in repair and protection, which thereby would influence its abundance and competitiveness in phytoplankton communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zang
- School of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Zhiguang Xu
- School of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Fang Yan
- School of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- School of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
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8
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Neeley AR, Lomas MW, Mannino A, Thomas C, Vandermeulen R. Impact of Growth Phase, Pigment Adaptation, and Climate Change Conditions on the Cellular Pigment and Carbon Content of Fifty-One Phytoplankton Isolates. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2022; 58:669-690. [PMID: 35844156 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their importance in aquatic ecosystems, the demand for models that estimate phytoplankton biomass and community composition in the global ocean has increased over the last decade. Moreover, the impacts of climate change, including elevated carbon dioxide (CO2 ), increased stratification, and warmer sea surface temperatures, will likely shape phytoplankton community composition in the global ocean. Chemotaxonomic methods are useful for modeling phytoplankton community composition from marker pigments normalized to chlorophyll a (Chl a). However, photosynthetic pigments, particularly Chl a, are sensitive to nutrient and light conditions. Cellular carbon is less sensitive, so using carbon biomass instead may provide an alternative approach. To this end, cellular pigment and carbon concentrations were measured in 51 strains of globally relevant, cultured phytoplankton. Pigment-to-Chl a and pigment-to-carbon ratios were computed for each strain. For 25 strains, measurements were taken during two growth phases. While some differences between growth phases were observed, they did not exceed within-class differences. Multiple strains of Amphidinium carterae, Ditylum brightwellii and Heterosigma akashiwo were measured to determine whether time in culture influenced pigment and carbon composition. No appreciable trends in cellular pigment or carbon content were observed. Lastly, the potential impact of climate change conditions on the pigment ratios was assessed using a multistressor experiment that included increased mean light, temperature, and elevated pCO2 on three species: Thalassiosira oceanica, Ostreococcus lucimarinus, and Synechococcus. The largest differences were observed in the pigment-to-carbon ratios, while the marker pigments largely covaried with Chl a. The implications of these observations to chemotaxonomic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee R Neeley
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/Science Systems and Applications Inc., Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771, USA
| | - Michael W Lomas
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Bigelow Institute of Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, 04544, USA
| | - Antonio Mannino
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771, USA
| | - Crystal Thomas
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/Science Systems and Applications Inc., Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771, USA
| | - Ryan Vandermeulen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/Science Systems and Applications Inc., Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771, USA
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9
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Cai T, Feng Y, Wang Y, Li T, Wang J, Li W, Zhou W. The Differential Responses of Coastal Diatoms to Ocean Acidification and Warming: A Comparison Between Thalassiosira sp. and Nitzschia closterium f.minutissima. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:851149. [PMID: 35801105 PMCID: PMC9253669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.851149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine diatoms are one of the marine phytoplankton functional groups, with high species diversity, playing important roles in the marine food web and carbon sequestration. In order to evaluate the species-specific responses of coastal diatoms to the combined effects of future ocean acidification (OA) and warming on the coastal diatoms, we conducted a semi-continuous incubation on the large centric diatom Thalassiosira sp. (~30 μm) and small pennate diatom Nitzschia closterium f.minutissima (~15 μm). A full factorial combination of two temperature levels (15 and 20°C) and pCO2 (400 and 1,000 ppm) was examined. The results suggest that changes in temperature played a more important role in regulating the physiology of Thalassiosira sp. and N. closterium f.minutissima than CO2. For Thalassiosira sp., elevated temperature significantly reduced the cellular particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), particulate organic phosphate (POP), biogenic silica (BSi), chlorophyll a (Chl a), and protein contents, and the C:N ratio. CO2 only had significant effects on the growth rate and the protein content. However, for the smaller pennate diatom N. closterium f.minutissima, the growth rate, POC production rate, and the C:P ratio significantly increased with an elevated temperature, whereas the cellular POP and BSi contents significantly decreased. CO2 had significant effects on the POC production rate, cellular BSi, POC, and PON contents, the C:P, Si:C, N:P, and Si:P ratios, and sinking rate. The interaction between OA and warming showed mostly antagonistic effects on the physiology of both species. Overall, by comparison between the two species, CO2 played a more significant role in regulating the growth rate and sinking rate of the large centric diatom Thalassiosira sp., whereas had more significant effects on the elemental compositions of the smaller pennate diatom N. closterium f.minutissima. These results suggest differential sensitivities of different diatom species with different sizes and morphology to the changes in CO2/temperature regimes and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cai
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Polar Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiancai Wang
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihua Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station and Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
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10
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Enhanced silica export in a future ocean triggers global diatom decline. Nature 2022; 605:696-700. [PMID: 35614245 PMCID: PMC9132771 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Diatoms account for up to 40% of marine primary production1,2 and require silicic acid to grow and build their opal shell3. On the physiological and ecological level, diatoms are thought to be resistant to, or even benefit from, ocean acidification4–6. Yet, global-scale responses and implications for biogeochemical cycles in the future ocean remain largely unknown. Here we conducted five in situ mesocosm experiments with natural plankton communities in different biomes and find that ocean acidification increases the elemental ratio of silicon (Si) to nitrogen (N) of sinking biogenic matter by 17 ± 6 per cent under \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{p}}_{{{\rm{CO}}}_{2}}$$\end{document}pCO2 conditions projected for the year 2100. This shift in Si:N seems to be caused by slower chemical dissolution of silica at decreasing seawater pH. We test this finding with global sediment trap data, which confirm a widespread influence of pH on Si:N in the oceanic water column. Earth system model simulations show that a future pH-driven decrease in silica dissolution of sinking material reduces the availability of silicic acid in the surface ocean, triggering a global decline of diatoms by 13–26 per cent due to ocean acidification by the year 2200. This outcome contrasts sharply with the conclusions of previous experimental studies, thereby illustrating how our current understanding of biological impacts of ocean change can be considerably altered at the global scale through unexpected feedback mechanisms in the Earth system. Mesocosm experiments in different biomes show that future ocean acidification will slow down the dissolution of biogenic silica, decreasing silicic acid availability in the surface ocean and triggering a global decline of diatoms as revealed by Earth system model simulations.
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11
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Orselli IBM, Carvalho ACO, Monteiro T, Damini BY, Carvalho-Borges MDE, Albuquerque C, Kerr R. The marine carbonate system along the northern Antarctic Peninsula: current knowledge and future perspectives. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210825. [PMID: 35544840 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the regions of the Southern Ocean, the northern Antarctic Peninsula (NAP) has emerged as a hotspot of climate change investigation. Nonetheless, studies have indicated issues and knowledge gaps that must be addressed to expand the understanding of the carbonate system in the region. Therefore, we focused on identifying current knowledge about sea-air CO2 fluxes (FCO2), anthropogenic carbon (Cant) and ocean acidification along NAP and provide a better comprehension of the key physical processes controlling the carbonate system. Regarding physical dynamics, we discuss the role of water masses formation, climate modes, upwelling and intrusions of Circumpolar Deep Water, and mesoscale processes. For FCO2, we show that the summer season corresponds to a strong sink in coastal areas, leading to CO2 uptake that is greater than or equal to that of the open ocean. We highlight that the prevalence of summer studies prevents comprehending processes occurring throughout the year and the net annual CO2 balance in the region. Thus, temporal investigations are necessary to determine natural environmental fluctuations and to distinguish natural variability from anthropogenically driven changes. We emphasize the importance of more studies regarding Cant uptake rate, accumulation, and export to global oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole B M Orselli
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima (LEOC), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Criosfera, Grupo de Estudos do Oceano Austral e Gelo Marinho, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréa C O Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima (LEOC), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Criosfera, Grupo de Estudos do Oceano Austral e Gelo Marinho, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Monteiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima (LEOC), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Criosfera, Grupo de Estudos do Oceano Austral e Gelo Marinho, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Brendon Y Damini
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima (LEOC), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Criosfera, Grupo de Estudos do Oceano Austral e Gelo Marinho, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariah DE Carvalho-Borges
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima (LEOC), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Criosfera, Grupo de Estudos do Oceano Austral e Gelo Marinho, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Albuquerque
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima (LEOC), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Criosfera, Grupo de Estudos do Oceano Austral e Gelo Marinho, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Kerr
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima (LEOC), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Criosfera, Grupo de Estudos do Oceano Austral e Gelo Marinho, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Av. Itália, s/n, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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12
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Sharma D, Biswas H, Bandyopadhyay D. Simulated ocean acidification altered community composition and growth of a coastal phytoplankton assemblage (South West coast of India, eastern Arabian Sea). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:19244-19261. [PMID: 34714479 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton can be highly sensitive to ocean acidification; however, their responses are diverse and therefore, phytoplankton response study on the regional scale is of high research priority. The present study documented the community shift and growth responses of a natural phytoplankton assemblage from the South West coastal water of India (South Eastern Arabian Sea) under ambient CO2 (A-CO2 ≈ 400 µatm) and high CO2 (H-CO2 ≈ 830 µatm) levels in microcosms during the winter monsoon. A doubling of pCO2 resulted in increased cell density, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC, PON) contents, and C:N ratios. The depleted values of δ13CPOC in the H-CO2-incubated cells indicated a higher diffusive CO2 influx. HPLC marker pigment analysis revealed that the community was microphytoplankton dominated (mostly diatoms); nanoplanktonic prymnesiophytic algae and picoplanktonic cyanobacteria showed insignificant response to the simulated ocean acidification. A high CO2-induced increased growth rate was noticed in 6 diatoms (Leptocylindrus danicus; Rhizosolenia setigera; Navicula sp., Asterionella glacialis, Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, and Thalassiosira sp.). The cell volumes of Thalassionema frauenfeldii, Asterionella glacialis, and Cylindrotheca closterium increased significantly, whereas Rhizosolenia setigera and Thalassiosira sp. showed decreased cell volume at the elevated CO2 levels. These changes in growth rate, cell volume, and elemental stoichiometry could be related to CO2 acquisition and the nutritional status of the cells. Some phytoplankton genera from this region are probably acclimatized to pCO2 fluctuations and are likely to benefit from the future increase in CO2 levels. Higher POC production and increased C:N ratio along with variable cell volume may impact the trophic transfer and cycling of organic carbon in this coastal water. However, a multi-stressor approach in a longer experimental exposure should be considered in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Sharma
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Haimanti Biswas
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
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13
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Qiu J, Su T, Wang X, Jiang L, Shang Y, Jin P, Xu J, Fan J, Li W, Li F. Comparative study of the physiological responses of Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira weissflogii to initial pCO 2 in batch cultures, with special reference to bloom dynamics. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 175:105581. [PMID: 35151949 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies have documented the responses of diatoms to environmental drivers in the context of climate change. However, bloom dynamics are usually ignored in most studies. Here, we investigated the effects of the initial pCO2 on the bloom characteristics of two cosmopolitan diatoms, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira weissflogii. Batch cultures with two initial pCO2 conditions (LC: 400 μatm; HC: 1000 μatm) were used to investigate bloom dynamics under current and ocean acidification scenarios. The simulated S. costatum bloom was characterized by fast accumulation, a rapid decline in biomass, and a shorter stationary phase. The T. weissflogii bloom had a longer stationary phase, and cell density remained at high levels after culturing for 19 days. The physiological performances of the two diatoms varied significantly in the different bloom phases. We found that the initial pCO2 has modulating effects on biomass accumulation and bloom dynamics for these two diatoms. The higher initial pCO2 enhanced the specific growth rate of T. weissflogii by 6% in the exponential phase, leading to higher cell densities, while 86% higher decay rates were observed in the HC cultures of S. costatum. Overall, ocean acidification may alter the dynamics of diatom blooms and may have profound impacts on the biological carbon pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Tianci Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Lele Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yu Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jiale Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Futian Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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14
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Wang P, Laws E, Wang Y, Chen J, Song X, Huang R, Wang T, Yi X, Sun J, Guo X, Liu X, Gao K, Huang B. Elevated pCO 2 changes community structure and function by affecting phytoplankton group-specific mortality. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113362. [PMID: 35092931 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rise of atmospheric pCO2 has created a number of problems for marine ecosystem. In this study, we initially quantified the effects of elevated pCO2 on the group-specific mortality of phytoplankton in a natural community based on the results of mesocosm experiments. Diatoms dominated the phytoplankton community, and the concentration of chlorophyll a was significantly higher in the high-pCO2 treatment than the low-pCO2 treatment. Phytoplankton mortality (percentage of dead cells) decreased during the exponential growth phase. Although the mortality of dinoflagellates did not differ significantly between the two pCO2 treatments, that of diatoms was lower in the high-pCO2 treatment. Small diatoms dominated the diatom community. Although the mortality of large diatoms did not differ significantly between the two treatments, that of small diatoms was lower in the high-pCO2 treatment. These results suggested that elevated pCO2 might enhance dominance by small diatoms and thereby change the community structure of coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Collage of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Edward Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Collage of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Collage of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xue Song
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ruiping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Tifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiangqi Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jiazhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xianghui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Collage of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China..
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Bangqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Collage of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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15
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Enhancement of diatom growth and phytoplankton productivity with reduced O 2 availability is moderated by rising CO 2. Commun Biol 2022; 5:54. [PMID: 35031680 PMCID: PMC8760321 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine organisms are exposed to decreasing O2 levels due to warming-induced expansion of hypoxic zones and ocean deoxygenation (DeO2). Nevertheless, effects of DeO2 on phytoplankton have been neglected due to technical bottlenecks on examining O2 effects on O2-producing organisms. Here we show that lowered O2 levels increased primary productivity of a coastal phytoplankton assemblage, and enhanced photosynthesis and growth in the coastal diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Mechanistically, reduced O2 suppressed mitochondrial respiration and photorespiration of T. weissflogii, but increased the efficiency of their CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), effective quantum yield and improved light use efficiency, which was apparent under both ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations leading to ocean acidification (OA). While the elevated CO2 treatment partially counteracted the effect of low O2 in terms of CCMs activity, reduced levels of O2 still strongly enhanced phytoplankton primary productivity. This implies that decreased availability of O2 with progressive DeO2 could boost re-oxygenation by diatom-dominated phytoplankton communities, especially in hypoxic areas, with potentially profound consequences for marine ecosystem services in coastal and pelagic oceans. Sun et al. investigate the effects of current ambient and potential future oxygen levels on phytoplankton growth and photosynthesis with field observations and mesocosm and lab experiments. Their results demonstrate positive effects of low O2 on phytoplankton growth, photosynthesis, and inorganic carbon acquisition at current and future high levels of CO2.
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16
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Xie S, Lin F, Zhao X, Gao G. Enhanced lipid productivity coupled with carbon and nitrogen removal of the diatom Skeletonema costatum cultured in the high CO2 level. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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17
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Chen B, Liu J, Xu G, Li G. Lowering pO 2 Interacts with Photoperiod to Alter Physiological Performance of the Coastal Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122541. [PMID: 34946142 PMCID: PMC8704836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exacerbating deoxygenation is extensively affecting marine organisms, with no exception for phytoplankton. To probe these effects, we comparably explored the growth, cell compositions, photosynthesis, and transcriptome of a diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana under a matrix of pO2 levels and Light:Dark cycles at an optimal growth light. The growth rate (μ) of T. pseudonana under a 8:16 L:D cycle was enhanced by 34% by low pO2 but reduced by 22% by hypoxia. Under a 16:8 L:D cycle, however, the μ decreased with decreasing pO2 level. The cellular Chl a content decreased with decreasing pO2 under a 8:16 L:D cycle, whereas the protein content decreased under a 16:8 L:D cycle. The prolonged photoperiod reduced the Chl a but enhanced the protein contents. The lowered pO2 reduced the maximal PSII photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM), photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate (Pn), and respiration rate (Rd) under the 8:16 or 16:8 L:D cycles. Cellular malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were higher under low pO2 than ambient pO2 or hypoxia. Moreover, the prolonged photoperiod reduced the FV/FM and Pn among all three pO2 levels but enhanced the Rd, MDA, and SOD activity. Transcriptome data showed that most of 26 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that mainly relate to photosynthesis, respiration, and metabolism were down-regulated by hypoxia, with varying expression degrees between the 8:16 and 16:8 L:D cycles. In addition, our results demonstrated that the positive or negative effect of lowering pO2 upon the growth of diatoms depends on the pO2 level and is mediated by the photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokun Chen
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (B.C.); (G.X.)
- Joint Laboratory for Ocean Research and Education of Dalhousie University, Shandong University and Xiamen University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (B.C.); (G.X.)
- Joint Laboratory for Ocean Research and Education of Dalhousie University, Shandong University and Xiamen University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Ge Xu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (B.C.); (G.X.)
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Centre of Ningbo, East China Sea Bureau of Ministry of Natural Resources, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China;
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18
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Jin P, Liang Z, Lu H, Pan J, Li P, Huang Q, Guo Y, Zhong J, Li F, Wan J, Overmans S, Xia J. Lipid Remodeling Reveals the Adaptations of a Marine Diatom to Ocean Acidification. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:748445. [PMID: 34721350 PMCID: PMC8551959 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.748445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification is recognized as a major anthropogenic perturbation of the modern ocean. While extensive studies have been carried out to explore the short-term physiological responses of phytoplankton to ocean acidification, little is known about their lipidomic responses after a long-term ocean acidification adaptation. Here we perform the lipidomic analysis of a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum following long-term (∼400 days) selection to ocean acidification conditions. We identified a total of 476 lipid metabolites in long-term high CO2 (i.e., ocean acidification condition) and low CO2 (i.e., ambient condition) selected P. tricornutum cells. Our results further show that long-term high CO2 selection triggered substantial changes in lipid metabolites by down- and up-regulating 33 and 42 lipid metabolites. While monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) was significantly down-regulated in the long-term high CO2 selected conditions, the majority (∼80%) of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was up-regulated. The tightly coupled regulations (positively or negatively correlated) of significantly regulated lipid metabolites suggest that the lipid remodeling is an organismal adaptation strategy of marine diatoms to ongoing ocean acidification. Since the composition and content of lipids are crucial for marine food quality, and these changes can be transferred to high trophic levels, our results highlight the importance of determining the long-term adaptation of lipids in marine producers in predicting the ecological consequences of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinmei Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanting Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyan Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Futian Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jiaofeng Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sebastian Overmans
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianrong Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Berthold M, Campbell DA. Restoration, conservation and phytoplankton hysteresis. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab062. [PMID: 34394942 PMCID: PMC8361504 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton growth depends not only upon external factors that are not strongly altered by the presence of phytoplankton, such as temperature, but also upon factors that are strongly influenced by activity of phytoplankton, including photosynthetically active radiation, and the availability of the macronutrients carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and, for some, silicate. Since phytoplankton therefore modify, and to an extent create, their own habitats, established phytoplankton communities can show resistance and resilience to change, including managed changes in nutrient regimes. Phytoplankton blooms and community structures can be predicted from the overall biogeochemical setting and inputs, but restorations may be influenced by the physiological responses of established phytoplankton taxa to nutrient inputs, temperature, second-order changes in illumination and nutrient recycling. In this review we discuss the contributions of phytoplankton ecophysiology to biogeochemical hysteresis and possible effects on community composition in the face of management, conservation or remediation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Berthold
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1C9, Canada
| | - Douglas A Campbell
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1C9, Canada
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20
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The Role of Extracellular Carbonic Anhydrase in Biogeochemical Cycling: Recent Advances and Climate Change Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147413. [PMID: 34299033 PMCID: PMC8307829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change has been predicted to influence the marine phytoplankton community and its carbon acquisition strategy. Extracellular carbonic anhydrase (eCA) is a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyses the relatively slow interconversion between HCO3− and CO2. Early results indicated that sub-nanomolar levels of eCA at the sea surface were sufficient to enhance the oceanic uptake rate of CO2 on a global scale by 15%, an addition of 0.37 Pg C year−1. Despite its central role in the marine carbon cycle, only in recent years have new analytical techniques allowed the first quantifications of eCA and its activity in the oceans. This opens up new research areas in the field of marine biogeochemistry and climate change. Light and suitable pH conditions, as well as growth stage, are crucial factors in eCA expression. Previous studies showed that phytoplankton eCA activity and concentrations are affected by environmental stressors such as ocean acidification and UV radiation as well as changing light conditions. For this reason, eCA is suggested as a biochemical indicator in biomonitoring programmes and could be used for future response prediction studies in changing oceans. This review aims to identify the current knowledge and gaps where new research efforts should be focused to better determine the potential feedback of phytoplankton via eCA in the marine carbon cycle in changing oceans.
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21
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Zhang M, Zhen Y, Mi T, Lin S. Integrated RNA-seq and Proteomic Studies Reveal Resource Reallocation towards Energy Metabolism and Defense in Skeletonema marinoi in Response to CO 2 Increase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02614-20. [PMID: 33355106 PMCID: PMC8090871 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02614-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification (OA) with significant consequences for marine organisms. Because CO2 is essential for photosynthesis, the effect of elevated CO2 on phytoplankton is more complex and the mechanism is poorly understood. Here we applied RNA-seq and iTRAQ proteomics to investigate the impacts of CO2 increase (from ∼400 to 1000 ppm) on the temperate coastal marine diatom Skeletonema marinoi We identified 32,389 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1,826 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) from elevated CO2 conditions, accounting for 48.5% of total genes and 25.9% of total proteins we detected, respectively. Elevated pCO2 significantly inhibited the growth of S marinoi, and the 'omic' data suggested that this might be due to compromised photosynthesis in the chloroplast and raised mitochondrial energy metabolism. Furthermore, many genes/proteins associated with nitrogen metabolism, transcriptional regulation, and translational regulation were markedly up-regulated, suggesting enhanced protein synthesis. In addition, S marinoi exhibited higher capacity of ROS production and resistance to oxidative stress. Overall, elevated pCO2 seems to repress photosynthesis and growth of S marinoi, and through massive gene expression reconfiguration induce cells to increase investment in protein synthesis, energy metabolism and antioxidative stress defense, likely to maintain pH homeostasis and population survival. This survival strategy may deprive this usually dominant diatom in temperate coastal waters of its competitive advantages in acidified environments.Importance Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification with significant consequences for marine organisms. Chain-forming centric diatoms of Skeletonema is one of the most successful groups of eukaryotic primary producers with widespread geographic distribution. Among the recognized 28 species, S. marinoi can be a useful model for investigating the ecological, genetic, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of diatoms in temperate coastal regions. In this study, we found that the elevated pCO2 seems to repress photosynthesis and growth of S. marinoi, and through massive gene expression reconfiguration induce cells to increase investment in protein synthesis, energy metabolism and antioxidative stress defense, likely to maintain pH homeostasis and population survival. This survival strategy may deprive this usually dominant diatom in temperate coastal waters of its competitive advantages in acidified environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Department of marine science, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Yu Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Tiezhu Mi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- Department of marine science, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Qu L, Campbell DA, Gao K. Ocean acidification interacts with growth light to suppress CO 2 acquisition efficiency and enhance mitochondrial respiration in a coastal diatom. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 163:112008. [PMID: 33461076 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diatom responses to ocean acidification have been documented with variable and controversial results. We grew the coastal diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii under 410 (LC, pH 8.13) vs 1000 μatm (HC, pH 7.83) pCO2 and at different levels of light (80, 140, 220 μmol photons m-2 s-1), and found that light level alters physiological responses to OA. CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) were down-regulated in the HC-grown cells across all the light levels, as reflected by lowered activity of the periplasmic carbonic anhydrase and decreased photosynthetic affinity for CO2 or dissolved inorganic carbon. The specific growth rate was, however, enhanced significantly by 9.2% only at the limiting low light level. These results indicate that rather than CO2 "fertilization", the energy saved from down-regulation of CCMs promoted the growth rate of the diatom when light availability is low, in parallel with enhanced respiration under OA to cope with the acidic stress by providing extra energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Douglas A Campbell
- Biology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Lines T, Orr P, Beardall J. Elevated co 2 has Differential Effects on Five Species of Microalgae from a Subtropical Freshwater Lake: Possible Implications for Phytoplankton Species Composition. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:324-334. [PMID: 33191502 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are predicted to have a significant impact on global phytoplankton populations. Of particular interest in freshwater systems are those species that produce toxins or impact water quality, though evidence for how these species, and many others, will respond is limited. This study investigated the effects of elevated CO2 (1,000 ppm) relative to current atmospheric CO2 partial pressures (400 ppm), on growth, cell size, carbon acquisition, and photophysiology of five freshwater phytoplankton species including a toxic cyanophyte, Raphidiopsis raciborskii, from Lake Wivenhoe, Australia. Effects of elevated CO2 on growth rate varied between species; notably growth rate was considerably higher for Staurastrum sp. and significantly lower for Stichococcus sp. with a trend to lower growth rate for R. raciborskii. Surface area to volume ratio was significantly lower with elevated CO2 , for all species except Cyclotella sp. Timing of maximum cell concentrations of those genera studied in monoculture occurred in the lake in order of CO2 affinity when free CO2 concentrations dropped below air equilibrium. The results presented here suggest that as atmospheric levels of CO2 rise, R. raciborskii may become less of a problem to water quality, while some species of chlorophytes may become more dominant. This has implications for stakeholders of many freshwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lines
- The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Philip Orr
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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24
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Yang Y, Li W, Li Y, Xu N. Photophysiological responses of the marine macroalga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis to ocean acidification and warming. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 163:105204. [PMID: 33213860 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To study the combined effects of ocean acidification (OA) and warming on the growth and photosynthetic performance of the economically important marine macroalga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, thalli were grown under ambient low CO2 (390 μatm, LC) and elevated high CO2 (1000 μatm, HC) conditions with culture temperatures of 20 °C and 24 °C. Based on the evaluation of growth and photosynthetic responses to light and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), HC decreased the growth rate and phycoerythrin (PE) and phycocyanin (PC) levels but increased contents of UV-absorbing compounds (UVACs) in G. lemaneiformis at 20 °C, and high temperature counteracted these effects. Photosynthetic responses such as chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (maximum relative electron transport rate, rETRmax; light use efficiency, α; saturation light intensity, Ik; maximum quantum yield, FV/FM; effective quantum yield, Y(II) and non-photochemical quenching, NPQ) were not different among the treatments. However, increased oxygen evolution (Pn) and dark respiration (Rd) rates were observed at 20 °C in the HC treatment. No significant effects of HC on apparent carboxylation efficiency (ACE), maximum oxygen evolution rate (Vmax) and DIC affinity for oxygen evolution (K1/2DIC) were found, and HC synergy with high temperature increased K1/2DIC. A lower C/N ratio with decreased tissue carbon but increased nitrogen was observed under HC and high-temperature treatment. Our results indicate that high temperature may counteract the negative effects of OA on the growth and pigment characteristics of G. lemaneiformis and improve food quality, as evidenced by enhanced N per biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245021, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245021, China.
| | - Yahe Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Nianjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
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Ji Y, Gao K. Effects of climate change factors on marine macroalgae: A review. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2020; 88:91-136. [PMID: 34119047 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae, the main primary producers in coastal waters, play important roles in the fishery industry and global carbon cycles. With progressive ocean global changes, however, they are increasingly exposed to enhanced levels of multiple environmental drivers, such as ocean acidification, warming, heatwaves, UV radiation and deoxygenation. While most macroalgae have developed physiological strategies against variations of these drivers, their eco-physiological responses to each or combinations of the drivers differ spatiotemporally and species-specifically. Many freshwater macroalgae are tolerant of pH drop and its diel fluctuations and capable of acclimating to changes in carbonate chemistry. However, calcifying species, such as coralline algae, are very sensitive to acidification of seawater, which reduces their calcification, and additionally, temperature rise and UV further decrease their physiological performance. Except for these calcifying species, both economically important and harmful macroalgae can benefit from elevated CO2 concentrations and moderate temperature rise, which might be responsible for increasing events of harmful macroalgal blooms including green macroalgal blooms caused by Ulva spp. and golden tides caused by Sargassum spp. Upper intertidal macroalgae, especially those tolerant of dehydration during low tide, increase their photosynthesis under elevated CO2 concentrations during the initial dehydration period, however, these species might be endangered by heatwaves, which can expose them to high temperature levels above their thermal windows' upper limit. On the other hand, since macroalgae are distributed in shallow waters, they are inevitably exposed to solar UV radiation. The effects of UV radiation, depending on weather conditions and species, can be harmful as well as beneficial to many species. Moderate levels of UV-A (315-400nm) can enhance photosynthesis of green, brown and red algae, while UV-B (280-315nm) mainly show inhibitory impacts. Although little has been documented on the combined effects of elevated CO2, temperature or heatwaves with UV radiation, exposures to heatwaves during midday under high levels of UV radiation can be detrimental to most species, especially to their microscopic stages which are less tolerant of climate change induced stress. In parallel, reduced availability of dissolved O2 in coastal water along with eutrophication might favour the macroalgae's carboxylation process by suppressing their oxygenation or photorespiration. In this review, we analyse effects of climate change-relevant drivers individually and/or jointly on different macroalgal groups and different life cycle stages based on the literatures surveyed, and provide perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen, China; School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China.
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26
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Seifert M, Rost B, Trimborn S, Hauck J. Meta-analysis of multiple driver effects on marine phytoplankton highlights modulating role of pCO 2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6787-6804. [PMID: 32905664 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Responses of marine primary production to a changing climate are determined by a concert of multiple environmental changes, for example in temperature, light, pCO2 , nutrients, and grazing. To make robust projections of future global marine primary production, it is crucial to understand multiple driver effects on phytoplankton. This meta-analysis quantifies individual and interactive effects of dual driver combinations on marine phytoplankton growth rates. Almost 50% of the single-species laboratory studies were excluded because central data and metadata (growth rates, carbonate system, experimental treatments) were insufficiently reported. The remaining data (42 studies) allowed for the analysis of interactions of pCO2 with temperature, light, and nutrients, respectively. Growth rates mostly respond non-additively, whereby the interaction with increased pCO2 profusely dampens growth-enhancing effects of high temperature and high light. Multiple and single driver effects on coccolithophores differ from other phytoplankton groups, especially in their high sensitivity to increasing pCO2 . Polar species decrease their growth rate in response to high pCO2 , while temperate and tropical species benefit under these conditions. Based on the observed interactions and projected changes, we anticipate primary productivity to: (a) first increase but eventually decrease in the Arctic Ocean once nutrient limitation outweighs the benefits of higher light availability; (b) decrease in the tropics and mid-latitudes due to intensifying nutrient limitation, possibly amplified by elevated pCO2 ; and (c) increase in the Southern Ocean in view of higher nutrient availability and synergistic interaction with increasing pCO2 . Growth-enhancing effect of high light and warming to coccolithophores, mainly Emiliania huxleyi, might increase their relative abundance as long as not offset by acidification. Dinoflagellates are expected to increase their relative abundance due to their positive growth response to increasing pCO2 and light levels. Our analysis reveals gaps in the knowledge on multiple driver responses and provides recommendations for future work on phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Seifert
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Björn Rost
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Scarlett Trimborn
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Judith Hauck
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
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27
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Nagao R, Ueno Y, Akimoto S, Shen JR. Effects of CO 2 and temperature on photosynthetic performance in the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 146:189-195. [PMID: 32114648 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CO2 concentration and temperature for growth of photosynthetic organisms are two important factors to ensure better photosynthetic performance. In this study, we investigated the effects of CO2 concentration and temperature on the photosynthetic performance in a marine centric diatom Chaetoceros gracilis. Cells were grown under four different conditions, namely, at 25 °C with air bubbling, at 25 °C with a supplementation of 3% CO2, at 30 °C with air bubbling, and at 30 °C with the CO2 supplementation. It was found that the growth rate of cells at 30 °C with the CO2 supplementation is faster than those at other three conditions. The pigment compositions of cells grown under the different conditions are altered, and fluorescence spectra measured at 77 K also showed different peak positions. A novel fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding protein complex is observed in the cells grown at 30 °C with the CO2 supplementation but not in the other three types of cells. Since oxygen-evolving activities of the four types of cells are almost unchanged, it is suggested that the CO2 supplementation and growth temperature are involved in the regulation of photosynthetic light-harvesting apparatus in C. gracilis at different degrees. Based on these observations, we discuss the favorable growth conditions for C. gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nagao
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Ueno
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Seiji Akimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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28
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Li W, Wang T, Campbell DA, Gao K. Ocean acidification interacts with variable light to decrease growth but increase particulate organic nitrogen production in a diatom. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 160:104965. [PMID: 32291249 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton in the upper oceans are exposed to changing light levels due to mixing, diurnal solar cycles and weather conditions. Consequently, effects of ocean acidification are superimposed upon responses to variable light levels. We therefore grew a model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana under either constant or variable light but at the same daily photon dose, with current low (400 μatm, LC) and future high CO2 (1000 μatm, HC) treatments. Variable light, compared with the constant light regime, decreased the growth rate, Chl a, Chl c, and carotenoid contents under both LC and HC conditions. Cells grown under variable light appeared more tolerant of high light as indicated by higher maximum relative electron transport rate and saturation light. Light variation interacted with high CO2/lowered pH to decrease the carbon fixation rate, but increased particulate organic carbon (POC) and particularly nitrogen (PON) per cell, which drove a decrease in C/N ratio, reflecting changes in the efficiency of energy transfer from photo-chemistry to net biomass production. Our results imply that elevated pCO2 under varying light conditions can lead to less primary productivity but more PON per biomass of the diatom, which might improve the food quality of diatoms and thereby influence biogeochemical nitrogen cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Tifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Douglas A Campbell
- Biology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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29
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Launay H, Huang W, Maberly SC, Gontero B. Regulation of Carbon Metabolism by Environmental Conditions: A Perspective From Diatoms and Other Chromalveolates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1033. [PMID: 32765548 PMCID: PMC7378808 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms belong to a major, diverse and species-rich eukaryotic clade, the Heterokonta, within the polyphyletic chromalveolates. They evolved as a result of secondary endosymbiosis with one or more Plantae ancestors, but their precise evolutionary history is enigmatic. Nevertheless, this has conferred them with unique structural and biochemical properties that have allowed them to flourish in a wide range of different environments and cope with highly variable conditions. We review the effect of pH, light and dark, and CO2 concentration on the regulation of carbon uptake and assimilation. We discuss the regulation of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, glycolysis, lipid synthesis, and carbohydrate synthesis at the level of gene transcripts (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics) and enzyme activity. In contrast to Viridiplantae where redox regulation of metabolic enzymes is important, it appears to be less common in diatoms, based on the current evidence, but regulation at the transcriptional level seems to be widespread. The role of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, glutathionylation, etc., and of protein-protein interactions, has been overlooked and should be investigated further. Diatoms and other chromalveolates are understudied compared to the Viridiplantae, especially given their ecological importance, but we believe that the ever-growing number of sequenced genomes combined with proteomics, metabolomics, enzyme measurements, and the application of novel techniques will provide a better understanding of how this important group of algae maintain their productivity under changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Launay
- BIP, Aix Marseille Univ CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, Marseille, France
| | - Wenmin Huang
- BIP, Aix Marseille Univ CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, Marseille, France
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Stephen C. Maberly
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lake Ecosystems Group, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Kvernvik AC, Rokitta SD, Leu E, Harms L, Gabrielsen TM, Rost B, Hoppe CJM. Higher sensitivity towards light stress and ocean acidification in an Arctic sea-ice-associated diatom compared to a pelagic diatom. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1708-1724. [PMID: 32086953 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thalassiosira hyalina and Nitzschia frigida are important members of Arctic pelagic and sympagic (sea-ice-associated) diatom communities. We investigated the effects of light stress (shift from 20 to 380 µmol photons m-2 s-1 , resembling upwelling or ice break-up) under contemporary and future pCO2 (400 vs 1000 µatm). The responses in growth, elemental composition, pigmentation and photophysiology were followed over 120 h and are discussed together with underlying gene expression patterns. Stress response and subsequent re-acclimation were efficiently facilitated by T. hyalina, which showed only moderate changes in photophysiology and elemental composition, and thrived under high light after 120 h. In N. frigida, photochemical damage and oxidative stress appeared to outweigh cellular defenses, causing dysfunctional photophysiology and reduced growth. pCO2 alone did not specifically influence gene expression, but amplified the transcriptomic reactions to light stress, indicating that pCO2 affects metabolic equilibria rather than sensitive genes. Large differences in acclimation capacities towards high light and high pCO2 between T. hyalina and N. frigida indicate species-specific mechanisms in coping with the two stressors, which may reflect their respective ecological niches. This could potentially alter the balance between sympagic and pelagic primary production in a future Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane C Kvernvik
- The Department of Arctic Biology, Svalbard Science Centre, University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, N-9171, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Sebastian D Rokitta
- Marine Biogeosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institut - Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Eva Leu
- Arctic R&D, Akvaplan-Niva AS, CIENS, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Harms
- Marine Biogeosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institut - Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Tove M Gabrielsen
- The Department of Arctic Biology, Svalbard Science Centre, University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, N-9171, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, PO Box 422, N-4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Björn Rost
- Marine Biogeosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institut - Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- FB2, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Clara J M Hoppe
- Marine Biogeosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institut - Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
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32
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Li K, Li M, He Y, Gu X, Pang K, Ma Y, Lu D. Effects of pH and nitrogen form on Nitzschia closterium growth by linking dynamic with enzyme activity. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126154. [PMID: 32062215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Nitzschia closterium was incubated in seawater at different pH values (8.10, 7.71, and 7.45) and using different nitrogen forms (NO3-N and NH4-N) in the laboratory. The results showed that the growth of N. closterium was inhibited by ocean acidification, with individuals under lower pH levels showing lower growth rates and lower nitrogen uptake rates for both nitrogen forms. The Vmax/Ks ratio decreased with decreasing pH, indicating the inhibition of nitrogen uptake, whereas the ratios for NH4-N cultures were higher than those for NO3-N cultures, implying the highly competitive position of NH4-N. Acidification might induce reactive oxygen species based on the result that the maximum enzyme activities of SuperOxide Dismutase (SOD) and CATalase (CAT) increased under lower pH levels. The SOD and CAT activities for the NO3-N cultures were higher than those for NH4-N cultures at the low pH level, indicating that acidification might cause more oxidative stress for NO3-N cultures than for NH4-N cultures. Thus, ocean acidification might have a more detrimental effect on the growth of N. closterium under NO3-N conditions than NH4-N conditions, with a lower ratio (γ) of the maximum growth rate to the maximum nutrient uptake rate, and a drop in nitrate reductase activity under lower pH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao, 266100, China
| | - Yunfeng He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao, 266100, China
| | - Xingyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao, 266100, China
| | - Kai Pang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao, 266100, China
| | - Yunpeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao, 266100, China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dongliang Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, China
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The Biotechnological Potential of the Marine Diatom Skeletonema dohrnii to the Elevated Temperature and pCO 2 Concentration. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18050259. [PMID: 32429035 PMCID: PMC7281586 DOI: 10.3390/md18050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine diatoms are promising candidates for biotechnological applications, since they contain high-value compounds, naturally. To facilitate the production of these compounds, stress conditions are often preferable; however, challenges remain with respect to maximizing a metabolic potential for the large-scale cultivation. Here, we sequenced the transcriptome of diatom Skeletonema dohrnii under the actual (21 °C, 400 ppm) and elevated (25 °C, 1000 ppm) temperature and pCO2 condition. Results indicated that cells grown at higher temperature and pCO2 showed increasing growth rate, pigment composition, and biochemical productivity as did the expression of chlorophyll, carotenoid and bioactive compound related genes or transcripts. Furthermore, performing de novo transcriptome, we identified 32,884 transcript clusters and found 10,974 of them were differentially expressed between these two conditions. Analyzing the functions of differentially expressed transcripts, we found many of them involved in core metabolic and biosynthesis pathways, including chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid, phenylpropanoid, phenylalanine and tyrosine, and flavonoid biosynthesis was upregulated. Moreover, we here demonstrated that utilizing a unique bio-fixation ability, S. dohrnii is capable of suppressing central carbon metabolism to promote lipid productivity, fatty acid contents and other bioactive compounds under high temperature and pCO2 treatment. Our study suggests that this S. dohrnii species could be a potential candidate for wide-scale biotechnological applications under elevated temperature and CO2 conditions.
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Jensen EL, Maberly SC, Gontero B. Insights on the Functions and Ecophysiological Relevance of the Diverse Carbonic Anhydrases in Microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2922. [PMID: 32331234 PMCID: PMC7215798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) exist in all kingdoms of life. They are metalloenzymes, often containing zinc, that catalyze the interconversion of bicarbonate and carbon dioxide-a ubiquitous reaction involved in a variety of cellular processes. So far, eight classes of apparently evolutionary unrelated CAs that are present in a large diversity of living organisms have been described. In this review, we focus on the diversity of CAs and their roles in photosynthetic microalgae. We describe their essential role in carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanisms and photosynthesis, their regulation, as well as their less studied roles in non-photosynthetic processes. We also discuss the presence in some microalgae, especially diatoms, of cambialistic CAs (i.e., CAs that can replace Zn by Co, Cd, or Fe) and, more recently, a CA that uses Mn as a metal cofactor, with potential ecological relevance in aquatic environments where trace metal concentrations are low. There has been a recent explosion of knowledge about this well-known enzyme with exciting future opportunities to answer outstanding questions using a range of different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L. Jensen
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, IMM, FR3479, 31 Chemin J. Aiguier, CEDEX 20, 13 402 Marseille, France;
| | - Stephen C. Maberly
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lake Ecosystems Group, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK;
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, IMM, FR3479, 31 Chemin J. Aiguier, CEDEX 20, 13 402 Marseille, France;
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Zhang W, Tang X, Yang Y, Zhang X, Zhang X. Elevated pCO 2 Level Affects the Extracellular Polymer Metabolism of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:339. [PMID: 32194534 PMCID: PMC7064563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play an important role in diatom physiology and carbon biogeochemical cycling in marine ecosystems. Both the composition and yield of EPS in diatom cells can vary with environmental changes. However, information on intracellular pathways and controls of both biochemical and genetic of EPS is limited. Further, how such changes would affect their critical ecological roles in marine systems is also unclear. Here, we evaluated the physiological characteristics, EPS yields, EPS compositions, and gene expression levels of Phaeodactylum tricornutum under elevated pCO2 levels. Genes and pathways related to EPS metabolism in P. tricornutum were identified. Carbohydrate yields in different EPS fractions increased with elevated pCO2 exposure. Although the proportions of monosaccharide sugars among total sugars did not change, higher abundances of uronic acid were observed under high pCO2 conditions, suggesting the alterations of EPS composition. Elevated pCO2 increased PSII light energy conversion efficiency and carbon sequestration efficiency. The up-regulation of most genes involved in carbon fixation pathways led to increased growth and EPS release. RNA-Seq analysis revealed a number of genes and divergent alleles related to EPS production that were up-regulated by elevated pCO2 levels. Nucleotide diphosphate (NDP)-sugar activation and accelerated glycosylation could be responsible for more EPS responding to environmental signals. Further, NDP-sugar transporters exhibited increased expression levels, suggesting roles in EPS over-production. Overall, these results provide critical data for understanding the mechanisms of EPS production in diatoms and evaluating the metabolic plasticity of these organisms in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory of Oceanology for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory of Oceanology for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Dong F, Zhu X, Qian W, Wang P, Wang J. Combined effects of CO 2-driven ocean acidification and Cd stress in the marine environment: Enhanced tolerance of Phaeodactylum tricornutum to Cd exposure. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110594. [PMID: 31727316 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) and heavy metals are common stress factors for marine ecosystems subject to anthropogenic impacts. OA coupled with the heavy metal is likely to affect marine species. This study investigated the single and combined effects of OA (1500 ppm) and cadmium (Cd; 0.4, 1.2 mg/L) on the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum under 7 d exposure. The results clearly indicated that either OA or Cd stress (1.2 mg/L) alone inhibited the growth of P. tricornutum. However, under the combined OA-Cd stress, the growth inhibition disappeared, and the intracellular oxidative damage was mitigated. These results indicated a significantly enhanced tolerance of P. tricornutum to Cd while under OA conditions, which could be beneficial to the survival of this diatom. This study will ultimately help us understand the responses of marine organisms to multiple stressors and have broad implications for the potential ecological risks of Cd under future OA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dong
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China; Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wei Qian
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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Gong S, Jin X, Xiao Y, Li Z. Ocean Acidification and Warming Lead to Increased Growth and Altered Chloroplast Morphology in the Thermo-Tolerant Alga Symbiochlorum hainanensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:585202. [PMID: 33281847 PMCID: PMC7705064 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.585202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming affect the growth and predominance of algae. However, the effects of ocean acidification and warming on the growth and gene transcription of thermo-tolerant algae are poorly understood. Here we determined the effects of elevated temperature (H) and acidification (A) on a recently discovered coral-associated thermo-tolerant alga Symbiochlorum hainanensis by culturing it under two temperature settings (26.0 and 32.0°C) crossed with two pH levels (8.16 and 7.81). The results showed that the growth of S. hainanensis was positively affected by H, A, and the combined treatment (AH). However, no superimposition effect of H and A on the growth of S. hainanensis was observed under AH. The analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence, pigment content, and subcellular morphology indicated that the chloroplast morphogenesis (enlargement) along with the increase of chlorophyll fluorescence and pigment content of S. hainanensis might be a universal mechanism for promoting the growth of S. hainanensis. Transcriptomic profiles revealed the effect of elevated temperature on the response of S. hainanensis to acidification involved in the down-regulation of photosynthesis- and carbohydrate metabolism-related genes but not the up-regulation of genes related to antioxidant and ubiquitination processes. Overall, this study firstly reports the growth, morphology, and molecular response of the thermo-tolerant alga S. hainanensis to future climate changes, suggesting the predominance of S. hainanensis in its associated corals and/or coral reefs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanqiang Gong
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilin Xiao
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiyong Li,
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Glibert PM. Harmful algae at the complex nexus of eutrophication and climate change. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101583. [PMID: 32057336 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate projections suggest-with substantial certainty-that global warming >1.5 °C will occur by mid-century (2050). Population is also projected to increase, amplifying the demands for food, fuel, water and sanitation, which, in turn, escalate nutrient pollution. Global projections of nutrient pollution, however, are less certain than those of climate as there are regionally decreasing trends projected in Europe, and stabilization of nutrient use in North America and Australia. In this review of the effects of eutrophication and climate on harmful algae, some of the complex, subtle, and non-intuitive effects and interactions on the physiology of both harmful and non-harmful taxa are emphasized. In a future ocean, non-harmful diatoms may be disproportionately stressed and mixotrophs advantaged due to changing nutrient stoichiometry and forms of nutrients, temperature, stratification and oceanic pH. Modeling is advancing, but there is much yet to be understood, in terms of physiology, biogeochemistry and trophodynamics and how both harmful and nonharmful taxa may change in an uncertain future driven by anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Glibert
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge, MD, 21613, United States.
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Raven JA, Gobler CJ, Hansen PJ. Dynamic CO 2 and pH levels in coastal, estuarine, and inland waters: Theoretical and observed effects on harmful algal blooms. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101594. [PMID: 32057340 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2 results in higher equilibrium concentrations of dissolved CO2 in natural waters, with corresponding increases in hydrogen ion and bicarbonate concentrations and decreases in hydroxyl ion and carbonate concentrations. Superimposed on these climate change effects is the dynamic nature of carbon cycling in coastal zones, which can lead to seasonal and diel changes in pH and CO2 concentrations that can exceed changes expected for open ocean ecosystems by the end of the century. Among harmful algae, i.e. some species and/or strains of Cyanobacteria, Dinophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Ulvophyceae, the occurrence of a CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) is the most frequent mechanism of inorganic carbon acquisition in natural waters in equilibrium with the present atmosphere (400 μmol CO2 mol-1 total gas), with varying phenotypic modification of the CCM. No data on CCMs are available for Raphidophyceae or the brown tide Pelagophyceae. Several HAB species and/or strains respond to increased CO2 concentrations with increases in growth rate and/or cellular toxin content, however, others are unaffected. Beyond the effects of altered C concentrations and speciation on HABs, changes in pH in natural waters are likely to have profound effects on algal physiology. This review outlines the implications of changes in inorganic cycling for HABs in coastal zones, and reviews the knowns and unknowns with regard to how HABs can be expected to ocean acidification. We further point to the large regions of uncertainty with regard to this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton NY, 11968, USA.
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Marine Biological Section, Strandpromenaden 5, DK 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
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40
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Jensen EL, Yangüez K, Carrière F, Gontero B. Storage Compound Accumulation in Diatoms as Response to Elevated CO 2 Concentration. BIOLOGY 2019; 9:E5. [PMID: 31878202 PMCID: PMC7169399 DOI: 10.3390/biology9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of reserve compounds (i.e., lipids and chrysolaminarin) in diatoms depends on the environmental conditions, and is often triggered by stress conditions, such as nutrient limitation. Manipulation of CO2 supply can also be used to improve both lipids and carbohydrates accumulation. Given the high diversity among diatoms, we studied the two marine model diatoms-Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a freshwater diatom, Asterionella formosa, and Navicula pelliculosa-found in fresh- and sea-water environments. We measured the accumulation of reserve compounds and the activity of enzymes involved in carbon metabolism in these diatoms grown at high and atmospheric CO2. We observed that biomass and lipid accumulation in cells grown at high CO2 differ among the diatoms. Lipid accumulation increased only in P. tricornutum and N. pelliculosa grown in seawater in response to elevated CO2. Moreover, accumulation of lipids was also accompanied by an increased activity of the enzymes tested. However, lipid accumulation and enzyme activity decreased in N. pelliculosa cultured in fresh water. Chrysolaminarin accumulation was also affected by CO2 concentration; however, there was no clear relation with lipids accumulation. Our results are relevant to understand better the ecological role of the environment in the diatom adaptation to CO2 and the mechanisms underpinning the production of storage compounds considering diatom diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brigitte Gontero
- CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, IMM, FR3479, 31 Chemin J. Aiguier, Aix Marseille Univ., 13 402 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (E.L.J.); (K.Y.); (F.C.)
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41
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Wolf KKE, Romanelli E, Rost B, John U, Collins S, Weigand H, Hoppe CJM. Company matters: The presence of other genotypes alters traits and intraspecific selection in an Arctic diatom under climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2869-2884. [PMID: 31058393 PMCID: PMC6852494 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Arctic phytoplankton and their response to future conditions shape one of the most rapidly changing ecosystems on the planet. We tested how much the phenotypic responses of strains from the same Arctic diatom population diverge and whether the physiology and intraspecific composition of multistrain populations differs from expectations based on single strain traits. To this end, we conducted incubation experiments with the diatom Thalassiosira hyalina under present-day and future temperature and pCO2 treatments. Six fresh isolates from the same Svalbard population were incubated as mono- and multistrain cultures. For the first time, we were able to closely follow intraspecific selection within an artificial population using microsatellites and allele-specific quantitative PCR. Our results showed not only that there is substantial variation in how strains of the same species cope with the tested environments but also that changes in genotype composition, production rates, and cellular quotas in the multistrain cultures are not predictable from monoculture performance. Nevertheless, the physiological responses as well as strain composition of the artificial populations were highly reproducible within each environment. Interestingly, we only detected significant strain sorting in those populations exposed to the future treatment. This study illustrates that the genetic composition of populations can change on very short timescales through selection from the intraspecific standing stock, indicating the potential for rapid population level adaptation to climate change. We further show that individuals adjust their phenotype not only in response to their physicochemical but also to their biological surroundings. Such intraspecific interactions need to be understood in order to realistically predict ecosystem responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara K. E. Wolf
- Marine BiogeosciencesAlfred Wegener Institut – Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐ und MeeresforschungBremerhavenGermany
| | - Elisa Romanelli
- Marine BiogeosciencesAlfred Wegener Institut – Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐ und MeeresforschungBremerhavenGermany
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCalifornia
| | - Björn Rost
- Marine BiogeosciencesAlfred Wegener Institut – Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐ und MeeresforschungBremerhavenGermany
- University of BremenBremenGermany
| | - Uwe John
- Marine BiogeosciencesAlfred Wegener Institut – Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐ und MeeresforschungBremerhavenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB)OldenburgGermany
| | - Sinead Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Hannah Weigand
- Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Clara J. M. Hoppe
- Marine BiogeosciencesAlfred Wegener Institut – Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐ und MeeresforschungBremerhavenGermany
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Li W, Ding J, Li F, Wang T, Yang Y, Li Y, Campbell DA, Gao K. Functional responses of smaller and larger diatoms to gradual CO 2 rise. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 680:79-90. [PMID: 31102831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms and other phytoplankton groups are exposed to abrupt changes in pCO2, in waters in upwelling areas, near CO2 seeps, or during their blooms; or to more gradual pCO2 rise through anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Gradual CO2 rises have, however, rarely been included in ocean acidification (OA) studies. We therefore compared how small (Thalassiosira pseudonana) and larger (Thalassiosira weissflogii) diatom cell isolates respond to gradual pCO2 rises from 180 to 1000 μatm in steps of ~40 μatm with 5-10 generations at each step, and whether their responses to gradual pCO2 rise differ when compared to an abrupt pCO2 rise imposed from ambient 400 directly to 1000 μatm. Cell volume increased in T. pseudonana but decreased in T. weissflogii with an increase from low to moderate CO2 levels, and then remained steady under yet higher CO2 levels. Growth rates were stimulated, but Chl a, particulate organic carbon (POC) and cellular biogenic silica (BSi) decreased from low to moderate CO2 levels, and then remained steady with further CO2 rise in both species. Decreased saturation light intensity (Ik) and light use efficiency (α) with CO2 rise in T. pseudonana indicate that the smaller diatom becomes more susceptible to photoinhibition. Decreased BSi/POC (Si/C) in T. weissflogii indicates the biogeochemical cycles of both silicon and carbon may be more affected by elevated pCO2 in the larger diatom. The different CO2 modulation methods resulted in different responses of some key physiological parameters. Increasing pCO2 from 180 to 400 μatm decreased cellular POC and BSi contents, implying that ocean acidification to date has already altered diatom contributions to carbon and silicon biogeochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Jiancheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Futian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Yahe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Douglas A Campbell
- Biology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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43
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Wang H, Niu X, Feng X, Gonçalves RJ, Guan W. Effects of ocean acidification and phosphate limitation on physiology and toxicity of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 87:101621. [PMID: 31349890 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrated a 10-day batch culture experiment to test the physiology and toxicity of harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi in response to ocean acidification (OA) under two different phosphate concentrations. Cells were previously acclimated in OA (pH = 7.8 and CO2 = 1100 μatm) condition for about three months before testing the responses of K. mikimotoi cells to a two-factorial combinations experimentation. This work measured the variation in physiological parameters (growth, rETR) and toxicity (hemolytic activity and its toxicity to zebrafish embryos) in four treatments, representing two factorial combinations of CO2 (450 and 1100 μatm) and phosphate concentration (37.75 and 4.67 umol l-1). Results: OA stimulated the faster growth, and the highest rETRmax in high phosphate (HP) treatment, low phosphate (LP) and a combination of high CO2 and low phosphate (HC*LP) inhibited the growth and Ek in comparison to low CO2*high phosphate (LCHP) treatment. The embryotoxicity of K. mikimotoi cells enhanced in all high CO2 (HC) conditions irrespective of phosphate concentration, but the EC50 of hemolytic activity increased in all high CO2 (HC) and low phosphate (LP) treatments in comparison of LCHP. Ocean acidification (high CO2 and lower pH) was probably the main factor that affected the rETRmax, hemolytic activity and embryotoxicity, but low phosphate was the main factor that affected the growth, α, and Ek. There were significant interactive effects of OA and low phosphate (LP) on growth, rETRmax, and hemolytic activity, but there were no significant effects on α, Ek, and embryotoxicity. If these results are extrapolated to the aquatic environment, it can be hypothesized that the K. mikimotoi cells were impacted significantly by future changing ocean (e.g., ocean acidification and nutrient stoichiometry).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Xinyang Vocational and Technical College, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
| | - Xiaoqin Niu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xinqian Feng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Rodrigo J Gonçalves
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica (LOBio), Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). U9120ACD Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Huang R, Ding J, Gao K, Cruz de Carvalho MH, Tirichine L, Bowler C, Lin X. A Potential Role for Epigenetic Processes in the Acclimation Response to Elevated pCO 2 in the Model Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3342. [PMID: 30692981 PMCID: PMC6340190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the molecular responses underpinning diatom responses to ocean acidification is fundamental for predicting how important primary producers will be shaped by the continuous rise in atmospheric CO2. In this study, we have analyzed global transcriptomic changes of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum following growth for 15 generations in elevated pCO2 by strand-specific RNA sequencing (ssRNA-seq). Our results indicate that no significant effects of elevated pCO2 and associated carbonate chemistry changes on the physiological performance of the cells were observed after 15 generations whereas the expression of genes encoding histones and other genes involved in chromatin structure were significantly down-regulated, while the expression of transposable elements (TEs) and genes encoding histone acetylation enzymes were significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, we identified a series of long non-protein coding RNAs (lncRNAs) specifically responsive to elevated pCO2, suggesting putative regulatory roles for these largely uncharacterized genome components. Taken together, our integrative analyses reveal that epigenetic elements such as TEs, histone modifications and lncRNAs may have important roles in the acclimation of diatoms to elevated pCO2 over short time scales and thus may influence longer term adaptive processes in response to progressive ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiancheng Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Maria Helena Cruz de Carvalho
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Section, Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, Inserm U1024, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Leila Tirichine
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6286, UFIP, Nantes, France
| | - Chris Bowler
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Section, Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, Inserm U1024, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Wang X, Feng X, Zhuang Y, Lu J, Wang Y, Gonçalves RJ, Li X, Lou Y, Guan W. Effects of ocean acidification and solar ultraviolet radiation on physiology and toxicity of dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 81:1-9. [PMID: 30638492 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A batch culture experiment was conducted to study the interactive effects of ocean acidification (OA) and solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm) on the harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. Cells were incubated in 7-days trials under four treatments. Physiological (growth, pigments, UVabc) and toxicity (hemolytic activity and its toxicity to zebrafish embryos) response variables were measured in four treatments, representing two factorial combinations of CO2 (400 and 1000 μatm) and solar irradiance (with or without UVR). Toxic species K. mikimotoi showed sustained growth in all treatments, and there was not statistically significant difference among four treatments. Cell pigment content decreased, but UVabc and hemolytic activity increased in all HC treatments and PAB conditions. The toxicity to zebrafish embryos of K. mikimotoi was not significantly different among four treatments. All HC and UVR conditions and the combinations of HC*UVR (HC-PAB) positively affected the UVabc, hemolytic activity in comparison to the LC*P (LC-P) treatment, and negatively affected the pigments. Ocean acidification (OA) was probably the main factor that affected the chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and UVabc, but UVR was the main factor that affected the carotenoid (Caro) and hemolytic activity. There were no significant interactive effects of OA*UVR on growth, toxicity to zebrafish embryos. If these results are extrapolated to the natural environment, it can be hypothesized that this strain (DP-C32) of K. mikimotoi cells have the efficient mechanisms to endure the combination of ocean acidification and solar UVR. It is assumed that this toxic strain could form harmful bloom and enlarge the threatening to coastal communities, marine animals, even human health under future conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xinqian Feng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yang Zhuang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jianghuan Lu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Rodrigo J Gonçalves
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica (LOBio), Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Beszteri S, Thoms S, Benes V, Harms L, Trimborn S. The Response of Three Southern Ocean Phytoplankton Species to Ocean Acidification and Light Availability: A Transcriptomic Study. Protist 2018; 169:958-975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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47
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Huang Y, Liu X, Laws EA, Chen B, Li Y, Xie Y, Wu Y, Gao K, Huang B. Effects of increasing atmospheric CO 2 on the marine phytoplankton and bacterial metabolism during a bloom: A coastal mesocosm study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:618-629. [PMID: 29597159 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Increases of atmospheric CO2 concentrations due to human activity and associated effects on aquatic ecosystems are recognized as an environmental issue at a global scale. Growing attention is being paid to CO2 enrichment effects under multiple stresses or fluctuating environmental conditions in order to extrapolate from laboratory-scale experiments to natural systems. We carried out a mesocosm experiment in coastal water with an assemblage of three model phytoplankton species and their associated bacteria under the influence of elevated CO2 concentrations. Net community production and the metabolic characteristics of the phytoplankton and bacteria were monitored to elucidate how these organisms responded to CO2 enrichment during the course of the algal bloom. We found that CO2 enrichment (1000μatm) significantly enhanced gross primary production and the ratio of photosynthesis to chlorophyll a by approximately 38% and 39%, respectively, during the early stationary phase of the algal bloom. Although there were few effects on bulk bacterial production, a significant decrease of bulk bacterial respiration (up to 31%) at elevated CO2 resulted in an increase of bacterial growth efficiency. The implication is that an elevation of CO2 concentrations leads to a reduction of bacterial carbon demand and enhances carbon transfer efficiency through the microbial loop, with a greater proportion of fixed carbon being allocated to bacterial biomass and less being lost as CO2. The contemporaneous responses of phytoplankton and bacterial metabolism to CO2 enrichment increased net community production by about 45%, an increase that would have profound implications for the carbon cycle in coastal marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Bingzhang Chen
- Ecosystem Dynamics Research Group, Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Bangqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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Gao G, Xia J, Yu J, Zeng X. Physiological response of a red tide alga (Skeletonema costatum) to nitrate enrichment, with special reference to inorganic carbon acquisition. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 133:15-23. [PMID: 29174425 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A classical red tide alga Skeletonema costatum was cultured under various nitrate levels to investigate its physiological response to nitrate enrichment combined with CO2 limitation. The higher nitrate levels increased content of photosynthetic pigments (Chl a and Chl c), electron transport rate in photosystem II, photosynthetic O2 evolution, and thus growth rate in S. costatum. On the other hand, the lower CO2 levels (3.5-4.4 μmol kg-1 seawater) and higher pH (8.56-8.63) values in seawater were observed under higher nitrate conditions. Redox activity of plasma membrane and carbonic anhydrase in S. costatum was enhanced to address the reduced CO2 level at higher nitrate levels. In addition, the pH compensation point was enhanced and direct HCO3- use was induced at higher nitrate levels. These findings indicate that nitrate enrichment would stimulate the breakout of S. costatum dominated red tides via enhancing its photosynthetic performances, and maintain a quick growth rate under CO2 limitation conditions through improving its inorganic carbon acquisition capability. Our study sheds light on the mechanisms of S. costatum defeating CO2 limitation during algal bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jianrong Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jinlan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Sabia A, Clavero E, Pancaldi S, Salvadó Rovira J. Effect of different CO 2 concentrations on biomass, pigment content, and lipid production of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1945-1954. [PMID: 29356867 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana grown under air (0.04% CO2) and 1 and 5% CO2 concentrations was evaluated to determine its potential for CO2 mitigation coupled with biodiesel production. Results indicated that the diatom cultures grown at 1 and 5% CO2 showed higher growth rates (1.14 and 1.29 div day-1, respectively) and biomass productivities (44 and 48 mgAFDWL-1 day-1) than air grown cultures (with 1.13 div day-1 and 26 mgAFDWL-1 day-1). The increase of CO2 resulted in higher cell volume and pigment content per cell of T. pseudonana. Interestingly, lipid content doubled when air was enriched with 1-5% CO2. Moreover, the analysis of the fatty acid composition of T. pseudonana revealed the predominance of monounsaturated acids (palmitoleic-16:1 and oleic-18:1) and a decrease of the saturated myristic acid-14:0 and polyunsaturated fatty acids under high CO2 levels. These results suggested that T. pseudonana seems to be an ideal candidate for biodiesel production using flue gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sabia
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Esther Clavero
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC, Marcel·lí Domingo, 2, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Simonetta Pancaldi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Joan Salvadó Rovira
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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50
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Liu X, Li Y, Wu Y, Huang B, Dai M, Fu F, Hutchins DA, Gao K. Effects of elevated CO 2 on phytoplankton during a mesocosm experiment in the southern eutrophicated coastal water of China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6868. [PMID: 28761136 PMCID: PMC5537254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing consensus that the ongoing increase in atmospheric CO2 level will lead to a variety of effects on marine phytoplankton and ecosystems. However, the effects of CO2 enrichment on eutrophic coastal waters are still unclear, as are the complex mechanisms coupled to the development of eutrophication. Here, we report the first mesocosm CO2 perturbation study in a eutrophic subtropical bay during summer by investigating the effect of rising CO2 on a model artificial community consisting of well-characterized cultured diatoms (Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira weissflogii) and prymnesiophytes (Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica). These species were inoculated into triplicate 4 m3 enclosures with equivalent chlorophyll a (Chl-a) under present and higher partial pressures of atmospheric CO2 (pCO2 = 400 and 1000 ppmv). Diatom bloom events were observed in all enclosures, with enhanced organic carbon production and Chl-a concentrations under high CO2 treatments. Relative to the low CO2 treatments, the consumption of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and uptake ratios of N/P and N/Si increased significantly during the bloom. These observed responses suggest more extensive and complex effects of higher CO2 concentrations on phytoplankton communities in coastal eutrophic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bangqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Minhan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Feixue Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - David A Hutchins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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