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Zhang Y, Li Z, Xu H, Ge W, Qian H, Li J, Sun H, Zhang H, Jiao Y. Impact of floods on the environment: A review of indicators, influencing factors, and evaluation methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175683. [PMID: 39173752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Floods have a wide range of environmental effects. However, owing to the complex composition of the environment and the numerous factors influencing environmental flood risk, few studies have systematically analyzed the impact of floods on the environment. After reviewing the various impacts of floods on the environment, we summarized them into four indicators (water pollution, erosion and deposition, biomass impact, and biodiversity impact) and analyzed the interrelationships between the four indicators. We then summarized 14 key factors affecting the degree of impact of floods on the environment (flood depth, velocity, duration, sediment concentration, timing of flood, temperature, point source and non-point source, height, age, waterlogging tolerance of plants, migration ability of animals, survival time of animals during floods, species richness, and biomass density) and analyzed their influence mechanisms on each indicator. We then compared the principles, scope of application, accuracy, and limitations of six environmental flood impact evaluation methods and found that the multi-factor evaluation method has great application prospects. Finally, we proposed two recommendations for future research to assess and reduce environmental flood impacts. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the impact of floods on the environment and a basis for evaluating the impact and formulating measures to mitigate the degree of impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zongkun Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Hongyin Xu
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Wei Ge
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003, PR China
| | - Hui Qian
- Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003, PR China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Zhengzhou University of Railway Engineering, Zhengzhou 450100, China
| | - Heqiang Sun
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yutie Jiao
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Guo J, Xue J, Yin Y, Pedersen O, Hua J. Response of underwater photosynthesis to light, CO 2, temperature, and submergence time of Taxodium distichum, a flood-tolerant tree. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1355729. [PMID: 38567140 PMCID: PMC10985249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1355729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Partial or complete submergence of trees can occur in natural wetlands during times of high waters, but the submergence events have increased in severity and frequency over the past decades. Taxodium distichum is well-known for its waterlogging tolerance, but there are also numerous observations of this species becoming partially or complete submerged for longer periods of time. Consequently, the aims of the present study were to characterize underwater net photosynthesis (PN) and leaf anatomy of T. distichum with time of submergence. Methods We completely submerged 6 months old seedling of T. distichum and diagnosed underwater (PN), hydrophobicity, gas film thickness, Chlorophyll concentration and needles anatomy at discrete time points during a 30-day submergence event. We also constructed response curves of underwater PN to CO2, light and temperature. Results During the 30-day submergence period, no growth or formation new leaves were observed, and therefore T. distichum shows a quiescence response to submergence. The hydrophobicity of the needles declined during the submergence event resulting in complete loss of gas films. However, the Chlorophyll concentration of the needles also declined significantly, and it was there not possible to identify the main cause of the corresponding significant decline in underwater PN. Nevertheless, even after 30 days of complete submergence, the needles still retained some capacity for underwater photosynthesis under optimal light and CO2 conditions. Discussion However, to fully understand the stunning submergence tolerance of T. distichum, we propose that future research concentrate on unravelling the finer details in needle anatomy and biochemistry as these changes occur during submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Guo
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhui Xue
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlong Yin
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jianfeng Hua
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
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Yijun G, Zhiming X, Jianing G, Qian Z, Rasheed A, Hussain MI, Ali I, Shuheng Z, Hassan MU, Hashem M, Mostafa YS, Wang Y, Chen L, Xiaoxue W, Jian W. The intervention of classical and molecular breeding approaches to enhance flooding stress tolerance in soybean - An review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1085368. [PMID: 36643298 PMCID: PMC9835000 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1085368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses and climate changes cause severe loss of yield and quality of crops and reduce the production area worldwide. Flooding stress curtails soybean growth, yield, and quality and ultimately threatens the global food supply chain. Flooding tolerance is a multigenic trait. Tremendous research in molecular breeding explored the potential genomic regions governing flood tolerance in soybean. The most robust way to develop flooding tolerance in soybean is by using molecular methods, including quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, identification of transcriptomes, transcription factor analysis, CRISPR/Cas9, and to some extent, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and multi-omics techniques. These powerful molecular tools have deepened our knowledge about the molecular mechanism of flooding stress tolerance. Besides all this, using conventional breeding methods (hybridization, introduction, and backcrossing) and other agronomic practices is also helpful in combating the rising flooding threats to the soybean crop. The current review aims to summarize recent advancements in breeding flood-tolerant soybean, mainly by using molecular and conventional tools and their prospects. This updated picture will be a treasure trove for future researchers to comprehend the foundation of flooding tolerance in soybean and cover the given research gaps to develop tolerant soybean cultivars able to sustain growth under extreme climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Yijun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Xie Zhiming
- College of Life Sciences, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, Jilin, China
| | - Guan Jianing
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhao Qian
- Changchun Normal University, College of Life Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Adnan Rasheed
- Changchun Normal University, College of Life Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Changfa Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | | | - Iftikhar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Shuheng
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Muhammad Umair Hassan
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences , Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Asiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yasser S. Mostafa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yueqiang Wang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and National Engineering Research Center for Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and National Engineering Research Center for Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Wang Xiaoxue
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Jian
- Changchun Normal University, College of Life Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Changfa Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Ge W, Wang J, Guo X, Wang T, Zhang H. Evaluation of the water pollution risk of dam and dike-break floods in the inundated area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76365-76377. [PMID: 35668251 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The inundated area of dam and dike-break floods includes various types of land and factories that release considerable amounts of pollutants into floods, causing serious water pollution and further endangering human health. Many pollution sources and factors affect the water pollution risk in inundated areas. Accurate assessment of the water pollution risk for dam and dike-break floods enables people to take measures in advance to reduce public health problems. The existing evaluation methods cannot effectively analyze the water pollution risk for dam and dike-break floods because partial or all pollution sources and influencing factors are ignored. The main factors affecting flood water quality were summarized into point source (PS), non-point source (NPS), flood depth, velocity, duration, and temperature. The water pollution risk caused by NPSs and PSs were quantified, as well as the impact of all main factors on water pollution risk. The evaluation model proposed for water pollution risk in inundated areas of dam and dike-break floods considers all pollution sources and influencing factors. The WPR was proposed to represent the water pollution risk value. The dam-break flood of Luhun Reservoir was simulated to verify the feasibility of the evaluation model. We concluded that (1) WPR varied with space and time in the inundated area and was seriously affected by PS in local areas; (2) the annual average WPR of different land use types from high to low were construction land, cropland, urban, water, rural area, woodland, and grassland. The evaluation model can be used to evaluate the water pollution risk for dam and dike-break floods at macro and micro scales. People can use this method to evaluate the impact, range, and degree of specific pollution sources or pollutants in the inundated area, thus allowing for measures to be taken in advance to reduce associated damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zongkun Li
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- School of Software, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Wei Ge
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianyou Wang
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xinyan Guo
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Te Wang
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Ge W, Chen X, Xu H, Guo X, Wang T. Impact of extreme floods on plants considering various influencing factors downstream of Luhun Reservoir, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:145312. [PMID: 33736317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extreme floods caused by dike or dam breaks have led to substantial damage to various types of vegetation, including forests, orchards, grass, and crops. Many factors affect the impacts of extreme floods on plants, e.g., flood parameters, plant characteristics and natural factors. However, these factors have never been systematically analyzed or considered when evaluating the impacts of extreme floods on plants. Firstly, we summarized the main influencing factors and simplified them into six categories: temperature, geomorphic change, plant age, flood velocity, ratio of the flood depth to the plant height, and ratio of the flood duration to the plant waterlogging tolerance time. Secondly, we proposed the two indices of unit risk biomass (URB) and total risk biomass (TRB) to represent the impacts of floods on plants regionally and over the entire inundated area, respectively. In addition, the calculation methods of URB and TRB considering plant biomass and the comprehensive influence coefficient (I) were put forward. To calculate I, we considered the six influencing factors with different weights according to their importance and varying conditions. The flood parameters and geomorphic changes caused by a simulated dam-break flood of Luhun Reservoir in China were then calculated. Furthermore, we divided a year into six time periods according to the species and growth characteristics of the plants in the inundated area. Then we evaluated the impacts of the dam-break flood on the plants during each period. The results showed that: (a) the URB varied with space in the inundated area; (b) because of the large inundation area of crops, the TRB was far greater than that of forests and orchards and affected the TRB of the whole inundated area; and (c) both the URB and TRB changed with time with the changes in crop species, crop parameters and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zongkun Li
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; School of Software, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Wei Ge
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongyin Xu
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xinyan Guo
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Te Wang
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Zhou J, Mou H, Zhou J, Ali ML, Ye H, Chen P, Nguyen HT. Qualification of Soybean Responses to Flooding Stress Using UAV-Based Imagery and Deep Learning. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:9892570. [PMID: 34286285 PMCID: PMC8261669 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9892570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is sensitive to flooding stress that may result in poor seed quality and significant yield reduction. Soybean production under flooding could be sustained by developing flood-tolerant cultivars through breeding programs. Conventionally, soybean tolerance to flooding in field conditions is evaluated by visually rating the shoot injury/damage due to flooding stress, which is labor-intensive and subjective to human error. Recent developments of field high-throughput phenotyping technology have shown great potential in measuring crop traits and detecting crop responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential in estimating flood-induced soybean injuries using UAV-based image features collected at different flight heights. The flooding injury score (FIS) of 724 soybean breeding plots was taken visually by breeders when soybean showed obvious injury symptoms. Aerial images were taken on the same day using a five-band multispectral and an infrared (IR) thermal camera at 20, 50, and 80 m above ground. Five image features, i.e., canopy temperature, normalized difference vegetation index, canopy area, width, and length, were extracted from the images at three flight heights. A deep learning model was used to classify the soybean breeding plots to five FIS ratings based on the extracted image features. Results show that the image features were significantly different at three flight heights. The best classification performance was obtained by the model developed using image features at 20 m with 0.9 for the five-level FIS. The results indicate that the proposed method is very promising in estimating FIS for soybean breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Huawei Mou
- Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bioenergy and Environment Science & Technology Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Md Liakat Ali
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873, USA
| | - Heng Ye
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Pengyin Chen
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Shen C, Yuan J, Qiao H, Wang Z, Liu Y, Ren X, Wang F, Liu X, Zhang Y, Chen X, Ou X. Transcriptomic and anatomic profiling reveal the germination process of different wheat varieties in response to waterlogging stress. BMC Genet 2020; 21:93. [PMID: 32859149 PMCID: PMC7456028 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waterlogging is one of the most serious abiotic stresses affecting wheat-growing regions in China. Considerable differences in waterlogging tolerance have been found among different wheat varieties, and the mechanisms governing the waterlogging tolerance of wheat seeds during germination have not been elucidated. RESULTS The results showed no significant difference between the germination rate of 'Bainong 207' (BN207) (after 72 h of waterlogging treatment) and that of the control seeds. However, the degree of emulsification and the degradation rate of endosperm cells under waterlogging stress were higher than those obtained with the control treatment, and the number of amyloplasts in the endosperm was significantly reduced by waterlogging. Transcriptomic data were obtained from seed samples (a total of 18 samples) of three wheat varieties, 'Zhoumai 22' (ZM22), BN207 and 'Bainong 607' (BN607), subjected to the waterlogging and control treatments. A comprehensive analysis identified a total of 2775 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In addition, an analysis of the correlations among the expression difference levels of DEGs and the seed germination rates of the three wheat varieties under waterlogging stress revealed that the relative expression levels of 563 and 398 genes were positively and negatively correlated with the germination rate of the wheat seeds, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that the difference in the waterlogging tolerance among the three wheat varieties was related to the abundance of key genes involved in the glycolysis pathway, the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, and the lactose metabolism pathway. The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene in the endosperm of BN607 was induced immediately after short-term waterlogging, and the energy provided by the glycolysis pathway enabled the BN607 seeds to germinate as early as possible; in addition, the expression of the AP2/ERF transcription factor was upregulated to further enhance the waterlogging tolerance of this cultivar. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results of this study help elucidate the mechanisms through which different wheat varieties respond to waterlogging stress during germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Shen
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jingping Yuan
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hong Qiao
- Xinxiang Nongle Seed Industry Co. Ltd, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zijuan Wang
- Xinxiang Nongle Seed Industry Co. Ltd, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yuanhai Liu
- Xinxiang Nongle Seed Industry Co. Ltd, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiujuan Ren
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiling Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xingqi Ou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Di Bella CE, Kotula L, Striker GG, Colmer TD. Submergence tolerance and recovery in Lotus: Variation among fifteen accessions in response to partial and complete submergence. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 249:153180. [PMID: 32422486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Several Lotus species are perennial forage legumes which tolerate waterlogging, but knowledge of responses to partial or complete shoot submergence is scant. We evaluated the responses of 15 Lotus accessions to partial and complete shoot submergence and variations in traits associated with tolerance and recovery after de-submergence. Accessions of Lotus tenuis, L. corniculatus, L. pedunculatus and L. japonicus were raised for 43 d and then subjected to aerated root zone (control), deoxygenated stagnant root zone with shoots in air (stagnant), stagnant root zone with partial (75 %) and complete submergence of shoots, for 7 d. The recovery ability from complete submergence was also assessed. We found inter- and intra-specific variations in the stem extension responses (i.e. promoted or restricted compared to controls) depending on water depth. Eight of 15 accessions promoted the stem extension when in partial submergence, while three of those eight (all L. tenuis accessions) had a restricted stem extension when under complete submergence. Two accessions (belonging to L. corniculatus and L. penduculatus species) also promoted the stem extension under complete submergence. The accessions that attained better recovery in terms of leaves produced after de-submergence, were those that had high leaf and root sugar concentration at de-submergence, and high thickness and persistence of gas films on leaves during submergence (all L. tenuis accessions). We conclude that all Lotus accessions were able to tolerate 7 d of partial and complete shoot submergence, despite adopting different stem extension responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla E Di Bella
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Lukasz Kotula
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub on Legumes for Sustainable Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gustavo G Striker
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub on Legumes for Sustainable Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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Mori Y, Kurokawa Y, Koike M, Malik AI, Colmer TD, Ashikari M, Pedersen O, Nagai K. Diel O2 Dynamics in Partially and Completely Submerged Deepwater Rice: Leaf Gas Films Enhance Internodal O2 Status, Influence Gene Expression and Accelerate Stem Elongation for 'Snorkelling' during Submergence. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:973-985. [PMID: 30668838 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deepwater rice has a remarkable shoot elongation response to partial submergence. Shoot elongation to maintain air-contact enables 'snorkelling' of O2 to submerged organs. Previous research has focused on partial submergence of deepwater rice. We tested the hypothesis that leaf gas films enhance internode O2 status and stem elongation of deepwater rice when completely submerged. Diel patterns of O2 partial pressure (pO2) were measured in internodes of deepwater rice when partially or completely submerged, and with or without gas films on leaves, for the completely submerged plants. We also took measurements for paddy rice. Deepwater rice elongated during complete submergence and the shoot tops emerged. Leaf gas films improved O2 entry during the night, preventing anoxia in stems, which is of importance for elongation of the submerged shoots. Expressions of O2 deprivation inducible genes were upregulated in completely submerged plants during the night, and more so when gas films were removed from the leaves. Diel O2 dynamics showed similar patterns in paddy and deepwater rice. We demonstrated that shoot tops in air enabled 'snorkelling' and increased O2 in internodes of both rice ecotypes; however, 'snorkelling' was achieved only by rapid shoot elongation by deepwater rice, but not by paddy rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Mori
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurokawa
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaya Koike
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Al Imran Malik
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy David Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ole Pedersen
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keisuke Nagai
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Herzog M, Fukao T, Winkel A, Konnerup D, Lamichhane S, Alpuerto JB, Hasler-Sheetal H, Pedersen O. Physiology, gene expression, and metabolome of two wheat cultivars with contrasting submergence tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1632-1644. [PMID: 29664146 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to complete submergence are not well understood as research has focused on waterlogging (soil flooding). The aim of this study was to characterize the responses of 2 wheat cultivars differing vastly in submergence tolerance to test if submergence tolerance was linked to shoot carbohydrate consumption as seen in rice. Eighteen-day-old wheat cultivars Frument (intolerant) and Jackson (tolerant) grown in soil were completely submerged for up to 19 days while assessing responses in physiology, gene expression, and shoot metabolome. Results revealed 50% mortality after 9.3 and 15.9 days of submergence in intolerant Frument and tolerant Jackson, respectively, and significantly higher growth in Jackson during recovery. Frument displayed faster leaf degradation as evident from leaf tissue porosity, chlorophylla , and metabolomic fingerprinting. Surprisingly, shoot soluble carbohydrates, starch, and individual sugars declined to similarly low levels in both cultivars by day 5, showing that cultivar Jackson tolerated longer periods of low shoot carbohydrate levels than Frument. Moreover, intolerant Frument showed higher levels of phytol and the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde relative to tolerant Jackson. Consequently, we propose to further investigate the role of ethylene sensitivity and deprivation of reactive O2 species in submerged wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Herzog
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Takeshi Fukao
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1880 Pratt Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Anders Winkel
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Dennis Konnerup
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Suman Lamichhane
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1880 Pratt Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Jasper Benedict Alpuerto
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1880 Pratt Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Harald Hasler-Sheetal
- Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense, 5230, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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Pedersen O, Perata P, Voesenek LACJ. Flooding and low oxygen responses in plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:iii-vi. [PMID: 32480612 DOI: 10.1071/fpv44n9_fo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The world is currently experiencing dramatic increases in flood events impacting on natural vegetation and crops. Flooding often results in low O2 status in root tissues during waterlogging, but sometimes also in shoot tissues when plants become completely submerged. Plants possess a suite of traits enabling tissue aeration and/or adjusted metabolism during hypoxia or even in the absence of O2. This special issue of Functional Plant Biology presents key papers for plant scientists on the quest to further address and improve flood tolerance of terrestrial plants. The papers address low O2 responses in roots, shoots or whole plants in controlled laboratory conditions or in the field situation using natural wetland plants as models as well as economically important crops, such as rice, wheat and barley. The studies advance our understanding of low O2 responses in plant tissues as caused by O2 shortage during flooding. However, in most instances, submergence not only leads to hypoxic or anoxic tissues, but inundation in water also results in accumulation of CO2 and the important plant hormone ethylene. Thus, carefully designed laboratory studies are often needed to unravel the mechanistic relationships between a combined decline in O2 followed by increases in CO2 and ethylene at tissue as well as on the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, The University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Konnerup D, Winkel A, Herzog M, Pedersen O. Leaf gas film retention during submergence of 14 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:877-887. [PMID: 32480616 DOI: 10.1071/fp16401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flooding of fields after sudden rainfall events can result in crops being completely submerged. Some terrestrial plants, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), possess superhydrophobic leaf surfaces that retain a thin gas film when submerged, and the gas films enhance gas exchange with the floodwater. However, the leaves lose their hydrophobicity during submergence, and the gas films subsequently disappear. We tested gas film retention time of 14 different wheat cultivars and found that wheat could retain the gas films for a minimum of 2 days, whereas the wild wetland grass Glyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br. had thicker gas films and could retain its gas films for a minimum of 4 days. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the wheat cultivars and G. fluitans possessed high densities of epicuticular wax platelets, which could explain their superhydrophobicity. However, G. fluitans also had papillae that contributed to higher hydrophobicity during the initial submergence and could explain why G. fluitans retained gas films for a longer period of time. The loss of gas films was associated with the leaves being covered by an unidentified substance. We suggest that leaf gas film is a relevant trait to use as a selection criterion to improve the flood tolerance of crops that become temporarily submerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Konnerup
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Winkel
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Max Herzog
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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