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Magalhaes ILF, Martins PH, Faleiro BT, Vidigal THDA, Santos FR, Carvalho LS, Santos AJ. Complete phylogeny of Micrathena spiders suggests multiple dispersal events among Neotropical rainforests, islands and landmasses, and indicates that Andean orogeny promotes speciation. Cladistics 2024. [PMID: 38861251 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Neotropical region is the most diverse on the planet, largely owing to its mosaic of tropical rainforests. Multiple tectonic and climatic processes have been hypothesized to contribute to generating this diversity, including Andean orogeny, the closure of the Isthmus of Panama, the GAARlandia land bridge and historical connections among currently isolated forests. Micrathena spiders are diverse and widespread in the region, and thus a complete phylogeny of this genus allows the testing of hypotheses at multiple scales. We estimated a complete, dated phylogeny using morphological data for 117 Micrathena species and molecular data of up to five genes for a subset of 79 species. Employing eventc-based approaches and biogeographic stochastic mapping while considering phylogenetic uncertainty, we estimated ancestral distributions, the timing and direction of dispersal events and diversification rates among areas. The phylogeny is generally robust, with uncertainty in the position of some of the species lacking sequences. Micrathena started diversifying around 25 Ma. Andean cloud forests show the highest in-situ speciation, while the Amazon is the major dispersal source for adjacent areas. The Dry Diagonal generated few species and is a sink of diversity. Species exchange between Central and South America involved approximately 23 dispersal events and started ~20 Ma, which is consistent with a Miocene age for the Isthmus of Panama closure. We inferred four dispersal events from Central America to the Antilles in the last 20 Myr, indicating the spiders did not reach the islands through the GAARlandia land bridge. We identified important species exchange routes among the Amazon, Andean cloud forests and Atlantic forests during the Plio-Pleistocene. Sampling all species of the genus was fundamental to the conclusions above, especially in identifying the Andean forests as the area that generated the majority of species. This highlights the importance of complete taxonomic sampling in biogeographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan L F Magalhaes
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro H Martins
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bárbara T Faleiro
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Teofânia H D A Vidigal
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabrício R Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, BR 343, KM 3.5, Bairro Meladão, s/no. CEP 6, 64808-660, Floriano, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Adalberto J Santos
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Oh JH, Kim S, Lee S. DNA barcodes reveal population-dependent cryptic diversity and various cases of sympatry of Korean leptonetid spiders (Araneae: Leptonetidae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:15528. [PMID: 36109541 PMCID: PMC9478141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptonetidae are tiny, rarely encountered spiders that mainly inhabit moist environments, such as caves, leaf litter, and rock piles. Because they are microhabitat specialists, most leptonetid species have short-range endemism, and rarely occur in sympatry. Their small size, relatively simple habitus features and reproductive organ structure increase the difficulty of identification. The identification of leptonetids and other spiders may also be time-consuming due to their sexual dimorphism, polymorphism, and lack of diagnostic characteristics in juveniles. DNA barcoding has been used as an effective tool for species identification to overcome these obstacles. Herein, we conducted a test of DNA barcoding based on 424 specimens of Korean Leptonetidae representing 76 morphospecies. A threshold of 4.2% based on maximum intraspecific genetic divergence was estimated to efficiently differentiate the morphospecies. The species assignments tested by five species delimitation methods (ABGD, ASAP, GMYC, PTP, and bPTP) were consistent with the morphological identifications for only 47 morphospecies (61.8%), indicating many cases of cryptic diversity among the remaining morphospecies. Furthermore, sympatry in leptonetids, which are known to be rare, was revealed to be common in South Korea, especially in epigean species. Our results showed that sympatries within families, congeners, and intraclades potentially occur throughout the entire region of Korea.
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Faria L, Pie M, Salles F, Soares E. The Haeckelian shortfall or the tale of the missing semaphoronts. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Faria
- Instituto Latino‐Americano de Ciências da Vida e da NaturezaUniversidade Federal da Integração Latino‐Americana Foz do Iguaçu Brazil
| | - Marcio Pie
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | - Frederico Salles
- Departamento de Entomologia Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Brazil
| | - Elaine Soares
- Instituto Latino‐Americano de Ciências da Vida e da NaturezaUniversidade Federal da Integração Latino‐Americana Foz do Iguaçu Brazil
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Hopfe C, Ospina-Jara B, Scheibel T, Cabra-García J. Ocrepeira klamt sp. n. (Araneae: Araneidae), a novel spider species from an Andean páramo in Colombia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237499. [PMID: 32833963 PMCID: PMC7446859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe Ocrepeira klamt sp. n. (Araneae: Araneidae), a new orb-weaving spider species from a Colombian páramo, which was formerly inaccessible for scientific studies due to decades long armed conflicts. Both, phenotypic and molecular data are used to confirm genus affiliation, and the new species is placed into phylogenetic context with other araneid spiders. Morphological characteristics and ecological notes of Ocrepeira klamt sp. n. are reported together with the sequence of the barcoding region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) to provide a comprehensive description of the spider, facilitating future identification beyond taxonomic experts. With this study we contribute to the taxonomic knowledge that is required to inventory the hyper diverse yet threatened ecosystem of the Colombian páramos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hopfe
- Department of Biomaterials, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bryan Ospina-Jara
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Department of Biomaterials, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Forschungszentrum für Bio-Makromoleküle, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuther Materialzentrum, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayrisches Polymerinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jimmy Cabra-García
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
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Tyagi K, Kumar V, Kundu S, Pakrashi A, Prasad P, Caleb JTD, Chandra K. Identification of Indian Spiders through DNA barcoding: Cryptic species and species complex. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14033. [PMID: 31575965 PMCID: PMC6773733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiders are mega diverse arthropods and play an important role in the ecosystem. Identification of this group is challenging due to their cryptic behavior, sexual dimorphism, and unavailability of taxonomic keys for juveniles. To overcome these obstacles, DNA barcoding plays a pivotal role in spider identification throughout the globe. This study is the first large scale attempt on DNA barcoding of spiders from India with 101 morphospecies of 72 genera under 21 families, including five endemic species and holotypes of three species. A total of 489 barcodes was generated and analyzed, among them 85 novel barcodes of 22 morphospecies were contributed to the global database. The estimated delimitation threshold of the Indian spiders was 2.6% to 3.7% K2P corrected pairwise distance. The multiple species delimitation methods (BIN, ABGD, GMYC and PTP) revealed a total of 107 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) for 101 morphospecies. We detected more than one MOTU in 11 morphospecies with discrepancies in genetic distances and tree topologies. Cryptic diversity was detected in Pardosa pusiola, Cyclosa spirifera, and Heteropoda venatoria. The intraspecies distances which were as large as our proposed delimitation threshold were observed in Pardosa sumatrana, Thiania bhamoensis, and Cheiracanthium triviale. Further, shallow genetic distances were detected in Cyrtophora cicatrosa, Hersilia savignyi, Argiope versicolor, Phintella vittata, and Oxyopes birmanicus. Two morphologically distinguished species (Plexippus paykulli and Plexippus petersi) showed intra-individual variation within their DNA barcode data. Additionally, we reinstate the original combination for Linyphia sikkimensis based on both morphology and DNA barcoding. These data show that DNA barcoding is a valuable tool for specimen identification and species discovery of Indian spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaomud Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India.
| | - Shantanu Kundu
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India
| | - Avas Pakrashi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India
| | - Priya Prasad
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India
| | - John T D Caleb
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India
| | - Kailash Chandra
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India
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Ashfaq M, Blagoev G, Tahir HM, Khan AM, Mukhtar MK, Akhtar S, Butt A, Mansoor S, Hebert PDN. Assembling a DNA barcode reference library for the spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Pakistan. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217086. [PMID: 31116764 PMCID: PMC6530854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological study of 1,795 spiders from sites across Pakistan placed these specimens in 27 families and 202 putative species. COI sequences >400 bp recovered from 1,782 specimens were analyzed using neighbor-joining trees, Bayesian inference, barcode gap, and Barcode Index Numbers (BINs). Specimens of 109 morphological species were assigned to 123 BINs with ten species showing BIN splits, while 93 interim species included representatives of 98 BINs. Maximum conspecific divergences ranged from 0–5.3% while congeneric distances varied from 2.8–23.2%. Excepting one species pair (Oxyopes azhari–Oxyopes oryzae), the maximum intraspecific distance was always less than the nearest-neighbor (NN) distance. Intraspecific divergence values were not significantly correlated with geographic distance. Most (75%) BINs detected in this study were new to science, while those shared with other nations mainly derived from India. The discovery of many new, potentially endemic species and the low level of BIN overlap with other nations highlight the importance of constructing regional DNA barcode reference libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashfaq
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Gergin Blagoev
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Arif M. Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Saleem Akhtar
- Directorate of Entomology, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abida Butt
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Paul D. N. Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Miller JA, Freund C, Rambonnet L, Koets L, Barth N, van der Linden C, Geml J, Schilthuizen M, Burger R, Goossens B. Dispatch from the field II: the mystery of the red and blue Opadometa male (Araneae, Tetragnathidae, Opadometa sarawakensis). Biodivers Data J 2018:e24777. [PMID: 29674940 PMCID: PMC5904518 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.6.e24777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Males of Opadometa are difficult to associate with conspecific females, and sex-matching errors may persist in the taxonomic literature. Recommended best practices for definitive sex matching in this genus suggest finding a male in the web of a female, or better yet, mating pairs. New information A male Opadometa was observed hanging on a frame line of the web of a female Opadometa sarawakensis, a species for which the male was previously undescribed. This occurred during a tropical ecology field course held at the Danau Girang Field Centre in Sabah, Malaysia. A taxonomic description was completed as a course activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Miller
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Plazi.org, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - József Geml
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Menno Schilthuizen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Taxon Expeditions, Leiden, Netherlands.,Universiti Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Richard Burger
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah, Malaysia.,Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Goossens
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah, Malaysia.,Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia
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