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Gorzelak P, Salamon MA, Brom K, Oji T, Oguri K, Kołbuk D, Dec M, Brachaniec T, Saucède T. Experimental neoichnology of post-autotomy arm movements of sea lilies and possible evidence of thrashing behaviour in Triassic holocrinids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15147. [PMID: 32934271 PMCID: PMC7492279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms exhibit remarkable powers of autotomy. For instance, crinoids can shed arm and stalk portions when attacked by predators. In some species, it has been reported that the autotomized arms display vigorous movements, which are thought to divert the attention of predators. This phenomenon, however, has not been well explored. Here we present results of experiments using the shallowest water species of living stalked crinoid (Metacrinus rotundus) collected at 140 m depth. A wide range of movements of detached arms, from sluggish writhing to violent flicks, was observed. Interestingly, autotomized arms produce distinct traces on the sediment surface. They are composed of straight or arched grooves usually arranged in radiating groups and shallow furrows. Similar traces were found associated with detached arms of the oldest (Early Triassic) stem-group isocrinid (Holocrinus). This finding may suggest that the origins of autotomy-related thrashing behaviour in crinoids could be traced back to at least the Early Triassic, underscoring the magnitude of anti-predatory traits that occurred during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. A new ethological category, autotomichnia, is proposed for the traces produced by thrashing movements of shed appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz A Salamon
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Brom
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Tatsuo Oji
- University Museum, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Oguri
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Dorota Kołbuk
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Dec
- Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brachaniec
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Thomas Saucède
- Biogéosciences UMR CNRS 6282, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Imperadore P, Fiorito G. Cephalopod Tissue Regeneration: Consolidating Over a Century of Knowledge. Front Physiol 2018; 9:593. [PMID: 29875692 PMCID: PMC5974545 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration, a process consisting in regrowth of damaged structures and their functional recovery, is widespread in several phyla of the animal kingdom from lower invertebrates to mammals. Among the regeneration-competent species, the actual ability to restore the full form and function of the injured tissue varies greatly, from species being able to undergo whole-body and internal organ regeneration, to instances in which this ability is limited to a few tissues. Among invertebrates, cephalopod mollusks retain the ability to regenerate several structures (i.e., muscles, nerves, or entire appendages). Here we provide an overview of more than one-hundred studies carried out over the last 160 years of research. Despite the great effort, many aspects of tissue regeneration in cephalopods, including the associated molecular and cellular machinery, remain largely unexplored. Our approach is largely descriptive and aims to provide a reference to prior work thus to facilitate future research efforts. We believe such research may lead to important discoveries and approaches that can be applied to other animal taxa including higher vertebrates, as well as other research fields such as regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Imperadore
- Association for Cephalopod Research - CephRes, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
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Wada T. Size-assortative mating and arm loss in the wild shallow-water octopus Abdopus sp. (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae). J NAT HIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1252069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Wada
- Institute of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan
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Caldwell RL, Ross R, Rodaniche A, Huffard CL. Behavior and Body Patterns of the Larger Pacific Striped Octopus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134152. [PMID: 26266543 PMCID: PMC4534201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over thirty years ago anecdotal accounts of the undescribed Larger Pacific Striped Octopus suggested behaviors previously unknown for octopuses. Beak-to-beak mating, dens shared by mating pairs, inking during mating and extended spawning were mentioned in publications, and enticed generations of cephalopod biologists. In 2012-2014 we were able to obtain several live specimens of this species, which remains without a formal description. All of the unique behaviors listed above were observed for animals in aquaria and are discussed here. We describe the behavior, body color patterns, and postures of 24 adults maintained in captivity. Chromatophore patterns of hatchlings are also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy L. Caldwell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720–3140, United States of America
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard Ross
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arcadio Rodaniche
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panamá, Rep. of Panamá
| | - Christine L. Huffard
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
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De Luca D, Catanese G, Procaccini G, Fiorito G. An integration of historical records and genetic data to the assessment of global distribution and population structure in Octopus vulgaris. Front Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Huffard CL, Bartick M. WildWunderpus photogenicusandOctopus cyaneaemploy asphyxiating ‘constricting’ in interactions with other octopuses. MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2014.909558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Finn JK. Taxonomy and biology of the argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae) with particular reference to Australian material. MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2013.824854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Agata K, Inoue T. Survey of the differences between regenerative and non-regenerative animals. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:143-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2011.01323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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HUFFARD CHRISTINEL, SAARMAN NORAH, HAMILTON HEALY, SIMISON WBRIAN. The evolution of conspicuous facultative mimicry in octopuses: an example of secondary adaptation? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fleming PA, Muller D, Bateman PW. Leave it all behind: a taxonomic perspective of autotomy in invertebrates. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007; 82:481-510. [PMID: 17624964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autotomy is defined herein as the shedding of a body part, where (1) the loss of the body part is defensive (autotomy helps prevent the whole animal from being compromised and is in response to external stimuli); (2) shearing occurs by an intrinsic mechanism along a breakage plane (there has been selection for certain body parts to be pulled off easily); and (3) the loss is controlled - the animal moves away from the trapped limb, the loss is under some form of central control (neural or hormonal), or the body part is detached quickly. Autotomy (under this defensive definition) has evolved independently for a diverse array of body parts in many taxa; we have summarised available information for over 200 invertebrate species. The advantages of autotomy include escape from entrapment, an effective form of attack, expulsion of an infected body part or in limiting wounding. We discuss how the incidence of autotomy may therefore be correlated with various traits such as limb function, sex differences, other defence mechanisms, habitat disturbance, and sociality. There are also costs associated with autotomy. Short-term costs include loss of a specialised appendage or organ, reduced speed and stability, or even death. Long-term costs include compromised foraging and feeding (often leading to reduced growth), altered anti-predator, competitive or reproductive behaviour, and even defective development. Regenerating lost appendages may also incur significant costs for the individual. We examine the costs and benefits of autotomy, and discuss the evolutionary selective pressures that contribute to the prevalence and effectiveness of autotomy in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Fleming
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia.
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Huffard CL. Locomotion by Abdopus aculeatus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): walking the line between primary and secondary defenses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 209:3697-707. [PMID: 16985187 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Speeds and variation in body form during crawling, bipedal walking, swimming and jetting by the shallow-water octopus Abdopus aculeatus were compared to explore possible interactions between defense behaviors and biomechanics of these multi-limbed organisms. General body postures and patterns were more complex and varied during the slow mode of crawling than during fast escape maneuvers such as swimming and jetting. These results may reflect a trade-off between predator deception and speed, or simply a need to reduce drag during jet-propelled locomotion. Octopuses swam faster when dorsoventrally compressed, a form that may generate lift, than when swimming in the head-raised posture. Bipedal locomotion proceeded as fast as swimming and can be considered a form of fast escape (secondary defense) that also incorporates elements of crypsis and polyphenism (primary defenses). Body postures during walking suggested the use of both static and dynamic stability. Absolute speed was not correlated with body mass in any mode. Based on these findings the implications for defense behaviors such as escape from predation, aggression, and 'flatfish mimicry' performed by A. aculeatus and other octopuses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Huffard
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3415, USA.
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Maginnis TL. The costs of autotomy and regeneration in animals: a review and framework for future research. Behav Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arl010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Guzik MT, Norman MD, Crozier RH. Molecular phylogeny of the benthic shallow-water octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopodinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 37:235-48. [PMID: 16009571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Octopus has been regarded as a "catch all" genus, yet its monophyly is questionable and has been untested. We inferred a broad-scale phylogeny of the benthic shallow-water octopuses (subfamily Octopodinae) using amino acid sequences of two mitochondrial DNA genes: Cytochrome oxidase subunit III and Cytochrome b apoenzyme, and the nuclear DNA gene Elongation Factor-1alpha. Sequence data were obtained from 26 Octopus species and from four related genera. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches were implemented to estimate the phylogeny, and non-parametric bootstrapping was used to verify confidence for Bayesian topologies. Phylogenetic relationships between closely related species were generally well resolved, and groups delineated, but the genes did not resolve deep divergences well. The phylogenies indicated strongly that Octopus is not monophyletic, but several monophyletic groups were identified within the genus. It is therefore clear that octopodid systematics requires major revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Guzik
- School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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Voight JR. Morphometric analysis of male reproductive features of octopodids (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2002; 202:148-155. [PMID: 11971810 DOI: 10.2307/1543651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Taxonomic accounts of octopodids frequently describe the spermatophore, the penis that releases the spermatophore from the internal organs, and the ligula and calamus that transfer it to a female. To explore relationships among these male features and body size, this study applies principal components analysis to data from 43 species of the family Octopodidae, or benthic octopuses. Covariation in penis and mantle length opposed by covariation in ligula and calamus lengths forms primary shape variation. Secondary shape variation is due to opposing variation between ligula and calamus lengths. Primary shape variation is greatest among shallow-water species. The calami and ligulae of diurnal and crepuscular shallow-water species are short compared to those of nocturnal shallow-water species. Because these structures contain heterogeneous collagen arrays and lack camouflaging chromatophore organs, they are white. Diurnal and crepuscular octopus species may minimize their lengths due to selection imposed by visual predators. Secondary shape variation is greater in deep-sea and high-latitude octopuses. Members of Voss's Eledoninae (except Eledone) and Graneledoninae and two species of Benthoctopus have exceptionally long calami and comparatively short ligulae; these lengths vary among members of the Bathypolypodinae. Variation in spermatophore length is independent of the structures considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Voight
- Department of Zoology, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA.
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