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Navarro M, Laiz-Quiroga L, Blüguermann C, Mutto A. Livestock embryonic stem cells for reproductive biotechniques and genetic improvement. Anim Reprod 2024; 21:e20240029. [PMID: 39175999 PMCID: PMC11340801 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2024-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have proven to be a great in vitro model that faithfully recapitulates the events that occur during in vivo embryogenesis, making them a unique tool to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms that define tissue specification during embryonic development. Livestock ESCs are particularly attractive and have broad prospects including drug selection and human disease modeling, improvement of reproductive biotechniques and agriculture-related applications such as production of genetically modified animals. While mice and human ESCs have been established many years ago, no significant advances were made in livestock species until recently. Nowadays, livestock ESCs are available from cattle, pigs, sheep, horses and rabbits with different states of pluripotency. In this review, we summarize the current advances on livestock ESCs establishment and maintenance along with their present and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Navarro
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologías aplicadas a la Reproducción Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo Ugalde”, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia Laiz-Quiroga
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologías aplicadas a la Reproducción Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo Ugalde”, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Blüguermann
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologías aplicadas a la Reproducción Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo Ugalde”, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Mutto
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologías aplicadas a la Reproducción Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo Ugalde”, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Monzani PS, Sangalli JR, Sampaio RV, Guemra S, Zanin R, Adona PR, Berlingieri MA, Cunha-Filho LFC, Mora-Ocampo IY, Pirovani CP, Meirelles FV, Wheeler MB, Ohashi OM. Human proinsulin production in the milk of transgenic cattle. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300307. [PMID: 38472101 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide growing demand for human insulin for treating diabetes could be supplied by transgenic animals producing insulin in their milk. METHODS AND RESULTS Pseudo-lentivirus containing the bovine β-casein promoter and human insulin sequences was used to produce modified adult fibroblasts, and the cells were used for nuclear transfer. Transgenic embryos were transferred to recipient cows, and one pregnancy was produced. Recombinant protein in milk was evaluated using western blotting and mass spectrometry. One transgenic cow was generated, and in milk analysis, two bands were observed in western blotting with a molecular mass corresponding to the proinsulin and insulin. The mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of human insulin more than proinsulin in the milk, and it identified proteases in the transgenic milk that could convert proinsulin into insulin and insulin-degrading enzyme that could degrade the recombinant protein. CONCLUSION The methodologies used for generating the transgenic cow allowed the detection of the production of recombinant protein in the milk at low relative expression compared to milk proteins, using mass spectrometry, which was efficient for detecting recombinant protein with low expression in milk. Milk proteases could act on protein processing converting recombinant protein to functional protein. On the other hand, some milk proteases could act in degrading the recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S Monzani
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Juliano R Sangalli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael V Sampaio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Guemra
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanin
- Laffranchi Agriculture, Tamarana, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Adona
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria A Berlingieri
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz F C Cunha-Filho
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Irma Y Mora-Ocampo
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Pirovani
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Flávio V Meirelles
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew B Wheeler
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Otavio M Ohashi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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3
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Popova J, Bets V, Kozhevnikova E. Perspectives in Genome-Editing Techniques for Livestock. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2580. [PMID: 37627370 PMCID: PMC10452040 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing of farm animals has undeniable practical applications. It helps to improve production traits, enhances the economic value of livestock, and increases disease resistance. Gene-modified animals are also used for biomedical research and drug production and demonstrate the potential to be used as xenograft donors for humans. The recent discovery of site-specific nucleases that allow precision genome editing of a single-cell embryo (or embryonic stem cells) and the development of new embryological delivery manipulations have revolutionized the transgenesis field. These relatively new approaches have already proven to be efficient and reliable for genome engineering and have wide potential for use in agriculture. A number of advanced methodologies have been tested in laboratory models and might be considered for application in livestock animals. At the same time, these methods must meet the requirements of safety, efficiency and availability of their application for a wide range of farm animals. This review aims at covering a brief history of livestock animal genome engineering and outlines possible future directions to design optimal and cost-effective tools for transgenesis in farm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Popova
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
| | - Victoria Bets
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
- Center of Technological Excellence, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kozhevnikova
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Models of Cognitive and Emotional Disorders, Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
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4
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Jung H, Yoon M. Germ Cell Transplantation in Stallion Testes. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 106:103748. [PMID: 34670702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The production of donor-derived sperm using spermatogonial stem cell transplantation has been studied in various animals including mice, rats, goats, boar, dogs, sheep, and monkeys. However, germ cell transplantation has not been applied in stallions. The objective of this study was to produce donor germ cell-derived sperm using germ cell transplantation in stallions. Donor germ cells were transplanted into the parenchyma of 3 recipient stallions that had been treated with busulfan IV injections of 15 mg/kg body weight. For the preparation of donor single germ cells, tissue (20 g) from each testis was subjected to a 2-enzyme digestion procedure. Donor testicular germ cells in minimum essential medium α supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum were transplanted in the testis of recipient stallions at a rate of 2 ml/min. The semen of each recipient stallion was collected using an artificial vagina at 8 weeks after germ cell transplantation. General sperm evaluation and libido tests were performed. Microsatellite fingerprinting with 17 markers was performed to identify the presence of donor-derived sperm in the semen of the recipient stallions. Sperm were observed to have total and progressive motility exceeding 50% throughout the experimental period. The libido of the recipient stallions was unchanged. No donor-derived sperm could be detected in the semen of the recipient stallions by genotyping. In conclusion, the transplantation of donor germ cells into the testicular parenchyma of stallions was not an optimal transplantation technique for producing donor-derived sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejun Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Yoon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Horse, Companion and Wild Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea.
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Skrzyszowska M, Samiec M. Generating Cloned Goats by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer-Molecular Determinants and Application to Transgenics and Biomedicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147490. [PMID: 34299109 PMCID: PMC8306346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), a mammalian species with high genetic merit for production of milk and meat, can be a tremendously valuable tool for transgenic research. This research is focused on the production and multiplication of genetically engineered or genome-edited cloned specimens by applying somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), which is a dynamically developing assisted reproductive technology (ART). The efficiency of generating the SCNT-derived embryos, conceptuses, and progeny in goats was found to be determined by a variety of factors controlling the biological, molecular, and epigenetic events. On the one hand, the pivotal objective of our paper was to demonstrate the progress and the state-of-the-art achievements related to the innovative and highly efficient solutions used for the creation of transgenic cloned does and bucks. On the other hand, this review seeks to highlight not only current goals and obstacles but also future challenges to be faced by the approaches applied to propagate genetically modified SCNT-derived goats for the purposes of pharmacology, biomedicine, nutritional biotechnology, the agri-food industry, and modern livestock breeding.
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6
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Karalis DT, Karalis T, Karalis S, Kleisiari AS. Genetically Modified Products, Perspectives and Challenges. Cureus 2020; 12:e7306. [PMID: 32313747 PMCID: PMC7164548 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a common ground that humans have always modified the genome of both plants and animals. This intrusive process that has existed for thousands of years, many times through mistakes and failures, was initially carried out through the crossing of organisms with desirable features. This was done with the aim of creating and producing new plants and animals that would benefit humans, that is , they would offer better quality food, more opportunities for people to move and transport products, greater returns to work, resistance to diseases, etc. However, creating genetically modified organisms does not proceed without conflicts. One part of the equation concerns objections made by disputants of genetically modified organisms to the manipulation of life, as opposed to defenders who argue that it is essentially an extension of traditional plant cultivation and animal breeding techniques. There are also conflicts regarding the risks to the environment and human health from using genetically modified organisms. Concerns about the risks to the environment and human health from genetically modified products have been the subject of much debate, which has led to the development of regulatory frameworks for the evaluation of genetically modified crops. However, the absence of a globally accepted framework has the effect of slowing down technological development with negative consequences for areas of the world that could benefit from new technologies. So, while genetically modified crops can provide maximum benefits in food safety and in adapting crops to existing climate change, the absence of reforms, as well as the lack of harmonization of the frameworks and regulations about the genetic modifications results in all those expected benefits of using genetically modified crops being suspended. However, it is obvious that the evolution of genetically modified products is not going to stop. For that reason, research on the impact of genetic modification on medical technologies, agricultural production, commodity prices, land use and on the environment in general, should therefore continue.
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7
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Debode F, Janssen E, Marien A, Devlin RH, Lieske K, Mankertz J, Berben G. Detection of Transgenic Atlantic and Coho Salmon by Real-time PCR. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Heat and chemical treatments in adult Cyprinus carpio (Pisces cypriniformes) rapidly produce sterile gonads. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 183:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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9
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Wang X, Niu Y, Zhou J, Yu H, Kou Q, Lei A, Zhao X, Yan H, Cai B, Shen Q, Zhou S, Zhu H, Zhou G, Niu W, Hua J, Jiang Y, Huang X, Ma B, Chen Y. Multiplex gene editing via CRISPR/Cas9 exhibits desirable muscle hypertrophy without detectable off-target effects in sheep. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32271. [PMID: 27562433 PMCID: PMC4999810 DOI: 10.1038/srep32271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system provides a flexible approach for genome engineering of genetic loci. Here, we successfully achieved precise gene targeting in sheep by co-injecting one-cell-stage embryos with Cas9 mRNA and RNA guides targeting three genes (MSTN, ASIP, and BCO2). We carefully examined the sgRNAs:Cas9-mediated targeting effects in injected embryos, somatic tissues, as well as gonads via cloning and sequencing. The targeting efficiencies in these three genes were within the range of 27–33% in generated lambs, and that of simultaneously targeting the three genes was 5.6%, which demonstrated that micro-injection of zygotes is an efficient approach for generating gene-modified sheep. Interestingly, we observed that disruption of the MSTN gene resulted in the desired muscle hypertrophy that is characterized by enlarged myofibers, thereby providing the first detailed evidence supporting that gene modifications had occurred at both the genetic and morphological levels. In addition, prescreening for the off-target effect of sgRNAs was performed on fibroblasts before microinjection, to ensure that no detectable off-target mutations from founder animals existed. Our findings suggested that the CRISPR/Cas9 method can be exploited as a powerful tool for livestock improvement by simultaneously targeting multiple genes that are responsible for economically significant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yiyuan Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiankui Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Nanjing 210061, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Honghao Yu
- College of Life Science, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Qifang Kou
- Ningxia Tianyuan Sheep Farm, Hongsibu, 751999, China
| | - Anmin Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hailong Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.,College of Life Science, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Bei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qiaoyan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Haijing Zhu
- College of Life Science, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Guangxian Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenzhi Niu
- Ningxia Tianyuan Sheep Farm, Hongsibu, 751999, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Nanjing 210061, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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10
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Luchetti CG, Bevacqua RJ, Lorenzo MS, Tello MF, Willis M, Buemo CP, Lombardo DM, Salamone DF. Vesicles Cytoplasmic Injection: An Efficient Technique to Produce Porcine Transgene-Expressing Embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:501-8. [PMID: 27260090 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of vesicles co-incubated with plasmids showed to improve the efficiency of cytoplasmic injection of transgenes in cattle. Here, this technique was tested as a simplified alternative for transgenes delivery in porcine zygotes. To this aim, cytoplasmic injection of the plasmid alone was compared to the injection with plasmids co-incubated with vesicles both in diploid parthenogenic and IVF zygotes. The plasmid pcx-egfp was injected circular (CP) at 3, 30 and 300 ng/μl and linear (LP) at 30 ng/μl. The experimental groups using parthenogenetic zygotes were as follows: CP naked at 3 ng/μl (N = 105), 30 ng/μl (N = 95) and 300 ng/μl (N = 65); Sham (N = 105); control not injected (N = 223); LP naked at 30 ng/μl (N = 78); LP vesicles (N = 115) and Sham vesicles (N = 59). For IVF zygotes: LP naked (N = 44) LP vesicles (N = 94), Sham (N = 59) and control (N = 79). Cleavage, blastocyst and GFP+ rates were analysed by Fisher's test (p < 0.05). The parthenogenic CP naked group showed lower cleavage respect to control (p < 0.05). The highest concentration of plasmids to allow development to blastocyst stage was 30 ng/μl. There were no differences in DNA fragmentation between groups. The parthenogenic LP naked group resulted in high GFP rates (46%) and also allowed the production of GFP blastocysts (33%). The cytoplasmic injection with LP vesicles into parthenogenic zygotes allowed 100% GFP blastocysts. Injected IVF showed higher cleavage rates than control (p < 0.05). In IVF zygotes, only the use of vesicles produced GFP blastocysts. The use of vesicles co-incubated with plasmids improves the transgene expression efficiency for cytoplasmic injection in porcine zygotes and constitutes a simple technique for easy delivery of plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Luchetti
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R J Bevacqua
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M S Lorenzo
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M F Tello
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Willis
- Centro de Estudios Biomedicos, Biotecnologicos, Ambientales y Diagnostico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimonides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C P Buemo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D M Lombardo
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D F Salamone
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mukherjee A, Garrels W, Talluri TR, Tiedemann D, Bősze Z, Ivics Z, Kues WA. Expression of Active Fluorophore Proteins in the Milk of Transgenic Pigs Bypassing the Secretory Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24464. [PMID: 27086548 PMCID: PMC4834472 DOI: 10.1038/srep24464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the expression of recombinant fluorescent proteins in the milk of two lines of transgenic pigs generated by Sleeping Beauty transposon-mediated genetic engineering. The Sleeping Beauty transposon consisted of an ubiquitously active CAGGS promoter driving a fluorophore cDNA, encoding either Venus or mCherry. Importantly, the fluorophore cDNAs did not encode for a signal peptide for the secretory pathway, and in previous studies of the transgenic animals a cytoplasmic localization of the fluorophore proteins was found. Unexpectedly, milk samples from lactating sows contained high levels of bioactive Venus or mCherry fluorophores. A detailed analysis suggested that exfoliated cells of the mammary epithelium carried the recombinant proteins passively into the milk. This is the first description of reporter fluorophore expression in the milk of livestock, and the findings may contribute to the development of an alternative concept for the production of bioactive recombinant proteins in the udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mukherjee
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Wiebke Garrels
- Medical School Hannover, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Tiedemann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Bősze
- NARIC- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | | | - Wilfried A. Kues
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
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12
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Pluripotent stem cells and livestock genetic engineering. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:289-306. [PMID: 26894405 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The unlimited proliferative ability and capacity to contribute to germline chimeras make pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) perfect candidates for complex genetic engineering. The utility of ESCs is best exemplified by the numerous genetic models that have been developed in mice, for which such cells are readily available. However, the traditional systems for mouse genetic engineering may not be practical for livestock species, as it requires several generations of mating and selection in order to establish homozygous founders. Nevertheless, the self-renewal and pluripotent characteristics of ESCs could provide advantages for livestock genetic engineering such as ease of genetic manipulation and improved efficiency of cloning by nuclear transplantation. These advantages have resulted in many attempts to isolate livestock ESCs, yet it has been generally concluded that the culture conditions tested so far are not supportive of livestock ESCs self-renewal and proliferation. In contrast, there are numerous reports of derivation of livestock induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with demonstrated capacity for long term proliferation and in vivo pluripotency, as indicated by teratoma formation assay. However, to what extent these iPSCs represent fully reprogrammed PSCs remains controversial, as most livestock iPSCs depend on continuous expression of reprogramming factors. Moreover, germline chimerism has not been robustly demonstrated, with only one successful report with very low efficiency. Therefore, even 34 years after derivation of mouse ESCs and their extensive use in the generation of genetic models, the livestock genetic engineering field can stand to gain enormously from continued investigations into the derivation and application of ESCs and iPSCs.
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13
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Spiesberger K, Paulfranz F, Egger A, Reiser J, Vogl C, Rudolf-Scholik J, Mayrhofer C, Grosse-Hovest L, Brem G. Large-Scale Purification of r28M: A Bispecific scFv Antibody Targeting Human Melanoma Produced in Transgenic Cattle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140471. [PMID: 26469402 PMCID: PMC4607477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 30 years ago, the potential of bispecific antibodies to engage cytotoxic T cells for the lysis of cancer cells was discovered. Today a variety of bispecific antibodies against diverse cell surface structures have been developed, the majority of them produced in mammalian cell culture systems. Beside the r28M, described here, no such bispecific antibody is known to be expressed by transgenic livestock, although various biologicals for medical needs are already harvested-mostly from the milk-of these transgenics. In this study we investigated the large-scale purification and biological activity of the bispecific antibody r28M, expressed in the blood of transgenic cattle. This tandem single-chain variable fragment antibody is designed to target human CD28 and the melanoma/glioblastoma-associated cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4). RESULTS With the described optimized purification protocol an average yield of 30 mg enriched r28M fraction out of 2 liters bovine plasma could be obtained. Separation of this enriched fraction by size exclusion chromatography into monomers, dimers and aggregates and further testing regarding the biological activity revealed the monomer fraction as being the most appropriate one to continue working with. The detailed characterization of the antibody's activity confirmed its high specificity to induce the killing of CSPG4 positive cells. In addition, first insights into tumor cell death pathways mediated by r28M-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were gained. In consideration of possible applications in vivo we also tested the effect of the addition of different excipients to r28M. CONCLUSION Summing up, we managed to purify monomeric r28M from bovine plasma in a large-scale preparation and could prove that its biological activity is unaffected and still highly specific and thus, might be applicable for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Spiesberger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Florian Paulfranz
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Egger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Reiser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Vogl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Rudolf-Scholik
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Corina Mayrhofer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Animal Production, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Ludger Grosse-Hovest
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Animal Production, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
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Crispo M, Mulet AP, Tesson L, Barrera N, Cuadro F, dos Santos-Neto PC, Nguyen TH, Crénéguy A, Brusselle L, Anegón I, Menchaca A. Efficient Generation of Myostatin Knock-Out Sheep Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology and Microinjection into Zygotes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136690. [PMID: 26305800 PMCID: PMC4549068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While CRISPR/Cas9 technology has proven to be a valuable system to generate gene-targeted modified animals in several species, this tool has been scarcely reported in farm animals. Myostatin is encoded by MSTN gene involved in the inhibition of muscle differentiation and growth. We determined the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit MSTN in sheep and generate knock-out (KO) animals with the aim to promote muscle development and body growth. We generated CRISPR/Cas9 mRNAs specific for ovine MSTN and microinjected them into the cytoplasm of ovine zygotes. When embryo development of CRISPR/Cas9 microinjected zygotes (n = 216) was compared with buffer injected embryos (n = 183) and non microinjected embryos (n = 173), cleavage rate was lower for both microinjected groups (P<0.05) and neither was affected by CRISPR/Cas9 content in the injected medium. Embryo development to blastocyst was not affected by microinjection and was similar among the experimental groups. From 20 embryos analyzed by Sanger sequencing, ten were mutant (heterozygous or mosaic; 50% efficiency). To obtain live MSTN KO lambs, 53 blastocysts produced after zygote CRISPR/Cas9 microinjection were transferred to 29 recipient females resulting in 65.5% (19/29) of pregnant ewes and 41.5% (22/53) of newborns. From 22 born lambs analyzed by T7EI and Sanger sequencing, ten showed indel mutations at MSTN gene. Eight showed mutations in both alleles and five of them were homozygous for indels generating out-of frame mutations that resulted in premature stop codons. Western blot analysis of homozygous KO founders confirmed the absence of myostatin, showing heavier body weight than wild type counterparts. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 system was a very efficient tool to generate gene KO sheep. This technology is quick and easy to perform and less expensive than previous techniques, and can be applied to obtain genetically modified animal models of interest for biomedicine and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Crispo
- Unidad de Animales Transgénicos y de Experimentación (UATE), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (MC); (IA); (AM)
| | - A. P. Mulet
- Unidad de Animales Transgénicos y de Experimentación (UATE), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L. Tesson
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - N. Barrera
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - F. Cuadro
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - T. H. Nguyen
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - A. Crénéguy
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - L. Brusselle
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - I. Anegón
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
- * E-mail: (MC); (IA); (AM)
| | - A. Menchaca
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (MC); (IA); (AM)
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15
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Kim D, Park S, Jung YG, Roh S. In vitro culture of stem-like cells derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer bovine embryos of the Korean beef cattle species, HanWoo. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 28:RD14071. [PMID: 25966803 DOI: 10.1071/rd14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We established and maintained somatic cell nuclear transfer embryo-derived stem-like cells (SCNT-eSLCs) from the traditional Korean beef cattle species, HanWoo (Bos taurus coreanae). Each SCNT blastocyst was placed individually on a feeder layer with culture medium containing three inhibitors of differentiation (3i). Primary colonies formed after 2-3 days of culture and the intact colonies were passaged every 5-6 days. The cells in each colony showed embryonic stem cell-like morphologies with a distinct boundary and were positive to alkaline phosphatase staining. Immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses also confirmed that these colonies expressed pluripotent markers. The colonies were maintained over 50 passages for more than 270 days. The cells showed normal karyotypes consisting of 60 chromosomes at Passage 50. Embryoid bodies were formed by suspension culture to analyse in vitro differentiation capability. Marker genes representing the differentiation into three germ layers were expressed. Typical embryonal carcinoma was generated after injecting cells under the testis capsule of nude mice, suggesting that the cultured cells may also have the potential of in vivo differentiation. In conclusion, we generated eSLCs from SCNT bovine embryos, using a 3i system that sustained stemness, normal karyotype and pluripotency, which was confirmed by in vitro and in vivo differentiation.
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Wrenzycki C, Stinshoff H. [Importance of reproductive biotechnology in cattle in Europe]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2015; 43:115-22; quiz 123. [PMID: 25812702 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-140671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive biotechnology has manifold applications and includes a great innovation potential in livestock. Due to the global changes the new findings and techniques can aid to meet the future challenges. The use of biotechnology in animal production can guarantee enough high quality food for the whole population. Genetic resources of animals can be preserved via sperm and embryo banking. Early diagnosis of hereditary defects, generation of offspring with predetermined sex and the avoidance of animal transports for breeding employing shipment of frozen embryos will improve animal welfare. A special application is the use of animal models for human assisted reproductive technologies. Therefore, not only in Germany research related to the methodologies in reproductive biotechnology and their improvement need to be supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wrenzycki
- Prof. Dr. med. vet. Christine Wrenzycki, Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Professur für Molekulare Reproduktionsmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 106, 35392 Gießen, E-Mail:
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17
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Production of healthy cloned pigs with neural stem cells as nuclear donors. Anim Biotechnol 2014; 25:294-305. [PMID: 24813221 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2013.872119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to establish a porcine neural stem cell (NSC) line and to determine if these NSCs could be used to produce cloned pigs. NSCs were isolated from the brains of three embryonic day 30 fetal pigs and were induced to differentiate in vitro . NSCs and the differentiated cells were harvested for analysis of markers by immunostaining and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The NSCs at passage 10 were used for nuclear transfer, and the cloned embryos at the two-cell stage were transferred into the oviducts of surrogate mothers. The results showed that three NSC lines (2 male and 1 female) were successfully established. All NSCs at passage 17 continued to express nestin and Sox2. NSCs could differentiate into neurons (TUBB3+), astrocytes (GFAP+), and oligodendrocytes (O4+). After NSC nuclear transfer, 2020 two-cell stage embryos formed. After embryo transfer, 6 of 10 surrogates were pregnant, and 40 piglets (18 males and 22 females) were born. Twenty-two of these piglets reached sexual maturity and were found to be fertile. The other piglets died within 45 days post-partum. In conclusion, 3 porcine NSC lines capable of self-renewal and differentiation were established, and the cloned embryos derived from these cells could develop to term. Thus, NSCs could be efficient alternative nuclear donors for pig cloning.
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18
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Roh JY, Koo BC, Kwon MS, Kim M, Kim NH, Kim T. Modification of enhanced green fluorescent protein for secretion out of cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Tao C, Zhang Q, Zhai S, Liu B. Detection of HbsAg and hATIII genetically modified goats (Caprahircus) by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6177-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract Professor Keith Campbell's critical contribution to the discovery that a somatic cell from an adult animal can be fully reprogrammed by oocyte factors to form a cloned individual following nuclear transfer (NT)(Wilmut et al., 1997 ) overturned a dogma concerning the reversibility of cell fate that many scientists had considered to be biologically impossible. This seminal experiment proved the totipotency of adult somatic nuclei and finally confirmed that adult cells could differentiate without irreversible changes to the genetic material.
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21
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Cho YS, Lee SY, Kim DS, Nam YK. Characterization of stable fluorescent transgenic marine medaka (Oryzias dancena) lines carrying red fluorescent protein gene driven by myosin light chain 2 promoter. Transgenic Res 2013; 22:849-59. [PMID: 23188170 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stable transgenic germlines carrying the red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene (rfp) driven by fast skeletal myosin light chain-2 gene (mlc2f) promoter were established in a truly euryhaline fish species, the marine medaka (Oryzias dancena; Beloniformes). Transgenic lines contained transgene copy numbers varying from a single copy to more than 230 copies per genome. Although the transgenic founders displayed mosaic and/or ectopic expression of the RFP signal, the resultant F1 transgenics and their progeny showed consistently stable transmission of the transgenic locus and uniform RFP signal through several subsequent generations. In adult transgenics, an authentic brilliant red fluorescence was achieved over the skeletal muscles of the transgenic individuals, which might be sufficient for ornamental display. Expression analysis of the transgenic mRNAs indicated that rfp transcripts were predominantly expressed in the skeletal muscles. Different transgenic lines displayed different levels of transgene expression at the mRNA, protein, and phenotypic levels. However, the efficiency of transgene expression was independent of the transgene copy number. The RFP protein levels were consistently stable in the transgenic fish muscles through several generations, up to F5. The results of this study suggest that transgenic marine medaka that acquire strong fluorescent signals in their skeletal muscles can be developed as a promising, novel ornamental fish for display in both freshwater and seawater aquaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Cho
- Institute of Marine Living Modified Organisms, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
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Bordignon V, El-Beirouthi N, Gasperin BG, Albornoz MS, Martinez-Diaz MA, Schneider C, Laurin D, Zadworny D, Agellon LB. Production of cloned pigs with targeted attenuation of gene expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64613. [PMID: 23737990 PMCID: PMC3667777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to demonstrate that RNA interference (RNAi) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technologies can be used to attenuate the expression of specific genes in tissues of swine, a large animal species. Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a secreted glycoprotein known for its major role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and transport, was selected as the target gene for this study. Three synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNA) targeting the porcine apoE mRNA were tested in porcine granulosa cells in primary culture and reduced apoE mRNA abundance ranging from 45-82% compared to control cells. The most effective sequence was selected for cloning into a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vector under the control of RNA polymerase III (U6) promoter. Stably transfected fetal porcine fibroblast cells were generated and used to produce embryos with in vitro matured porcine oocytes, which were then transferred into the uterus of surrogate gilts. Seven live and one stillborn piglet were born from three gilts that became pregnant. Integration of the shRNA expression vector into the genome of clone piglets was confirmed by PCR and expression of the GFP transgene linked to the expression vector. Analysis showed that apoE protein levels in the liver and plasma of the clone pigs bearing the shRNA expression vector targeting the apoE mRNA was significantly reduced compared to control pigs cloned from non-transfected fibroblasts of the same cell line. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying RNAi and SCNT technologies for introducing stable genetic modifications in somatic cells for eventual attenuation of gene expression in vivo in large animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Denyse Laurin
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Zadworny
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luis B. Agellon
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Kurome M, Geistlinger L, Kessler B, Zakhartchenko V, Klymiuk N, Wuensch A, Richter A, Baehr A, Kraehe K, Burkhardt K, Flisikowski K, Flisikowska T, Merkl C, Landmann M, Durkovic M, Tschukes A, Kraner S, Schindelhauer D, Petri T, Kind A, Nagashima H, Schnieke A, Zimmer R, Wolf E. Factors influencing the efficiency of generating genetically engineered pigs by nuclear transfer: multi-factorial analysis of a large data set. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:43. [PMID: 23688045 PMCID: PMC3691671 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using genetically engineered donor cells is currently the most widely used strategy to generate tailored pig models for biomedical research. Although this approach facilitates a similar spectrum of genetic modifications as in rodent models, the outcome in terms of live cloned piglets is quite variable. In this study, we aimed at a comprehensive analysis of environmental and experimental factors that are substantially influencing the efficiency of generating genetically engineered pigs. Based on a considerably large data set from 274 SCNT experiments (in total 18,649 reconstructed embryos transferred into 193 recipients), performed over a period of three years, we assessed the relative contribution of season, type of genetic modification, donor cell source, number of cloning rounds, and pre-selection of cloned embryos for early development to the cloning efficiency. RESULTS 109 (56%) recipients became pregnant and 85 (78%) of them gave birth to offspring. Out of 318 cloned piglets, 243 (76%) were alive, but only 97 (40%) were clinically healthy and showed normal development. The proportion of stillborn piglets was 24% (75/318), and another 31% (100/318) of the cloned piglets died soon after birth. The overall cloning efficiency, defined as the number of offspring born per SCNT embryos transferred, including only recipients that delivered, was 3.95%. SCNT experiments performed during winter using fetal fibroblasts or kidney cells after additive gene transfer resulted in the highest number of live and healthy offspring, while two or more rounds of cloning and nuclear transfer experiments performed during summer decreased the number of healthy offspring. CONCLUSION Although the effects of individual factors may be different between various laboratories, our results and analysis strategy will help to identify and optimize the factors, which are most critical to cloning success in programs aiming at the generation of genetically engineered pig models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kurome
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Geistlinger
- Practical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Institute for Informatics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakhartchenko
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annegret Wuensch
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Richter
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Baehr
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Kraehe
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katinka Burkhardt
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudia Merkl
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martina Landmann
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marina Durkovic
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Tschukes
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Simone Kraner
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dirk Schindelhauer
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Petri
- Practical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Institute for Informatics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Kind
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmer
- Practical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Institute for Informatics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Forabosco F, Löhmus M, Rydhmer L, Sundström L. Genetically modified farm animals and fish in agriculture: A review. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Generation and characterization of transgenic mice are important elements of biomedical research. In recent years, transgenic technology has become more versatile and sophisticated, mainly because of the incorporation of recombinase-mediated conditional expression and targeted insertion, site-specific endonuclease-mediated genome editing, siRNA-mediated gene knockdown, various inducible gene expression systems, and fluorescent protein marking and tracking techniques. Site-specific recombinases (such as PhiC31) and engineered endonucleases (such as ZFN and Talen) have significantly enhanced our ability to target transgenes into specific genomic loci, but currently a great majority of transgenic mouse lines are continuingly being created using the conventional random insertion method. A major challenge for using this conventional method is that the genomic environment at the integration site has a substantial influence on the expression of the transgene. Although our understanding of such chromosomal position effects and our means to combat them are still primitive, adhering to some general guidelines can significantly increase the odds of successful transgene expression. This chapter first discusses the major problems associated with transgene expression, and then describes some of the principles for using plasmid and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) for generating transgenic constructs. Finally, the strategies for conducting each of the major types of transgenic research are discussed, including gene overexpression, promoter characterization, cell-lineage tracing, mutant complementation, expression of double or multiple transgenes, siRNA knockdown, and conditional and inducible systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lita A. Freeman
- grid.279885.90000000122934638Pulmonary & Vascular Medicine Branch, National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland USA
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26
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Expression of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) gene under control of the 5'-regulatory sequence of the goat alpha-S1-casein gene with and without a MAR element in transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 2013; 22:949-64. [PMID: 23435752 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) gene under the control of the 5'-regulatory sequence of the goat alpha-S1-casein gene with and without a matrix attachment region (MAR) element from the Drosophila histone 1 gene was studied in four and eight transgenic mouse lines, respectively. Of the four transgenic lines carrying the transgene without MAR, three had correct tissues-specific expression of the hGM-CSF gene in the mammary gland only and no signs of cell mosaicism. The concentration of hGM-CSF in the milk of transgenic females varied from 1.9 to 14 μg/ml. One line presented hGM-CSF in the blood serum, indicating ectopic expression. The values of secretion of hGM-CSF in milk of 6 transgenic lines carrying the transgene with MAR varied from 0.05 to 0.7 μg/ml, and two of these did not express hGM-CSF. Three of the four examined animals from lines of this group showed ectopic expression of the hGM-CSF gene, as determined by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analyses, as well as the presence of hGM-CSF in the blood serum. Mosaic expression of the hGM-CSF gene in mammary epithelial cells was specific to all examined transgenic mice carrying the transgene with MAR but was never observed in the transgenic mice without MAR. The mosaic expression was not dependent on transgene copy number. Thus, the expected "protective or enhancer effect" from the MAR element on the hGM-CSF gene expression was not observed.
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Niemann H, Lucas-Hahn A. Somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning: practical applications and current legislation. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 47 Suppl 5:2-10. [PMID: 22913555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cloning is emerging as a new biotechnology by which the opportunities arising from the advances in molecular genetics and genome analysis can be implemented in animal breeding. Significant improvements have been made in SCNT protocols in the past years which now allow to embarking on practical applications. The main areas of application of SCNT are: Reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and basic research. A great application potential of SCNT based cloning is the production of genetically modified (transgenic) animals. Somatic cell nuclear transfer based transgenic animal production has significant advances over the previously employed microinjection of foreign DNA into pronuclei of zygotes. This cell based transgenesis is compatible with gene targeting and allows both, the addition of a specific gene and the deletion of an endogenous gene. Efficient transgenic animal production provides numerous opportunities for agriculture and biomedicine. Regulatory agencies around the world have agreed that food derived from cloned animals and their offspring is safe and there is no scientific basis for questioning this. Commercial application of somatic cloning within the EU is via the Novel Food regulation EC No. 258/97. Somatic cloning raises novel questions regarding the ethical and moral status of animals and their welfare which has prompted a controversial discussion in Europe which has not yet been resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Niemann
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany.
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Kim YC, Park JH, Prausnitz MR. Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1547-68. [PMID: 22575858 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1012] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microneedles were first conceptualized for drug delivery many decades ago, but only became the subject of significant research starting in the mid-1990's when microfabrication technology enabled their manufacture as (i) solid microneedles for skin pretreatment to increase skin permeability, (ii) microneedles coated with drug that dissolves off in the skin, (iii) polymer microneedles that encapsulate drug and fully dissolve in the skin and (iv) hollow microneedles for drug infusion into the skin. As shown in more than 350 papers now published in the field, microneedles have been used to deliver a broad range of different low molecular weight drugs, biotherapeutics and vaccines, including published human studies with a number of small-molecule and protein drugs and vaccines. Influenza vaccination using a hollow microneedle is in widespread clinical use and a number of solid microneedle products are sold for cosmetic purposes. In addition to applications in the skin, microneedles have also been adapted for delivery of bioactives into the eye and into cells. Successful application of microneedles depends on device function that facilitates microneedle insertion and possible infusion into skin, skin recovery after microneedle removal, and drug stability during manufacturing, storage and delivery, and on patient outcomes, including lack of pain, skin irritation and skin infection, in addition to drug efficacy and safety. Building off a strong technology base and multiple demonstrations of successful drug delivery, microneedles are poised to advance further into clinical practice to enable better pharmaceutical therapies, vaccination and other applications.
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Oddi S, Bernabò N, Di Tommaso M, Angelucci CB, Bisicchia E, Mattioli M, Maccarrone M. DNA uptake in swine sperm: Effect of plasmid topology and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin-mediated cholesterol depletion. Mol Reprod Dev 2012; 79:853-60. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Yanagimachi R. Fertilization studies and assisted fertilization in mammals: their development and future. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:25-32. [PMID: 22450281 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.11-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of mammalian fertilization progressed very slowly in the beginning because of difficulties in obtaining a large quantity of fully mature eggs at one time. With progression of techniques to collect and handle eggs and spermatozoa, research in mammalian fertilization advanced rapidly. Today, far more papers are published on mammalian gametes and fertilization than those of all other animals combined. The development of assisted fertilization and related technologies revolutionized basic research as well as human reproductive medicine and animal husbandry. Reproduction is fundamental to human and animal lives. The author lists a few subjects of his personal interest for further development of basic and applied research of gametes and fertilization. Each reader will probably have more exciting subjects of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuzo Yanagimachi
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii Medical School, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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Garrels W, Ivics Z, Kues WA. Precision genetic engineering in large mammals. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:386-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Freitas V, Serova I, Moura R, Andreeva L, Melo L, Teixeira D, Pereira A, Lopes-Jr E, Dias L, Nunes-Pinheiro D, Sousa F, Alcântara-Neto A, Albuquerque E, Melo C, Rodrigues V, Batista R, Dvoryanchikov G, Serov O. The establishment of two transgenic goat lines for mammary gland hG-CSF expression. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rodríguez ES, Pose AG, Moltó MPR, Espinoza AS, Zamora PA, Pedroso MS. Biosafety evaluation of recombinant protein production in goat mammary gland using adenoviral vectors: Preliminary study. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1049-53. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Vajta G, Callesen H. Establishment of an efficient somatic cell nuclear transfer system for production of transgenic pigs. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1263-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Niemann H, Kuhla B, Flachowsky G. Perspectives for feed-efficient animal production1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:4344-63. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Garrels W, Holler S, Taylor U, Herrmann D, Struckmann C, Klein S, Barg-Kues B, Nowak-Imialek M, Ehling C, Rath D, Ivics Z, Niemann H, Kues WA. Genotype-independent transmission of transgenic fluorophore protein by boar spermatozoa. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27563. [PMID: 22110672 PMCID: PMC3217978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we generated transposon-transgenic boars (Sus scrofa), which carry three monomeric copies of a fluorophore marker gene. Amazingly, a ubiquitous fluorophore expression in somatic, as well as in germ cells was found. Here, we characterized the prominent fluorophore load in mature spermatozoa of these animals. Sperm samples were analyzed for general fertility parameters, sorted according to X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm fractions, assessed for potential detrimental effects of the reporter, and used for inseminations into estrous sows. Independent of their genotype, all spermatozoa were uniformly fluorescent with a subcellular compartmentalization of the fluorophore protein in postacrosomal sheath, mid piece and tail. Transmission of the fluorophore protein to fertilized oocytes was shown by confocal microscopic analysis of zygotes. The monomeric copies of the transgene segregated during meiosis, rendering a certain fraction of the spermatozoa non-transgenic (about 10% based on analysis of 74 F1 offspring). The genotype-independent transmission of the fluorophore protein by spermatozoa to oocytes represents a non-genetic contribution to the mammalian embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Detlef Rath
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Watanabe M, Kurome M, Matsunari H, Nakano K, Umeyema K, Shiota A, Nakauchi H, Nagashima H. The creation of transgenic pigs expressing human proteins using BAC-derived, full-length genes and intracytoplasmic sperm injection-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:605-18. [PMID: 22038447 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In most transgenic (Tg) animals created to date, a transgene consisting of the minimum promoter region linked to a cDNA has been used. However, transgenes on small plasmids are susceptible to the position effect, increasing the difficulty of controlling transgene expression. In this study, we attempted to create Tg pigs by intracytoplasmic sperm injection-mediated gene transfer (ICSI-MGT) using two large genomic transgenes derived from a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing the full genomic region encoding two human proteins, type I collagen and albumin. The production efficiencies (Tg piglets/live offspring) of type I collagen and albumin Tg pigs were 11.8% (6/51) and 18.2% (2/11), respectively. In all of the Tg pigs examined by real-time PCR analysis, tissue-specific expression of the transgene was confirmed (type I collagen: skin, tendon, vessels, genitalia; albumin: liver). The production of human proteins derived from BAC transgenes was also confirmed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated that the BAC transgenes transferred into porcine oocytes by ICSI-MGT were integrated into single or multiple sites on the host chromosomes. These data demonstrate that Tg pigs expressing human proteins in a tissue-specific manner can be created using a BAC transgenic construct and the ICSI-MGT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Watanabe
- Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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A 3,387 bp 5'-flanking sequence of the goat alpha-S1-casein gene provides correct tissue-specific expression of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF) in the mammary gland of transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:485-98. [PMID: 21881921 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A new expression vector containing the 1,944 bp 5'-flanking regulatory region together with exon 1 and intron 1 of the goat alpha-S1-casein gene (CSN1S1), the full-sized human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor gene (hGCSF) and the 3'-flanking sequence of the bovine CSN1S1, was created. The vector DNA was used for generation of four mouse transgenic lines. The transgene was integrated into chromosomes 8 and 12 of two founders as 2 and 5 copies, respectively. Tissue-specific secretion of hG-CSF into the milk of transgenic mice was in the range of 19-40 μg/ml. RT-PCR analysis of various tissues of the transgenic mice demonstrated that expression of hGCSF was detected in only the mammary gland in the progeny of all founders. Moreover, cells were shown to be positive for hG-CSF by immunofluorescent analysis in the mammary glands but not in any other tissues. There were no signs of mosaic expression in the mammary gland. Trace amounts of hG-CSF were detected in the serum of females of two transgenic lines during lactation only. However, no transgenic mice showed any changes in hematopoiesis based on the number of granulocytes in blood. Immunoblotting of hG-CSF in the milk of transgenic mice revealed two forms, presumably the glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms. The hematopoietic activity of hG-CSF in the milk of transgenic females is comparable to that of recombinant G-CSF. In general, the data obtained in this study show that the new expression vector is able to provide correct tissue-specific expression of hG-CSF with high biological activity in transgenic mice.
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Garrels W, Mátés L, Holler S, Dalda A, Taylor U, Petersen B, Niemann H, Izsvák Z, Ivics Z, Kues WA. Germline transgenic pigs by Sleeping Beauty transposition in porcine zygotes and targeted integration in the pig genome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23573. [PMID: 21897845 PMCID: PMC3163581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering can expand the utility of pigs for modeling human diseases, and for developing advanced therapeutic approaches. However, the inefficient production of transgenic pigs represents a technological bottleneck. Here, we assessed the hyperactive Sleeping Beauty (SB100X) transposon system for enzyme-catalyzed transgene integration into the embryonic porcine genome. The components of the transposon vector system were microinjected as circular plasmids into the cytoplasm of porcine zygotes, resulting in high frequencies of transgenic fetuses and piglets. The transgenic animals showed normal development and persistent reporter gene expression for >12 months. Molecular hallmarks of transposition were confirmed by analysis of 25 genomic insertion sites. We demonstrate germ-line transmission, segregation of individual transposons, and continued, copy number-dependent transgene expression in F1-offspring. In addition, we demonstrate target-selected gene insertion into transposon-tagged genomic loci by Cre-loxP-based cassette exchange in somatic cells followed by nuclear transfer. Transposase-catalyzed transgenesis in a large mammalian species expands the arsenal of transgenic technologies for use in domestic animals and will facilitate the development of large animal models for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Garrels
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Lajos Mátés
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Holler
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Anna Dalda
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Taylor
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Izsvák
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail: (WAK); (ZI)
| | - Wilfried A. Kues
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
- * E-mail: (WAK); (ZI)
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Nowak-Imialek M, Kues W, Carnwath JW, Niemann H. Pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed cells in farm animals. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:474-497. [PMID: 21682936 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells are unique because of their ability to differentiate into the cell lineages forming the entire organism. True pluripotent stem cells with germ line contribution have been reported for mice and rats. Human pluripotent cells share numerous features of pluripotentiality, but confirmation of their in vivo capacity for germ line contribution is impossible due to ethical and legal restrictions. Progress toward derivation of embryonic stem cells from domestic species has been made, but the derived cells were not able to produce germ line chimeras and thus are termed embryonic stem-like cells. However, domestic animals, in particular the domestic pig (Sus scrofa), are excellent large animals models, in which the clinical potential of stem cell therapies can be studied. Reprogramming technologies for somatic cells, including somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, in vitro culture in the presence of cell extracts, in vitro conversion of adult unipotent spermatogonial stem cells into germ line derived pluripotent stem cells, and transduction with reprogramming factors have been developed with the goal of obtaining pluripotent, germ line competent stem cells from domestic animals. This review summarizes the present state of the art in the derivation and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics (FLI), Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
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Kwon MS, Koo BC, Roh JY, Kim M, Kim JH, Kim T. Production of transgenic chickens expressing a tetracycline-inducible GFP gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:890-4. [PMID: 21708138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is much interest in using farm animals as 'bioreactors' to produce large quantities of biopharmaceuticals. However, uncontrolled constitutive expression of foreign genes have been known to cause serious physiological disturbances in transgenic animals. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of the controllable expression of an exogenous gene in the chicken. A retrovirus vector was designed to express GFP (green fluorescent protein) and rtTA (reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator) under the control of the tetracycline-inducible promoter and the PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) promoter, respectively. G0 founder chickens were produced by infecting the blastoderm of freshly laid eggs with concentrated retrovirus vector. Feeding the chickens obtained with doxycycline, a tetracycline derivative, resulted in emission of green body color under fluorescent light, and no apparent significant physiological dysfunctions. Successful germline transmission of the exogenous gene was also confirmed. Expression of the GFP gene reverted to the pre-induction levels when doxycycline was removed from the diet. The results showed that a tetracycline-inducible expression system in transgenic animals might be a promising solution to minimize physiological disturbances caused by the transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Sun Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Dropulić B. Lentiviral vectors: their molecular design, safety, and use in laboratory and preclinical research. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:649-57. [PMID: 21486177 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors have been successfully used in the clinic and they are increasingly being used for nonclinical applications. They are capable of stably transducing a broad range of mammalian cell types, including nondividing cells, with high efficiency. This review summarizes the evolving molecular design of lentiviral vectors, describing how they have improved since their first description. Lentiviral vector safety and issues surrounding genotoxicity are discussed. Examples of successful application of lentiviral vectors in laboratory and preclinical research are described. These include functional genomics, target validation, protein manufacturing, in vivo imaging, transgenic animals, and stem cell research.
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Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have revolutionized the treatment of infertility. However, many types of infertility may still not be addressable by ART. With recent successes in identifying many of the genetic factors responsible for male infertility and the future prospect of whole individual human genome sequencing to identify disease causing genes, the possible use of gene therapy for treating infertility deserves serious consideration. Gene therapy in the sperm and testis offers both opportunities and obstacles. The opportunities stem from the fact that numerous different approaches have been developed for introducing transgenes into the sperm and testis, mainly because of the interest in using sperm mediated gene transfer and testis mediated gene transfer as ways to generate transgenic animals. The obstacles arise from the fact that it may be very difficult to carry out gene therapy of the testis and sperm without also affecting the germline. Here we consider new developments in both sperm and testis mediated gene transfer, including the use of viral vectors, as well as the technical and ethical challenges facing those who would seek to use these approaches for gene therapy as a way to treat male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Piedrahita JA, Olby N. Perspectives on transgenic livestock in agriculture and biomedicine: an update. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:56-63. [PMID: 21366981 DOI: 10.1071/rd10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been 30 years since the first transgenic mouse was generated and 26 years since the first example of transferring the technology to livestock was published. While there was tremendous optimism in those initial years, with most convinced that genetically modified animals would play a significant role in agricultural production, that has not come to be. So at first sight one could conclude that this technology has, to a large extent, failed. On the contrary, it is believed that it has succeeded beyond our original expectations, and we are now at what is perhaps the most exciting time in the development and implementation of these technologies. The original goals, however, have drastically changed and it is now biomedical applications that are playing a central role in pushing both technical and scientific developments. The combination of advances in somatic cell nuclear transfer, the development of induced pluripotent stem cells and the completion of the sequencing of most livestock genomes ensures a bright and exciting future for this field, not only in livestock but also in companion animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Piedrahita
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Jang G, Hong SG, Lee BC. Cloned calves derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos cultured in chemically defined medium or modified synthetic oviduct fluid. J Vet Sci 2011; 12:83-9. [PMID: 21368567 PMCID: PMC3053472 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is considered to be a critical tool for propagating valuable animals. To determine the productivity calves resulting from embryos derived with different culture media, enucleated oocytes matured in vitro were reconstructed with fetal fibroblasts, fused, and activated. The cloned embryos were cultured in modified synthetic oviduct fluid (mSOF) or a chemically defined medium (CDM) and developmental competence was monitored. After 7 days of culturing, the blastocysts were transferred into the uterine horn of estrus-synchronized recipients. SCNT embryos that were cultured in mSOF or CDM developed to the blastocysts stages at similar rates (26.6% vs. 22.5%, respectively). A total of 67 preimplantational stage embryos were transferred into 34 recipients and six cloned calves were born by caesarean section, or assisted or natural delivery. Survival of transferred blastocysts to live cloned calves in the mSOF and the CDM was 18.5% (to recipients), 9.6% (to blastocysts) and 42.9% (to recipients), 20.0% (to blastocysts), respectively. DNA analysis showed that all cloned calves were genetically identical to the donor cells. These results demonstrate that SCNT embryos cultured in CDM showed higher viability as judged by survival of the calves that came to term compared to blastocysts derived from mSOF cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goo Jang
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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The pig as a model animal for studying cognition and neurobehavioral disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 7:359-83. [PMID: 21287323 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In experimental animal research, a short phylogenetic distance, i.e., high resemblance between the model species and the species to be modeled is expected to increase the relevance and generalizability of results obtained in the model species. The (mini)pig shows multiple advantageous characteristics that have led to an increase in the use of this species in studies modeling human medical issues, including neurobehavioral (dys)functions. For example, the cerebral cortex of pigs, unlike that of mice or rats, has cerebral convolutions (gyri and sulci) similar to the human neocortex. We expect that appropriately chosen pig models will yield results of high translational value. However, this claim still needs to be substantiated by research, and the area of pig research is still in its infancy. This chapter provides an overview of the pig as a model species for studying cognitive dysfunctions and neurobehavioral disorders and their treatment, along with a discussion of the pros and cons of various tests, as an aid to researchers considering the use of pigs as model animal species in biomedical research.
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Abstract
Abstract
Therapeutic advances for patients with hemophilia have resulted in reduced mortality, improved joint outcomes, safety from blood-transmitted pathogens, improved quality of life, and a normalized life span in the developed world. The production of recombinant coagulation factors has increased the worldwide capacity for replacement therapy and facilitated aggressive prophylactic therapy. However, this has come at significant cost, and barriers remain to broad application of prophylaxis. Recombinant DNA technology remains a promising platform to develop novel hemophilia therapeutics with improved functional properties to try to overcome some of these remaining barriers. Bioengineering strategies have produced novel therapeutics with increased production efficiency, increased potency and resistance to inactivation, prolonged plasma half-lives, and reduced immunogenicity. Alternative nonbiologic therapies may lead to new treatment paradigms. The current pipeline of new technologies and products is promising and growing with several agents already advancing from preclinical to clinical trials.
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Jang G, Kim MK, Lee BC. Current status and applications of somatic cell nuclear transfer in dogs. Theriogenology 2010; 74:1311-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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