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Bailey S, Newton N, Perry Y, Davies C, Lin A, Marino JL, Skinner SR, Garlick-Bock S, Nguyen H, Mitrou F, Barrett E. Prevalence, distribution, and inequitable co-occurrence of mental ill-health and substance use among gender and sexuality diverse young people in Australia: epidemiological findings from a population-based cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02714-1. [PMID: 39044018 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the prevalence, distribution, and co-occurrence of mental ill-health and substance use among gender and sexuality diverse young people relative to their cisgender and heterosexual peers in Australia using population-level, nationally representative data. METHODS We utilised Wave 8 (2018) data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (N = 3037, Mage = 18.4) collected via an assessment protocol comprising interviews, direct observations, and assessments (on average 60 min per survey occasion). Weighted prevalence ratios and logistic regression models adjusted for demographic confounders were used to estimate the prevalence and distribution of mental ill-health (psychological distress, past 12-month self-harm thoughts and behaviours, past 12-month suicidal ideation, planning, attempt/s) and substance use outcomes (past 12-month cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use) across gender identity (trans vs. cisgender), sexuality (gay/lesbian, bisexual, queer [those identifying with an 'other' sexuality identity that is not 'gay', 'lesbian', 'bisexual', or 'heterosexual'] vs. heterosexual) and sexuality diversity status (sexuality diverse vs heterosexual) subgroups. Sex-stratified prevalence rates and accompanying adjusted logistic regression models were also used to assess mental ill-health and substance use disparities by sexuality diversity status. Adjusted multinominal logistic regression models were used to test disparities in co-occurring outcomes by sexuality identity) sexuality status sub-groups, and Fisher's Exact Test of Independence for co-occurring disparities by gender identity (due to small sample size). All analyses used Wave 8 sample weights and adjusted for postcode-level clustering. RESULTS Among gender and sexuality diverse participants, 59 - 64% reported high or very high levels of psychological distress, 28 - 46% reported past 12-month self-harm ideation or attempts, and 26 - 46% reported past 12-month suicidal ideation, planning, or behaviour. We found significant disparities in high/very high levels of psychological distress, self-harm behaviours and suicidal behaviours among trans participants (adjusted odds ratios (aORs) ranged from 3.5 to 5.5) and sexuality diverse participants (aORs ranged from 3.5 to 3.9), compared with cisgender and heterosexual participants, respectively. Highest disparities in any past 12-month self-harm and suicidal behaviours appeared most pronounced among trans participants and queer participants compared with their cisgender, heterosexual counterparts. Minor differences by sex among sexuality diverse participants were observed for select mental ill-health outcomes. Sexuality diverse participants, and particularly sexuality diverse females, were significantly more likely to report past 12-month cigarette use and past 12-month marijuana use (adjusted odds ratio (aORs) ranging 1.4-1.6). Trans young people were at significantly elevated risk of mental ill-health in co-occurrence with cigarette and marijuana use compared with their cisgender peers (Fisher's Exact Test of Independence p < 0.05 for all), whereas sexuality diverse young people were at greater risk of co-occurring mental ill-health and cigarette co-use and marijuana co-use, compared with their non-sexuality diverse peers (adjusted multinomial odds ratios (aMORs) ranging 2.2-6.0). CONCLUSION Mental ill-health, substance use, and their co-occurrence disproportionately affects gender and sexuality diverse young people in Australia. Further research should study the longitudinal development of these disparities through adolescence, with close attention to the social, embodied contexts of substance use among LGBTQ + young people with the view to building LGBTQ + affirming models of harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Bailey
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
| | - Nicola Newton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Yael Perry
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Cristyn Davies
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Lin
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Marino
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - S R Skinner
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sophia Garlick-Bock
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ha Nguyen
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Francis Mitrou
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Emma Barrett
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Farkas BC, Baptista A, Speranza M, Wyart V, Jacquet PO. Specifying the timescale of early life unpredictability helps explain the development of internalising and externalising behaviours. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3563. [PMID: 38347055 PMCID: PMC10861493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Early life unpredictability is associated with both physical and mental health outcomes throughout the life course. Here, we classified adverse experiences based on the timescale on which they are likely to introduce variability in children's environments: variations unfolding over short time scales (e.g., hours, days, weeks) and labelled Stochasticity vs variations unfolding over longer time scales (e.g., months, years) and labelled Volatility and explored how they contribute to the development of problem behaviours. Results indicate that externalising behaviours at age 9 and 15 and internalising behaviours at age 15 were better accounted for by models that separated Stochasticity and Volatility measured at ages 3 to 5. Both externalising and internalising behaviours were specifically associated with Volatility, with larger effects for externalising behaviours. These findings are interpreted in light of evolutionary-developmental models of psychopathology and reinforcement learning models of learning under uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Csaba Farkas
- Institut du Psychotraumatisme de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Conseil Départemental Yvelines et Hauts-de-Seine et Centre Hospitalier des Versailles, 78000, Versailles, France.
- UVSQ, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France.
- LNC2, Département d'études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Axel Baptista
- UVSQ, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
- Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Mario Speranza
- Institut du Psychotraumatisme de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Conseil Départemental Yvelines et Hauts-de-Seine et Centre Hospitalier des Versailles, 78000, Versailles, France
- UVSQ, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
- Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Valentin Wyart
- Institut du Psychotraumatisme de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Conseil Départemental Yvelines et Hauts-de-Seine et Centre Hospitalier des Versailles, 78000, Versailles, France
- LNC2, Département d'études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Olivier Jacquet
- Institut du Psychotraumatisme de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Conseil Départemental Yvelines et Hauts-de-Seine et Centre Hospitalier des Versailles, 78000, Versailles, France
- UVSQ, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
- LNC2, Département d'études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
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Yin R, Yang Y, Tang L, Chang Y, Zhang F. Childhood abuse and association with adult depressive symptoms among people with cardiovascular disease. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1179384. [PMID: 37333526 PMCID: PMC10273208 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1179384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To study the association between the total/different types of childhood abuse and adult depressive symptoms in people with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods The subjects were people with CVD who continuously participated in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) life history survey and the 2018 wave of the CHARLS national baseline Survey. Multi-level logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship between emotional neglect, physical neglect, physical abuse and adult depressive symptoms. Results A total of 4,823 respondents were included in this study. The incidence of childhood abuse (existed emotional neglect, physical neglect or physical abuse) was 43.58% among people over 45 years old with CVD, which was higher than that of the general population (36.62%, p < 0.05). Adjusted model showed that overall childhood abuse was associated with adult depressive symptoms (OR = 1.230, 95%CI:1.094-1.383). Among different types of childhood abuse, only physical abuse was associated with depressive symptoms in adulthood (OR = 1.345, 95%CI:1.184-1.528). Conclusion Compared with that of the general population, the incidence of childhood abuse in CVD population is higher. Physical abuse in childhood increased the risk of depressive symptoms in adulthood. It suggested that the occurrence of depressive symptoms was the result of related factors in the whole life course. In order to prevent the depressive symptoms, childhood abuse also needs to be considered. It is very important to identify and prevent the continuation of childhood abuse in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyun Yin
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Tang
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujiao Chang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Indonesian urban communities regarding HPV infection, cervical cancer, and HPV vaccination. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266139. [PMID: 35552546 PMCID: PMC9098048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies explored Indonesian understanding of cervical cancer (CC) and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. We aimed to investigate the association between knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and socio-demographical influences related to HPV, CC, and vaccination among Indonesian urban citizens. Methods We conducted an online survey during March 2020-August 2021 using the Snowball sampling technique. The socio-demographic characteristic and KAP responses were collected via Google Forms from 400 respondents in Jakarta. The knowledge and attitudes were divided into HPV and CC (aspect 1) and HPV vaccination (aspect 2). Correlation between KAP scores was performed using Spearman’s test, and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine KAP predictors. Results Indonesian urban citizens in Jakarta were found to have poor knowledge in individual aspects of the inquiry but moderate knowledge overall, good attitude in inquiry both in each aspect and overall, and unsatisfying practices. Overall, in the general population, men, and women respectively: 50.8%, 32.4%, and 53.6% had good knowledge; 82.0%, 75.2%, and 84.4% expressed positive attitude; and 30.3%, 15.2%, and 35.6% applied favorable practice regarding questions inquired. Knowledge was weakly correlated towards attitude (ρ = 0.385) but moderately correlated with practice (ρ = 0.485); attitude was moderately correlated with practice (ρ = 0.577), all results: p<0.001. Significant odds ratio (OR) for predictors to good knowledge were female sex (OR = 2.99), higher education (OR = 2.91), and higher mother’s education (OR = 2.15). Factors related to positive attitudes were higher mother’s education (OR = 4.13), younger age (OR = 1.86), and better results in the knowledge inquiries (OR = 2.96). Factors that suggested better practices were female sex (OR = 2.33), being employed (OR = 1.68), excellent knowledge scores (OR = 4.56), and positive attitudes expressions (OR = 8.05). Having done one vaccination dose and intention to receive vaccines were significantly influenced by good KAP. Conclusions KAP had inter-association to successful CC and HPV prevention programs, and socio-demographical characteristics are critical to influencing better KAP.
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Mediawati AS, Yosep I, Mardhiyah A. Life skills and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents in Indonesia: A cross-sectional survey. BELITUNG NURSING JOURNAL 2022; 8:132-138. [PMID: 37521890 PMCID: PMC10386794 DOI: 10.33546/bnj.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescents require life skills and individual and interpersonal abilities to grow into adults with a healthy lifestyle. Although the majority of the literature indicates that life skills increase teenagers' cognitive, social, and emotional abilities, there is a lack of data correlating life skills to sexual risk behaviors. Objective This study aimed to examine the relationship between life skills and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents aged 15-19 in Bandung, Indonesia. Methods This study was conducted using a cross-sectional survey of 480 adolescents from April to May 2021. A representative sample was drawn from the students aged 15-19 years. The participants were selected using simple random sampling generated by computer software. Life Skill Training Questionnaire High School (LSTQ-HS) and sexual risk behaviors instruments were used for data collection, and logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results From a total of 480 respondents, about 23.3% had masturbation experience, 25.8% had petting experience, 8.3% had sexual intercourse, 5% had sex before 18 years of age, and 4.2% had oral sex experience. Sexual risky behaviors were associated with unfavorable refusal skill (AOR = 6.46, 95% CI = 2.37, 17.53), assertiveness skill (AOR = 3.51, 95% CI = 1.32, 4.33), problem-solving skill (AOR = 5.35, 95% CI = 2.88, 11.39), and self-control skill (AOR = 7.31, 95% CI = 2.79, 17.24). Conclusion Life skills are important protective aspects for those who engage in sexually risky behavior. Considering the study findings, tailored life skills programs are critical for adolescent wellbeing and risk reduction. Nurses who take a proactive role in providing sexual and reproductive health services may provide more accurate information and provide early screening and assessment for sexual and reproductive behavior to reduce risky sexual behavior among adolescents. Schools are also encouraged to work with local health departments to conduct sexual education counseling programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ati Surya Mediawati
- Department of Fundamental Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Iyus Yosep
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Ai Mardhiyah
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
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Risky sexual behaviour among Russian adolescents: association with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2021; 15:40. [PMID: 34372880 PMCID: PMC8353740 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-021-00393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risky sexual behaviour (RSB) is regarded as a major health problem during adolescence. Russia has one of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy, abortion and newly diagnosed HIV infections in the world, but research on RSB in Russian youth has been limited. To address this deficit, this study examined the role of several factors, including internalizing and externalizing symptoms, in RSB among Russian adolescents. METHODS Self-reported data were collected from 2573 Russian adolescents aged 13-17 years old (59.4 % girls; Mean age = 14.89) regarding RSB (unprotected sex, early pregnancy, multiple sexual partners and substance use during sexual encounters). Information was also obtained on externalizing (conduct problems and delinquent behaviour) and internalizing (depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress) symptoms, as well as interpersonal risk and protective factors (affiliation with delinquent peers, parental involvement and teacher support). Hierarchical multiple binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between these variables and RSB. RESULTS Boys reported engaging in more RSB than girls. Externalizing symptoms and affiliation with delinquent peers were most strongly associated with RSB, whereas symptoms of anxiety were negatively associated with RSB. There was an interaction effect for sex and affiliation with delinquent peers on RSB with boys reporting RSB when having more delinquent peers. Neither parental involvement nor teacher support were protective against RSB. CONCLUSIONS Early detection of and interventions for RSB and associated externalizing symptoms may be important for adolescent physical and mental wellbeing. Affiliation with delinquent peers should, especially among boys, be regarded as a risk marker for RSB.
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Bozzini AB, Bauer A, Maruyama J, Simões R, Matijasevich A. Factors associated with risk behaviors in adolescence: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 43:210-221. [PMID: 32756805 PMCID: PMC8023154 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the distal (≤ 6 years of age) and proximal (between 6 years of age and early adolescence) factors in adolescent risk behavior is important for preventing and reducing morbidity and mortality in this population. This study sought to investigate the factors associated with the following adolescent risk behaviors: i) aggressiveness and violence, ii) tobacco, alcohol, and illicit substance use, iii) depressive behavior and self-harm (including suicidal ideation and attempts), iv) sexual risk behavior, and v) multiple risk behavior. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify longitudinal studies that examined factors associated with adolescent risk behaviors. The PubMed, PsycINFO, and LILACS databases were searched. RESULTS Of the 249 included studies, 23% reported distal risk factors, while the remaining reported proximal risk factors. Risk factors were related to sociodemographic characteristics (neighborhood, school, and peers), family patterns, and the presence of other adolescent risk behaviors. CONCLUSION Distal and proximal factors in adolescent risk behavior that are not exclusively socioeconomic, familial, environmental, or social should be explored more thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Bozzini
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, UK
| | - Jessica Maruyama
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Simões
- Departamento de Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alicia Matijasevich
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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The relationship between early risk-taking behavior and mental health problems among a nationally representative sample of Australian youth. J Affect Disord 2020; 272:239-248. [PMID: 32553364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier engagement in risk-taking behaviors has been associated with more severe mental health problems across development. However, sex differences in risk-outcome relationships remain underexplored and mental health outcomes spanning both ends of the internalizing and externalizing spectra are rarely considered within the same sample. The present study examined associations between age at initiation of alcohol use, illicit drug use, and sexual intercourse, and symptoms of internalizing, externalizing, depression and self-harm, for males and females. METHODS The present study analyzed self-report survey data from a nationally representative sample of Australian adolescents (N=2,950). Logistic regression models were conducted separately for males and females to test the association of early (age 15 or younger) and concurrent (age 16-17) initiation of alcohol use, illicit drug use and sexual behavior with symptoms of internalizing, externalizing, depression and self-harm at age 16-17. RESULTS Risk-taking behaviors were associated with all mental health outcomes. Generally, earlier initiation of risk-taking behaviors demonstrated stronger associations with mental health outcomes than concurrent initiation. Associations between risk-taking behaviors and mental health outcomes varied by participant sex and mental health outcome. LIMITATIONS Mechanisms underlying the relationship between risk-taking behaviors and mental health problems were not tested and the sample had not yet reached early adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Risk-taking behaviors, particularly when initiated early, share links with multiple mental health problems in adolescence. Public health strategies to delay the onset of risk-taking behaviors may therefore incur multiple benefits as might an integrated approach to mental health prevention programs for youth.
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Christensen L, Baker BL. Risk-Taking and Delinquent Behaviors Among Youth with and without Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 13:1-24. [PMID: 32351658 PMCID: PMC7189909 DOI: 10.1080/19315864.2019.1710786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth with intellectual disabilities (ID) demonstrate higher rates of disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) than youth with typical development (TD). DBDs such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) predict higher rates of delinquency during adolescence. Yet, few studies have examined risk-taking and delinquency among youth with ID. METHODS We used a self-report measure to determine whether 13-year-old youth with ID (n= 23) reported higher rates of risk-taking and delinquent behavior than their TD peers (n=77). We also examined whether or not youth had a previous diagnosis of ODD. RESULTS Our results suggest that youth with ID reported fewer rule-breaking and risk-taking behaviors than their TD peers. In contrast, youth with a previous diagnosis of ODD reported more of these behaviors. CONCLUSION Our results appear discrepant from previous studies, which find higher rates of risk-taking and delinquency among youth with ID. As such, we discuss the factors that may explain our discrepant results, including our definition and assessment of ID, and the age of our participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Christensen
- USC University Center of Excellence in Developmental Disabilities - Children's Hospital Los Angeles
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