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Lee WS, Ham W, Kim J. Roles of NAD(P)H:quinone Oxidoreductase 1 in Diverse Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121301. [PMID: 34947831 PMCID: PMC8703842 DOI: 10.3390/life11121301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO) is an antioxidant flavoprotein that catalyzes the reduction of highly reactive quinone metabolites by employing NAD(P)H as an electron donor. There are two NQO enzymes—NQO1 and NQO2—in mammalian systems. In particular, NQO1 exerts many biological activities, including antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory effects, and interactions with tumor suppressors. Moreover, several recent studies have revealed the promising roles of NQO1 in protecting against cardiovascular damage and related diseases, such as dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the molecular regulation and biochemical properties of NQO1, and describe the potential beneficial roles of NQO1 in diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Soo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
- Correspondence: (W.-S.L.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-2-6299-1419 (W.-S.L.); +82-2-6299-1397 (J.K.)
| | - Woojin Ham
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Jaetaek Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
- Correspondence: (W.-S.L.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-2-6299-1419 (W.-S.L.); +82-2-6299-1397 (J.K.)
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2
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Giovannucci TA, Salomons FA, Haraldsson M, Elfman LHM, Wickström M, Young P, Lundbäck T, Eirich J, Altun M, Jafari R, Gustavsson AL, Johnsen JI, Dantuma NP. Inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by an NQO1-activatable compound. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:914. [PMID: 34615851 PMCID: PMC8494907 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells display an increased sensitivity towards drugs that reduce the function of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which is the primary proteolytic system for destruction of aberrant proteins. Here, we report on the discovery of the bioactivatable compound CBK77, which causes an irreversible collapse of the UPS, accompanied by a general accumulation of ubiquitylated proteins and caspase-dependent cell death. CBK77 caused accumulation of ubiquitin-dependent, but not ubiquitin-independent, reporter substrates of the UPS, suggesting a selective effect on ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. In a genome-wide CRISPR interference screen, we identified the redox enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) as a critical mediator of CBK77 activity, and further demonstrated its role as the compound bioactivator. Through affinity-based proteomics, we found that CBK77 covalently interacts with ubiquitin. In vitro experiments showed that CBK77-treated ubiquitin conjugates were less susceptible to disassembly by deubiquitylating enzymes. In vivo efficacy of CBK77 was validated by reduced growth of NQO1-proficient human adenocarcinoma cells in nude mice treated with CBK77. This first-in-class NQO1-activatable UPS inhibitor suggests that it may be possible to exploit the intracellular environment in malignant cells for leveraging the impact of compounds that impair the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Giovannucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian A Salomons
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Haraldsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta H M Elfman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Wickström
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Young
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Mikael Altun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rozbeh Jafari
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Gustavsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Inge Johnsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Tsvetkov P, Adler J, Strobelt R, Adamovich Y, Asher G, Reuven N, Shaul Y. NQO1 Binds and Supports SIRT1 Function. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671929. [PMID: 34234670 PMCID: PMC8255383 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silent information regulator 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1) is an NAD+-dependent class III deacetylase and a key component of the cellular metabolic sensing pathway. The requirement of NAD+ for SIRT1 activity led us to assume that NQO1, an NADH oxidoreductase producing NAD+, regulates SIRT1 activity. We show here that SIRT1 is capable of increasing NQO1 (NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase Quinone 1) transcription and protein levels. NQO1 physically interacts with SIRT1 but not with an enzymatically dead SIRT1 H363Y mutant. The interaction of NQO1 with SIRT1 is markedly increased under mitochondrial inhibition. Interestingly, under this condition the nuclear pool of NQO1 is elevated. Depletion of NQO1 compromises the role of SIRT1 in inducing transcription of several target genes and eliminates the protective role of SIRT1 following mitochondrial inhibition. Our results suggest that SIRT1 and NQO1 form a regulatory loop where SIRT1 regulates NQO1 expression and NQO1 binds and mediates the protective role of SIRT1 during mitochondrial stress. The interplay between an NADH oxidoreductase enzyme and an NAD+ dependent deacetylase may act as a rheostat in sensing mitochondrial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tsvetkov
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Julia Adler
- Department of Molecular Genetics Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Romano Strobelt
- Department of Molecular Genetics Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaarit Adamovich
- Department of Molecular Genetics Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gad Asher
- Department of Molecular Genetics Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nina Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yosef Shaul
- Department of Molecular Genetics Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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4
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Jiang ZN, Ahmed SMU, Wang QC, Shi HF, Tang XW. Quinone oxidoreductase 1 is overexpressed in gastric cancer and associated with outcome of adjuvant chemotherapy and survival. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3085-3096. [PMID: 34168410 PMCID: PMC8192289 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i22.3085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) plays a vital role in protecting normal cells against oxidative damage and electrophilic attack. It is highly expressed in many solid tumors, suggesting a role in cancer development and progression. However, the role of NQO1 in gastric cancer and its effect on cancer development and prognosis have not been fully investigated.
AIM To investigate the clinical relevance of NQO1 protein expression in gastric cancer and to explore the potential of NQO1 to serve as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
METHODS In this retrospective study, gastric cancer specimens of 175 patients who were treated between 1995 and 2011 were subjected to immunohistochemistry analyses for NQO1. The correlation of NQO1 expression with gastric cancer prognosis and clinical and pathological parameters was investigated.
RESULTS NQO1 protein was overexpressed in 59.43% (104/175) of the analyzed samples. Overexpression of NQO1 was associated with a significantly inferior prognosis. In addition, multivariate analysis suggested that NQO1 overexpression, along with tumor stage and patient age, are prominent prognostic biomarkers for gastric cancer. Moreover, NQO1 overexpression was correlated to a better response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
CONCLUSION NQO1 overexpression is associated with a significantly poor prognosis and better response to 5-FU in patients with gastric cancer. These findings are relevant for improving therapeutic approaches for gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Nong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Syed Minhaj Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qin-Chuan Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Fei Shi
- Department of Pathology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 322000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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5
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The Involvement of Ubiquitination Machinery in Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115754. [PMID: 34072267 PMCID: PMC8198665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is a collection of events by which cellular components such as genetic materials and cytoplasmic components are accurately divided into two daughter cells. The cell cycle transition is primarily driven by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which activities are regulated by the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of key regulators such as cyclins, CDK inhibitors (CKIs), other kinases and phosphatases. Thus, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the cell cycle progression via recognition, interaction, and ubiquitination or deubiquitination of key proteins. The illegitimate degradation of tumor suppressor or abnormally high accumulation of oncoproteins often results in deregulation of cell proliferation, genomic instability, and cancer occurrence. In this review, we demonstrate the diversity and complexity of the regulation of UPS machinery of the cell cycle. A profound understanding of the ubiquitination machinery will provide new insights into the regulation of the cell cycle transition, cancer treatment, and the development of anti-cancer drugs.
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Minireview Exploring the Biological Cycle of Vitamin B3 and Its Influence on Oxidative Stress: Further Molecular and Clinical Aspects. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153323. [PMID: 32707945 PMCID: PMC7436124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B3, or niacin, is one of the most important compounds of the B-vitamin complex. Recent reports have demonstrated the involvement of vitamin B3 in a number of pivotal functions which ensure that homeostasis is maintained. In addition, the intriguing nature of its synthesis and the underlying mechanism of action of vitamin B3 have encouraged further studies aimed at deepening our understanding of the close link between the exogenous supply of B3 and how it activates dependent enzymes. This crucial role can be attributed to the gut microflora and its ability to shape human behavior and development by mediating the bioavailability of metabolites. Recent studies have indicated a possible interconnection between the novel coronavirus and commensal bacteria. As such, we have attempted to explain how the gastrointestinal deficiencies displayed by SARS-CoV-2-infected patients arise. It seems that the stimulation of a proinflammatory cascade and the production of large amounts of reactive oxygen species culminates in the subsequent loss of host eubiosis. Studies of the relationhip between ROS, SARS-CoV-2, and gut flora are sparse in the current literature. As an integrated component, oxidative stress (OS) has been found to negatively influence host eubiosis, in vitro fertilization outcomes, and oocyte quality, but to act as a sentinel against infections. In conclusion, research suggests that in the future, a healthy diet may be considered a reliable tool for maintaining and optimizing our key internal parameters.
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7
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Mick E, Titov DV, Skinner OS, Sharma R, Jourdain AA, Mootha VK. Distinct mitochondrial defects trigger the integrated stress response depending on the metabolic state of the cell. eLife 2020; 9:49178. [PMID: 32463360 PMCID: PMC7255802 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) but the underlying triggers remain unclear. We systematically combined acute mitochondrial inhibitors with genetic tools for compartment-specific NADH oxidation to trace mechanisms linking different forms of mitochondrial dysfunction to the ISR in proliferating mouse myoblasts and in differentiated myotubes. In myoblasts, we find that impaired NADH oxidation upon electron transport chain (ETC) inhibition depletes asparagine, activating the ISR via the eIF2α kinase GCN2. In myotubes, however, impaired NADH oxidation following ETC inhibition neither depletes asparagine nor activates the ISR, reflecting an altered metabolic state. ATP synthase inhibition in myotubes triggers the ISR via a distinct mechanism related to mitochondrial inner-membrane hyperpolarization. Our work dispels the notion of a universal path linking mitochondrial dysfunction to the ISR, instead revealing multiple paths that depend both on the nature of the mitochondrial defect and on the metabolic state of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Mick
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Denis V Titov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Owen S Skinner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Alexis A Jourdain
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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8
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Functional Role of p53 in the Regulation of Chemical-Induced Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6039769. [PMID: 32190175 PMCID: PMC7066401 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6039769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear transcription factor p53, discovered in 1979, has a broad range of biological functions, primarily the regulation of apoptosis, the cell cycle, and DNA repair. In addition to these canonical functions, a growing body of evidence suggests that p53 plays an important role in regulating intracellular redox homeostasis through transcriptional and nontranscriptional mechanisms. Oxidative stress induction and p53 activation are common responses to chemical exposure and are suggested to play critical roles in chemical-induced toxicity. The activation of p53 can exert either prooxidant or antioxidant activity, depending on the context. In this review, we discuss the functional role of p53 in regulating chemical-induced oxidative stress, summarize the potential signaling pathways involved in p53's regulation of chemically mediated oxidative stress, and propose issues that should be addressed in future studies to improve understanding of the relationship between p53 and chemical-induced oxidative stress.
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9
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Kachuri L, Johansson M, Rashkin SR, Graff RE, Bossé Y, Manem V, Caporaso NE, Landi MT, Christiani DC, Vineis P, Liu G, Scelo G, Zaridze D, Shete SS, Albanes D, Aldrich MC, Tardón A, Rennert G, Chen C, Goodman GE, Doherty JA, Bickeböller H, Field JK, Davies MP, Dawn Teare M, Kiemeney LA, Bojesen SE, Haugen A, Zienolddiny S, Lam S, Le Marchand L, Cheng I, Schabath MB, Duell EJ, Andrew AS, Manjer J, Lazarus P, Arnold S, McKay JD, Emami NC, Warkentin MT, Brhane Y, Obeidat M, Martin RM, Relton C, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Amos CI, Brennan P, Witte JS, Hung RJ. Immune-mediated genetic pathways resulting in pulmonary function impairment increase lung cancer susceptibility. Nat Commun 2020; 11:27. [PMID: 31911640 PMCID: PMC6946810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired lung function is often caused by cigarette smoking, making it challenging to disentangle its role in lung cancer susceptibility. Investigation of the shared genetic basis of these phenotypes in the UK Biobank and International Lung Cancer Consortium (29,266 cases, 56,450 controls) shows that lung cancer is genetically correlated with reduced forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1: rg = 0.098, p = 2.3 × 10-8) and the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC: rg = 0.137, p = 2.0 × 10-12). Mendelian randomization analyses demonstrate that reduced FEV1 increases squamous cell carcinoma risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.51, 95% confidence intervals: 1.21-1.88), while reduced FEV1/FVC increases the risk of adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.17, 1.01-1.35) and lung cancer in never smokers (OR = 1.56, 1.05-2.30). These findings support a causal role of pulmonary impairment in lung cancer etiology. Integrative analyses reveal that pulmonary function instruments, including 73 novel variants, influence lung tissue gene expression and implicate immune-related pathways in mediating the observed effects on lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kachuri
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sara R Rashkin
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca E Graff
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Venkata Manem
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Neil E Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, US NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - David C Christiani
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - David Zaridze
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sanjay S Shete
- Department of Biostatistics, Division of Basic Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, US NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo and ISPA and CIBERESP, Campus del Cristo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gad Rennert
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Chu Chen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gary E Goodman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doherty
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Heike Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - John K Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The University of Liverpool, London, UK
| | - Michael P Davies
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The University of Liverpool, London, UK
| | - M Dawn Teare
- Biostatistics Research Group, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Aage Haugen
- The National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Iona Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew B Schabath
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eric J Duell
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Oncology Data Analytics Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angeline S Andrew
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jonas Manjer
- Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Susanne Arnold
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James D McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Nima C Emami
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew T Warkentin
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yonathan Brhane
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ma'en Obeidat
- University of British Columbia, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Richard M Martin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Philip C Haycock
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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10
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Milković L, Tomljanović M, Čipak Gašparović A, Novak Kujundžić R, Šimunić D, Konjevoda P, Mojzeš A, Đaković N, Žarković N, Gall Trošelj K. Nutritional Stress in Head and Neck Cancer Originating Cell Lines: The Sensitivity of the NRF2-NQO1 Axis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091001. [PMID: 31470592 PMCID: PMC6769674 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional stress disturbs the cellular redox-status, which is characterized by the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The NRF2-NQO1 axis represents a protective mechanism against ROS. Its strength is cell type-specific. FaDu, Cal 27 and Detroit 562 cells differ with respect to basal NQO1 activity. These cells were grown for 48 hours in nutritional conditions (NC): (a) Low glucose-NC2, (b) no glucose, no glutamine-NC3, (c) no glucose with glutamine-NC4. After determining the viability, proliferation and ROS generation, NC2 and NC3 were chosen for further exploration. These conditions were also applied to IMR-90 fibroblasts. The transcripts/transcript variants of NRF2 and NQO1 were quantified and transcript variants were characterized. The proteins (NRF2, NQO1 and TP53) were analyzed by a western blot in both cellular fractions. Under NC2, the NRF2-NQO1 axis did not appear activated in the cancer cell lines. Under NC3, the NRF2-NQO1axis appeared slightly activated in Detroit 562. There are opposite trends with respect to TP53 nuclear signal when comparing Cal 27 and Detroit 562 to FaDu, under NC2 and NC3. The strong activation of the NRF2-NQO1 axis in IMR-90 resulted in an increased expression of catalytically deficient NQO1, due to NQO1*2/*2 polymorphism (rs1800566). The presented results call for a comprehensive exploration of the stress response in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Milković
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Tomljanović
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Čipak Gašparović
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Novak Kujundžić
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dina Šimunić
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paško Konjevoda
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Mojzeš
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Đaković
- University Hospital Centre Sisters of Charity, Institute for Clinical Medical Research and Education, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Neven Žarković
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Koraljka Gall Trošelj
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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11
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Kang KA, Piao MJ, Hyun YJ, Zhen AX, Cho SJ, Ahn MJ, Yi JM, Hyun JW. Luteolin promotes apoptotic cell death via upregulation of Nrf2 expression by DNA demethylase and the interaction of Nrf2 with p53 in human colon cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-14. [PMID: 30988303 PMCID: PMC6465248 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Luteolin, a dietary flavone, modulates various signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism that underlies the apoptotic effects of luteolin mediated by DNA demethylation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) promoter and the interaction of Nrf2 and p53, a tumor suppressor, in human colon cancer cells. Luteolin increased the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and antioxidant enzymes. In DNA methylation, luteolin inhibited the expression of DNA methyltransferases, a transcription repressor, and increased the expression and activity of ten-eleven translocation (TET) DNA demethylases, a transcription activator. Methyl-specific polymerase chain reaction and bisulfite genomic sequencing indicated that luteolin decreased the methylation of the Nrf2 promoter region, which corresponded to the increased mRNA expression of Nrf2. In addition, luteolin increased TET1 binding to the Nrf2 promoter, as determined using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. TET1 knockdown decreased the percentages of luteolin-treated cells in sub-G1 phase and cells with fragmented nuclei. Furthermore, complex formation between p53 and Nrf2 was involved in the apoptotic effects of luteolin. These results provide insight into the mechanism that underlies the anticancer effects of luteolin on colon cancer, which involve the upregulation of Nrf2 and its interaction with the tumor suppressor. A molecule found in fruits, vegetables and herbs helps kill colon cancer cells by activating a master regulator of detoxifying enzymes. Jin Won Hyun from Jeju National University School of Medicine in South Korea and colleagues treated human colon cancer cells with luteolin, a molecule that occurs naturally in many food plants. They showed that luteolin increased the levels of proteins involved in cell death and antioxidant responses by causing DNA-modifying enzymes to strip suppressive chemical markers off the gene encoding Nrf2, a protein that regulates antioxidant effects. Nrf2 levels subsequently increased and the protein interacted with the tumor suppressor p53 to facilitate destruction of the colon cancer cells. The findings offer a mechanistic basis for using luteolin to help prevent and treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Kang
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jae Hyun
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Ao Xuan Zhen
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ju Cho
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Jung Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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12
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NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1): an enzyme which needs just enough mobility, in just the right places. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180459. [PMID: 30518535 PMCID: PMC6328894 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) catalyses the two electron reduction of quinones and a wide range of other organic compounds. Its physiological role is believed to be partly the reduction of free radical load in cells and the detoxification of xenobiotics. It also has non-enzymatic functions stabilising a number of cellular regulators including p53. Functionally, NQO1 is a homodimer with two active sites formed from residues from both polypeptide chains. Catalysis proceeds via a substituted enzyme mechanism involving a tightly bound FAD cofactor. Dicoumarol and some structurally related compounds act as competitive inhibitors of NQO1. There is some evidence for negative cooperativity in quinine oxidoreductases which is most likely to be mediated at least in part by alterations to the mobility of the protein. Human NQO1 is implicated in cancer. It is often over-expressed in cancer cells and as such is considered as a possible drug target. Interestingly, a common polymorphic form of human NQO1, p.P187S, is associated with an increased risk of several forms of cancer. This variant has much lower activity than the wild-type, primarily due to its substantially reduced affinity for FAD which results from lower stability. This lower stability results from inappropriate mobility of key parts of the protein. Thus, NQO1 relies on correct mobility for normal function, but inappropriate mobility results in dysfunction and may cause disease.
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13
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Toxicity Evaluation and Biomarker Selection with Validated Reference Gene in Embryonic Zebrafish Exposed to Mitoxantrone. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113516. [PMID: 30413070 PMCID: PMC6274943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding the widespread use and promising clinical value of chemotherapy, the pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and mechanism of mitoxantrone remains unclear. To promote the clinical value in the treatment of human diseases and the exploration of potential subtle effects of mitoxantrone, zebrafish embryos were employed to evaluate toxicity with validated reference genes based on independent stability evaluation programs. The most stable and recommended reference gene was gapdh, followed by tubα1b, for the 48 h post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryo mitoxantrone test, while both eef1a1l1 and rpl13α were recommended as reference genes for the 96 hpf zebrafish embryo mitoxantrone test. With gapdh as an internal control, we analyzed the mRNA levels of representative hepatotoxicity biomarkers, including fabp10a, gclc, gsr, nqo1, cardiotoxicity biomarker erg, and neurotoxicity biomarker gfap in the 48 hpf embryo mitoxantrone test. The mRNA levels of gclc, gsr, and gfap increased significantly in 10 and 50 μg/L mitoxantrone-treated 48 hpf embryos, while the transcript levels of fabp10a decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that mitoxantrone induced hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Liver hematoxylin–eosin staining and the spontaneous movement of embryos confirmed the results. Thus, the present research suggests that mitoxantrone induces toxicity during the development of the liver and nervous system in zebrafish embryos and that fabp10a is recommended as a potential biomarker for hepatotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. Additionally, gapdh is proposed as a reference gene for the 48 hpf zebrafish embryo mitoxantrone toxicity test, while eef1a1l1 and rpl13α are proposed as that for the 96 hpf test.
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14
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Kimura A, Kitajima M, Nishida K, Serada S, Fujimoto M, Naka T, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Sakamato S, Ito T, Handa H, Tanaka T, Yoshimura A, Suzuki H. NQO1 inhibits the TLR-dependent production of selective cytokines by promoting IκB-ζ degradation. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2197-2209. [PMID: 29934320 PMCID: PMC6080903 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kimura et al. demonstrate that NQO1 plays a crucial role in degrading IκB-ζ protein through forming the complex together with PDLIM2 and selectively suppresses IL-6 and IL-12 production induced by TLR ligands. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) protects cells against oxidative stress and toxic quinones. In this study, we found a novel role of NQO1 in suppressing Toll-like receptor (TLR)–mediated innate immune responses. NQO1-deficient macrophages selectively produced excessive amounts of IL-6, IL-12, and GM-CSF on LPS stimulation, and the deletion of NQO1 in macrophages exacerbated LPS-induced septic shock. NQO1 interacted with the nuclear IκB protein IκB-ζ, which is essential for the TLR-mediated induction of a subset of secondary response genes, including IL-6, and promoted IκB-ζ degradation in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. We demonstrated that PDLIM2, known as the ubiquitin E3 ligase, participates in NQO1-dependent IκB-ζ degradation. NQO1 augmented the association between PDLIM2 and IκB-ζ, resulting in increased IκB-ζ degradation. Collectively, this study describes a mechanism of the NQO1–PDLIM2 complex as a novel and important regulator in the innate immune signaling and suggests the therapeutic potential of NQO1 in TLR-mediated inflammation and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kimura
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kitajima
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nishida
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Serada
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Minoru Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Naka
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Sakamato
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takumi Ito
- Department of Nanoparticle Translational Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Department of Nanoparticle Translational Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Laboratory for Inflammatory Regulation, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology (RCAI), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harumi Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Zhao XZ, Wu XH. A small compound spindlactone A sensitizes human endometrial cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via the inhibition of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:3609-3617. [PMID: 29950865 PMCID: PMC6016593 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s165723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spindlactone A (SPL-A) is a novel small molecule inhibitor of TACC3 that selectively
inhibits the nucleation of centrosome microtubules and induces mitotic arrest in ovarian
cancer cells. SPL-A is derived from dicoumarol which inhibits the activity of NAD(P)H
dehydrogenase quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). This study aimed to investigate the
mechanism by which SPL-A enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in endometrial carcinoma
cells. Materials and methods Endometrial carcinoma cells were treated with SPL-A and/or TRAIL, and the apoptosis and
protein expression in the treated cells were examined. Results Combined treatment with SPL-A and TRAIL significantly induced apoptosis in various
human endometrial carcinoma cells, but not in normal human endometrial stromal cells and
endometrial epithelial cells. Notably, both NQO1 inhibitor ES936 and NQO1 siRNA enhanced
TRAIL-induced apoptosis of endometrial carcinoma cells. Furthermore, SPL-A downregulated
the expression of c-FLIP, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Mcl-1, while increasing p53 expression. Conclusion In particular, luciferase assay showed that SPL-A inhibited Bcl-2 promoter activity,
and p53 inhibitor PFT-α could reverse the effect of SPL-A on Bcl-2 expression.
Moreover, Bcl-2 overexpression inhibited the apoptosis induced by SPL-A and TRAIL. Taken
together, our results suggest that SPL-A sensitizes endometrial cancer cells to
TRAIL-induced apoptosis via the regulation of apoptosis-related proteins and the
inhibition of NQO1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhai Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hua Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050017, People’s Republic of China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050000, People's Republic of China
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16
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Srijiwangsa P, Ponnikorn S, Na-Bangchang K. Effect of β-Eudesmol on NQO1 suppression-enhanced sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cells to chemotherapeutic agents. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:32. [PMID: 29914576 PMCID: PMC6006851 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), an epithelial malignancy of the biliary tree, is one of the aggressive cancers with poor prognosis and unsatisfactory response to chemotherapy with acquired resistance. NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), an antioxidant/detoxifying enzyme, plays important roles in chemo-resistance and proliferation in several cancer cells. The study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of β-eudesmol on NQO1 enhanced chemotherapeutic effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and doxorubicin (DOX) in the high NQO1-expressing human CCA cell line, NQO1-KKU-100. In addition, the molecular events associated with the inhibition of the cell proliferation, cell migration, and induction of apoptosis were investigated. Methods Human CCA KKU-100 cells were exposed to β-eudesmol at various concentrations. NQO1 enzyme activity and protein expression were measured by enzymatic assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and wound healing assay were performed to detect the inhibitory effect of β-eudesmol on cell proliferation, cell migration, and sensitivity to 5-FU and DOX. Apoptotic induction was detected by flow cytometry with annexin V/PI and DAPI nuclear staining. Caspase 3/7 activation was determined by fluorescence microscopy. The mechanism of enhanced chemo-sensitivity was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Results β-Eudesmol significantly suppressed NQO1 enzyme activity (both in KKU-100 cells and cell lysates) and protein expression in KKU-100 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. β-Eudesmol exhibited potent cytotoxicity on KKU-100 cells with mean ± SD IC50 values of 47.62 ± 9.54 and 37.46 ± 12.58 μM at 24 and 48 h, respectively. In addition, it also potentiated the cytotoxic activities and inhibitory activities of 5-FU and DOX on cell migration through induction of cell apoptosis and activation of caspase 3/7. Western blot analysis suggested that β-eudesmol enhanced chemosensitivity was associated with the suppression of NQO1 protein and activation of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratio in CCA cells. Conclusions β-Eudesmol may serve as a potential anti-CCA candidate particularly when used in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics. The mechanisms involved may be mediated via NQO1 suppression-related apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimradasiri Srijiwangsa
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, (Rangsit Campus), Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Saranyoo Ponnikorn
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, (Rangsit Campus), Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, (Rangsit Campus), Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
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17
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Song NY, Zhu F, Wang Z, Willette-Brown J, Xi S, Sun Z, Su L, Wu X, Ma B, Nussinov R, Xia X, Schrump DS, Johnson PF, Karin M, Hu Y. IKKα inactivation promotes Kras-initiated lung adenocarcinoma development through disrupting major redox regulatory pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E812-E821. [PMID: 29311298 PMCID: PMC5789942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717520115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are two distinct and predominant types of human lung cancer. IκB kinase α (IKKα) has been shown to suppress lung SCC development, but its role in ADC is unknown. We found inactivating mutations and homologous or hemizygous deletions in the CHUK locus, which encodes IKKα, in human lung ADCs. The CHUK deletions significantly reduced the survival time of patients with lung ADCs harboring KRAS mutations. In mice, lung-specific Ikkα ablation (IkkαΔLu ) induces spontaneous ADCs and promotes KrasG12D-initiated ADC development, accompanied by increased cell proliferation, decreased cell senescence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. IKKα deletion up-regulates NOX2 and down-regulates NRF2, leading to ROS accumulation and blockade of cell senescence induction, which together accelerate ADC development. Pharmacologic inhibition of NADPH oxidase or ROS impairs KrasG12D-mediated ADC development in IkkαΔLu mice. Therefore, IKKα modulates lung ADC development by controlling redox regulatory pathways. This study demonstrates that IKKα functions as a suppressor of lung ADC in human and mice through a unique mechanism that regulates tumor cell-associated ROS metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Song
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Feng Zhu
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Zining Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jami Willette-Brown
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Sichuan Xi
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhonghe Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Technology, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Ling Su
- Laboratory of Molecular Technology, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Technology, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Buyong Ma
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Peter F Johnson
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yinling Hu
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702;
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18
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Siegel D, Dehn DD, Bokatzian SS, Quinn K, Backos DS, Di Francesco A, Bernier M, Reisdorph N, de Cabo R, Ross D. Redox modulation of NQO1. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190717. [PMID: 29298345 PMCID: PMC5752044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NQO1 is a FAD containing NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of quinones and related substrates. In cells, NQO1 participates in a number of binding interactions with other proteins and mRNA and these interactions may be influenced by the concentrations of reduced pyridine nucleotides. NAD(P)H can protect NQO1 from proteolytic digestion suggesting that binding of reduced pyridine nucleotides results in a change in NQO1 structure. We have used purified NQO1 to demonstrate the addition of NAD(P)H induces a change in the structure of NQO1; this results in the loss of immunoreactivity to antibodies that bind to the C-terminal domain and to helix 7 of the catalytic core domain. Under normal cellular conditions NQO1 is not immunoprecipitated by these antibodies, however, following treatment with β-lapachone which caused rapid oxidation of NAD(P)H NQO1 could be readily pulled-down. Similarly, immunostaining for NQO1 was significantly increased in cells following treatment with β-lapachone demonstrating that under non-denaturing conditions the immunoreactivity of NQO1 is reflective of the NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H ratio. In untreated human cells, regions with high intensity immunostaining for NQO1 co-localize with acetyl α-tubulin and the NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sirt2 on the centrosome(s), the mitotic spindle and midbody during cell division. These data provide evidence that during the centriole duplication cycle NQO1 may provide NAD+ for Sirt2-mediated deacetylation of microtubules. Overall, NQO1 may act as a redox-dependent switch where the protein responds to the NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H redox environment by altering its structure promoting the binding or dissociation of NQO1 with target macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Donna D. Dehn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Kevin Quinn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andrea Di Francesco
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institutes on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michel Bernier
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institutes on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institutes on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Ross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Skrott Z, Mistrik M, Andersen KK, Friis S, Majera D, Gursky J, Ozdian T, Bartkova J, Turi Z, Moudry P, Kraus M, Michalova M, Vaclavkova J, Dzubak P, Vrobel I, Pouckova P, Sedlacek J, Miklovicova A, Kutt A, Li J, Mattova J, Driessen C, Dou QP, Olsen J, Hajduch M, Cvek B, Deshaies RJ, Bartek J. Alcohol-abuse drug disulfiram targets cancer via p97 segregase adaptor NPL4. Nature 2017; 552:194-199. [PMID: 29211715 PMCID: PMC5730499 DOI: 10.1038/nature25016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer incidence is rising and this global challenge is further exacerbated by tumour resistance to available medicines. A promising approach to such unmet need for improved cancer treatment is drug repurposing. Here we highlight the potential for repurposing disulfiram (Antabuse), an old alcohol-aversion drug effective against diverse cancer types in preclinical studies. Our nationwide epidemiological study reveals that patients who continuously used disulfiram have a lower risk of death from cancer compared to those who stopped using the drug at their diagnosis. Moreover, we identify ditiocarb-copper complex as the metabolite of disulfiram responsible for anticancer effects, and provide methods to detect its preferential accumulation in tumours and candidate biomarkers for impact in cells and tissues. Finally, our functional and biophysical analyses reveal the long-sought molecular target of disulfiram’s tumour suppressing effects as NPL4, an adapter of p97/VCP segregase essential for protein turnover involved in multiple regulatory and stress-response cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Skrott
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Søren Friis
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dusana Majera
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gursky
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Ozdian
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Bartkova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zsofia Turi
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Moudry
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marianne Kraus
- Kantonsspital St Gallen, Department Oncology/Hematology, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martina Michalova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vaclavkova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dzubak
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Vrobel
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Pouckova
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jindrich Sedlacek
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Anne Kutt
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Jana Mattova
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Christoph Driessen
- Kantonsspital St Gallen, Department Oncology/Hematology, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jørgen Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Cvek
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Raymond J Deshaies
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Ross D, Siegel D. Functions of NQO1 in Cellular Protection and CoQ 10 Metabolism and its Potential Role as a Redox Sensitive Molecular Switch. Front Physiol 2017; 8:595. [PMID: 28883796 PMCID: PMC5573868 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
NQO1 is one of the two major quinone reductases in mammalian systems. It is highly inducible and plays multiple roles in cellular adaptation to stress. A prevalent polymorphic form of NQO1 results in an absence of NQO1 protein and activity so it is important to elucidate the specific cellular functions of NQO1. Established roles of NQO1 include its ability to prevent certain quinones from one electron redox cycling but its role in quinone detoxification is dependent on the redox stability of the hydroquinone generated by two-electron reduction. Other documented roles of NQO1 include its ability to function as a component of the plasma membrane redox system generating antioxidant forms of ubiquinone and vitamin E and at high levels, as a direct superoxide reductase. Emerging roles of NQO1 include its function as an efficient intracellular generator of NAD+ for enzymes including PARP and sirtuins which has gained particular attention with respect to metabolic syndrome. NQO1 interacts with a growing list of proteins, including intrinsically disordered proteins, protecting them from 20S proteasomal degradation. The interactions of NQO1 also extend to mRNA. Recent identification of NQO1 as a mRNA binding protein have been investigated in more detail using SERPIN1A1 (which encodes the serine protease inhibitor α-1-antitrypsin) as a target mRNA and indicate a role of NQO1 in control of translation of α-1-antitrypsin, an important modulator of COPD and obesity related metabolic syndrome. NQO1 undergoes structural changes and alterations in its ability to bind other proteins as a result of the cellular reduced/oxidized pyridine nucleotide ratio. This suggests NQO1 may act as a cellular redox switch potentially altering its interactions with other proteins and mRNA as a result of the prevailing redox environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, United States
| | - David Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, United States
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21
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Liu LK, Becker DF, Tanner JJ. Structure, function, and mechanism of proline utilization A (PutA). Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 632:142-157. [PMID: 28712849 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Proline has important roles in multiple biological processes such as cellular bioenergetics, cell growth, oxidative and osmotic stress response, protein folding and stability, and redox signaling. The proline catabolic pathway, which forms glutamate, enables organisms to utilize proline as a carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. FAD-dependent proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and NAD+-dependent glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (GSALDH) convert proline to glutamate in two sequential oxidative steps. Depletion of PRODH and GSALDH in humans leads to hyperprolinemia, which is associated with mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Also, some pathogens require proline catabolism for virulence. A unique aspect of proline catabolism is the multifunctional proline utilization A (PutA) enzyme found in Gram-negative bacteria. PutA is a large (>1000 residues) bifunctional enzyme that combines PRODH and GSALDH activities into one polypeptide chain. In addition, some PutAs function as a DNA-binding transcriptional repressor of proline utilization genes. This review describes several attributes of PutA that make it a remarkable flavoenzyme: (1) diversity of oligomeric state and quaternary structure; (2) substrate channeling and enzyme hysteresis; (3) DNA-binding activity and transcriptional repressor function; and (4) flavin redox dependent changes in subcellular location and function in response to proline (functional switching).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States
| | - Donald F Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, United States.
| | - John J Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States.
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22
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Jin M, Park SJ, Kim SW, Kim HR, Hyun JW, Lee JH. PIG3 Regulates p53 Stability by Suppressing Its MDM2-Mediated Ubiquitination. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:396-403. [PMID: 28605833 PMCID: PMC5499618 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal, non-stressed conditions, intracellular p53 is continually ubiquitinated by MDM2 and targeted for degradation. However, in response to severe genotoxic stress, p53 protein levels are markedly increased and apoptotic cell death is triggered. Inhibiting the ubiquitination of p53 under conditions where DNA damage has occurred is therefore crucial for preventing the development of cancer, because if cells with severely damaged genomes are not removed from the population, uncontrolled growth can result. However, questions remain about the cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of p53 stability. In this study, we show that p53-inducible gene 3 (PIG3), which is a transcriptional target of p53, regulates p53 stability. Overexpression of PIG3 stabilized both endogenous and transfected wild-type p53, whereas a knockdown of PIG3 lead to a reduction in both endogenous and UV-induced p53 levels in p53-proficient human cancer cells. Using both in vivo and in vitro ubiquitination assays, we found that PIG3 suppressed both ubiquitination- and MDM2-dependent proteasomal degradation of p53. Notably, we demonstrate that PIG3 interacts directly with MDM2 and promoted MDM2 ubiquitination. Moreover, elimination of endogenous PIG3 in p53-proficient HCT116 cells decreased p53 phosphorylation in response to UV irradiation. These results suggest an important role for PIG3 in regulating intracellular p53 levels through the inhibition of p53 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Joo Park
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Premedical Sciences, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Won Kim
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Kim
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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23
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Zhang X, Han K, Yuan DH, Meng CY. Overexpression of NAD(P)H: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Proliferation and Induced Apoptosis by Activating AMPK/PGC-1α Pathway. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:256-263. [PMID: 28191864 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong-hong Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Cun-ying Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
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24
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Yamamoto Y, Kiyohara C, Suetsugu-Ogata S, Hamada N, Nakanishi Y. Biological interaction of cigarette smoking on the association between genetic polymorphisms involved in inflammation and the risk of lung cancer: A case-control study in Japan. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3873-3881. [PMID: 28529598 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation serves an important role in lung carcinogenesis, thus genetic polymorphisms involved in this pathway may affect the risk of lung cancer. The present case-control study focused on the association between lung cancer risk and genetic polymorphisms involved in inflammatory pathways. The study comprised 462 lung cancer cases and 379 controls from Japan. The roles of interleukin 8 (IL8) rs4073, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) rs28362491, cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide (CYBA) rs4673, NAD(P) H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 (NQO1) rs1800566, nitric oxide synthase 2 and inducible (NOS2) rs2297518 polymorphisms in lung carcinogenesis were investigated. An unconditional logistic model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between the genetic polymorphisms and lung cancer risk. The multiplicative and additive [relative excess risk due to interaction, attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) and synergy index (SI)] interactions with cigarette smoking were also determined. A significant association was revealed between the TT genotype of NQO1 rs1800566 and an increased risk of lung cancer (OR=1.78; 95% CI=1.14-2.79). The additive interaction evaluations between CYBA rs4673 (AP=0.50, 95% CI=0.15-0.85; SI=2.66, 95% CI=1.01-6.99) and smoking were also statistically significant. NQO1 rs1800566 was significantly associated with lung cancer risk and smoking may influence the association between CYBA rs4673 and the risk of lung cancer. Additional studies with larger control and case populations are warranted in order to confirm the CYBA rs4673-smoking association suggested by the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of The Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chikako Kiyohara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Saiko Suetsugu-Ogata
- Research Institute for Diseases of The Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Hamada
- Research Institute for Diseases of The Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of The Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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25
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Medina-Carmona E, Neira JL, Salido E, Fuchs JE, Palomino-Morales R, Timson DJ, Pey AL. Site-to-site interdomain communication may mediate different loss-of-function mechanisms in a cancer-associated NQO1 polymorphism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44532. [PMID: 28291250 PMCID: PMC5349528 DOI: 10.1038/srep44532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease associated genetic variations often cause intracellular enzyme inactivation, dysregulation and instability. However, allosteric communication of mutational effects to distant functional sites leading to loss-of-function remains poorly understood. We characterize here interdomain site-to-site communication by which a common cancer-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (c.C609T/p.P187S) reduces the activity and stability in vivo of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). NQO1 is a FAD-dependent, two-domain multifunctional stress protein acting as a Phase II enzyme, activating cancer pro-drugs and stabilizing p53 and p73α oncosuppressors. We show that p.P187S causes structural and dynamic changes communicated to functional sites far from the mutated site, affecting the FAD binding site located at the N-terminal domain (NTD) and accelerating proteasomal degradation through dynamic effects on the C-terminal domain (CTD). Structural protein:protein interaction studies reveal that the cancer-associated polymorphism does not abolish the interaction with p73α, indicating that oncosuppressor destabilization largely mirrors the low intracellular stability of p.P187S. In conclusion, we show how a single disease associated amino acid change may allosterically perturb several functional sites in an oligomeric and multidomain protein. These results have important implications for the understanding of loss-of-function genetic diseases and the identification of novel structural hot spots as targets for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnación Medina-Carmona
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose L. Neira
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. del Ferrocarril s/n, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de los Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eduardo Salido
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Tenerife, Spain
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rogelio Palomino-Morales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - David J. Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Angel L. Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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26
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Harris Z, Donovan MG, Branco GM, Limesand KH, Burd R. Quercetin as an Emerging Anti-Melanoma Agent: A Four-Focus Area Therapeutic Development Strategy. Front Nutr 2016; 3:48. [PMID: 27843913 PMCID: PMC5086580 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacing current refractory treatments for melanoma with new prevention and therapeutic approaches is crucial in order to successfully treat this aggressive cancer form. Melanoma develops from neural crest cells, which express tyrosinase – a key enzyme in the pigmentation pathway. The tyrosinase enzyme is highly active in melanoma cells and metabolizes polyphenolic compounds; tyrosinase expression thus makes feasible a target for polyphenol-based therapies. For example, quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) is a highly ubiquitous and well-classified dietary polyphenol found in various fruits, vegetables, and other plant products including onions, broccoli, kale, oranges, blueberries, apples, and tea. Quercetin has demonstrated antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity in various cancer cell types. Quercetin is readily metabolized by tyrosinase into various compounds that promote anticancer activity; additionally, given that tyrosinase expression increases during tumorigenesis, and its activity is associated with pigmentation changes in both early- and late-stage melanocytic lesions, it suggests that quercetin can be used to target melanoma. In this review, we explore the potential of quercetin as an anti-melanoma agent utilizing and extrapolating on evidence from previous in vitro studies in various human malignant cell lines and propose a “four-focus area strategy” to develop quercetin as a targeted anti-melanoma compound for use as either a preventative or therapeutic agent. The four areas of focus include utilizing quercetin to (i) modulate cellular bioreduction potential and associated signaling cascades, (ii) affect transcription of relevant genes, (iii) regulate epigenetic processes, and (iv) develop effective combination therapies and delivery modalities/protocols. In general, quercetin could be used to exploit tyrosinase activity to prevent, and/or treat, melanoma with minimal additional side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey Harris
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
| | - Micah G Donovan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
| | | | - Kirsten H Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
| | - Randy Burd
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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27
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Ahn HJ, Kim KS, Shin KW, Lim KH, Kim JO, Lee JY, Kim J, Park JH, Yang KM, Baek KH, Ko JJ, Park KS. Ell3 stabilizes p53 following CDDP treatment via its effects on ubiquitin-dependent and -independent proteasomal degradation pathways in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44523-37. [PMID: 26540344 PMCID: PMC4792573 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is unstable in quiescent cells and undergoes proteosomal degradation. Under conditions of cellular stress, p53 is rapidly stabilized by post-translational modification, thereby escaping degradation and translocating to the nucleus where it activates genes related to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Here, we report that the transcription elongation factor Ell3 sensitizes luminal type-cancer cell line, MCF7, which have wild-type p53, to the chemotherapeutic agent cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) by stabilizing p53. Overexpression of Ell3 in MCF7 cells suppressed the MDM2-mediated ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway. In addition, Ell3 promoted binding of p53 to NADH quinone oxidoreductase 1, which is linked to the ubiquitin-independent degradation of p53. We found that Ell3 activates interleukin-20 (IL20) expression, which is linked to the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Chemical inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling or molecular suppression of IL20 revealed that the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and IL20 are the main causes of p53 stabilization in Ell3-overexpressing MCF7 cells. These findings suggest that the ERK1/2 pathway can be targeted in the rational development of therapies to induce chemosensitization of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science and CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science and CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Hwan Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science and CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ock Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science and CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Yong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science and CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiewan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science and CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science and CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Yang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science and CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science and CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Jae Ko
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science and CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Soon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science and CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Diao J, Bao J, Peng J, Mo J, Ye Q, He J. Correlation between NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 C609T polymorphism and increased risk of esophageal cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2016; 9:13-21. [PMID: 28203294 DOI: 10.1177/1758834016668682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) C609T gene polymorphisms have been reported to influence the risk for esophageal cancer (EC) in many studies. However, the results remain controversial and ambiguous. We performed a meta-analysis, which included 13 independent studies with a total of 2357 subjects, to examine the association between NQO1 C609T polymorphism and EC. The association was assessed by five different gene models. The overall analysis suggested that the variant allele and genotypes were significantly related to increased risk of EC (odds ratio [OR] T versus C = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95-1.40, probability of rejection [POR] = 0.014; OR TT versus CC = 1.32, 95% CI 1.01-1.73, POR = 0.045; OR TC versus CC = 1.32, 95% CI 0.98-1.21, POR = 0.128; OR TT + TC versus CC = 1.10, 95% CI 1.00-1.20, POR = 0.05; OR TT versus CC + TC = 1.26, 95% CI 0.95-1.57, POR = 0.103). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the reliability of these findings. Our study shows that individuals carrying the NQO1 C609T variant allele and genotypes are more susceptible to EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Diao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of TCM), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Bao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of TCM), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiang Mo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of TCM), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of TCM), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junming He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of TCM), Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
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Wu JM, Oraee A, Doonan BB, Pinto JT, Hsieh TC. Activation of NQO1 in NQO1*2 polymorphic human leukemic HL-60 cells by diet-derived sulforaphane. Exp Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:27. [PMID: 27625902 PMCID: PMC5020469 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) confers protection against semiquinones and also elicits oxidative stress. The C609T polymorphism of the NQO1 gene, designated NQO1*2, significantly reduces its enzymatic activity due to rapid degradation of protein. Since down regulation of NQO1 mRNA expression correlates with increased susceptibility for developing different types of cancers, we investigated the link between leukemia and the NQO1*2 genotype by mining a web-based microarray dataset, ONCOMINE. Phytochemicals prevent DNA damage through activation of phase II detoxification enzymes including NQO1. Whether NQO1 expression/activity in leukemia cells that carry the labile NQO1*2 genotype can be induced by broccoli-derived phytochemical sulforaphane (SFN) is currently unknown. Methods and Results The ONCOMINE query showed that: (1) acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia are associated with reduced NQO1 levels, and (2) under-expressed NQO1 was found in human HL-60 leukemia cell line containing the heterozygous NQO1*2 polymorphism. We examined induction of NQO1 activity/expression by SFN in HL-60 cells. A dose-dependent increase in NQO1 level/activity is accompanied by upregulation of the transcription factor, Nrf2, following 1–10 μM SFN treatment. Treatment with 25 µM SFN drastically reduced NQO1 levels, inhibited cell proliferation, caused sub-G1 cell arrest, and induced apoptosis, and a decrease in the levels of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-κB (NFκB). Conclusions Up to 10 μM of SFN increases NQO1 expression and suppresses HL-60 cell proliferation whereas ≥ 25 μM of SFN induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Further, SFN treatment restores NQO1 activity/levels in HL-60 cells expressing the NQO1*2 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Wu
- Room 147, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Sciences Building, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Ardalan Oraee
- Room 147, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Sciences Building, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Barbara B Doonan
- Room 147, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Sciences Building, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - John T Pinto
- Room 147, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Sciences Building, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Tze-Chen Hsieh
- Room 147, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Sciences Building, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
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Ryan A. Azoreductases in drug metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:2161-2173. [PMID: 27487252 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Azoreductases are flavoenzymes that have been characterized in a range of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Bacterial azoreductases are associated with the activation of two classes of drug, azo drugs for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and nitrofuran antibiotics. The mechanism of reduction of azo compounds is presented; it requires tautomerisation of the azo compound to a quinoneimine and provides a unifying mechanism for the reduction of azo and quinone substrates by azoreductases. The importance of further work in the characterization of azoreductases from enteric bacteria is highlighted to aid in the development of novel drugs for the treatment of colon related disorders. Human azoreductases are known to play a crucial role in the metabolism of a number of quinone-containing cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. The mechanism of hydride transfer to quinones, which is shared not only between eukaryotic and prokaryotic azoreductases but also the wider family of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductases, is outlined. The importance of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human azoreductases is described not only in cancer prognosis but also with regard to their effects on the efficacy of quinone drug-based cancer chemotherapeutic regimens. This highlights the need to screen patients for azoreductase SNPs ahead of treatment with these regimens. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Drug Metabolism and Antibiotic Resistance in Micro-organisms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ryan
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
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31
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Curcumin inhibits HIV-1 by promoting Tat protein degradation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27539. [PMID: 27283735 PMCID: PMC4901322 DOI: 10.1038/srep27539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is an intrinsically unfolded protein playing a pivotal role in viral replication by associating with TAR region of viral LTR. Unfolded proteins are degraded by 20S proteasome in an ubiquitin independent manner. Curcumin is known to activate 20S proteasome and promotes the degradation of intrinsically unfolded p53 tumor suppressor protein. Since HIV-1 Tat protein is largerly unfolded, we hypothesized that Tat may also be targeted through this pathway. Curcumin treated Tat transfected HEK-293T cells showed a dose and time dependent degradation of Tat protein. Contrary to this HIV-1 Gag which is a properly folded protein, remained unaffected with curcumin. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that curcumin treatment did not affect Tat gene transcription. Curcumin increased the rate of Tat protein degradation as shown by cycloheximide (CHX) chase assay. Degradation of the Tat protein is accomplished through proteasomal pathway as proteasomal inhibitor MG132 blocked Tat degradation. Curcumin also decreased Tat mediated LTR promoter transactivation and inhibited virus production from HIV-1 infected cells. Taken together our study reveals a novel observation that curcumin causes potent degradation of Tat which may be one of the major mechanisms behind its anti HIV activity.
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Kurfurstova D, Bartkova J, Vrtel R, Mickova A, Burdova A, Majera D, Mistrik M, Kral M, Santer FR, Bouchal J, Bartek J. DNA damage signalling barrier, oxidative stress and treatment-relevant DNA repair factor alterations during progression of human prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:879-94. [PMID: 26987799 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage checkpoints provide an anti-cancer barrier in diverse tumour types, however this concept has remained unexplored in prostate cancer (CaP). Furthermore, targeting DNA repair defects by PARP1 inhibitors (PARPi) as a cancer treatment strategy is emerging yet requires suitable predictive biomarkers. To address these issues, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of multiple markers of DNA damage signalling, oxidative stress, DNA repair and cell cycle control pathways during progression of human prostate disease from benign hyperplasia, through intraepithelial neoplasia to CaP, complemented by genetic analyses of TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement and NQO1, an anti-oxidant factor and p53 protector. The DNA damage checkpoint barrier (γH2AX, pATM, p53) mechanism was activated during CaP tumorigenesis, albeit less and with delayed culmination compared to other cancers, possibly reflecting lower replication stress (slow proliferation despite cases of Rb loss and cyclin D1 overexpression) and progressive loss of ATM activator NKX3.1. Oxidative stress (8-oxoguanine lesions) and NQO1 increased during disease progression. NQO1 genotypes of 390 men did not indicate predisposition to CaP, yet loss of NQO1 in CaP suggested potential progression-opposing tumour suppressor role. TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement and PTEN loss, events sensitizing to PARPi, occurred frequently along with heterogeneous loss of DNA repair factors 53BP1, JMJD1C and Rev7 (all studied here for the first time in CaP) whose defects may cause resistance to PARPi. Overall, our results reveal an unorthodox DNA damage checkpoint barrier scenario in CaP tumorigenesis, and provide novel insights into oxidative stress and DNA repair, with implications for biomarker guidance of future targeted therapy of CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kurfurstova
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Bartkova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Radek Vrtel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Mickova
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Burdova
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dusana Majera
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kral
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Frederic R Santer
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Conformational dynamics is key to understanding loss-of-function of NQO1 cancer-associated polymorphisms and its correction by pharmacological ligands. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20331. [PMID: 26838129 PMCID: PMC4738246 DOI: 10.1038/srep20331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein dynamics is essential to understand protein function and stability, even though is rarely investigated as the origin of loss-of-function due to genetic variations. Here, we use biochemical, biophysical, cell and computational biology tools to study two loss-of-function and cancer-associated polymorphisms (p.R139W and p.P187S) in human NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a FAD-dependent enzyme which activates cancer pro-drugs and stabilizes several oncosuppressors. We show that p.P187S strongly destabilizes the NQO1 dimer in vitro and increases the flexibility of the C-terminal domain, while a combination of FAD and the inhibitor dicoumarol overcome these alterations. Additionally, changes in global stability due to polymorphisms and ligand binding are linked to the dynamics of the dimer interface, whereas the low activity and affinity for FAD in p.P187S is caused by increased fluctuations at the FAD binding site. Importantly, NQO1 steady-state protein levels in cell cultures correlate primarily with the dynamics of the C-terminal domain, supporting a directional preference in NQO1 proteasomal degradation and the use of ligands binding to this domain to stabilize p.P187S in vivo. In conclusion, protein dynamics are fundamental to understanding loss-of-function in p.P187S, and to develop new pharmacological therapies to rescue this function.
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Huang EY, Wang FS, Chen YM, Chen YF, Wang CC, Lin IH, Huang YJ, Yang KD. Amifostine alleviates radiation-induced lethal small bowel damage via promotion of 14-3-3σ-mediated nuclear p53 accumulation. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9756-69. [PMID: 25230151 PMCID: PMC4259435 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Amifostine (AM) is a radioprotector that scavenges free radicals and is used in patients undergoing radiotherapy. p53 has long been implicated in cell cycle arrest for cellular repair after radiation exposure. We therefore investigated the protective p53-dependent mechanism of AM on small bowel damage after lethal whole-abdominal irradiation (WAI). AM increased both the survival rate of rats and crypt survival following lethal 18 Gy WAI. The p53 inhibitor PFT-α compromised AM-mediated effects when administered prior to AM administration. AM significantly increased clonogenic survival in IEC-6 cells expressing wild type p53 but not in p53 knockdown cells. AM significantly increased p53 nuclear accumulation and p53 tetramer expression before irradiation through the inhibition of p53 degradation. AM inhibited p53 interactions with MDM2 but enhanced p53 interactions with 14-3-3σ. Knockdown of 14-3-3σ also compromised the effect of AM on clonogenic survival and p53 nuclear accumulation in IEC-6 cells. For the first time, our data reveal that AM alleviates lethal small bowel damage through the induction of 14-3-3σ and subsequent accumulation of p53. Enhancement of the p53/14-3-3σ interaction results in p53 tetramerization in the nucleus that rescues lethal small bowel damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-Yen Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan. Department of Medical Research, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan. Center for Laboratory Animals, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - I-Hui Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Kuender D Yang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan. Department of Medical Research, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital in Chang Bing, Chang Bing Industrial Center, Lu-Kang, Changhua 505, Taiwan. Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taiwan
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35
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Das L, Vinayak M. Long term effect of curcumin in restoration of tumour suppressor p53 and phase-II antioxidant enzymes via activation of Nrf2 signalling and modulation of inflammation in prevention of cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124000. [PMID: 25860911 PMCID: PMC4393109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of carcinogenesis may be a consequence of attenuation of oxidative stress via activation of antioxidant defence system, restoration and stabilization of tumour suppressor proteins along with modulation of inflammatory mediators. Previously we have delineated significant role of curcumin during its long term effect in regulation of glycolytic pathway and angiogenesis, which in turn results in prevention of cancer via modulation of stress activated genes. Present study was designed to investigate long term effect of curcumin in regulation of Nrf2 mediated phase-II antioxidant enzymes, tumour suppressor p53 and inflammation under oxidative tumour microenvironment in liver of T-cell lymphoma bearing mice. Inhibition of Nrf2 signalling observed during lymphoma progression, resulted in down regulation of phase II antioxidant enzymes, p53 as well as activation of inflammatory signals. Curcumin potentiated significant increase in Nrf2 activation. It restored activity of phase-II antioxidant enzymes like GST, GR, NQO1, and tumour suppressor p53 level. In addition, curcumin modulated inflammation via upregulation of TGF-β and reciprocal regulation of iNOS and COX2. The study suggests that during long term effect, curcumin leads to prevention of cancer by inducing phase-II antioxidant enzymes via activation of Nrf2 signalling, restoration of tumour suppressor p53 and modulation of inflammatory mediators like iNOS and COX2 in liver of lymphoma bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmidhar Das
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre of Advanced Study), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Manjula Vinayak
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre of Advanced Study), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
- * E-mail:
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Jin T, Men J, Lin Z, Qi P, Piao Y, Yan G. NQO1 protein expression predicts poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancers. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:207. [PMID: 25880877 PMCID: PMC4396547 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-level expression of NAD(P)H quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) has been correlated with many types of human cancers, suggesting that NQO1 plays important roles in tumor occurrence and progression. This study attempted to explore the role of NQO1 in tumor progression and prognostic evaluation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Total 164 tissue samples, including 150 NSCLC paired with the adjacent non-tumor tissues and 14 normal lung tissues, were picked-up for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of the NQO1 protein, and immunofluorescence (IF) staining was also performed to detect the subcellular localization of the NQO1 protein in A549 human lung cancer cells. The correlation between NQO1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated by Chi-square test and Fisher's exact tests. The disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates of NSCLC patients were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS The NQO1 protein showed a mainly cytoplasmic staining pattern in lung cancer cells, including adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Both positive rate and strongly positive rate of NQO1 protein expression were significantly higher in NSCLC (59.3% and 28.0%) than that in adjacent non tumor (8.0% and 1.3%) and normal lung tissues (0%). The positive rate of NQO1 was related with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis, and the strongly positive rate of NQO1 protein was significantly correlated with tumor size, poor differentiation, advanced clinical stage and lymph node metastasis in NSCLC. Additionally, survival analyses showed that the patients with NQO1 positive expression had lower OS rates compared with those with NQO1 negative expression in the groups of T1-2, T3-4, without LN metastasis and stage I-II of NSCLC, respectively; however, in the groups of patients with LN metastasis or III-IV stages, OS rate was not correlated with NQO1 expression status. Moreover, multivariate analysis suggested that NQO1 emerged as a significant independent prognostic factor along with tumor size, differentiation, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage in patients with NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS NQO1 is upregulated in NSCLC, and it may be a useful poor prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenling Li
- Department of Pathology & Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of TCM, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Tiefeng Jin
- Department of Pathology & Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Jiguang Men
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- Department of Pathology & Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Peng Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Yingshi Piao
- Department of Pathology & Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, 133002, China. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Guanghai Yan
- Department of Pathology & Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, 133002, China. .,Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, 133002, China.
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Kim JH, Hong YC. Interactive effect of smoking and NQO1 haplotypes on lung cancer risk. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:221-6. [PMID: 25729241 PMCID: PMC4330473 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of genetic polymorphisms of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), which is known to be related to carcinogen metabolism and oxidative status, was evaluated for lung cancer development. The genotypes of two NQO1 polymorphisms, namely, IVS1-27C>G and Ex6+40C>T, were determined in 616 lung cancer cases and 616 lung cancer-free controls and haplotypes composed of the two polymorphisms were estimated. In the evaluation of the effect of the NQO1 genotypes or diplotypes, we did not find any significant association with lung cancer risk after adjusting for body mass index and smoking status. However, when we evaluated the effect of the NQO1 diplotypes for lung cancer risk in combination with smoking, smokers without the C-T/C-T diplotype showed a significantly increased risk of lung cancer compared with nonsmokers without the C-T/C-T diplotype (adjusted OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.67-3.02), and smokers with the C-T/C-T diplotype showed the highest OR of lung cancer (adjusted OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.78-4.21). Moreover, a trend test showed an additive interaction between smoking and the NQO1 C-T/C-T diplotype (P trend < 0.01). The additive effect of smoking and the NQO1 C-T/C-T diplotype was more apparent in squamous cell carcinoma, although this effect was statistically significant in all lung cancer cell types (all cell types, P trend < 0.05). This result suggests that haplotypes of the NQO1 gene play an important role in the development of lung cancer by interaction with smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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Lee H, Oh ET, Choi BH, Park MT, Lee JK, Lee JS, Park HJ. NQO1-induced activation of AMPK contributes to cancer cell death by oxygen-glucose deprivation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7769. [PMID: 25586669 PMCID: PMC4293602 DOI: 10.1038/srep07769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) due to insufficient blood circulation can decrease cancer cell survival and proliferation in solid tumors. OGD increases the intracellular [AMP]/[ATP] ratio, thereby activating the AMPK. In this study, we have investigated the involvement of NQO1 in OGD-mediated AMPK activation and cancer cell death. We found that OGD activates AMPK in an NQO1-dependent manner, suppressing the mTOR/S6K/4E-BP1 pathway, which is known to control cell survival. Thus, the depletion of NQO1 prevents AMPK-induced cancer cell death in OGD. When we blocked OGD-induced Ca2+/CaMKII signaling, the NQO1-induced activation of AMPK was attenuated. In addition, when we blocked the RyR signaling, the accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ and subsequent activation of CaMKII/AMPK signaling was decreased in NQO1-expressing cells under OGD. Finally, siRNA-mediated knockdown of CD38 abrogated the OGD-induced activation of Ca2+/CaMKII/AMPK signaling. Taken together, we conclude that NQO1 plays a key role in the AMPK-induced cancer cell death in OGD through the CD38/cADPR/RyR/Ca2+/CaMKII signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Eun-Taex Oh
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Bo-Hwa Choi
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Pohang Center for Evaluation of Biomaterials, Pohang Technopark, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Moon-Taek Park
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological &Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- 1] Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- 1] Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Heon Joo Park
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Magnone MC, Langmesser S, Bezdek AC, Tallone T, Rusconi S, Albrecht U. The Mammalian circadian clock gene per2 modulates cell death in response to oxidative stress. Front Neurol 2015; 5:289. [PMID: 25628599 PMCID: PMC4292776 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Living in the earth’s oxygenated environment forced organisms to develop strategies to cope with the damaging effects of molecular oxygen known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we show that Per2, a molecular component of the mammalian circadian clock, is involved in regulating a cell’s response to oxidative stress. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) containing a mutation in the Per2 gene are more resistant to cytotoxic effects mediated by ROS than wild-type cells, which is paralleled by an altered regulation of bcl-2 expression in Per2 mutant MEFs. The elevated survival rate and alteration of NADH/NAD+ ratio in the mutant cells is reversed by introduction of the wild-type Per2 gene. Interestingly, clock synchronized cells display a time dependent sensitivity to paraquat, a ROS inducing agent. Our observations indicate that the circadian clock is involved in regulating the fate of a cell to survive or to die in response to oxidative stress, which could have implications for cancer development and the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Magnone
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Sonja Langmesser
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - April Candice Bezdek
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Tiziano Tallone
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Sandro Rusconi
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
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Lienhart WD, Gudipati V, Uhl MK, Binter A, Pulido SA, Saf R, Zangger K, Gruber K, Macheroux P. Collapse of the native structure caused by a single amino acid exchange in human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase(1.). FEBS J 2014; 281:4691-4704. [PMID: 25143260 PMCID: PMC4612375 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is essential for the antioxidant defense system, stabilization of tumor suppressors (e.g. p53, p33, and p73), and activation of quinone-based chemotherapeutics. Overexpression of NQO1 in many solid tumors, coupled with its ability to convert quinone-based chemotherapeutics into potent cytotoxic compounds, have made it a very attractive target for anticancer drugs. A naturally occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism (C609T) leading to an amino acid exchange (P187S) has been implicated in the development of various cancers and poor survival rates following anthracyclin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Despite its importance for cancer prediction and therapy, the exact molecular basis for the loss of function in NQO1 P187S is currently unknown. Therefore, we solved the crystal structure of NQO1 P187S. Surprisingly, this structure is almost identical to NQO1. Employing a combination of NMR spectroscopy and limited proteolysis experiments, we demonstrated that the single amino acid exchange destabilized interactions between the core and C-terminus, leading to depopulation of the native structure in solution. This collapse of the native structure diminished cofactor affinity and led to a less competent FAD-binding pocket, thus severely compromising the catalytic capacity of the variant protein. Hence, our findings provide a rationale for the loss of function in NQO1 P187S with a frequently occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism. DATABASE Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession numbers 4cet (P187S variant with dicoumarol) and 4cf6 (P187S variant with Cibacron blue). STRUCTURED DIGITAL ABSTRACT NQO1 P187S and NQO1 P187S bind by nuclear magnetic resonance (View interaction) NQO1 P187S and NQO1 P187S bind by x-ray crystallography (1, 2) NQO1 and NQO1 bind by molecular sieving (1, 2).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael K Uhl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra Binter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | | | - Robert Saf
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | | | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
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Kim HC, Song JS, Lee JC, Lee DH, Kim SW, Lee JS, Kim WS, Rho JK, Kim SY, Choi CM. Clinical significance of NQO1 polymorphism and expression of p53, SOD2, PARP1 in limited-stage small cell lung cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:6743-6751. [PMID: 25400754 PMCID: PMC4230145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of highly aggressive cancers with poor prognosis. Unfortunately, there are as yet no molecular targets that can be exploited to prolong survival in patients with SCLC. This study aimed to investigate possible molecular markers associated with prognosis in limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC). METHODS The demographic and clinical data for LS-SCLC patients treated in a tertiary care hospital between January 2008 and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. NQO1 polymorphism and the expression of p53, SOD2, PARP1 were examined in biopsy specimens, and the factors affecting prognosis were identified. RESULTS 79 patients with LS-SCLC having available pathologic tissues were analyzed. 84.8% of them received both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. NQO1 polymorphism was detected in 60.0% (45/79; heterozygous in 26 patients, homozygous in 19 patients). Over-expression of p53, SOD2, PARP1 was seen in 45.6% (36/79), 38.0% (30/79) and 41.8% (33/79) of the patients, respectively. The univariate Cox proportional hazards model revealed that serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and PARP1 expression were associated with disease progression. In the multivariate analysis, only PARP1 expression was a significant independent prognostic factor for progression-free survival (hazard ratio: 0.494; 95% CI, 0.267-0.913, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS PARP1 expression is correlated with longer progression-free survival in LS-SCLC requiring further studies to clarify the precise role of PARP1 and the relevance of PARP1-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Cheol Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Seon Song
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-We Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Shin Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Sung Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Rho
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Ye Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Min Choi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
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Hadley KE, Hendricks DT. Use of NQO1 status as a selective biomarker for oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas with greater sensitivity to 17-AAG. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:334. [PMID: 24886060 PMCID: PMC4032580 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a major health burden in Sub-Saharan Africa, and novel chemotherapies are urgently required to combat this disease. The heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) has previously been proposed as a possible candidate drug. NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is known to increase the potency of 17-AAG, therefore we investigated the effects of 17-AAG in OSCC cell lines in the context of their NQO1 status. Methods We used MTT assays to compare the sensitivity of a panel of OSCC cell lines to 17-AAG. Western blotting, and RT-PCR were used to investigate NQO1 protein and mRNA levels, while an RFLP approach was used to investigate the NQO1 C609T SNP. Results Expression of NQO1 markedly increased sensitivity to 17-AAG in the OSCC cell lines, while normal fibroblasts, which expressed HSP90 at much lower levels, were more resistant to 17-AAG. In isolation, neither the C609T SNP, nor NQO1 mRNA levels was an accurate predictor of NQO1 protein levels. Conclusions Since NQO1 greatly enhances the anti-cancer effects of 17-AAG, this could be used as a selective marker for patients that would benefit most from 17-AAG chemotherapy at low doses. Testing for the presence of the C609T SNP in both alleles could be used as a screen to exclude potentially poor responders to 17-AAG treatment at low dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denver T Hendricks
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
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43
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Megarity CF, Gill JRE, Caraher MC, Stratford IJ, Nolan KA, Timson DJ. The two common polymorphic forms of human NRH-quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) have different biochemical properties. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1666-72. [PMID: 24631540 PMCID: PMC4045209 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are two common forms of NRH-quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) in the human population resulting from SNP rs1143684. One has phenylalanine at position 47 (NQO2-F47) and the other leucine (NQO2-L47). Using recombinant proteins, we show that these variants have similar steady state kinetic parameters, although NQO2-L47 has a slightly lower specificity constant. NQO2-L47 is less stable towards proteolytic digestion and thermal denaturation than NQO2-F47. Both forms are inhibited by resveratrol, but NQO2-F47 shows negative cooperativity with this inhibitor. Thus these data demonstrate, for the first time, clear biochemical differences between the variants which help explain previous biomedical and epidemiological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F Megarity
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - James R E Gill
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - M Clare Caraher
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ian J Stratford
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Karen A Nolan
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - David J Timson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Zeekpudsa P, Kukongviriyapan V, Senggunprai L, Sripa B, Prawan A. Suppression of NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 enhanced the susceptibility of cholangiocarcinoma cells to chemotherapeutic agents. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:11. [PMID: 24460787 PMCID: PMC3922744 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is highly resistant to most of the known chemotherapeutic treatments. NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an antioxidant/detoxifying enzyme recently recognized as an important contributor to chemoresistance in some human cancers. However, the contribution of NQO1 to chemotherapy resistance in CCA is unknown. Methods Two CCA cell lines, KKU-100 and KKU-M214, with high and low NQO1 expression levels, respectively, were used to evaluate the sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents; 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin (Doxo), and gemcitabine (Gem). NQO1 and/or p53 expression in KKU-100 cells were knocked down by siRNA. NQO1 was over-expressed in KKU-M214 cells by transfection with pCMV6-XL5-NQO1 expression vector. CCA cells with modulated NQO1 and/or p53 expression were treated with chemotherapeutic agents, and the cytotoxicity was assessed by SRB assay. The mechanism of enhanced chemosensitivity was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Results When NQO1 was knocked down, KKU-100 cells became more susceptible to all chemotherapeutic agents. Conversely, with over-expression of NQO1 made KKU-M214 cells more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. Western blot analysis suggested that enhanced chemosensitivity was probably due to the activation of p53-mediated cell death. Enhanced susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents by NQO1 silencing was abolished by knockdown of p53. Conclusions These results suggest that inhibition of NQO1 could enhance the susceptibility of CCA to an array of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Auemduan Prawan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Sulphoxythiocarbamates modify cysteine residues in HSP90 causing degradation of client proteins and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Br J Cancer 2013; 110:71-82. [PMID: 24322890 PMCID: PMC3887302 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) has a key role in the maintenance of the cellular proteostasis. However, HSP90 is also involved in stabilisation of oncogenic client proteins and facilitates oncogene addiction and cancer cell survival. The development of HSP90 inhibitors for cancer treatment is an area of growing interest as such agents can affect multiple pathways that are linked to all hallmarks of cancer. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that targeting cysteine residues of HSP90 will lead to degradation of client proteins and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Methods: Combining chemical synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure–activity relationship analysis, we identified a new class of HSP90 inhibitors. Click chemistry and protease-mass spectrometry established the sites of modification of the chaperone. Results: The mildly electrophilic sulphoxythiocarbamate alkyne (STCA) selectively targets cysteine residues of HSP90, forming stable thiocarbamate adducts. Without interfering with the ATP-binding ability of the chaperone, STCA destabilises the client proteins RAF1, HER2, CDK1, CHK1, and mutant p53, and decreases proliferation of breast cancer cells. Addition of a phenyl or a tert-butyl group in tandem with the benzyl substituent at nitrogen increased the potency. A new compound, S-4, was identified as the most robust HSP90 inhibitor within a series of 19 derivatives. Conclusion: By virtue of their cysteine reactivity, sulphoxythiocarbamates target HSP90, causing destabilisation of its client oncoproteins and inhibiting cell proliferation.
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Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, also known as NFE2L2 or NRF2, is a master regulator of the anti-oxidative stress response and positively controls the expression of a battery of anti-oxidative stress response proteins and enzymes implicated in detoxification and glutathione generation. Although its detoxifying activity is important in cancer prevention, it has recently been shown that cancer cells also exploit its protective functions to thrive and resist chemotherapy. NRF2 was also shown to the pentose phosphate pathway and glutaminolysis, which promotes purine synthesis for supporting rapid proliferation and glutathione for providing anti-oxidative stress protection. Evidence obtained from cancer patients and cell lines suggest that NRF2 is highly active in a variety of human cancers and is associated with aggressiveness. p53 is a tumor suppressor that also promotes an anti-oxidative stress metabolic program and glutaminolysis. Here we will discuss the similarities between NRF2 and p53 and review evidence that p53 might be exploited by cancer cells to gain protection against oxidative stress, as is the case for NRF2. We discuss findings of co-regulation between these transcription factors and propose possible therapeutic strategies that can be used for treatment of cancers that harbor WT p53 and express high levels of NRF2.
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Identification of a small molecule 1,4-bis-[4-(3-phenoxy-propoxy)-but-2-ynyl]-piperazine as a novel inhibitor of the transcription factor p53. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:805-10. [PMID: 23736005 PMCID: PMC3674519 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify novel small compound inhibitor of p53 protein. METHODS Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells were tested. Cell proliferation rate was determined using a Cell Proliferation Kit. The mRNA and protein levels of p53-related genes were measured using real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Global response in the p53 signaling network was analyzed using Illumina whole-genome expression BeadChips. RESULTS Treatment of MEF cells with a small molecule 1,4-bis-[4-(3-phenoxy-propoxy)-but-2-ynyl]-piperazine (G5) at 10 μmol/L for 24 h markedly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of the p53 downstream genes MDM2 and p21. In G5-treated ES cells, a total of 372 differentially expressed genes were identified, and 18 among them were direct downstream genes of p53; 6 out of 9 p53-repressed genes were upregulated, and 5 out of 9 p53-activated genes were downregulated. In both MEF cells and ES cells, treatment of with G5 (10 μmol/L) up to 48 h neither affected the proliferation rate nor caused morphological alterations. CONCLUSION G5 inhibits p53 activity and simultaneously preserves the normal growth and proliferation of cells, therefore is a new compound for studies of p53-mediated cell manipulation.
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48
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Leung KKK, Shilton BH. Chloroquine binding reveals flavin redox switch function of quinone reductase 2. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11242-51. [PMID: 23471972 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.457002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinone reductase 2 (NQO2) is an FAD-linked enzyme and the only known human target of two antimalarial drugs, primaquine (PQ) and chloroquine (CQ). The structural differences between oxidized and reduced NQO2 and the structural basis for inhibition by PQ and CQ were investigated by x-ray crystallography. Structures of oxidized NQO2 in complex with PQ and CQ were solved at 1.4 Å resolution. CQ binds preferentially to reduced NQO2, and upon reduction of NQO2-CQ crystals, the space group changed from P2(1)2(1)2(1) to P2(1), with 1-Å decreases in all three unit cell dimensions. The change in crystal packing originated in the negative charge and 4-5º bend in the reduced isoalloxazine ring of FAD, which resulted in a new mode of CQ binding and closure of a flexible loop (Phe(126)-Leu(136)) over the active site. This first structure of a reduced quinone reductase shows that reduction of the FAD cofactor and binding of a specific inhibitor lead to global changes in NQO2 structure and is consistent with a functional role for NQO2 as a flavin redox switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K K Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Casanova EA, Okoniewski MJ, Cinelli P. Cross-species genome wide expression analysis during pluripotent cell determination in mouse and rat preimplantation embryos. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47107. [PMID: 23077551 PMCID: PMC3471948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition between morula and blastocyst stage during preimplantation development represents the first differentiation event of embryogenesis. Morula cells undergo the first cellular specialization and produce two well-defined populations of cells, the trophoblast and the inner cell mass (ICM). Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with unlimited self-renewal capacity are believed to represent the in vitro counterpart of the ICM. Both mouse and rat ESCs can be derived from the ICM cells, but their in vitro stability differs. In this study we performed a microarray analysis in which we compared the transcriptome of mouse and rat morula, blastocyst, and ICM. This cross-species comparison represents a good model for understanding the differences in derivation and cultivation of ESCs observed in the two species. In order to identify alternative regulation of important molecular mechanisms the investigation of differential gene expression between the two species was extended at the level of signaling pathways, gene families, and single selected genes of interest. Some of the genes differentially expressed between the two species are already known to be important factors in the maintenance of pluripotency in ESCs, like for example Sox2 or Stat3, or play a role in reprogramming somatic cells to pluripotency like c-Myc, Klf4 and p53 and therefore represent interesting candidates to further analyze in vitro in the rat ESCs. This is the first study investigating the gene expression changes during the transition from morula to blastocyst in the rat preimplantation development. Our data show that in the pluripotent pool of cells of the rat and mouse preimplantation embryo substantial differential regulation of genes is present, which might explain the difficulties observed for the derivation and culture of rat ESCs using mouse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A. Casanova
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal J. Okoniewski
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhuang J, Ma W, Lago CU, Hwang PM. Metabolic regulation of oxygen and redox homeostasis by p53: lessons from evolutionary biology? Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1279-85. [PMID: 22841759 PMCID: PMC3444283 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The genetic links between p53 and metabolic processes such as oxidative phosphorylation are being studied with increasing interest given that cellular metabolism seems to play an important role in tumorigenesis. This review focuses on how p53 regulation of various metabolic genes may influence redox homeostasis, as the genome is constantly susceptible to oxidative damage, a consequence of living in an aerobic environment. Because p53-like genetic sequences are also found in life forms that may not necessarily benefit from tumor suppression, an evolutionary introduction is given in an attempt to understand why p53 might regulate a basic cellular activity such as metabolism. The presented epidemiologic and experimental data suggest that one reason may be for the homeostatic regulation of oxygen, the essential substrate for reactive oxygen species generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhuang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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