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Li Y, Chang L, Xu K, Zhang S, Gao F, Fan Y. Research Progresses on the Function and Detection Methods of Insect Gut Microbes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1208. [PMID: 37317182 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect gut is home to an extensive array of microbes that play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as in the protection against pathogenic microorganisms. The variety of these gut microbes is impacted by factors such as age, diet, pesticides, antibiotics, sex, and caste. Increasing evidence indicates that disturbances in the gut microbiota can lead to compromised insect health, and that its diversity has a far-reaching impact on the host's health. In recent years, the use of molecular biology techniques to conduct rapid, qualitative, and quantitative research on the host intestinal microbial diversity has become a major focus, thanks to the advancement of metagenomics and bioinformatics technologies. This paper reviews the main functions, influencing factors, and detection methods of insect gut microbes, in order to provide a reference and theoretical basis for better research utilization of gut microbes and management of harmful insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazi Li
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Pathogenic Fungi and Toxins, Department of Life Science, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Liyun Chang
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Pathogenic Fungi and Toxins, Department of Life Science, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Pathogenic Fungi and Toxins, Department of Life Science, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Pathogenic Fungi and Toxins, Department of Life Science, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Fengju Gao
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Pathogenic Fungi and Toxins, Department of Life Science, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Yongshan Fan
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Pathogenic Fungi and Toxins, Department of Life Science, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China
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Evaluation of Fossil Amber Birefringence and Inclusions Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245506. [PMID: 36559874 PMCID: PMC9780848 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a cross-polarization transmission geometry, stress maps for the normalized birefringence and intrinsic stress direction of polymeric materials may be obtained using terahertz nondestructive evaluation. The analysis method utilizes a deconvolution method to determine the arrival times and amplitude of the cross-polarized terahertz pulses through a birefringent material. Using amber (a naturally occurring polymer) as a material of interest, stress maps show that inclusion-free Lebanese amber samples behave as classic uniaxial birefringent (photoelastic) materials whose principal stress directions, as inferred in the terahertz spectral range, agree well with visible photoelasticity measurements. Since amber samples, depending upon their source, may be either transparent or opaque to visible light, comparing birefringence measurements in the visible and terahertz spectral ranges cross-validates the stress measurements, thereby establishing a strong and unique stress analysis methodology for visibly opaque samples. While the material of interest for this paper is amber, the method is generally applicable for any terahertz-transparent polymer. The cross-polarization experimental configuration enables stress levels within the amber matrix to be visualized while also outlining highly localized regions of stress surrounding inclusions. Birefringence stress maps clearly show localized increases in stress magnitude and directional changes surrounding inclusions.
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Show BK, Banerjee S, Banerjee A, GhoshThakur R, Hazra AK, Mandal NC, Ross AB, Balachandran S, Chaudhury S. Insect gut bacteria: a promising tool for enhanced biogas production. REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND BIO/TECHNOLOGY 2022; 21:1-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11157-021-09607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Mapalo MA, Robin N, Boudinot BE, Ortega-Hernández J, Barden P. A tardigrade in Dominican amber. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211760. [PMID: 34610770 PMCID: PMC8493197 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades are a diverse group of charismatic microscopic invertebrates that are best known for their ability to survive extreme conditions. Despite their long evolutionary history and global distribution in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, the tardigrade fossil record is exceedingly sparse. Molecular clocks estimate that tardigrades diverged from other panarthropod lineages before the Cambrian, but only two definitive crown-group representatives have been described to date, both from Cretaceous fossil deposits in North America. Here, we report a third fossil tardigrade from Miocene age Dominican amber. Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus gen. et sp. nov. is the first unambiguous fossil representative of the diverse superfamily Isohypsibioidea, as well as the first tardigrade fossil described from the Cenozoic. We propose that the patchy tardigrade fossil record can be explained by the preferential preservation of these microinvertebrates as amber inclusions, coupled with the scarcity of fossiliferous amber deposits before the Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Mapalo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ninon Robin
- Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brendon E. Boudinot
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
- University of California, Davis, Department of Entomology, One Shields Avenue, Davis 94596, CA, USA
| | - Javier Ortega-Hernández
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Phillip Barden
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, USA
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Banerjee S, Maiti TK, Roy RN. Enzyme producing insect gut microbes: an unexplored biotechnological aspect. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:384-402. [PMID: 34612103 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1942777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To explore the unmapped biotechnologically important microbial platforms for human welfare, the insect gut system is such a promising arena. Insects, the inhabitant of all ecological niches, harbor a healthy diversified microbial population in their versatile gut environment. This deep-rooted symbiotic relationship between insects and gut microbes is the result of several indispensable microbial performances that include: enzyme production, detoxification of plant defense compounds and insecticides, maintenance of life cycle, host fertility, bioremediation, pest biocontrol, production of antimicrobial compounds, and in addition provide vitamins, amino acids, and lactic acids to their hosts. Insects have developed such symbiotic interactions with different microorganisms for nutritional benefits like the digestion of dietary compounds by the production of several key hydrolytic enzymes viz: amylase, cellulase, lignocellulase, protease, lipase, xylanase, pectinase, chitinase, laccase, etc. The nutritional enrichment offered by these microbes to insects may be the key factor in the evolutionary attainment of this group. Around one million insect species are grouped under 31 orders, however, only ten of such groups' have been studied in relation to enzyme-producing gut microbes. Moreover, insect gut symbionts are a potential source of biotechnologically active biomolecules as these microbes go through a course of selection pressures in their host gut environment. As symbiosis has pronounced potential regarding the production of novel compounds, especially enzymes with multidimensional industrial capabilities, so there are ample scopes to explore this treasure box for human welfare. Biological significance as well as industrially compatible capabilities can categorize these insect gut symbionts as an unexplored biotechnological aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Banerjee
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. B. N. Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Hatgobindapur, Burdwan, India.,Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | | | - Raj Narayan Roy
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. B. N. Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Hatgobindapur, Burdwan, India
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Commensal Bacteria Impact a Protozoan's Integration into the Murine Gut Microbiota in a Dietary Nutrient-Dependent Manner. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00303-20. [PMID: 32198171 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00303-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of the host-microbiota interaction in the gut is dominated by studies focused primarily on prokaryotic bacterial communities. However, there is an underappreciated symbiotic eukaryotic protistic community that is an integral part of mammalian microbiota. How commensal protozoan bacteria might interact to form a stable microbial community remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a murine protistic commensal, phylogenetically assigned as Tritrichomonas musculis, whose colonization in the gut resulted in a reduction of gut bacterial abundance and diversity in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Meanwhile, dietary nutrient and commensal bacteria also influenced the protozoan's intestinal colonization and stability. While mice fed a normal chow diet had abundant T. musculis organisms, switching to a Western-type high-fat diet led to the diminishment of the protozoan from the gut. Supplementation of inulin as a dietary fiber to the high-fat diet partially restored the protozoan's colonization. In addition, a cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics rendered permissive engraftment of T. musculis even under a high-fat, low-fiber diet. Furthermore, oral administration of Bifidobacterium spp. together with dietary supplementation of inulin in the high-fat diet impacted the protozoan's intestinal engraftment in a bifidobacterial species-dependent manner. Overall, our study described an example of dietary-nutrient-dependent murine commensal protozoan-bacterium cross talk as an important modulator of the host intestinal microbiome.IMPORTANCE Like commensal bacteria, commensal protozoa are an integral part of the vertebrate intestinal microbiome. How protozoa integrate into a commensal bacterium-enriched ecosystem remains poorly studied. Here, using the murine commensal Tritrichomonas musculis as a proof of concept, we studied potential factors involved in shaping the intestinal protozoal-bacterial community. Understanding the rules by which microbes form a multispecies community is crucial to prevent or correct microbial community dysfunctions in order to promote the host's health or to treat diseases.
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A Myanmar amber cockroach with protruding feces contains pollen and a rich microcenosis. Naturwissenschaften 2020; 107:13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-020-1669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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8
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Tracking acetate through a journey of living world: Evolution as alternative cellular fuel with potential for application in cancer therapeutics. Life Sci 2018; 215:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Effects of BmCPV Infection on Silkworm Bombyx mori Intestinal Bacteria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146313. [PMID: 26745627 PMCID: PMC4706323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has a crucial role in the growth, development and environmental adaptation in the host insect. The objective of our work was to investigate the microbiota of the healthy silkworm Bombyx mori gut and changes after the infection of B. mori cypovirus (BmCPV). Intestinal contents of the infected and healthy larvae of B. mori of fifth instar were collected at 24, 72 and 144 h post infection with BmCPV. The gut bacteria were analyzed by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. 147(135) and 113(103) genera were found in the gut content of the healthy control female (male) larvae and BmCPV-infected female (male) larvae, respectively. In general, the microbial communities in the gut content of healthy larvae were dominated by Enterococcus, Delftia, Pelomonas, Ralstonia and Staphylococcus, however the abundance change of each genus was depended on the developmental stage and gender. Microbial diversity reached minimum at 144 h of fifth instar larvae. The abundance of Enterococcus in the females was substantially lower and the abundance of Delftia, Aurantimonas and Staphylococcus was substantially higher compared to the males. Bacterial diversity in the intestinal contents decreased after post infection with BmCPV, whereas the abundance of both Enterococcus and Staphylococcus which belongs to Gram-positive were increased. Therefore, our findings suggested that observed changes in relative abundance was related to the immune response of silkworm to BmCPV infection. Relevance analysis of plenty of the predominant genera showed the abundance of the Enterococcus genus was in negative correlation with the abundance of the most predominant genera. These results provided insight into the relationship between the gut microbiota and development of the BmCPV-infected silkworm.
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Quinney A, Mays C, Stilwell JD, Zelenitsky DK, Therrien F. The range of bioinclusions and pseudoinclusions preserved in a new Turonian (~90 ma) amber occurrence from Southern Australia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121307. [PMID: 25970501 PMCID: PMC4430482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Turonian amber occurrence, representing the oldest in situ amber locality in Australia and the southern-most locality in Gondwana, has recently been discovered in the Otway Basin of Victoria. The amber was collected from petroleum cores and many pieces contain a range of inclusions that can provide information on the depositional history of the resin. To date, one species of fern spore (Cyathidites minor) and one species of lycophyte spore (Kraeuselisporites sp?) have been conclusively identified in the amber, along with filamentous microorganisms and degraded plant matter. Several samples are also rife with pseudoinclusions as reported recently in other ambers. The abundance of preserved particulate debris and wind dispersed spores suggest that the Otway amber formed subaerially. Furthermore, based on the range of bioinclusions and forms of pseudoinclusions preserved within a single piece of amber, the locus of hardening for individual samples is variably interpreted as occurring in the tree tops, on the tree trunk or on the ground surface. Notably, specific inclusion assemblages are associated with certain colours of amber. By extension, and in accordance with recent studies, amber colour may be indicative of depositional environment. Variation in the environment of solidification may, therefore, be sufficient to account for the broad range of morphological characteristics preserved in a single amber deposit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Quinney
- School of Earth, Atmosphere & Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Chris Mays
- School of Earth, Atmosphere & Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D. Stilwell
- School of Earth, Atmosphere & Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Darla K. Zelenitsky
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - François Therrien
- Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller, Alberta, T0J 0Y0 Canada
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11
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Rosengaus RB, Schultheis KF, Yalonetskaya A, Bulmer MS, DuComb WS, Benson RW, Thottam JP, Godoy-Carter V. Symbiont-derived β-1,3-glucanases in a social insect: mutualism beyond nutrition. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:607. [PMID: 25484878 PMCID: PMC4240165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Termites have had a long co-evolutionary history with prokaryotic and eukaryotic gut microbes. Historically, the role of these anaerobic obligate symbionts has been attributed to the nutritional welfare of the host. We provide evidence that protozoa (and/or their associated bacteria) colonizing the hindgut of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis, synthesize multiple functional β-1,3-glucanases, enzymes known for breaking down β-1,3-glucans, the main component of fungal cell walls. These enzymes, we propose, may help in both digestion of ingested fungal hyphae and protection against invasion by fungal pathogens. This research points to an additional novel role for the mutualistic hindgut microbial consortia of termites, an association that may extend beyond lignocellulolytic activity and nitrogen fixation to include a reduction in the risks of mycosis at both the individual- and colony-levels while nesting in and feeding on microbial-rich decayed wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca B. Rosengaus
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | - Kelley F. Schultheis
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | - Alla Yalonetskaya
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | - Mark S. Bulmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson UniversityTowson, MD, USA
| | | | - Ryan W. Benson
- Department of Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | - John P. Thottam
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
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Kurtböke DI, French JRJ, Hayes RA, Quinn RJ. Eco-taxonomic insights into actinomycete symbionts of termites for discovery of novel bioactive compounds. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 147:111-35. [PMID: 24817085 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Termites play a major role in foraging and degradation of plant biomass as well as cultivating bioactive microorganisms for their defense. Current advances in "omics" sciences are revealing insights into function-related presence of these symbionts, and their related biosynthetic activities and genes identified in gut symbiotic bacteria might offer a significant potential for biotechnology and biodiscovery. Actinomycetes have been the major producers of bioactive compounds with an extraordinary range of biological activities. These metabolites have been in use as anticancer agents, immune suppressants, and most notably, as antibiotics. Insect-associated actinomycetes have also been reported to produce a range of antibiotics such as dentigerumycin and mycangimycin. Advances in genomics targeting a single species of the unculturable microbial members are currently aiding an improved understanding of the symbiotic interrelationships among the gut microorganisms as well as revealing the taxonomical identity and functions of the complex multilayered symbiotic actinofloral layers. If combined with target-directed approaches, these molecular advances can provide guidance towards the design of highly selective culturing methods to generate further information related to the physiology and growth requirements of these bioactive actinomycetes associated with the termite guts. This chapter provides an overview on the termite gut symbiotic actinoflora in the light of current advances in the "omics" science, with examples of their detection and selective isolation from the guts of the Sunshine Coast regional termite Coptotermes lacteus in Queensland, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ipek Kurtböke
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia,
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König H, Li L, Fröhlich J. The cellulolytic system of the termite gut. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7943-62. [PMID: 23900801 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The demand for the usage of natural renewable polymeric material is increasing in order to satisfy the future needs for energy and chemical precursors. Important steps in the hydrolysis of polymeric material and bioconversion can be performed by microorganisms. Over about 150 million years, termites have optimized their intestinal polysaccharide-degrading symbiosis. In the ecosystem of the "termite gut," polysaccharides are degraded from lignocellulose, such as cellulose and hemicelluloses, in 1 day, while lignin is only weakly attacked. The understanding of the principles of cellulose degradation in this natural polymer-degrading ecosystem could be helpful for the improvement of the biotechnological hydrolysis and conversion of cellulose, e.g., in the case of biogas production from natural renewable plant material in biogas plants. This review focuses on the present knowledge of the cellulose degradation in the termite gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut König
- Institute of Microbiology and Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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Patterns of [FeFe] hydrogenase diversity in the gut microbial communities of lignocellulose-feeding higher termites. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:5368-74. [PMID: 22636002 DOI: 10.1128/aem.08008-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen is the central free intermediate in the degradation of wood by termite gut microbes and can reach concentrations exceeding those measured for any other biological system. Degenerate primers targeting the largest family of [FeFe] hydrogenases observed in a termite gut metagenome have been used to explore the evolution and representation of these enzymes in termites. Sequences were cloned from the guts of the higher termites Amitermes sp. strain Cost010, Amitermes sp. strain JT2, Gnathamitermes sp. strain JT5, Microcerotermes sp. strain Cost008, Nasutitermes sp. strain Cost003, and Rhyncotermes sp. strain Cost004. Each gut sample harbored a more rich and evenly distributed population of hydrogenase sequences than observed previously in the guts of lower termites and Cryptocercus punctulatus. This accentuates the physiological importance of hydrogen for higher termite gut ecosystems and may reflect an increased metabolic burden, or metabolic opportunity, created by a lack of gut protozoa. The sequences were phylogenetically distinct from previously sequenced [FeFe] hydrogenases. Phylogenetic and UniFrac comparisons revealed congruence between host phylogeny and hydrogenase sequence library clustering patterns. This may reflect the combined influences of the stable intimate relationship of gut microbes with their host and environmental alterations in the gut that have occurred over the course of termite evolution. These results accentuate the physiological importance of hydrogen to termite gut ecosystems.
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Disruption of the termite gut microbiota and its prolonged consequences for fitness. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4303-12. [PMID: 21571887 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01886-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of host-symbiont interactions through the use of antibiotics can help elucidate microbial functions that go beyond short-term nutritional value. Termite gut symbionts have been studied extensively, but little is known about their impact on the termite's reproductive output. Here we describe the effect that the antibiotic rifampin has not only on the gut microbial diversity but also on the longevity, fecundity, and weight of two termite species, Zootermopsis angusticollis and Reticulitermes flavipes. We report three key findings: (i) the antibiotic rifampin, when fed to primary reproductives during the incipient stages of colony foundation, causes a permanent reduction in the diversity of gut bacteria and a transitory effect on the density of the protozoan community; (ii) rifampin treatment reduces oviposition rates of queens, translating into delayed colony growth and ultimately reduced colony fitness; and (iii) the initial dosages of rifampin had severe long-term fitness effects on Z. angusticollis. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the antibiotic-induced perturbation of the microbial community is associated with prolonged reductions in longevity and fecundity. A causal relationship between these changes in the gut microbial population structures and fitness is suggested by the acquisition of opportunistic pathogens and incompetence of the termites to restore a pretreatment, native microbiota. Our results indicate that antibiotic treatment significantly alters the termite's microbiota, reproduction, colony establishment, and ultimately colony growth and development. We discuss the implications for antimicrobials as a new application to the control of termite pest species.
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Protist-like inclusions in amber, as evidenced by Charentes amber. Eur J Protistol 2011; 47:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Husseneder C. Symbiosis in subterranean termites: a review of insights from molecular studies. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 39:378-388. [PMID: 20388266 DOI: 10.1603/en09006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship of termites and their eukaryotic and prokaryotic gut microbiota is a focal point of research because of the important roles symbionts play in termite nutrition. The use of molecular methods has recently provided valuable insights into the species diversity and the roles of microorganisms in the guts of termites. This paper provides a review of the current knowledge of symbiont species inventories, genome analysis, and gene expression in the guts of subterranean termites. Particular emphasis is given to the termite genera Reticulitermes and Coptotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), because they contain pest species of global impact in their native and invasive range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Husseneder
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 404 Life Sciences Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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18
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Wier AM, Sacchi L, Dolan MF, Bandi C, Macallister J, Margulis L. Spirochete attachment ultrastructure: Implications for the origin and evolution of cilia. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2010; 218:25-35. [PMID: 20203251 DOI: 10.1086/bblv218n1p25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The fine structure of spirochete attachments to the plasma membrane of anaerobic protists displays variations here interpreted as legacies of an evolutionary sequence analogous to that from free-living spirochetes to undulipodia (eukaryotic "flagella" and homologous structures). Attached spirochetes form a vestment, a wriggling fringe of motile cells at the edge of the plasma membrane of unidentified cellulolytic protist cells in the hypertrophied hindgut of the digestive system of Mastotermes darwiniensis, the large wood-feeding termite from northern Australia. From the membrane extend both undulipodia and a complex of comparably sized (10-12 microm x 0.2-0.3 microm) ectosymbiotic spirochetes that resembles unruly ciliated epithelium. In the intestines are helical (swimming) and round-body morphotypes. Round bodies (RBs) are slow or immotile spirochetes, propagules known to revert to typical swimming helices under culture conditions favorable for growth. The surfaces of both the spirochete gram-negative eubacteria and the parabasalid protists display distinctive attachment structures. The attached hypertrophied structures, some of which resemble ciliate kinetids, are found consistently at sites where the spirochete termini contact the protist plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Wier
- Pace University, Pleasantville, New York 10570-2799, USA
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Destruction of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (RBs) by the antibiotic tigecycline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:18656-61. [PMID: 19843691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908236106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of tissue spirochetes of Borrelia burgdorferi as helices and round bodies (RBs) explains many erythema-Lyme disease symptoms. Spirochete RBs (reproductive propagules also called coccoid bodies, globular bodies, spherical bodies, granules, cysts, L-forms, sphaeroplasts, or vesicles) are induced by environmental conditions unfavorable for growth. Viable, they grow, move and reversibly convert into motile helices. Reversible pleiomorphy was recorded in at least six spirochete genera (>12 species). Penicillin solution is one unfavorable condition that induces RBs. This antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis cures neither the second "Great Imitator" (Lyme borreliosis) nor the first: syphilis. Molecular-microscopic techniques, in principle, can detect in animals (insects, ticks, and mammals, including patients) helices and RBs of live spirochetes. Genome sequences of B. burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum spirochetes show absence of >75% of genes in comparison with their free-living relatives. Irreversible integration of spirochetes at behavioral, metabolic, gene product and genetic levels into animal tissue has been documented. Irreversible integration of spirochetes may severely impair immunological response such that they persist undetected in tissue. We report in vitro inhibition and destruction of B. burgdorferi (helices, RBs = "cysts") by the antibiotic Tigecycline (TG; Wyeth), a glycylcycline protein-synthesis inhibitor (of both 30S and 70S ribosome subunits). Studies of the pleiomorphic life history stages in response to TG of both B. burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum in vivo and in vitro are strongly encouraged.
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Microbial Cretaceous park: biodiversity of microbial fossils entrapped in amber. Naturwissenschaften 2009; 96:551-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-009-0508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Spirochete round bodies Syphilis, Lyme disease & AIDS: Resurgence of “the great imitator”? Symbiosis 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03179970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hongoh Y, Sato T, Noda S, Ui S, Kudo T, Ohkuma M. Candidatus Symbiothrix dinenymphae: bristle-like Bacteroidales ectosymbionts of termite gut protists. Environ Microbiol 2008; 9:2631-5. [PMID: 17803785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many reports have stated that flagellated protists in termite guts harbour ectosymbiotic spirochetes on their cell surface. In this study, we describe another bristle-like ectosymbiont affiliated with the order Bacteroidales. The 16S rRNA phylotype Rs-N74 predominates among Bacteroidales clones obtained from the gut of the termite Reticulitermes speratus. An Rs-N74 phylotype-specific probe was designed in this study and used for detection of the corresponding bacteria in the gut by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Surprisingly, the signals were detected specifically from the bristle-like 'appendages' of various flagellate species belonging to the genus Dinenympha; these 'appendages' had been believed to be spirochetal ectosymbionts or structures of the protists. The Rs-N74 bacteria attached to the cell surface of the protists by a tip and coexisted with the spirochetal ectosymbionts. An electron micrograph revealed their morphology to be similar to a typical Bacteroidales bacterium. This bacterium is proposed to represent a novel genus and species, 'Candidatus Symbiothrix dinenymphae', phylogenetically affiliated with a cluster consisting exclusively of uncultured strains from termite guts. A Bacteroidales-specific probe for FISH further revealed that this type of symbiosis exists also in various other protists, including parabasalids and oxymonads, and is widespread in termite guts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Hongoh
- Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Passardi F, Zamocky M, Favet J, Jakopitsch C, Penel C, Obinger C, Dunand C. Phylogenetic distribution of catalase-peroxidases: are there patches of order in chaos? Gene 2007; 397:101-13. [PMID: 17561356 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide features in many biological oxidative processes and must be continuously degraded enzymatically either via a catalatic or a peroxidatic mechanism. For this purpose ancestral bacteria evolved a battery of different heme and non-heme enzymes, among which heme-containing catalase-peroxidases (CP) are one of the most widespread representatives. They are unique since they can follow both H(2)O(2)-degrading mechanisms, the catalase activity being clearly dominant. With the fast increasing amount of genomic data available, we were able to perform an extensive search for CP and found almost 300 sequences covering a large range of microorganisms. Most of them were encoded by bacterial genomes, but we could also find some in eukaryotic organisms other than fungi, which has never been shown until now. Our screen also reveals that approximately 60% of the bacteria do not possess CP genes. Chaotic distribution among species and incongruous phylogenetic reconstruction indicated existence of numerous lateral gene transfers in addition to duplication events and regular speciation. The results obtained show an impressively complex gene transmission pattern, and give some new insights about the role of CP and the origin of life on earth. Finally, we propose for the first time bacterial candidates that may have participated in the transfer of CP from bacteria to eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Passardi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université de Genève, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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König H, Li L, Wenzel M, Fröhlich J. Bacterial ectosymbionts which confer motility: Mixotricha paradoxa from the intestine of the Australian termite Mastotermes darwiniensis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 41:77-96. [PMID: 16623390 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-28221-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut König
- Institute of Microbiology and Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Becherweg 15, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Evans JD, Armstrong TN. Antagonistic interactions between honey bee bacterial symbionts and implications for disease. BMC Ecol 2006; 6:4. [PMID: 16551367 PMCID: PMC1471774 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Honey bees, Apis mellifera, face many parasites and pathogens and consequently rely on a diverse set of individual and group-level defenses to prevent disease. One route by which honey bees and other insects might combat disease is through the shielding effects of their microbial symbionts. Bees carry a diverse assemblage of bacteria, very few of which appear to be pathogenic. Here we explore the inhibitory effects of these resident bacteria against the primary bacterial pathogen of honey bees, Paenibacillus larvae. Results Here we isolate, culture, and describe by 16S rRNA and protein-coding gene sequences 61 bacterial isolates from honey bee larvae, reflecting a total of 43 distinct bacterial taxa. We culture these bacteria alongside the primary larval pathogen of honey bees, Paenibacillus larvae, and show that many of these isolates severely inhibit the growth of this pathogen. Accordingly, symbiotic bacteria including those described here are plausible natural antagonists toward this widespread pathogen. Conclusion The results suggest a tradeoff in social insect colonies between the maintenance of potentially beneficial bacterial symbionts and deterrence at the individual and colony level of pathogenic species. They also provide a novel mechanism for recently described social components behind disease resistance in insect colonies, and point toward a potential control strategy for an important bee disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay D Evans
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Lab, BARC-East Bldg. 476, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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PEÑALVER ENRIQUE, GRIMALDI DAVIDA. New Data on Miocene Butterflies in Dominican Amber (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae and Nymphalidae) with the Description of a New Nymphalid. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2006. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3519[1:ndombi]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Palaeomicrobiology is an emerging field that is devoted to the detection, identification and characterization of microorganisms in ancient remains. Data indicate that host-associated microbial DNA can survive for almost 20,000 years, and environmental bacterial DNA preserved in permafrost samples has been dated to 400,000-600,000 years. In addition to frozen and mummified soft tissues, bone and dental pulp can also be used to search for microbial pathogens. Various techniques, including microscopy and immunodetection, can be used in palaeomicrobiology, but most data have been obtained using PCR-based molecular techniques. Infections caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites have all been diagnosed using palaeomicrobiological techniques. Additionally, molecular typing of ancient pathogens could help to reconstruct the epidemiology of past epidemics and could feed into current models of emerging infections, therefore contributing to the development of appropriate preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Drancourt
- Unité des Rickettsies, CNRS UMR 6020, IFR 48, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
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Veiga-Crespo P, Poza M, Prieto-Alcedo M, Villa TG. Ancient genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 150:2221-2227. [PMID: 15256564 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amber is a plant resin mainly produced by coniferous trees that, after entrapping a variety of living beings, was subjected to a process of fossilization until it turned into yellowish, translucent stones. It is also one of the best sources of ancient DNA on which to perform studies on evolution. Here a method for the sterilization of amber that allows reliable ancient DNA extraction with no actual DNA contamination is described. Working with insects taken from amber, it was possible to amplify theATP9,PGU1andrRNA18Sancient genes ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaecorresponding to samples from the Miocene and Oligocene. After comparison of the current genes with their ancient (up to 35–40 million years) counterparts it was concluded that essential genes such asrRNA18Sare highly conserved and that even normal ‘house-keeping’ genes, such asPGU1, are strikingly conserved along the millions of years thatS. cerevisiaehas evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Veiga-Crespo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - M Poza
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - M Prieto-Alcedo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - T G Villa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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Abstract
In this brief review, literature references are given to researches--involving diverse species of protists--that support the author's firm conviction that the biological world of today absolutely requires the presence of numerous of these generally small and unicelled organisms if it is to survive. Examples supplied come from areas within the field of protistology sensu lato as widely separated as basic phycological research on photosynthesis and protozoological/medical/biomedical investigations on malaria and other pathogens of human beings. Emphasis is primarily on the most relevant works of the past 10-15 years, although historically highly significant papers of older vintage require at least indirect--and occasionally direct--citation.
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Moriya S, Dacks JB, Takagi A, Noda S, Ohkuma M, Doolittle WF, Kudo T. Molecular phylogeny of three oxymonad genera: Pyrsonympha, Dinenympha and Oxymonas. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2003; 50:190-7. [PMID: 12836875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxymonads are a morphologically well-characterized and highly diverse lineage of protists. They are, however, under sampled at a molecular level. It has recently been demonstrated that a genus of oxymonads, Pyrsonympha, is phylogenetically related to the excavate taxon Trimastix. Here, we addressed issues of internal oxymonad evolution. Pyrsonympha and Dinenympha are shown, by fluorescent in situ hybridization and phylogenetic evidence, to be separate genera and not morphotypes of the same organism. We demonstrated that three genera of oxymonads, Dinenympha, Pyrsonympha, and Oxymonas are each monophyletic and together form a clade which excludes other known eukaryotes. We have presented a taxonomic scheme of oxymonads taking into account their sisterhood with Trimastix and speculated on morphological evolution of oxymonads, particularly of their attachment apparatuses. Our biogeographical analysis with Japanese and Canadian Pyrsonympha and Dinenympha suggests that these genera diverged before the separation of termites that inhabit Eastern Asia and Western North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Moriya
- Bioscience Technology Center, RIKEN institute, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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de la Fuente J. The fossil record and the origin of ticks (Acari: Parasitiformes: Ixodida). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2003; 29:331-344. [PMID: 14635818 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025824702816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of terrestrial vertebrates. Hypotheses on the origin of ticks have been proposed based on tick-host associations and the total-evidence approach analysis of morphological and molecular characters. Nevertheless, the origin of ticks remains a controversial issue. Here, I revised the tick fossil record including reports from the literature and the description of 7 new specimens. The analysis of fossil ticks provides few clues to tick evolution but does not contradict recent hypotheses based on total-evidence approach analysis that place the origin of ticks in the Cretaceous (65-146 mya) with most of the evolution and dispersal occurring during the Tertiary (5-65 mya).
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Dolan MF, Melnitsky H, Margulis L, Kolnicki R. Motility proteins and the origin of the nucleus. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2002; 268:290-301. [PMID: 12382325 DOI: 10.1002/ar.10161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypotheses on the origin of eukaryotic cells must account for the origin of the microtubular cytoskeletal structures (including the mitotic spindle, undulipodium/cilium (so-called flagellum) and other structures underlain by the 9(2)+2 microtubular axoneme) in addition to the membrane-bounded nucleus. Whereas bacteria with membrane-bounded nucleoids have been described, no precedent for mitotic, cytoskeletal, or axonemal microtubular structures are known in prokaryotes. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the cells of the earliest-branching lineages of eukaryotes contain the karyomastigont cytoskeletal system. These protist cells divide via an extranuclear spindle and a persistent nuclear membrane. We suggest that this association between the centriole/kinetosome axoneme (undulipodium) and the nucleus existed from the earliest stage of eukaryotic cell evolution. We interpret the karyomastigont to be a legacy of the symbiosis between thermoacidophilic archaebacteria and motile eubacteria from which the first eukaryote evolved. Mutually inconsistent hypotheses for the origin of the nucleus are reviewed and sequenced proteins of cell motility are discussed because of their potential value in resolving this problem. A correlation of fossil evidence with modern cell and microbiological studies leads us to the karyomastigont theory of the origin of the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Dolan
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst 01003, USA.
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