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Porta-de-la-Riva M, Morales-Curiel LF, Carolina Gonzalez A, Krieg M. Bioluminescence as a functional tool for visualizing and controlling neuronal activity in vivo. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:024203. [PMID: 38348359 PMCID: PMC10861157 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.2.024203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The use of bioluminescence as a reporter for physiology in neuroscience is as old as the discovery of the calcium-dependent photon emission of aequorin. Over the years, luciferases have been largely replaced by fluorescent reporters, but recently, the field has seen a renaissance of bioluminescent probes, catalyzed by unique developments in imaging technology, bioengineering, and biochemistry to produce luciferases with previously unseen colors and intensity. This is not surprising as the advantages of bioluminescence make luciferases very attractive for noninvasive, longitudinal in vivo observations without the need of an excitation light source. Here, we review how the development of dedicated and specific sensor-luciferases afforded, among others, transcranial imaging of calcium and neurotransmitters, or cellular metabolites and physical quantities such as forces and membrane voltage. Further, the increased versatility and light output of luciferases have paved the way for a new field of functional bioluminescence optogenetics, in which the photon emission of the luciferase is coupled to the gating of a photosensor, e.g., a channelrhodopsin and we review how they have been successfully used to engineer synthetic neuronal connections. Finally, we provide a primer to consider important factors in setting up functional bioluminescence experiments, with a particular focus on the genetic model Caenorhabditis elegans, and discuss the leading challenges that the field needs to overcome to regain a competitive advantage over fluorescence modalities. Together, our paper caters to experienced users of bioluminescence as well as novices who would like to experience the advantages of luciferases in their own hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Porta-de-la-Riva
- ICFO—Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis-Felipe Morales-Curiel
- ICFO—Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Carolina Gonzalez
- ICFO—Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Krieg
- ICFO—Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Morozova EP, Smoliarova TE, Lukyanenko KA, Kirillova MA, Volochaev MN, Kichkailo AS, Ranjan R, Kratasyuk VA. Metal-enhanced bioluminescence by detergent stabilized Ag and Au nanoparticles. Talanta 2023; 254:124157. [PMID: 36470014 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of microbial contamination is an important aspect of ensuring human food safety. One of the modern methods for the evaluation of microbial contamination is the estimation of the amount of ATP using firefly luciferase. In this case, the choice of an effective composition of the extraction buffer is crucial. In this study, we examined the influence of silver and gold nanoparticles on the firefly bioluminescent system during the ATP extraction process. It was found that gold nanoparticles stabilized with benzalkonium chloride and Triton X-100 enhanced bioluminescent system signal intensity due to metal-enhanced bioluminescence. Moreover, silver and gold nanoparticles could be used as extracting agents. So, using gold nanoparticles stabilized with BAC and Triton X-100 as ATP extraction agents with further detection by a bioluminescent system makes it possible to develop an ATP biosensor with higher sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta P Morozova
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia; Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia
| | | | - Kirill A Lukyanenko
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia; Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia
| | | | | | - Anna S Kichkailo
- Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
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3
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Tian X, Zhang Y, Li X, Xiong Y, Wu T, Ai HW. A luciferase prosubstrate and a red bioluminescent calcium indicator for imaging neuronal activity in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3967. [PMID: 35803917 PMCID: PMC9270435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although fluorescent indicators have been broadly utilized for monitoring bioactivities, fluorescence imaging, when applied to mammals, is limited to superficial targets or requires invasive surgical procedures. Thus, there is emerging interest in developing bioluminescent indicators for noninvasive mammalian imaging. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of neuronal activity is highly desired but hindered by insufficient photons needed to digitalize fast brain activities. In this work, we develop a luciferase prosubstrate deliverable at an increased dose and activated in vivo by nonspecific esterase. We further engineer a bright, bioluminescent indicator with robust responsiveness to calcium ions (Ca2+) and appreciable emission above 600 nm. Integration of these advantageous components enables the imaging of the activity of neuronal ensembles in awake mice minimally invasively with excellent signal-to-background and subsecond temporal resolution. This study thus establishes a paradigm for studying brain function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Tian
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Yiyu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Tianchen Wu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Hui-Wang Ai
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- The UVA Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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4
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Berglund K, Stern MA, Gross RE. Bioluminescence-Optogenetics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:281-293. [PMID: 33398820 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we introduce a relatively new, emerging method for molecular neuromodulation-bioluminescence-optogenetics. Bioluminescence-optogenetics is mediated by luminopsin fusion proteins-light-sensing opsins fused to light-emitting luciferases. We describe their structures and working mechanisms and discuss their unique benefits over conventional optogenetics and chemogenetics. We also summarize applications of bioluminescence-optogenetics in various neurological disease models in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Berglund
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Matthew A Stern
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert E Gross
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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5
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Syed AJ, Anderson JC. Applications of bioluminescence in biotechnology and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5668-5705. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01492c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescent probes have hugely benefited from the input of synthetic chemistry and protein engineering. Here we review the latest applications of these probes in biotechnology and beyond, with an eye on current limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha J. Syed
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
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6
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Massoud TF, Paulmurugan R. Molecular Imaging of Protein–Protein Interactions and Protein Folding. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Chen L, Chen Z, Zheng S, Fan L, Zhu L, Yu J, Tang C, Liu Q, Xiong Y. Study on mechanism of elemene reversing tumor multidrug resistance based on luminescence pharmacokinetics in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34928-34937. [PMID: 35514396 PMCID: PMC9056898 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00184h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While elemene (ELE) can reverse tumor multidrug resistance (MDR), the mechanisms for ELE reversing MDR remain unclear. Numerous studies have suggested that the efflux functionality of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, not their quantity, is more relevant to tumor MDR. However, no appropriate methods exist for real-time detection of the intracellular drug efflux caused by ABC transporters in vitro, especially in vivo, which hinders the examination of MDR reversal mechanisms. This study directly investigates the correlation between efflux functionality of ABC transporters and MDR reversal via ELE, using d-luciferin potassium salt (d-luc) as the chemotherapeutic substitute to study the intracellular drug efflux. Here, a luciferase reporter assay system combined with bioluminescence imaging confirmed that the efflux of d-luc from MCF-7/DOXFluc cells in vitro and in vivo was significantly reduced by ELE and when combined with Doxorubicin (DOX), ELE showed a synergistically anti-tumor effect in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the luminescence pharmacokinetics of d-luc in MCF-7/DOXFluc cells and pharmacodynamics of the combined ELE and DOX in vivo showed a great correlation, implying that d-luc might be used as a probe to study ABC transporters-mediated efflux in order to explore mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines reversing MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 311400 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 311400 Zhejiang China
- The First People's Hospital of Jiande Jiande 311600 Zhejiang China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 311400 Zhejiang China
| | - Luhui Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 311400 Zhejiang China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 311400 Zhejiang China
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control Hangzhou 310004 Zhejiang China
| | - Jiandong Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 311400 Zhejiang China
| | - Chaoyuan Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 311400 Zhejiang China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21231 USA
| | - Yang Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 311400 Zhejiang China
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8
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Gammon ST, Liu TW, Piwnica-Worms D. Interrogating Cellular Communication in Cancer with Genetically Encoded Imaging Reporters. Radiol Imaging Cancer 2020; 2:e190053. [PMID: 32803164 PMCID: PMC7398120 DOI: 10.1148/rycan.2020190053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells continuously communicate changes in their microenvironment, both locally and globally, with other cells in the organism. Integration of information arising from signaling networks impart continuous, time-dependent changes of cell function and phenotype. Use of genetically encoded reporters enable researchers to noninvasively monitor time-dependent changes in intercellular and intracellular signaling, which can be interrogated by macroscopic and microscopic optical imaging, nuclear medicine imaging, MRI, and even photoacoustic imaging techniques. Reporters enable noninvasive monitoring of changes in cell-to-cell proximity, transcription, translation, protein folding, protein association, protein degradation, drug action, and second messengers in real time. Because of their positive impact on preclinical research, attempts to improve the sensitivity and specificity of these reporters, and to develop new types and classes of reporters, remain an active area of investigation. A few reporters have migrated to proof-of-principle clinical demonstrations, and recent advances in genome editing technologies may enable the use of reporters in the context of genome-wide analysis and the imaging of complex genomic regulation in vivo that cannot be readily investigated through standard methodologies. The combination of genetically encoded imaging reporters with continuous improvements in other molecular biology techniques may enhance and expedite target discovery and drug development for cancer interventions and treatment. © RSNA, 2020.
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Biswal NC, Fu X, Jagtap JM, Shea MJ, Kumar V, Lords T, Roy R, Schiff R, Joshi A. In vivo longitudinal imaging of RNA interference-induced endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201900180. [PMID: 31595691 PMCID: PMC9229172 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer is a major obstacle in the treatment of patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of longitudinal, noninvasive and semiquantitative in vivo molecular imaging of resistance to three endocrine therapies by using an inducible fluorescence-labeled short hairpin RNA (shRNA) system in orthotopic mice xenograft tumors. We employed a dual fluorescent doxycycline (Dox)-regulated lentiviral inducer system to transfect ER+ MCF7L breast cancer cells, with green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression as a marker of transfection and red fluorescent protein (RFP) expression as a surrogate marker of Dox-induced tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) knockdown. Xenografted MCF7L tumor-bearing nude mice were randomized to therapies comprising estrogen deprivation, tamoxifen or an ER degrader (fulvestrant) and an estrogen-treated control group. Longitudinal imaging was performed by a home-built multispectral imaging system based on a cooled image intensified charge coupled device camera. The GFP signal, which corresponds to number of viable tumor cells, exhibited excellent correlation to caliper-measured tumor size (P << .05). RFP expression was substantially higher in mice exhibiting therapy resistance and strongly and significantly (P < 1e-7) correlated with the tumor size progression for the mice with shRNA-induced PTEN knockdown. PTEN loss was strongly correlated with resistance to estrogen deprivation, tamoxifen and fulvestrant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nrusingh C. Biswal
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondence Nrusingh C. Biswal, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 850. W Baltimore St, MD 21201, USA,
| | - Xiaoyong Fu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jaidip M. Jagtap
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Martin J. Shea
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vijetha Kumar
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tamika Lords
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ronita Roy
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amit Joshi
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Niu J, Shen L, Huang B, Ye F, Zhao L, Wang H, Deng Y, Tan W. Non-invasive bioluminescence imaging of HCoV-OC43 infection and therapy in the central nervous system of live mice. Antiviral Res 2019; 173:104646. [PMID: 31705922 PMCID: PMC7114176 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are important pathogens that cause upper respiratory tract infections and have neuroinvasive abilities; however, little is known about the dynamic infection process of CoVs in vivo, and there are currently no specific antiviral drugs to prevent or treat HCoV infection. Here, we verified the replication ability and pathogenicity of a reporter HCoV-OC43 strain expressing Renilla luciferase (Rluc; rOC43-ns2DelRluc) in mice with different genetic backgrounds (C57BL/6 and BALB/c). Additionally, we monitored the spatial and temporal progression of HCoV-OC43 through the central nervous system (CNS) of live BALB/c mice after intranasal or intracerebral inoculation with rOC43-ns2DelRluc. We found that rOC43-ns2DelRluc was fatal to suckling mice after intranasal inoculation, and that viral titers and Rluc expression were detected in the brains and spinal cords of mice infected with rOC43-ns2DelRluc. Moreover, viral replication was initially observed in the brain by non-invasive bioluminescence imaging before the infection spread to the spinal cord of BALB/c mice, consistent with its tropism in the CNS. Furthermore, the Rluc readout correlated with the HCoV replication ability and protein expression, which allowed quantification of antiviral activity in live mice. Additionally, we validated that chloroquine strongly inhibited rOC43-ns2DelRluc replication in vivo. These results provide new insights into the temporal and spatial dissemination of HCoV-OC43 in the CNS, and our methods provide an extremely sensitive platform for evaluating the efficacy of antiviral therapies to treat neuroinvasive HCoVs in live mice. We verified the pathogenicity of a reporter HCoV-OC43 strain expressing Renilla luciferase (rOC43-ns2DelRluc) in mice. HCoV-OC43 spatio-temporal progression in CNS of mice was monitored by non-invasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Chloroquine was validated strongly inhibited rOC43-ns2DelRluc replication in in live mice. rOC43-ns2DelRluc-based BLI was reported as a promising platform for non-invasively screening antiviral compounds in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Niu
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Liang Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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11
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Zhang JY, Tung JK, Wang Z, Yu SP, Gross RE, Wei L, Berglund K. Improved trafficking and expression of luminopsins for more efficient optical and pharmacological control of neuronal activity. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:481-490. [PMID: 31670406 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Luminopsins (LMOs) are chimeric proteins consisting of a luciferase fused to an opsin that provide control of neuronal activity, allowing for less cumbersome and less invasive optogenetic manipulation. It was previously shown that both an external light source and the luciferase substrate, coelenterazine (CTZ), could modulate activity of LMO-expressing neurons, although the magnitudes of the photoresponses remained subpar. In this study, we created an enhanced iteration of the excitatory luminopsin LMO3, termed eLMO3, that has improved membrane targeting due to the insertion of a Golgi trafficking signal sequence. In cortical neurons in culture, the expression of eLMO3 resulted in significant reductions in the formation of intracellular aggregates, as well as in a significant increase in total photocurrents. Furthermore, we corroborated the findings with injections of adeno-associated viral vectors into the deep layers of the somatosensory cortex (the barrel cortex) of male mice. We observed greatly reduced numbers of intracellular puncta in eLMO3-expressing cortical neurons compared to those expressing the original LMO3. Finally, we quantified CTZ-driven behavior, namely whisker-touching behavior, in male mice with LMO3 expression in the barrel cortex. After CTZ administration, mice with eLMO3 displayed significantly longer whisker responses than mice with LMO3. In summary, we have engineered the superior LMO by resolving membrane trafficking defects, and we demonstrated improved membrane targeting, greater photocurrents, and greater functional responses to stimulate with CTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Y Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jack K Tung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zuhui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert E Gross
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ken Berglund
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Berglund K, Gross RE. Opto-chemogenetics with luminopsins: A novel avenue for targeted control of neuronal activity. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:407-409. [PMID: 31157461 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Berglund
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert E Gross
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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13
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Nishihara R, Paulmurugan R, Nakajima T, Yamamoto E, Natarajan A, Afjei R, Hiruta Y, Iwasawa N, Nishiyama S, Citterio D, Sato M, Kim SB, Suzuki K. Highly bright and stable NIR-BRET with blue-shifted coelenterazine derivatives for deep-tissue imaging of molecular events in vivo. Theranostics 2019; 9:2646-2661. [PMID: 31131059 PMCID: PMC6525985 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is one of the most widely used optical platforms in molecular imaging, but it suffers from severe tissue attenuation and autoluminescence in vivo. Methods: Here, we developed a novel BLI platform on the basis of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) for achieving a ~300 nm blue-to-near infrared shift of the emission (NIR-BRET) by synthesizing an array of 18 novel coelenterazine (CTZ) derivatives, named "Bottle Blue (BBlue)" and a unique iRFP-linked RLuc8.6-535SG fusion protein as a probe. Results: The best NIR-BRET was achieved by tuning the emission peaks of the CTZ derivatives to a Soret band of the iRFP. In mammalian cells, BBlue2.3, one of the CTZ derivatives, emits light that is ~50-fold brighter than DBlueC when combined with RLuc8.6-535SG, which shows stable BL kinetics. When we used a caged version of BBLue2.3, it showed a BL half decay time of over 60 minutes while maintaining the higher signal sensitivity. This NIR BL is sufficiently brighter to be used for imaging live mammalian cells at single cell level, and also for imaging metastases in deep tissues in live mice without generating considerable autoluminescence. A single-chain probe developed based on this BLI platform allowed us to sensitively image ligand antagonist-specific activation of estrogen receptor in the NIR region. Conclusion: This unique optical platform provides the brightest NIR BLI template that can be used for imaging a diverse group of cellular events in living subjects including protein‒protein interactions and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nishihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Takahiro Nakajima
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Eiji Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Arutselvan Natarajan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Rayhaneh Afjei
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Yuki Hiruta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwasawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nishiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Sung Bae Kim
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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14
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Kleinovink JW, Mezzanotte L, Zambito G, Fransen MF, Cruz LJ, Verbeek JS, Chan A, Ossendorp F, Löwik C. A Dual-Color Bioluminescence Reporter Mouse for Simultaneous in vivo Imaging of T Cell Localization and Function. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3097. [PMID: 30671062 PMCID: PMC6333049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging technologies to visualize the location and functionality of T cells are of great value in immunology. Here, we describe the design and generation of a transgenic mouse in which all T cells constitutively express green-emitting click-beetle luciferase (CBG99) while expression of the red-emitting firefly luciferase (PpyRE9) is induced by Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT) such as during T cell activation, which allows multicolor bioluminescence imaging of T cell location and function. This dual-luciferase mouse, which we named TbiLuc, showed high constitutive luciferase expression in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen. Ex vivo purified CD8+ and CD4+ T cells both constitutively expressed luciferase, whereas B cells showed no detectable signal. We cross-bred TbiLuc mice to T cell receptor-transgenic OT-I mice to obtain luciferase-expressing naïve CD8+ T cells with defined antigen-specificity. TbiLuc*OT-I T cells showed a fully antigen-specific induction of the T cell activation-dependent luciferase. In vaccinated mice, we visualized T cell localization and activation in vaccine-draining lymph nodes with high sensitivity using two distinct luciferase substrates, D-luciferin and CycLuc1, of which the latter specifically reacts with the PpyRE9 enzyme. This dual-luciferase T cell reporter mouse can be applied in many experimental models studying the location and functional state of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem Kleinovink
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Tumor Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Optical Molecular Imaging, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Giorgia Zambito
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Optical Molecular Imaging, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Medres, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marieke F Fransen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Tumor Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Luis J Cruz
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alan Chan
- Percuros B.V., Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Tumor Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Clemens Löwik
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Optical Molecular Imaging, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Oncology, CHUV Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Perdiguero B, Gómez CE, Esteban M. Bioluminescence Imaging as a Tool for Poxvirus Biology. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2023:269-285. [PMID: 31240684 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9593-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging, with luciferase as a reporter-encoding gene, has been successfully and widely used for studies to follow viral infection in an organism and to measure therapeutic efficacy of antiviral agents in small animal models. Bioluminescence is produced by the reaction of a luciferase enzyme stably inserted into the viral genome with a defined substrate systemically delivered into the animal. The light emitted is captured allowing the detection of viral infection sites and the quantification of viral replication in the context of tissues of a living animal. The goal of this chapter is to provide a technical background for the evaluation of poxvirus infection in cells and animals through bioluminescence imaging technology using luciferase-expressing recombinant poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Iwano S, Sugiyama M, Hama H, Watakabe A, Hasegawa N, Kuchimaru T, Tanaka KZ, Takahashi M, Ishida Y, Hata J, Shimozono S, Namiki K, Fukano T, Kiyama M, Okano H, Kizaka-Kondoh S, McHugh TJ, Yamamori T, Hioki H, Maki S, Miyawaki A. Single-cell bioluminescence imaging of deep tissue in freely moving animals. Science 2018; 359:935-939. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Dendritic polymers or dendrimers present an alternate template for the development of nanoparticulate-based drug delivery and imaging systems. The smaller size (~7-12 nm) of dendrimers have the advantage over the other particles, because its smaller size can possibly improve tumor penetration and the inclusion of tumor specific drug release mechanisms. A Paramagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (PARACEST) MRI contrast agent, Eu-DOTA-Gly4 or a clinical relevant Gd-DOTA was conjugated on the surface of a G5 PAMAM dendrimer. To create a dual mode MRI-optical imaging nanoparticle, Dylight680 was also incorporated on the amines surface of a G5 dendrimer. The particle was detected with in vivo MRI in preclinical glioma animal model. Furthermore, noninvasive imaging results were validated with in vivo and ex-vivo optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meser M Ali
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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18
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Jones KA, Porterfield WB, Rathbun CM, McCutcheon DC, Paley MA, Prescher JA. Orthogonal Luciferase-Luciferin Pairs for Bioluminescence Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2351-2358. [PMID: 28106389 PMCID: PMC5452985 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging with luciferase-luciferin pairs is widely used in biomedical research. Several luciferases have been identified in nature, and many have been adapted for tracking cells in whole animals. Unfortunately, the optimal luciferases for imaging in vivo utilize the same substrate and therefore cannot easily differentiate multiple cell types in a single subject. To develop a broader set of distinguishable probes, we crafted custom luciferins that can be selectively processed by engineered luciferases. Libraries of mutant enzymes were iteratively screened with sterically modified luciferins, and orthogonal enzyme-substrate "hits" were identified. These tools produced light when complementary enzyme-substrate partners interacted both in vitro and in cultured cell models. Based on their selectivity, these designer pairs will bolster multicomponent imaging and enable the direct interrogation of cell networks not currently possible with existing tools. Our screening platform is also general and will expedite the identification of more unique luciferases and luciferins, further expanding the bioluminescence toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysten A. Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Colin M. Rathbun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Miranda A. Paley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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19
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Suzuki K, Kimura T, Shinoda H, Bai G, Daniels MJ, Arai Y, Nakano M, Nagai T. Five colour variants of bright luminescent protein for real-time multicolour bioimaging. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13718. [PMID: 27966527 PMCID: PMC5171807 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminescence imaging has gained attention as a promising bio-imaging modality in situations where fluorescence imaging cannot be applied. However, wider application to multicolour and dynamic imaging is limited by the lack of bright luminescent proteins with emissions across the visible spectrum. Here we report five new spectral variants of the bright luminescent protein, enhanced Nano-lantern (eNL), made by concatenation of the brightest luciferase, NanoLuc, with various colour hues of fluorescent proteins. eNLs allow five-colour live-cell imaging, as well as detection of single protein complexes and even single molecules. We also develop an eNL-based Ca2+ indicator with a 500% signal change, which can image spontaneous Ca2+ dynamics in cardiomyocyte and neural cell models. These eNL probes facilitate not only multicolour imaging in living cells but also sensitive imaging of a wide repertoire of proteins, even at very low expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taichi Kimura
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hajime Shinoda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Guirong Bai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Matthew J Daniels
- BHF Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, West Wing Level 6, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Yoshiyuki Arai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakano
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
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20
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Xing S, Wallmeroth N, Berendzen KW, Grefen C. Techniques for the Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions in Vivo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:727-58. [PMID: 27208310 PMCID: PMC4902627 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identifying key players and their interactions is fundamental for understanding biochemical mechanisms at the molecular level. The ever-increasing number of alternative ways to detect protein-protein interactions (PPIs) speaks volumes about the creativity of scientists in hunting for the optimal technique. PPIs derived from single experiments or high-throughput screens enable the decoding of binary interactions, the building of large-scale interaction maps of single organisms, and the establishment of cross-species networks. This review provides a historical view of the development of PPI technology over the past three decades, particularly focusing on in vivo PPI techniques that are inexpensive to perform and/or easy to implement in a state-of-the-art molecular biology laboratory. Special emphasis is given to their feasibility and application for plant biology as well as recent improvements or additions to these established techniques. The biology behind each method and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail, as are the design, execution, and evaluation of PPI analysis. We also aim to raise awareness about the technological considerations and the inherent flaws of these methods, which may have an impact on the biological interpretation of PPIs. Ultimately, we hope this review serves as a useful reference when choosing the most suitable PPI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Xing
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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21
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Schaub FX, Reza MS, Flaveny CA, Li W, Musicant AM, Hoxha S, Guo M, Cleveland JL, Amelio AL. Fluorophore-NanoLuc BRET Reporters Enable Sensitive In Vivo Optical Imaging and Flow Cytometry for Monitoring Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5023-33. [PMID: 26424696 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins are widely used to study molecular and cellular events, yet this traditionally relies on delivery of excitation light, which can trigger autofluorescence, photoxicity, and photobleaching, impairing their use in vivo. Accordingly, chemiluminescent light sources such as those generated by luciferases have emerged, as they do not require excitation light. However, current luciferase reporters lack the brightness needed to visualize events in deep tissues. We report the creation of chimeric eGFP-NanoLuc (GpNLuc) and LSSmOrange-NanoLuc (OgNLuc) fusion reporter proteins coined LumiFluors, which combine the benefits of eGFP or LSSmOrange fluorescent proteins with the bright, glow-type bioluminescent light generated by an enhanced small luciferase subunit (NanoLuc) of the deep-sea shrimp Oplophorus gracilirostris. The intramolecular bioluminescence resonance energy transfer that occurs between NanoLuc and the fused fluorophore generates the brightest bioluminescent signal known to date, including improved intensity, sensitivity, and durable spectral properties, thereby dramatically reducing image acquisition times and permitting highly sensitive in vivo imaging. Notably, the self-illuminating and bifunctional nature of these LumiFluor reporters enables greatly improved spatiotemporal monitoring of very small numbers of tumor cells via in vivo optical imaging and also allows the isolation and analyses of single cells by flow cytometry. Thus, LumiFluor reporters are inexpensive, robust, noninvasive tools that allow for markedly improved in vivo optical imaging of tumorigenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz X Schaub
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Md Shamim Reza
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Colin A Flaveny
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Adele M Musicant
- UNC Biological and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sany Hoxha
- Scripps Graduate Program, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida
| | - John L Cleveland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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22
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Dugué GP, Tricoire L. [Principles and applications of optogenetics in neuroscience]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:291-303. [PMID: 25855283 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153103015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous achievements in biology have resulted from the evolution of biophotonics, a general term describing the use of light in the study of living systems. Over the last fifteen years, biophotonics has progressively blended with molecular genetics to give rise to optogenetics, a set of techniques enabling the functional study of genetically-defined cellular populations, compartments or processes with optical methods. In neuroscience, optogenetics allows real-time monitoring and control of the activity of specific neuronal populations in a wide range of animal models. This technical breakthrough provides a new level of sophistication in experimental approaches in the field of fundamental neuroscience, significantly enhancing our ability to understand the complexity of neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P Dugué
- CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, IBENS S4.9, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- CNRS UMR 8246, Inserm U1130, université Pierre et Marie Curie UM CR119, 9, quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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23
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Mann A, Semenenko I, Meir M, Eyal S. Molecular Imaging of Membrane Transporters' Activity in Cancer: a Picture is Worth a Thousand Tubes. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:788-801. [PMID: 25823669 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging allows the non-invasive assessment of membrane transporter expression and function in living subjects. Such technologies have the potential to become diagnostic and prognostic tools, allowing detection, localization, and prediction of response of tumors and their metastases to therapy. Beyond tumors, imaging can also help understand the role of transporters in adverse drug effects and drug clearance. Here, we review molecular imaging technologies that monitor transporter-mediated processes. We emphasize emerging probe substrates and potential clinical applications of imaging the function of membrane transporters in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniv Mann
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Room 613, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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24
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Noninvasive bioluminescence imaging of α-synuclein oligomerization in mouse brain using split firefly luciferase reporters. J Neurosci 2015; 34:16518-32. [PMID: 25471588 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4933-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (αSYN) aggregation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. In this multistep process, oligomerization of αSYN monomers is the first step in the formation of fibrils and intracytoplasmic inclusions. Although αSYN oligomers are generally considered to be the culprit of these diseases, the methodology currently available to follow-up oligomerization in cells and in brain is inadequate. We developed a split firefly luciferase complementation system to visualize oligomerization of viral vector-encoded αSYN fusion proteins. αSYN oligomerization resulted in successful luciferase complementation in cell culture and in mouse brain. Oligomerization of αSYN was monitored noninvasively with bioluminescence imaging in the mouse striatum and substantia nigra up to 8 months after injection. Moreover, the visualized αSYN oligomers retained their toxic and aggregation properties in both model systems. Next, the effect of two small molecules, FK506 and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), known to inhibit αSYN fibril formation, was investigated. FK506 inhibited the observed αSYN oligomerization both in cell culture and in mouse brain. In conclusion, the split firefly luciferase-αSYN complementation assay will increase our insight in the role of αSYN oligomers in synucleinopathies and opens new opportunities to evaluate potential αSYN-based neuroprotective therapies.
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25
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Frentzen A, Geissinger U, Tsoneva D, Stritzker J. Use of GLV-1h68 for Vaccinia Virotherapy and Monitoring. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1317:225-237. [PMID: 26072410 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2727-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe the use of the vaccinia virus strain GLV-1h68 as a theragnostic agent in cancer models. To date, GLV-1h68 has been used successfully in more than 50 xenograft tumor models. The recombinant vaccinia virus strain has been equipped with heterologous expression cassettes for a luciferase-fluorescent protein fusion gene, bacterial beta-galactosidase, as well as a bacterial glucuronidase. The methods to investigate and monitor GLV-1h68 mediated virotherapy, including optical imaging and biomarker analysis, will be presented in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Frentzen
- Genelux Corporation, 3030 Bunker Hill St, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
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26
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Van Reet N, Van de Vyver H, Pyana PP, Van der Linden AM, Büscher P. A panel of Trypanosoma brucei strains tagged with blue and red-shifted luciferases for bioluminescent imaging in murine infection models. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3054. [PMID: 25144573 PMCID: PMC4140678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic engineering with luciferase reporter genes allows monitoring Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.) infections in mice by in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Until recently, luminescent T.b. models were based on Renilla luciferase (RLuc) activity. Our study aimed at evaluating red-shifted luciferases for in vivo BLI in a set of diverse T.b. strains of all three subspecies, including some recently isolated from human patients. Methodology/Principal findings We transfected T.b. brucei, T.b. rhodesiense and T.b. gambiense strains with either RLuc, click beetle red (CBR) or Photinus pyralis RE9 (PpyRE9) luciferase and characterised their in vitro luciferase activity, growth profile and drug sensitivity, and their potential for in vivo BLI. Compared to RLuc, the red-shifted luciferases, CBR and PpyRE9, allow tracking of T.b. brucei AnTaR 1 trypanosomes with higher details on tissue distribution, and PpyRE9 allows detection of the parasites with a sensitivity of at least one order of magnitude higher than CBR luciferase. With CBR-tagged T.b. gambiense LiTaR1, T.b. rhodesiense RUMPHI and T.b. gambiense 348 BT in an acute, subacute and chronic infection model respectively, we observed differences in parasite tropism for murine tissues during in vivo BLI. Ex vivo BLI on the brain confirmed central nervous system infection by all luminescent strains of T.b. brucei AnTaR 1, T.b. rhodesiense RUMPHI and T.b. gambiense 348 BT. Conclusions/Significance We established a genetically and phenotypically diverse collection of bioluminescent T.b. brucei, T.b. gambiense and T.b. rhodesiense strains, including drug resistant strains. For in vivo BLI monitoring of murine infections, we recommend trypanosome strains transfected with red-shifted luciferase reporter genes, such as CBR and PpyRE9. Red-shifted luciferases can be detected with a higher sensitivity in vivo and at the same time they improve the spatial resolution of the parasites in the entire body due to the better kinetics of their substrate D-luciferin. Research on African trypanosomes heavily relies on rodent infection models. One way to reduce the number of laboratory rodents used in each experiment and effectively follow the progression of the infection in the same animals is to use genetically modified trypanosomes that allow monitoring of the infection over time with bioluminescence technology, without having to sacrifice the animals at multiple time points. In this study, we were able to establish a collection of bioluminescent strains of all three subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.), including T.b. gambiense and T.b. rhodesiense that cause human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness. Making use of bioluminescence assays, we demonstrate the diversity of our collection in terms of in vitro and in vivo growth, drug sensitivity and in vivo parasite distribution, including central nervous system tropism. Growth characteristics and drug sensitivity are not affected by the genetic modification with luciferase reporter genes. Trypanosome strains transfected with red-shifted luciferase reporter genes have several advantages compared to the corresponding blue luciferase modified strains. Red light is less absorbed in the blood than blue light, which should lead to higher sensitivity of detection. Furthermore, the substrates that drive the light reaction are better distributed through the body for the red luciferase than for the blue luciferase, which greatly improves spatial resolution of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Van Reet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Hélène Van de Vyver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Patient Pati Pyana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Département de Parasitologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa Gombe, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Anne Marie Van der Linden
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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27
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Vargas JR, Stanzl EG, Teng NNH, Wender PA. Cell-penetrating, guanidinium-rich molecular transporters for overcoming efflux-mediated multidrug resistance. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2553-65. [PMID: 24798708 PMCID: PMC4123947 DOI: 10.1021/mp500161z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major
cause of chemotherapy failure
in the clinic. Drugs that were once effective against naïve
disease subsequently prove ineffective against recurrent disease,
which often exhibits an MDR phenotype. MDR can be attributed to many
factors; often dominating among these is the ability of a cell to
suppress or block drug entry through upregulation of membrane-bound
drug efflux pumps. Efflux pumps exhibit polyspecificity, recognizing
and exporting many different types of drugs, especially those whose
lipophilic nature contributes to residence in the membrane. We have
developed a general strategy to overcome efflux-based resistance.
This strategy involves conjugating a known drug that succumbs to efflux-mediated
resistance to a cell-penetrating molecular transporter, specifically,
the cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), d-octaarginine. The resultant
conjugates are discrete single entities (not particle mixtures) and
highly water-soluble. They rapidly enter cells, are not substrates
for efflux pumps, and release the free drug only after cellular entry
at a rate controlled by linker design and favored by target cell chemistry.
This general strategy can be applied to many classes of drugs and
allows for an exceptionally rapid advance to clinical testing, especially
of drugs that succumb to resistance. The efficacy of this strategy
has been successfully demonstrated with Taxol in cellular and animal
models of resistant cancer and with ex vivo samples from patients
with ovarian cancer. Next generation efforts in this area will involve
the extension of this strategy to other chemotherapeutics and other
MDR-susceptible diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Vargas
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Lawlor D, Martin P, Busschots S, Thery J, O'Leary JJ, Hennessy BT, Stordal B. PARP Inhibitors as P-glyoprotein Substrates. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1913-20. [PMID: 24700236 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of PARP inhibitors olaparib, veliparib, and CEP-8983 were investigated in two P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpressing drug-resistant cell models (IGROVCDDP and KB-8-5-11). IGROVCDDP and KB-8-5-11 were both resistant to olaparib and resistance was reversible with the P-gp inhibitors elacridar, zosuquidar, and valspodar. In contrast, the P-gp overexpressing models were not resistant to veliparib or CEP-8983. Olaparib and veliparib did not induce protein expression of P-gp in IGROVCDDP or KB-8-5-11 at doses that successfully inhibit PARP. Olaparib therefore appears to be a P-gp substrate. Veliparib and CEP-8983 do not appear to be substrates. Veliparib and CEP-8983 may therefore be more useful in combined chemotherapy regimens with P-gp substrates and may be active in platinum and taxane-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Lawlor
- Department of Histopathology, St James' Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
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30
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New researches and application progress of commonly used optical molecular imaging technology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:429198. [PMID: 24696850 PMCID: PMC3947735 DOI: 10.1155/2014/429198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Optical molecular imaging, a new medical imaging technique, is developed based on genomics, proteomics and modern optical imaging technique, characterized by non-invasiveness, non-radiativity, high cost-effectiveness, high resolution, high sensitivity and simple operation in comparison with conventional imaging modalities. Currently, it has become one of the most widely used molecular imaging techniques and has been applied in gene expression regulation and activity detection, biological development and cytological detection, drug research and development, pathogenesis research, pharmaceutical effect evaluation and therapeutic effect evaluation, and so forth, This paper will review the latest researches and application progresses of commonly used optical molecular imaging techniques such as bioluminescence imaging and fluorescence molecular imaging.
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Abstract
Ligand binding to cell surface receptors activates signaling pathways in normal and pathologic conditions, and internalized ligand-receptor complexes may continue to signal from endosomes. Accessibility of cell surface receptors and the central function of ligand-receptor binding in signal transduction make ligand binding a prime target for therapeutic agents. We describe a Gaussia luciferase complementation method for imaging ligand-receptor binding in cell-based assays and living mice. While we illustrate this imaging method for chemokine ligand CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7, this imaging strategy can be generalized to a large number of ligand-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
Over the last three decades, imaging has been a thriving field with continuous egression of more reliable and highly sophisticated tools and techniques allowing better understanding of biological processes in living organisms. This field continues to expand and its applications broaden to encompass limitless applications in various biomedical research areas. It is however, of utmost importance to understand the capabilities and limitations of this technique as new challenges and hurdles continue to arise. This chapter describes the general properties of bioluminescence imaging and commonly used reporters while underlining the challenges and limitations with these modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Badr
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Lindberg E, Mizukami S, Ibata K, Miyawaki A, Kikuchi K. Development of luminescent coelenterazine derivatives activatable by β-galactosidase for monitoring dual gene expression. Chemistry 2013; 19:14970-6. [PMID: 24105816 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two bioluminogenic caged coelenterazine derivatives (bGalCoel and bGalNoCoel) were designed and synthesized to detect β-galactosidase activity and expression by means of bioluminescence imaging. Our approach addresses the instability of coelenterazine by introducing β-galactose caging groups to block the auto-oxidation of coelenterazine. Both probes contain β-galactosidase cleavable caging groups at the carbonyl group of the imidazo-pyrazinone moiety. One of the probes in particular, bGalNoCoel, displayed a fast cleavage profile, high stability, and high specificity for β-galactosidase over other glycoside hydrolases. bGalN-oCoel could detect β-galactosidase activity in living HEK-293T cell cultures that expressed a mutant Gaussia luciferase. It was determined that coelenterazine readily diffuses in and out of cells after uncaging by β-galactosidase. We showed that this new caged coelenterazine derivative, bGalNoCoel, could function as a dual-enzyme substrate and detect enzyme activity across two separate cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lindberg
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 6-6879-7925
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Novel split-luciferase-based genetically encoded biosensors for noninvasive visualization of Rho GTPases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62230. [PMID: 23614039 PMCID: PMC3627919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family GTPases are critical regulators of many important cellular processes and the dysregulation of their activities is implicated in a variety of human diseases including oncogenesis and propagation of malignancy. The traditional methods, such as “pull-down” or two-hybrid procedures, are poorly suited to dynamically evaluate the activity of Rho GTPases, especially in living mammalian cells. To provide a novel alternative approach to analyzing Rho GTPase-associated signaling pathways in vivo, we developed a series of bioluminescent biosensors based on the genetically engineered firefly luciferase. These split-luciferase-based biosensors enable non-invasive visualization and quantification of the activity of Rho GTPases in living subjects. The strategy is to reasonably split the gene of firefly luciferase protein into two inactive fragments and then respectively fuse the two fragments to Rho GTPase and the GTPase-binding domain (GBD) of the specific effector. Upon Rho GTPase interacting with the binding domain in a GTP-dependent manner, these two luciferase fragments are brought into close proximity, leading to luciferase reconstitution and photon production in the presence of the substrate. Using these bimolecular luminescence complementation (BiLC) biosensors, we successfully visualized and quantified the activities of the three best characterized Rho GTPases by measuring the luminescence in living cells. We also experimentally investigated the sensitivity of these Rho GTPase biosensors to upstream regulatory proteins and extracellular ligands without lysing cells and doing labor-intensive works. By virtue of the unique functional characteristics of bioluminescence imaging, the BiLC-based biosensors provide an enormous potential for in vivo imaging of Rho GTPase signaling pathways and high-throughput screening of therapeutic drugs targeted to Rho GTPases and (or) upstream molecules in the near future.
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35
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Kocher B, Piwnica-Worms D. Illuminating cancer systems with genetically engineered mouse models and coupled luciferase reporters in vivo. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:616-29. [PMID: 23585416 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is a powerful noninvasive tool that has dramatically accelerated the in vivo interrogation of cancer systems and longitudinal analysis of mouse models of cancer over the past decade. Various luciferase enzymes have been genetically engineered into mouse models (GEMM) of cancer, which permit investigation of cellular and molecular events associated with oncogenic transcription, posttranslational processing, protein-protein interactions, transformation, and oncogene addiction in live cells and animals. Luciferase-coupled GEMMs ultimately serve as a noninvasive, repetitive, longitudinal, and physiologic means by which cancer systems and therapeutic responses can be investigated accurately within the autochthonous context of a living animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Kocher
- Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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36
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Aswendt M, Adamczak J, Couillard-Despres S, Hoehn M. Boosting bioluminescence neuroimaging: an optimized protocol for brain studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55662. [PMID: 23405190 PMCID: PMC3566035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging is widely used for optical cell tracking approaches. However, reliable and quantitative bioluminescence of transplanted cells in the brain is highly challenging. In this study we established a new bioluminescence imaging protocol dedicated for neuroimaging, which increases sensitivity especially for noninvasive tracking of brain cell grafts. Different D-Luciferin concentrations (15, 150, 300 and 750 mg/kg), injection routes (iv, ip, sc), types of anesthesia (Isoflurane, Ketamine/Xylazine, Pentobarbital) and timing of injection were compared using DCX-Luc transgenic mice for brain specific bioluminescence. Luciferase kinetics was quantitatively evaluated for maximal photon emission, total photon emission and time-to-peak. Photon emission followed a D-Luciferin dose-dependent relation without saturation, but with delay in time-to-peak increasing for increasing concentrations. The comparison of intravenous, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal substrate injection reflects expected pharmacokinetics with fastest and highest photon emission for intravenous administration. Ketamine/Xylazine and Pentobarbital anesthesia showed no significant beneficial effect on maximal photon emission. However, a strong difference in outcome was observed by injecting the substrate pre Isoflurane anesthesia. This protocol optimization for brain specific bioluminescence imaging comprises injection of 300 mg/kg D-Luciferin pre Isoflurane anesthesia as an efficient and stable method with a signal gain of approx. 200% (compared to 150 mg/kg post Isoflurane). Gain in sensitivity by the novel imaging protocol was quantitatively assessed by signal-to-noise calculations of luciferase-expressing neural stem cells grafted into mouse brains (transplantation of 3,000–300,000 cells). The optimized imaging protocol lowered the detection limit from 6,000 to 3,000 cells by a gain in signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Aswendt
- In-Vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joanna Adamczak
- In-Vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- In-Vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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37
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Li J, Chen L, Du L, Li M. Cage the firefly luciferin! – a strategy for developing bioluminescent probes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:662-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35249d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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38
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Vande Velde G, Couillard-Després S, Aigner L, Himmelreich U, van der Linden A. In situ labeling and imaging of endogenous neural stem cell proliferation and migration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:663-79. [PMID: 22933366 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous neural stem cells (eNSCs) reside in defined regions of the adult brain and have the potential to generate new brain cells, including neurons. Stimulation of adult neurogenesis presents an enormous potential for regenerative therapies in the central nervous system. However, the methods used to monitor the proliferation, migration, differentiation, and functional integration of eNSCs and their progeny are often invasive and limited in studying dynamic processes. To overcome this limitation, novel techniques and contrast mechanisms for in vivo imaging of neurogenesis have recently been developed and successfully applied. In vivo labeling of endogenous neuronal progenitor cells in situ with contrast agents or tracers enables longitudinal visualization of their proliferation and/or migration. Labeling of these cells with magnetic nanoparticles has proven to be very useful for tracking neuroblast migration with MRI. Alternatively, genetic labeling using reporter gene technology has been demonstrated for optical and MR imaging, leading to the development of powerful tools for in vivo optical imaging of neurogenesis. More recently, the iron storage protein ferritin has been used as an endogenously produced MRI contrast agent to monitor neuroblast migration. The use of specific promoters for neuronal progenitor cell imaging increases the specificity for visualizing neurogenesis. Further improvements of detection sensitivity and neurogenesis-specific contrast are nevertheless required for each of these imaging techniques to further improve the already high utility of this toolbox for preclinical neurogenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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39
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Imaging of Cells and Nanoparticles: Implications for Drug Delivery to the Brain. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3213-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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40
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Huang NF, Okogbaa J, Babakhanyan A, Cooke JP. Bioluminescence imaging of stem cell-based therapeutics for vascular regeneration. Theranostics 2012; 2:346-54. [PMID: 22509198 PMCID: PMC3326722 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapeutics show promise for treatment of vascular diseases. However, the survival of the cells after in vivo injection into diseased tissues remains a concern. In the advent of non-invasive optical imaging techniques such as bioluminescence imaging (BLI), cell localization and survival can be easily monitored over time. This approach has recently been applied towards monitoring stem cell treatments for vascular regeneration of the coronary or peripheral arteries. In this review, we will describe the application of BLI for tracking transplanted stem cells and associating their viability with therapeutic efficacy, in preclinical disease models of vascular disease.
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41
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Wang H, Zhu D, Wu Z, Zhou Q. [Establishment of the cell line that human lung adenocarcinoma can stably express luciferase which is absent of nm23-H1 expression and detecting its luminescence
in vitro and in vivo]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2012; 15:152-8. [PMID: 22429578 PMCID: PMC5999874 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2012.03.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 在实验动物存活条件下,通过活体成像技术能探测到标记有萤火虫荧光素酶(luc)基因的肿瘤细胞在体内的分布情况。本研究旨在稳定表达nm23-H1 shRNA的人肺腺癌细胞株A549中,建立能稳定表达萤火虫荧光素酶的发光细胞株A549/nm23-H1-shRNA-luc,并检测其体内外发光情况,为下一步相关的体内实验提供实验材料。 方法 通过浓度梯度法测定A549/nm23-H1-shRNA细胞的潮霉素最佳筛选浓度,将带有萤火虫荧光素酶基因的PGL4.50质粒转入A549/nm23-H1-shRNA细胞中,利用潮霉素筛选单克隆细胞株A549/nm23-H1-shRNA-luc,并采用生物发光技术对单克隆细胞株进行阳性鉴定并挑选发光最强的1个克隆分析其表达荧光素酶的稳定性。为检测A549/nm23-H1-shRNA-luc细胞在体内发光的稳定性,将A549/nm23-H1-shRNA-luc细胞接种于10只裸鼠右后腹股沟皮下之后,并随机分为两组,每组5只裸鼠,运用活体成像系统观察成像情况。 结果 A549/nm23-H1-shRNA-luc细胞的潮霉素最佳筛选浓度为300 μg/mL。经过潮霉素筛选所建立的A549/nm23-H1-shRNA-luc细胞株能在体外稳定表达荧光素酶,细胞数(x)和生物发光值(y)呈直线相关,回归方程是:y=3, 699.9x+992, 237,R2=0.975, 1。为评估此细胞株在体内生物发光的稳定性,将细胞种植进入10只裸鼠并随机分成两组,结果显示体内生物发光值差异不具有统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 成功建立了能持续、稳定表达荧光素酶的A549/nm23-H1-shRNA-luc细胞株。
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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42
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Keyaerts M, Caveliers V, Lahoutte T. Bioluminescence imaging: looking beyond the light. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:164-72. [PMID: 22321645 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) enables in vivo imaging of molecular and cellular processes. It has gained in popularity over the past decade because of its easy translation from in vitro to in vivo experiments, its sensitivity, and its ease of use. However, experience in applying BLI in living subjects is still limited, and many researchers have encountered unexpected or biased BLI readout and reported important influencing factors. In this review, we summarize both the biological and physical effects that occur at the enzyme level or during light propagation towards the camera. The knowledge and detection of such factors, together with the development of new strategies and better BLI compounds, will improve the accuracy of the technique in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Keyaerts
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI) Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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43
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Dilnawaz F, Singh A, Mewar S, Sharma U, Jagannathan NR, Sahoo SK. The transport of non-surfactant based paclitaxel loaded magnetic nanoparticles across the blood brain barrier in a rat model. Biomaterials 2012; 33:2936-51. [PMID: 22264522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is much interest in utilizing the intrinsic properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the theranostic approaches in medicine. With an aim to develop a potential therapeutics for glioma treatment, efficacy of aqueous dispersible paclitaxel loaded MNPs (Pac-MNPs) were studied in glioblastoma cell line (U-87). The identified potential receptor, glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) overexpressed by glioblastoma cells, was actively targeted using GPNMB conjugated Pac-MNPs in U-87 cells. As blood brain barrier (BBB) is the primary impediment in the treatment of glioblastoma, therefore, an attempt was taken to evaluate the biodistribution and brain uptake of Pac-MNPs in rats. The bioavailability of Pac-MNPs illustrated a prolonged blood circulation in vivo, which demonstrated the presence of significant amounts of drug in rat brain tissues as compared to native paclitaxel. Further, the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study revealed significant accumulation of the Pac-MNPs in the brain tissues. Being an effective contrast enhancement agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at tissue levels, the MNPs devoid of any surfactant demonstrated enhanced contrast effect in liver and brain imaging. Hence, the significant prevalence of drugs in the rat brain tissues, in vitro targeting potentiality as well as the augmented contrast effect elicit the non-invasive assessment and theranostic applications of MNPs for brain tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Dilnawaz
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, Orissa, India
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44
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Zaitseva M, Kapnick S, Golding H. Measurements of vaccinia virus dissemination using whole body imaging: approaches for predicting of lethality in challenge models and testing of vaccines and antiviral treatments. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 890:161-76. [PMID: 22688767 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-876-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical evaluation of novel anti-smallpox vaccines and antiviral treatments often rely on mouse -challenge models using pathogenic vaccinia virus, such as Western Reserve (WR) strain or other orthopoxviruses. Traditionally, efficacy of treatment is evaluated using various readouts, such as lethality (rare), measurements of body weight loss, pox lesion scoring, and determination of viral loads in internal organs by enumerating plaques in sensitive cell lines. These methodologies provide valuable information about the contribution of the treatment to protection from infection, yet all have similar limitations: they do not evaluate dissemination of the virus within the same animal and require large numbers of animals. These two problems prompted us to turn to a recently developed whole body imaging technology, where replication of recombinant vaccinia virus expressing luciferase enzyme (WRvFire) is sensed by detecting light emitted by the enzyme in the presence of D: -luciferin substrate administered to infected animal. Bioluminescence signals from infected organs in live animals are registered by the charge-coupled device camera in IVIS instrument developed by Caliper, and are converted into numerical values. This chapter describes whole body bioimaging methodology used to determine viral loads in normal live BALB/c mice infected with recombinant WRvFire vaccinia virus. Using Dryvax vaccination as a model, we show how bioluminescence data can be used to determine efficacy of treatment. In addition, we illustrate how bioluminescence and survival outcome can be combined in Receiver Operating Characteristic curve -analysis to develop predictive models of lethality that can be applied for testing of new therapeutics and second-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zaitseva
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
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45
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Li JF, Bush J, Xiong Y, Li L, McCormack M. Large-scale protein-protein interaction analysis in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts by split firefly luciferase complementation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27364. [PMID: 22096563 PMCID: PMC3212559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) constitute the regulatory network that coordinates diverse cellular functions. There are growing needs in plant research for creating protein interaction maps behind complex cellular processes and at a systems biology level. However, only a few approaches have been successfully used for large-scale surveys of PPIs in plants, each having advantages and disadvantages. Here we present split firefly luciferase complementation (SFLC) as a highly sensitive and noninvasive technique for in planta PPI investigation. In this assay, the separate halves of a firefly luciferase can come into close proximity and transiently restore its catalytic activity only when their fusion partners, namely the two proteins of interest, interact with each other. This assay was conferred with quantitativeness and high throughput potential when the Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplast system and a microplate luminometer were employed for protein expression and luciferase measurement, respectively. Using the SFLC assay, we could monitor the dynamics of rapamycin-induced and ascomycin-disrupted interaction between Arabidopsis FRB and human FKBP proteins in a near real-time manner. As a proof of concept for large-scale PPI survey, we further applied the SFLC assay to testing 132 binary PPIs among 8 auxin response factors (ARFs) and 12 Aux/IAA proteins from Arabidopsis. Our results demonstrated that the SFLC assay is ideal for in vivo quantitative PPI analysis in plant cells and is particularly powerful for large-scale binary PPI screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Application of bioluminescence imaging for in vivo monitoring of fungal infections. Int J Microbiol 2011; 2012:956794. [PMID: 22121368 PMCID: PMC3205719 DOI: 10.1155/2012/956794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi can cause severe invasive infections especially in the immunocompromised host. Patient populations at risk are increasing due to ongoing developments in cancer treatment and transplantation medicine. Only limited diagnostic tools and few antifungals are available, rendering a significant number of invasive fungal infections life threatening. To reduce mortality rates, a better understanding of the infection processes is urgently required. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a powerful tool for such purposes, since it allows visualisation of temporal and spatial progression of infections in real time. BLI has been successfully used to monitor infections caused by various microorganisms, in particular bacteria. However, first studies have also been performed on the fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Although BLI was, in principle, suitable to study the infection process, some limitations remained. Here, different luciferase systems are introduced, and current approaches are summarised. Finally, suggestions for further improvements of BLI to monitor fungal infections are provided.
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Huang R, Vider J, Serganova I, Blasberg RG. ATP-binding cassette transporters modulate both coelenterazine- and D-luciferin-based bioluminescence imaging. Mol Imaging 2011; 10:215-226. [PMID: 21496450 PMCID: PMC4052835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of luciferase reporters provides a cost-effective and sensitive means to image biological processes. However, transport of luciferase substrates across the cell membrane does affect BLI readout intensity from intact living cells. To investigate the effect of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters on BLI readout, we generated click beetle (cLuc), firefly (fLuc), Renilla (rLuc), and Gaussia (gLuc) luciferase HEK-293 reporter cells that overexpressed different ABC transporters (ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCG2). In vitro studies showed a significant BLI intensity decrease in intact cells compared to cell lysates, when ABCG2 was overexpressed in HEK-293/cLuc, fLuc, and rLuc cells. Selective ABC transporter inhibitors were also applied. Inhibition of ABCG2 activity increased the BLI intensity more than two-fold in HEK-293/cLuc, fLuc, and rLuc cells; inhibition of ABCB1 elevated the BLI intensity two-fold only in HEK-293/rLuc cells. BLI of xenografts derived from HEK-293/ABC transporter/luciferase reporter cells confirmed the results of inhibitor treatment in vivo. These findings demonstrate that coelenterazine-based rLuc-BLI intensity can be modulated by ABCB1 and ABCG2. ABCG2 modulates d-luciferin-based BLI in a luciferase type-independent manner. Little ABC transporter effect on gLuc-BLI intensity is observed because a large fraction of gLuc is secreted. The expression level of ABC transporters is one key factor affecting BLI intensity, and this may be particularly important in luciferase-based applications in stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jelena Vider
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Inna Serganova
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ronald G. Blasberg
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Couillard-Despres S, Vreys R, Aigner L, Van der Linden A. In vivo monitoring of adult neurogenesis in health and disease. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:67. [PMID: 21603226 PMCID: PMC3093743 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, i.e., the generation of new neurons in the adult brain, presents an enormous potential for regenerative therapies of the central nervous system. While 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling and subsequent histology or immunohistochemistry for cell-type-specific markers is still the gold standard in studies of neurogenesis, novel techniques, and tools for in vivo imaging of neurogenesis have been recently developed and successfully applied. Here, we review the latest progress on these developments, in particular in the area of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging. In vivo in situ labeling of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) with micron-sized iron oxide particles enables longitudinal visualization of endogenous progenitor cell migration by MRI. The possibility of genetic labeling for cellular MRI was demonstrated by using the iron storage protein ferritin as the MR reporter-gene. However, reliable and consistent results using ferritin imaging for monitoring endogenous progenitor cell migration have not yet been reported. In contrast, genetic labeling of NPCs with a fluorescent or bioluminescent reporter has led to the development of some powerful tools for in vivo imaging of neurogenesis. Here, two strategies, i.e., viral labeling of stem/progenitor cells and transgenic approaches, have been used. In addition, the use of specific promoters for neuronal progenitor cells such as doublecortin increases the neurogenesis-specificity of the labeling. Naturally, the ultimate challenge will be to develop neurogenesis imaging methods applicable in humans. Therefore, we certainly need to consider other modalities such as positron emission tomography and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS), which have already been implemented for both animals and humans. Further improvements of sensitivity and neurogenesis-specificity are nevertheless required for all imaging techniques currently available.
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Huang R, Vider J, Serganova I, Blasberg RG. ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters Modulate Both Coelenterazine- and D-Luciferin-Based Bioluminescence Imaging. Mol Imaging 2011. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Huang
- From the Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jelena Vider
- From the Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Inna Serganova
- From the Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ronald G. Blasberg
- From the Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Luker GD, Luker KE. Luciferase protein complementation assays for bioluminescence imaging of cells and mice. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 680:29-43. [PMID: 21153371 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-901-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein fragment complementation assays (PCAs) with luciferase reporters currently are the preferred method for detecting and quantifying protein-protein interactions in living animals. At the most basic level, PCAs involve fusion of two proteins of interest to enzymatically inactive fragments of luciferase. Upon association of the proteins of interest, the luciferase fragments are capable of reconstituting enzymatic activity to generate luminescence in vivo. In addition to bi-molecular luciferase PCAs, unimolecular biosensors for hormones, kinases, and proteases also have been developed using target peptides inserted between inactive luciferase fragments. Luciferase PCAs offer unprecedented opportunities to quantify dynamics of protein-protein interactions in intact cells and living animals, but successful use of luciferase PCAs in cells and mice involves careful consideration of many technical factors. This chapter discusses the design of luciferase PCAs appropriate for animal imaging, including construction of reporters, incorporation of reporters into cells and mice, imaging techniques, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Luker
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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