1
|
Kumari N, Mahata A, Chakraborty B. Mechanistic Insights into the Appel Reaction Mediated by a Poly-Phosphamide Material as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19622-19630. [PMID: 37982144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to notable thermochemical stability, polyphosphamides are often regarded as flame retardants, while molecular phosphamides can serve as versatile Lewis base to catalyze diverse organic transformations. Being chemically analogous to phosphine oxide, phosphamide can also be considered as a mediator for the phosphine-mediated reaction. Herein, an amorphous polymeric material consisting of phosphamide (-NH-P(O)) in the repeating unit (POP) has been prepared via condensation of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) and phenyl phosphinic dichloride (PPDC). The POP is isolated as a metal-free and pure organic material which is made of a strong covalent bond and the phosphamide unit is deployed in the organic framework. The presence of phosphamide in the repeating unit of the isolated amorphous POP material can be confirmed by 31P CPMAS NMR, FTIR, and Raman studies. The core-level N 2p and P 2p X-ray photoelectron spectra are in accordance with the presence of tertiary amine nitrogen attached to carbon and secondary amine nitrogen attached to phosphorus. Elemental analyses have depicted approximately 19.7% of phosphorus content in the material, which is being utilized to study the catalytic Appel reaction with 76% conversion of alcohol to a corresponding halide and TON of 462. Quasi in situ Raman study has identified that amino phosphine formed via in situ reduction of the phosphamide unit of the POP catalyzes the halogenation of primary and secondary alcohols with wide substrate scope and functional group tolerance. Kinetic studies have established a first-order dependence with respect to alcohol, while deuterium labeling experiments emphasize that the deprotonation of alcohol is the rate-limiting step. High thermal stability of the material, scope of easy catalyst recyclability, and a cumulative TON of 1386 have led the POP as an emerging pure organic material to be explored further for other phosphine-mediated organocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - Anup Mahata
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - Biswarup Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou P, Shao X, Malcolmson SJ. A Diastereodivergent and Enantioselective Approach to syn- and anti-Diamines: Development of 2-Azatrienes for Cu-Catalyzed Reductive Couplings with Imines That Furnish Allylic Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13999-14008. [PMID: 34424694 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new reagent class, 2-azatrienes, as a platform for catalytic enantioselective synthesis of allylic amines. Herein, we demonstrate their promise by a diastereodivergent synthesis of syn- and anti-1,2-diamines through their Cu-bis(phosphine)-catalyzed reductive couplings with imines. With Ph-BPE as the supporting ligand, anti-diamines are obtained (up to 91% yield, >20:1 dr, and >99:1 er), and with the rarely utilized t-Bu-BDPP, syn-diamines are generated (up to 76% yield, 1:>20 dr, and 97:3 er).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Xinxin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, P. R. China
| | - Steven J Malcolmson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghosh KG, Das D, Chandu P, Sureshkumar D. Visible-Light-Driven Organophotocatalyzed Mono-, Di-, and Tri-C(sp 3)-H Alkylation of Phosphoramides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2644-2657. [PMID: 33440934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A photocatalytic metal-free, visible-light-driven, highly atom-economic, direct multiple α-C(sp3)-H alkylation of phosphoramides and thiophosphoramides is demonstrated under environmentally benign conditions. Economically viable and commercially available Eosin-Y is used as an HAT photocatalyst for mono-α-C(sp3)-H alkylation of phosphoramide derivatives. Remarkably, di- and tri-C(sp3)-H alkylation of phosphoramides and thiophosphoramides using an acridinium photocatalyst is reported with good yield and selectivity. Mechanistic studies reveal that monoalkylation of phosphoramides by Eosin-Y follows the HAT mechanism, whereas di- and tri-C(sp3)-H alkylation by the acridinium photocatalyst follows the SET mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Gopal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal741246, India
| | - Debabrata Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal741246, India
| | - Palasetty Chandu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal741246, India
| | - Devarajulu Sureshkumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal741246, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wheatley E, Zanghi JM, Meek SJ. Diastereo-, Enantio-, and anti-Selective Formation of Secondary Alcohol and Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters by Cu-Catalyzed Additions of B-Substituted Allyl Nucleophiles to Carbonyls. Org Lett 2020; 22:9269-9275. [PMID: 33206543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general method for the synthesis of secondary homoallylic alcohols containing α-quaternary carbon stereogenic centers in high diastereo- and enantioselectivity (up to >20:1 dr and >99:1 er) is disclosed. Transformations employ readily accessible aldehydes, allylic diboronates, and a chiral copper catalyst and proceed by γ-addition of in situ generated enantioenriched boron-stabilized allylic copper nucleophiles. The catalytic protocol is general for a wide variety of aldehydes as well as a variety of 1,1-allylic diboronic esters. Hammett studies disclose that diastereoselectivity of the reaction is correlated to the electronic nature of the aldehyde, with dr increasing as aldehydes become more electron poor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wheatley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Joseph M Zanghi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Simon J Meek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cabrera JM, Tauber J, Zhang W, Xiang M, Krische MJ. Selection between Diastereomeric Kinetic vs Thermodynamic Carbonyl Binding Modes Enables Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed anti-(α-Aryl)allylation of Aqueous Fluoral Hydrate and Difluoroacetaldehyde Ethyl Hemiacetal. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9392-9395. [PMID: 30020777 PMCID: PMC6206506 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselectivity increases with increasing carbonyl electrophilicity in 2-propanol-mediated reductive couplings of aldehydes with branched aryl-substituted allylic acetates to form products of carbonyl anti-(α-aryl)allylation. This unusual phenomenon is caused by aldehyde coordination to diastereomeric kinetic vs thermodynamic carbonyl binding sites that deliver enantiomeric products. Exploiting this effect, anti-diastereo- and enantioselective (α-aryl)allylations of fluoral hydrate and difluoroacetaldehyde ethyl hemiacetal were developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Cabrera
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Johannes Tauber
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Wandi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Frías M, Cieślik W, Fraile A, Rosado-Abón A, Garrido-Castro AF, Yuste F, Alemán J. Development and Application of Asymmetric Organocatalytic Mukaiyama and Vinylogous Mukaiyama-Type Reactions. Chemistry 2018; 24:10906-10933. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Frías
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7; Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Wioleta Cieślik
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7; Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Alberto Fraile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7; Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Anielka Rosado-Abón
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Circuito Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510 México D.F. México
| | - Alberto F. Garrido-Castro
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7; Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco Yuste
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Circuito Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510 México D.F. México
| | - José Alemán
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7; Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paladhi S, Hwang IS, Yoo EJ, Ryu DH, Song CE. Kinetic Resolution of β-Hydroxy Carbonyl Compounds via Enantioselective Dehydration Using a Cation-Binding Catalyst: Facile Access to Enantiopure Chiral Aldols. Org Lett 2018. [PMID: 29537279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A practical and highly enantioselective nonenzymatic kinetic resolution of racemic β-hydroxy carbonyl (aldol) compounds through enantioselective dehydration process was developed using a cation-binding Song's oligoethylene glycol (oligoEG) catalyst with potassium fluoride (KF) as base. A wide range of racemic aldols was resolved with extremely high selectivity factors ( s = up to 2393) under mild reaction conditions. This protocol is easily scalable. It provides an alternative approach for the syntheses of diverse biologically and pharmaceutically relevant chiral aldols in enantiomerically pure form. For example, racemic gingerols could participate in this kinetic resolution with superb efficiency ( s > 240), affording both enantiomerically pure gingerols and corresponding shogaols simultaneously in a single step. The dramatic effectiveness of such kinetic resolution process can be ascribed to systematic cooperative hydrogen-bonding catalysis in a densely confined supramolecular chiral cage in situ generated from the chiral catalyst, substrate, and KF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushovan Paladhi
- Department of Chemistry , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Korea.,Department of Chemistry , A.N.S. College , Barh , Patna 803213 , India
| | - In-Soo Hwang
- Department of Chemistry , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Yoo
- Department of Chemistry , Kangwon National University , Chuncheon 24341 , Korea
| | - Do Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Korea
| | - Choong Eui Song
- Department of Chemistry , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kawajiri T, Ohta R, Fujioka H, Sajiki H, Sawama Y. Aromatic aldehyde-selective aldol addition with aldehyde-derived silyl enol ethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:374-377. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08936h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedented chemoselectivity between aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes has been achieved in the Mukaiyama aldol reaction using aldehyde-derived silyl enol ethers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kawajiri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4
- Daigaku-nishi
- Gifu
- Japan
| | - Reiya Ohta
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University 1-6
- Yamada-oka
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hiromichi Fujioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University 1-6
- Yamada-oka
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4
- Daigaku-nishi
- Gifu
- Japan
| | - Yoshinari Sawama
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4
- Daigaku-nishi
- Gifu
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yamashita Y, Yasukawa T, Yoo WJ, Kitanosono T, Kobayashi S. Catalytic enantioselective aldol reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4388-4480. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00824d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in catalytic asymmetric aldol reactions have been summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasukawa
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Woo-Jin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Taku Kitanosono
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bandar J, Pirnot MT, Buchwald SL. Mechanistic Studies Lead to Dramatically Improved Reaction Conditions for the Cu-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroamination of Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14812-8. [PMID: 26522837 PMCID: PMC4768687 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective copper(I) hydride (CuH)-catalyzed hydroamination has undergone significant development over the past several years. To gain a general understanding of the factors governing these reactions, kinetic and spectroscopic studies were performed on the CuH-catalyzed hydroamination of styrene. Reaction profile analysis, rate order assessment, and Hammett studies indicate that the turnover-limiting step is regeneration of the CuH catalyst by reaction with a silane, with a phosphine-ligated copper(I) benzoate as the catalyst resting state. Spectroscopic, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and nonlinear effect studies are consistent with a monomeric active catalyst. With this insight, targeted reagent optimization led to the development of an optimized protocol with an operationally simple setup (ligated copper(II) precatalyst, open to air) and short reaction times (<30 min). This improved protocol is amenable to a diverse range of alkene and alkyne substrate classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
García JM, Odriozola JM, Razkin J, Lapuerta I, Odriozola A, Urruzuno I, Vera S, Oiarbide M, Palomo C. Catalytic Enantioselective Quick Route to Aldol-Tethered 1,6- and 1,7-Enynes from ω-Unsaturated Aldehydes. Chemistry 2014; 20:15543-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
12
|
Le Corre SS, Berchel M, Couthon-Gourvès H, Haelters JP, Jaffrès PA. Atherton-Todd reaction: mechanism, scope and applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1166-96. [PMID: 24991268 PMCID: PMC4077366 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially, the Atherton-Todd (AT) reaction was applied for the synthesis of phosphoramidates by reacting dialkyl phosphite with a primary amine in the presence of carbon tetrachloride. These reaction conditions were subsequently modified with the aim to optimize them and the reaction was extended to different nucleophiles. The mechanism of this reaction led to controversial reports over the past years and is adequately discussed. We also present the scope of the AT reaction. Finally, we investigate the AT reaction by means of exemplary applications, which mainly concern three topics. First, we discuss the activation of a phenol group as a phosphate which allows for subsequent transformations such as cross coupling and reduction. Next, we examine the AT reaction applied to produce fire retardant compounds. In the last section, we investigate the use of the AT reaction for the production of compounds employed for biological applications. The selected examples to illustrate the applications of the Atherton-Todd reaction mainly cover the past 15 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie S Le Corre
- Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, SynNanoVect, IFR 148 ScInBIoS, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Mathieu Berchel
- Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, SynNanoVect, IFR 148 ScInBIoS, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Hélène Couthon-Gourvès
- Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, SynNanoVect, IFR 148 ScInBIoS, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Haelters
- Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, SynNanoVect, IFR 148 ScInBIoS, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Paul-Alain Jaffrès
- Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, SynNanoVect, IFR 148 ScInBIoS, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sutar RL, Joshi NN. Base-catalyzed Mukaiyama-type aldol additions, a continued quest for stereoselectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
14
|
Lin L, Yamamoto K, Matsunaga S, Kanai M. Rh-Catalyzed AldehydeAldehyde Cross-Aldol Reaction under Base-Free Conditions: In Situ Aldehyde-Derived Enolate Formation through Orthogonal Activation. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2974-83. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
15
|
Malkov AV, Stončius S, Bell M, Castelluzzo F, Ramírez-López P, Biedermannová L, Langer V, Rulíšek L, Kočovský P. Mechanistic Dichotomy in the Asymmetric Allylation of Aldehydes with Allyltrichlorosilanes Catalyzed by Chiral Pyridine N
-Oxides. Chemistry 2013; 19:9167-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Huang H, Wu W, Zhu K, Hu J, Ye J. Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Cross-Cascade Reactions of Different Enones. Chemistry 2013; 19:3838-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
17
|
Gómez-Bengoa E, García JM, Jiménez S, Lapuerta I, Mielgo A, Odriozola JM, Otazo I, Razkin J, Urruzuno I, Vera S, Oiarbide M, Palomo C. Asymmetric synthesis of propargylic alcohols via aldol reaction of aldehydes with ynals promoted by prolinol ether–transition metal–Brønsted acid cooperative catalysis. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
18
|
Brady PB, Albert BJ, Akakura M, Yamamoto H. Controlling stereochemistry in polyketide synthesis: 1,3- vs. 1,2-asymmetric induction in methyl ketone aldol additions to β-super siloxy aldehydes. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51183a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
19
|
Lin L, Yamamoto K, Matsunaga S, Kanai M. Rhodium-Catalyzed Cross-Aldol Reaction: In Situ Aldehyde-Enolate Formation from Allyloxyboranes and Primary Allylic Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10275-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Lin L, Yamamoto K, Matsunaga S, Kanai M. Rhodium-Catalyzed Cross-Aldol Reaction: In Situ Aldehyde-Enolate Formation from Allyloxyboranes and Primary Allylic Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
21
|
The Interplay of Invention, Observation, and Discovery in the Development of Lewis Base Activation of Lewis Acids for Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2012_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
|
22
|
Kano T, Sugimoto H, Maruoka K. Efficient Organocatalytic Cross-Aldol Reaction between Aliphatic Aldehydes through Their Functional Differentiation. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18130-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208873k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sugimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kotani S, Shimoda Y, Sugiura M, Nakajima M. Novel enantioselective direct aldol-type reaction promoted by a chiral phosphine oxide as an organocatalyst. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
Denmark SE, Eklov BM, Yao PJ, Eastgate MD. On the Mechanism of Lewis Base Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reactions: Kinetic and Spectroscopic Investigations Using Rapid-Injection NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11770-87. [DOI: 10.1021/ja902474j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Brian M. Eklov
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Peter J. Yao
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Martin D. Eastgate
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kano T, Yamaguchi Y, Maruoka K. A Designer Axially Chiral Amino Sulfonamide as an Efficient Organocatalyst for Direct Asymmetricanti-Selective Mannich Reactions andsyn-Selective Cross-Aldol Reactions. Chemistry 2009; 15:6678-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Tanaka SY, Tagashira N, Chiba K, Yasuda M, Baba A. Germanium(II)-mediated reductive cross-aldol reaction of bromoaldehydes with aldehydes: NMR studies and ab initio calculations. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6312-20. [PMID: 18630967 DOI: 10.1021/jo800904u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly practical reductive cross-aldol reaction of alpha-bromoaldehydes with various aldehydes has been developed using Ge(II)Cl 2 to produce aldehyde germanium(IV) aldolates, which were directly transformed to various multifunctionalized compounds. A remarkable change in stereoselectivity depended on the alpha-bromoaldehydes employed; secondary alpha-bromoaldehydes gave syn selectivities, while tertiary alpha-bromoaldehydes accomplished the synthesis of anti-selective aldol products with a quaternary carbon center. NMR studies and X-ray analysis strongly suggested the formation of germanium enolate in the reaction of alpha-bromoaldehyde 2h with GeCl 2-dioxane. Detailed mechanistic studies, including NMR analysis and ab initio calculations, revealed the generation of stable germanium aldolates, which was due to the remarkably low Lewis acidity of the germanium(IV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies (CAMT), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Malkov AV, Ramírez-López P, Biedermannová L, Rulísek L, Dufková L, Kotora M, Zhu F, Kocovský P. On the mechanism of asymmetric allylation of aldehydes with allyltrichlorosilanes catalyzed by QUINOX, a chiral isoquinoline N-oxide. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5341-8. [PMID: 18341275 DOI: 10.1021/ja711338q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Allylation of aromatic aldehydes 1a-m with allyl- and crotyl-trichlorosilanes 2- 4, catalyzed by the chiral N-oxide QUINOX (9), has been found to exhibit a significant dependence on the electronics of the aldehyde, with p-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde 1g and its p-methoxy counterpart 1h affording the corresponding homoallylic alcohols 6g, h in 96 and 16% ee, respectively, at -40 degrees C. The kinetic and computational data indicate that the reaction is likely to proceed via an associative pathway involving neutral, octahedral silicon complex 22 with only one molecule of the catalyst involved in the rate- and selectivity-determining step. The crotylation with (E) and (Z)-crotyltrichlorosilanes 3 and 4 is highly diastereoselective, suggesting the chairlike transition state 5, which is supported by computational data. High-level quantum chemical calculations further suggest that attractive aromatic interactions between the catalyst 9 and the aldehyde 1 contribute to the enantiodifferentiation and that the dramatic drop in enantioselectivity, observed with the electron-rich aldehyde 1h, originates from narrowing the energy gap between the (R)- and (S)-reaction channels in the associative mechanism (22). Overall, a good agreement between the theoretically predicted enantioselectivities for 1a and 1h and the experimental data allowed to understand the specific aspects of the reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Malkov
- Department of Chemistry, WestChem, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
|
31
|
Unexpected ambidoselectivity in crossed-aldol reactions of α-oxy aldehyde trichlorosilyl enolates. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
32
|
Kano T, Yamaguchi Y, Tanaka Y, Maruoka K. syn-Selective and Enantioselective Direct Cross-Aldol Reactions between Aldehydes Catalyzed by an Axially Chiral Amino Sulfonamide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1738-40. [PMID: 17397089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kano T, Yamaguchi Y, Tanaka Y, Maruoka K. syn-Selective and Enantioselective Direct Cross-Aldol Reactions between Aldehydes Catalyzed by an Axially Chiral Amino Sulfonamide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
34
|
Abstract
The aldol reaction is one of the most important methods for the stereoselective construction of polyketide natural products, not only for nature but also for synthetic chemistry. The tremendous development in the field of aldol additions during the last 30 years has led to more and more total syntheses of complicated natural products. This Review illustrates by means of selected syntheses of natural products the new variants of the aldol addition. This includes aldol additions with various metal enolates, as well as metal-complex-catalyzed, organocatalytic, and biocatalytic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schetter
- Chemisches Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Griffith GA, Hillier IH, Moralee AC, Percy JM, Roig R, Vincent MA. Interplay of Structure and Reactivity in a Most Unusual Furan Diels-Alder Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:13130-41. [PMID: 17017793 DOI: 10.1021/ja061458p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Difluorinated alkenoate ethyl 3,3-difluoro-2-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyloxy)-2-propenoate reacts rapidly and in high yield with furan and a range of substituted furans in the presence of a tin(IV) catalyst. Non-fluorinated congener 2-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyloxy)-2-propenoate fails to react at all under the same conditions. These reactions have been explored using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. They reveal a highly polar transition state, which is stabilized by the Lewis acid catalyst SnCl(4) and by polar solvents. In the presence of both catalyst and solvent, a two-step reaction is predicted, corresponding to the stepwise formation of the two new carbon-carbon bonds via transition states which have similar energies in all cases. Our experimental observations of the lack of reaction of the non-fluorinated dienophile, the stereochemical outcomes, and the rate acceleration accompanying furan methylation are all well predicted by our calculations. The calculated free energy barriers generally correlate well with measured reaction rates, supporting a reaction mechanism in which zwitterionic character is developed strongly. An in situ ring opening reaction of exo-cycloadduct ethyl exo-2-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyloxy)-3,3-difluoro-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-enyl-2-endo-carboxylate, which results in the formation of cyclic carbonate ethyl 4,4-difluoro-5-hydroxy-2-oxo-5,7a-dihydro-4H-benzo[1,3]dioxole-3a-carboxylate by a Curtin-Hammett mechanism, has also been examined. Substantial steric opposition to Lewis acid binding prevents carbonate formation from 2-substituted furans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerry A Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Denmark SE, Pham SM, Stavenger RA, Su X, Wong KT, Nishigaichi Y. Chiral Phosphoramide-Catalyzed Aldol Additions of Ketone Trichlorosilyl Enolates. Mechanistic Aspects. J Org Chem 2006; 71:3904-22. [PMID: 16674067 DOI: 10.1021/jo060243v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the catalytic, enantioselective addition of trichlorosilyl enolates to aldehydes has been investigated. Kinetic studies using ReactIR and rapid injection NMR (RINMR) spectroscopy have confirmed the simultaneous operation of dual mechanistic pathways involving either one or two phosphoramides bound to a siliconium ion organizational center. This mechanistic dichotomy was initially postulated on the basis of catalyst loading studies and nonlinear effects studies. This duality explains the difference in reactivity and stereoselectivity of various classes of phosphoramides. Determination of Arrhenius activation parameters revealed that aldol addition occurs through the reversible albeit unfavorable formation of an activated complex, and natural-abundance 13C NMR kinetic isotope effect (KIE) studies have determined that the turnover limiting step is the aldol addition. A thorough examination of a range of phosphoramides has established empirical structure-activity selectivity relationships. In addition, the effects of catalyst loading, rate of addition, solvents, and additives have been studied and together allow the formulation of a unified mechanistic picture for the aldol addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Denmark SE, Fu J, Lawler MJ. Chiral Phosphoramide-Catalyzed Enantioselective Addition of Allylic Trichlorosilanes to Aldehydes. Preparative Studies with Bidentate Phosphorus-Based Amides. J Org Chem 2006; 71:1523-36. [PMID: 16468801 DOI: 10.1021/jo052203h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the mechanistic insight that more than one Lewis basic moiety (phosphoramide) is involved in the rate- and stereochemistry-determining step of enantioselective allylation, bidentate chiral phosphoramides were developed. Different chiral phosphoramide moieties were connected by tethers of methylene chains of varying length. The rate and enantioselectivity of allylation with allyltrichlorosilane promoted by the bidentate phosphoramides was found to be highly dependent on the tether length. A new phosphoramide based on a 2,2'-bispyrrolidine skeleton has been designed and afforded good yield, efficient turnover, and high enantioselectivity in allylation reactions. The synthesis of enantiopure 2,2'-bispyrrolidine was easily accomplished on large scale by photodimerization of pyrrolidine followed by resolution with L(or D)-tartaric acid. The scope of the allylation reaction was examined with variously substituted allylic trichlorosilanes and unsaturated aldehydes. This method has been applied to the construction of stereogenic, quaternary centers by the addition of unsymmetrically gamma-disubstituted allylic trichlorosilanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Denmark SE, Fujimori S, Pham SM. Lewis Base Catalyzed Aldol Additions of Chiral Trichlorosilyl Enolates and Silyl Enol Ethers. J Org Chem 2005; 70:10823-40. [PMID: 16356006 DOI: 10.1021/jo051930+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structures: see text] The consequences of double diastereodifferentiation in chiral Lewis base catalyzed aldol additions using chiral enoxysilanes derived from lactate, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate have been investigated. Trichlorosilyl enolates derived from the chiral methyl and ethyl ketones were subjected to aldolization in the presence of phosphoramides, and the intrinsic selectivity of these enolates and the external stereoinduction from chiral catalyst were studied. In the reactions with the lactate derived enolate, the strong internal stereoinduction dominated the stereochemical outcome of the aldol addition. For the 3-hydroxyisobutyrate- and 3-hydroxybutyrate derived enolates, the catalyst-controlled diastereoselectivities were observed, and the resident stereogenic centers exerted marginal influence. The corresponding trimethylsilyl enol ethers were employed in SiCl4/bisphosphoramide catalyzed aldol additions, and the effect of double diastereodifferentiation was also investigated. The overall diastereoselection of the process was again controlled by the strong external influence of the catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Denmark SE, Bui T. Mechanistic Insights into the Chiral Phosphoramide-Catalyzed, Enantioselective Crossed-Aldol Reactions of Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2005; 70:10393-9. [PMID: 16323849 DOI: 10.1021/jo051680x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The mechanism of the phosphoramide-catalyzed enantioselective aldol additions of trichlorosilyl enolate 1 to aldehydes has been studied. Natural abundance 12C/13C kinetic isotope analysis showed that the rate-determining step of the reaction is the aldolization. Arrhenius activation parameters for the aldol addition reaction were determined. The entropy of activation is large and highly negative, whereas the enthalpy of activation is relatively small. Despite the different trends in selectivity observed for electron-rich and electron-poor aldehydes, similar entropic and enthalpic contributions to the free energies of activation are found for both classes of substrates. The experimental results from the Arrhenius and the kinetic isotope effect studies allowed the formulation of an interpretation for the divergent selectivity trends in the aldol reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Denmark SE, Bui T. Lewis Base Catalyzed Enantioselective Aldol Addition of Acetaldehyde-Derived Silyl Enol Ether to Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2005; 70:10190-3. [PMID: 16292871 DOI: 10.1021/jo0517500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Chiral phosphoramide catalyzed-enantioselective aldol addition of an acetaldehyde-derived trialkylsilyl enol ether to aromatic aldehydes provides protected aldol products in good yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities. Preliminary studies show that the aldolization intermediate (a chlorohydrin adduct) can be trapped with tert-butyl isocyanide to form an alpha-hydroxy lactone with good selectivity in a single-pot operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, 600 South Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Thayumanavan R, Tanaka F, Barbas III CF. Direct Organocatalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reactions of α-Amino Aldehydes: Expedient Syntheses of Highly Enantiomerically Enriched anti-β-Hydroxy-α-amino Acids. Org Lett 2004; 6:3541-4. [PMID: 15387543 DOI: 10.1021/ol0485417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of highly enantiomerically enriched beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acid derivatives has been developed. Direct asymmetric aldol reactions of a glycine aldehyde (aminoacetaldehyde) derivative have been performed under organocatalysis using l-proline or (S)-5-pyrrolidine-2-yl-1H-tetrazole. The reactions afforded anti-beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino aldehydes in good yield with high diastereoselectivity (dr up to >100:1) and high enantioselectivity (up to >99.5% ee), which were easily transformed into beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acid derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|