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Heterogeneity and Differentiation Trajectories of Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215183. [PMID: 36358600 PMCID: PMC9658355 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CD8+ T cells infiltrating the tumor microenvironment (TME) of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) play a crucial role in establishing anti-tumor immunotherapy. The number of CD8+ T cells affects the treatment response, but their functional status plays a more critical role, and this global landscape is still unclear. We divided CD8+ T cells into ten subsets by analyzing a LUAD single-cell dataset. The dynamic process of cell differentiation and functional exhaustion of CD8+ T cells was further discussed, and potential biomarkers in this process were screened. This study deepens the understanding of the heterogeneity of infiltrating CD8+ T cells in LUAD, and the prognostic marker provides a new target for targeted therapy and immunotherapy in LUAD patients. Abstract CD8+ T cells infiltrating the tumor microenvironment (TME) of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are critical for establishing antitumor immunity. Nevertheless, the global landscape of their numbers, functional status, and differentiation trajectories remains unclear. In the single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset GSE131907 of LUAD, the CD8+T cells were selected for TSNE clustering, and the results showed that they could be divided into ten subsets. The cell differentiation trajectory showed the presence of abundant transition-state CD8+ T cells during the differentiation of naive-like CD8+ T cells into cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and exhausted CD8+ T cells. The differentially expressed marker genes among subsets were used to construct the gene signature matrix, and the proportion of each subset was identified and calculated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) samples. Survival analysis showed that the higher the proportion of the exhausted CD8+ T lymphocyte (ETL) subset, the shorter the overall survival (OS) time of LUAD patients (p = 0.0098). A total of 61 genes were obtained by intersecting the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the ETL subset, and the DEGs of the TCGA samples were divided into a high and a low group according to the proportion of the ETL subset. Through protein interaction network analysis and survival analysis, four hub genes that can significantly affect the prognosis of LUAD patients were finally screened, and RT-qPCR and Western blot verified the differential expression of the above four genes. Our study further deepens the understanding of the heterogeneity and functional exhaustion of infiltrating CD8+ T cells in LUAD. The screened prognostic marker genes provide potential targets for targeted therapy and immunotherapy in LUAD patients.
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Jiang J, Peng L, Wang K, Huang C. Moonlighting Metabolic Enzymes in Cancer: New Perspectives on the Redox Code. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:979-1003. [PMID: 32631077 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Metabolic reprogramming is considered to be a critical adaptive biological event that fulfills the energy and biomass demands for cancer cells. One hallmark of metabolic reprogramming is reduced oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced aerobic glycolysis. Such metabolic abnormalities contribute to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the by-products of metabolic pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that ROS can in turn directly or indirectly affect the expression, activity, or subcellular localization of metabolic enzymes, contributing to the moonlighting functions outside of their primary roles. This review summarizes the multifunctions of metabolic enzymes and the involved redox modification patterns, which further reveal the inherent connection between metabolism and cellular redox state. Recent Advances: These noncanonical functions of metabolic enzymes involve the regulation of epigenetic modifications, gene transcription, post-translational modification, cellular antioxidant capacity, and many other fundamental cellular events. The multifunctional properties of metabolic enzymes further expand the metabolic dependencies of cancer cells, and confer cancer cells with a means of adapting to diverse environmental stimuli. Critical Issues: Deciphering the redox-manipulated mechanisms with specific emphasis on the moonlighting function of metabolic enzymes is important for clarifying the pertinence between metabolism and redox processes. Future Directions: Investigation of the redox-regulated moonlighting functions of metabolic enzymes will shed new lights into the mechanism by which metabolic enzymes gain noncanonical functions, and yield new insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment by targeting metabolic-redox abnormalities. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 979-1003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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3
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Wang T, Wang L, Wang G, Zhuang Y. Leveraging and manufacturing in vitro multicellular spheroid-based tumor cell model as a preclinical tool for translating dysregulated tumor metabolism into clinical targets and biomarkers. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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4
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Asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation of imines and enamines in natural product synthesis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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5
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Khodyreva S, Lavrik O. Non-canonical interaction of DNA repair proteins with intact and cleaved AP sites. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 90:102847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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6
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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase is a Multifaceted Therapeutic Target. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050416. [PMID: 32370188 PMCID: PMC7285110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a glycolytic enzyme whose role in cell metabolism and homeostasis is well defined, while its function in pathologic processes needs further elucidation. Depending on the cell context, GAPDH may bind a number of physiologically important proteins, control their function and correspondingly affect the cell’s fate. These interprotein interactions and post-translational modifications of GAPDH mediate its cytotoxic or cytoprotective functions in the manner of a Janus-like molecule. In this review, we discuss the functional features of the enzyme in cellular physiology and its possible involvement in human pathologies. In the last part of the article, we describe drugs that can be employed to modulate this enzyme’s function in some pathologic states.
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Synergistic Cytotoxicity of Renieramycin M and Doxorubicin in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090536. [PMID: 31527453 PMCID: PMC6780817 DOI: 10.3390/md17090536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renieramycin M (RM) is a KCN-stabilized tetrahydroisoquinoline purified from the blue sponge Xestospongia sp., with nanomolar IC50s against several cancer cell lines. Our goal is to evaluate its combination effects with doxorubicin (DOX) in estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells were treated simultaneously or sequentially with various combination ratios of RM and DOX for 72 h. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. Synergism or antagonism was determined using curve-shift analysis, combination index method and isobologram analysis. Synergism was observed with pharmacologically achievable concentrations of DOX when administered simultaneously, but not sequentially. The IC95 values of RM and DOX after combination were reduced by up to four-fold and eight-fold, respectively. To gain insights on the mechanism of synergy, real-time profiling, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assays, and transcriptome analysis were conducted. The combination treatment displayed a similar profile with DNA-damaging agents and induced a greater and faster cell killing. The combination treatment also showed an increase in apoptosis. DOX induced S and G2/M arrest while RM did not induce significant changes in the cell cycle. DNA replication and repair genes were downregulated commonly by RM and DOX. p53 signaling and cell cycle checkpoints were regulated by DOX while ErbB/PI3K-Akt, integrin and focal adhesion signaling were regulated by RM upon combination. Genes involved in cytochrome C release and interferon gamma signaling were regulated specifically in the combination treatment. This study serves as a basis for in vivo studies and provides a rationale for using RM in combination with other anticancer drugs.
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Park JB, Park H, Son J, Ha SJ, Cho HS. Structural Study of Monomethyl Fumarate-Bound Human GAPDH. Mol Cells 2019; 42:597-603. [PMID: 31387164 PMCID: PMC6715340 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a core enzyme of the aerobic glycolytic pathway with versatile functions and is associated with cancer development. Recently, Kornberg et al . published the detailed correlation between GAPDH and di- or monomethyl fumarate (DMF or MMF), which are well-known GAPDH antagonists in the immune system. As an extension, herein, we report the crystal structure of MMF-bound human GAPDH at 2.29 Å. The MMF molecule is covalently linked to the catalytic Cys152 of human GAPDH, and inhibits the catalytic activity of the residue and dramatically reduces the enzymatic activity of GAPDH. Structural comparisons between NAD+bound GAPDH and MMF-bound GAPDH revealed that the covalently linked MMF can block the binding of the NAD+ cosubstrate due to steric hindrance of the nicotinamide portion of the NAD+ molecule, illuminating the specific mechanism by which MMF inhibits GAPDH. Our data provide insights into GAPDH antagonist development for GAPDH-mediated disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bae Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722,
Korea
| | - Hayeong Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722,
Korea
| | - Jimin Son
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722,
Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722,
Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722,
Korea
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Welin ER, Ngamnithiporn A, Klatte M, Lapointe G, Pototschnig GM, McDermott MSJ, Conklin D, Gilmore CD, Tadross PM, Haley CK, Negoro K, Glibstrup E, Grünanger CU, Allan KM, Virgil SC, Slamon DJ, Stoltz BM. Concise total syntheses of (-)-jorunnamycin A and (-)-jorumycin enabled by asymmetric catalysis. Science 2019; 363:270-275. [PMID: 30573544 PMCID: PMC7017906 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The bis-tetrahydroisoquinoline (bis-THIQ) natural products have been studied intensively over the past four decades for their exceptionally potent anticancer activity, in addition to strong Gram-positive and Gram-negative antibiotic character. Synthetic strategies toward these complex polycyclic compounds have relied heavily on electrophilic aromatic chemistry, such as the Pictet-Spengler reaction, that mimics their biosynthetic pathways. Herein, we report an approach to two bis-THIQ natural products, jorunnamycin A and jorumycin, that instead harnesses the power of modern transition-metal catalysis for the three major bond-forming events and proceeds with high efficiency (15 and 16 steps, respectively). By breaking from biomimicry, this strategy allows for the preparation of a more diverse set of nonnatural analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Welin
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Aurapat Ngamnithiporn
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Max Klatte
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Guillaume Lapointe
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gerit M Pototschnig
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Martina S J McDermott
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dylan Conklin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Gilmore
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pamela M Tadross
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christopher K Haley
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Kenji Negoro
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Emil Glibstrup
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christian U Grünanger
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Kevin M Allan
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Scott C Virgil
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Dennis J Slamon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Mullowney MW, McClure RA, Robey MT, Kelleher NL, Thomson RJ. Natural products from thioester reductase containing biosynthetic pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:847-878. [PMID: 29916519 PMCID: PMC6146020 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2018 Thioester reductase domains catalyze two- and four-electron reductions to release natural products following assembly on nonribosomal peptide synthetases, polyketide synthases, and their hybrid biosynthetic complexes. This reductive off-loading of a natural product yields an aldehyde or alcohol, can initiate the formation of a macrocyclic imine, and contributes to important intermediates in a variety of biosyntheses, including those for polyketide alkaloids and pyrrolobenzodiazepines. Compounds that arise from reductase-terminated biosynthetic gene clusters are often reactive and exhibit biological activity. Biomedically important examples include the cancer therapeutic Yondelis (ecteinascidin 743), peptide aldehydes that inspired the first therapeutic proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and numerous synthetic derivatives and antibody drug conjugates of the pyrrolobenzodiazepines. Recent advances in microbial genomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics, and reactivity-based labeling have facilitated the detection of these compounds for targeted isolation. Herein, we summarize known natural products arising from this important category, highlighting their occurrence in Nature, biosyntheses, biological activities, and the technologies used for their detection and identification. Additionally, we review publicly available genomic data to highlight the remaining potential for novel reductively tailored compounds and drug leads from microorganisms. This thorough retrospective highlights various molecular families with especially privileged bioactivity while illuminating challenges and prospects toward accelerating the discovery of new, high value natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Mullowney
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ryan A McClure
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Matthew T Robey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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11
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Kunjithapatham R, Ganapathy-Kanniappan S. GAPDH with NAD +-binding site mutation competitively inhibits the wild-type and affects glucose metabolism in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2555-2563. [PMID: 30077773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid utilization of glucose is a metabolic signature of majority of cancers, hence enzymes of the glycolytic pathway remain attractive therapeutic targets. Recent reports have shown that targeting the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), an abundant, ubiquitous multifunctional protein frequently upregulated in cancer, affects cancer progression. Here, we report that a catalytically-deficient mutant-GAPDH competitively inhibits the wild-type, and disrupts glucose metabolism in cancer cells. METHODS Using site-directed mutagenesis, the human GAPDH clone was mutated at one of the NAD+-binding sites, (i.e.) arginine (R13) and isoleucine (I14) to glutamine (Q13) and phenylalanine (F14), respectively. The inhibitory role of the mutant-GAPDH, and its effect on energy metabolism and cancer phenotype was determined using in vitro and in vivo models of cancer. RESULTS The enzymatically-dysfunctional mutant-GAPDH competitively inhibited the wild-type GAPDH in a cell-free system. In cancer cells, ectopic expression of the mutant-GAPDH, but not the wild-type, inhibited the glycolytic capacity of cellular-GAPDH, and led to the induction of metabolic stress accompanied by a sharp decline in glucose-uptake. Furthermore, expression of mutant-GAPDH affected cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, structural analysis by bioinformatics revealed that the mutations at the NAD+-binding site altered the solvent-accessibility that perhaps affected the functionality of mutant-GAPDH. CONCLUSION Mutant-GAPDH affects the enzymatic function of cellular-GAPDH and disrupts energy metabolism. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate that a minimal mutation at the NAD+-binding site is sufficient to generate a competitive but dysfunctional GAPDH, and its ectopic expression inhibits the wild-type to disrupt glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Kunjithapatham
- The Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shanmugasundaram Ganapathy-Kanniappan
- The Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Yu W, Hjerrild P, Jacobsen KM, Tobiesen HN, Clemmensen L, Poulsen TB. A Catalytic Oxidative Quinone Heterofunctionalization Method: Synthesis of Strongylophorine-26. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9805-9809. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Yu
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Per Hjerrild
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Kristian M. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Henriette N. Tobiesen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Line Clemmensen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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13
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Yu W, Hjerrild P, Jacobsen KM, Tobiesen HN, Clemmensen L, Poulsen TB. A Catalytic Oxidative Quinone Heterofunctionalization Method: Synthesis of Strongylophorine-26. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Yu
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Per Hjerrild
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Kristian M. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Henriette N. Tobiesen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Line Clemmensen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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Kosova AA, Khodyreva SN, Lavrik OI. Role of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in DNA Repair. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:643-654. [PMID: 28601074 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917060013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is widely known as a glycolytic enzyme. Nevertheless, various functions of GAPDH have been found that are unrelated to glycolysis. Some of these functions presume interaction of GAPDH with DNA, but the mechanism of its translocation to the nucleus is not fully understood. When in the nucleus, GAPDH participates in the initiation of apoptosis and transcription of genes involved in antiapoptotic pathways and cell proliferation and plays a role in the regulation of telomere length. Several authors have shown that GAPDH displays the uracil-DNA glycosylase activity and interacts with some types of DNA damages, such as apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, nucleotide analogs, and covalent DNA adducts with alkylating agents. Moreover, GAPDH can interact with proteins participating in DNA repair, such as APE1, PARP1, HMGB1, and HMGB2. In this review, the functions of GAPDH associated with DNA repair are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kosova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Lazarev VF, Nikotina AD, Semenyuk PI, Evstafyeva DB, Mikhaylova ER, Muronetz VI, Shevtsov MA, Tolkacheva AV, Dobrodumov AV, Shavarda AL, Guzhova IV, Margulis BA. Small molecules preventing GAPDH aggregation are therapeutically applicable in cell and rat models of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 92:29-38. [PMID: 26748070 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is one of the most abundant targets of the oxidative stress. Oxidation of the enzyme causes its inactivation and the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds, and leads to the accumulation of GAPDH aggregates and ultimately to cell death. The aim of this work was to reveal the ability of chemicals to break the described above pathologic linkage by inhibiting GAPDH aggregation. Using the model of oxidative stress based on SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells treated with hydrogen peroxide, we found that lentivirus-mediated down- or up-regulation of GAPDH content caused inhibition or enhancement of the protein aggregation and respectively reduced or increased the level of cell death. To reveal substances that are able to inhibit GAPDH aggregation, we developed a special assay based on dot ultrafiltration using the collection of small molecules of plant origin. In the first round of screening, five compounds were found to possess anti-aggregation activity as established by ultrafiltration and dynamic light scattering; some of the substances efficiently inhibited GAPDH aggregation in nanomolar concentrations. The ability of the compounds to bind GAPDH molecules was proved by the drug affinity responsive target stability assay, molecular docking and differential scanning calorimetry. Results of experiments with SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma treated with hydrogen peroxide show that two substances, RX409 and RX426, lowered the degree of GAPDH aggregation and reduced cell death by 30%. Oxidative injury was emulated in vivo by injecting of malonic acid into the rat brain, and we showed that the treatment with RX409 or RX426 inhibited GAPDH-mediated aggregation in the brain, reduced areas of the injury as proved by magnetic resonance imaging, and augmented the behavioral status of the rats as established by the "beam walking" test. In conclusion, the data show that two GAPDH binders could be therapeutically relevant in the treatment of injuries stemming from hard oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir F Lazarev
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alina D Nikotina
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel I Semenyuk
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology of Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Diana B Evstafyeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology of Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena R Mikhaylova
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Muronetz
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology of Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Tolkacheva
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Dobrodumov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey L Shavarda
- Komarov Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V Guzhova
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Boris A Margulis
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Jia J, Chen R, Liu H, Li X, Jia Y, Chen X. Asymmetric synthesis of (−)-renieramycin T. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7334-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A nonclassical renieramycin with a similar A-ring to ecteinascidin, (−)-renieramycin T, is synthesized through a convergent approach featuring a regio- and stereoselective condensation of isoquinoline and trisubstituted phenylalaninol partners. This practical strategy via the bis-THIQ intermediate will open a rapid access to the hybrid-type renieramycins, as well as ecteinascidins and their analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
| | - Ruijiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
| | - Xiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
| | - Yuanliang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
| | - Xiaochuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
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Phadke M, Krynetskaia N, Mishra A, Barrero C, Merali S, Gothe SA, Krynetskiy E. Disruption of NAD(+) binding site in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase affects its intranuclear interactions. World J Biol Chem 2015; 6:366-78. [PMID: 26629320 PMCID: PMC4657119 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v6.i4.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize phosphorylation of human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and mobility of GAPDH in cancer cells treated with chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS We used proteomics analysis to detect and characterize phosphorylation sites within human GAPDH. Site-specific mutagenesis and alanine scanning was then performed to evaluate functional significance of phosphorylation sites in the GAPDH polypeptide chain. Enzymatic properties of mutated GAPDH variants were assessed using kinetic studies. Intranuclear dynamics parameters (diffusion coefficient and the immobile fraction) were estimated using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments and confocal microscopy. Molecular modeling experiments were performed to estimate the effects of mutations on NAD(+) cofactor binding. RESULTS Using MALDI-TOF analysis, we identified novel phosphorylation sites within the NAD(+) binding center of GAPDH at Y94, S98, and T99. Using polyclonal antibody specific to phospho-T99-containing peptide within GAPDH, we demonstrated accumulation of phospho-T99-GAPDH in the nuclear fractions of A549, HCT116, and SW48 cancer cells after cytotoxic stress. We performed site-mutagenesis, and estimated enzymatic properties, intranuclear distribution, and intranuclear mobility of GAPDH mutated variants. Site-mutagenesis at positions S98 and T99 in the NAD(+) binding center reduced enzymatic activity of GAPDH due to decreased affinity to NAD(+) (Km = 741 ± 257 μmol/L in T99I vs 57 ± 11.1 µmol/L in wild type GAPDH. Molecular modeling experiments revealed the effect of mutations on NAD(+) binding with GAPDH. FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching) analysis showed that mutations in NAD(+) binding center of GAPDH abrogated its intranuclear interactions. CONCLUSION Our results suggest an important functional role of phosphorylated amino acids in the NAD(+) binding center in GAPDH interactions with its intranuclear partners.
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Savreux-Lenglet G, Depauw S, David-Cordonnier MH. Protein Recognition in Drug-Induced DNA Alkylation: When the Moonlight Protein GAPDH Meets S23906-1/DNA Minor Groove Adducts. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26555-81. [PMID: 26556350 PMCID: PMC4661830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA alkylating drugs have been used in clinics for more than seventy years. The diversity of their mechanism of action (major/minor groove; mono-/bis-alkylation; intra-/inter-strand crosslinks; DNA stabilization/destabilization, etc.) has undoubtedly major consequences on the cellular response to treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the variety of established protein recognition of DNA adducts to then particularly focus on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) function in DNA adduct interaction with illustration using original experiments performed with S23906-1/DNA adduct. The introduction of this review is a state of the art of protein/DNA adducts recognition, depending on the major or minor groove orientation of the DNA bonding as well as on the molecular consequences in terms of double-stranded DNA maintenance. It reviews the implication of proteins from both DNA repair, transcription, replication and chromatin maintenance in selective DNA adduct recognition. The main section of the manuscript is focusing on the implication of the moonlighting protein GAPDH in DNA adduct recognition with the model of the peculiar DNA minor groove alkylating and destabilizing drug S23906-1. The mechanism of action of S23906-1 alkylating drug and the large variety of GAPDH cellular functions are presented prior to focus on GAPDH direct binding to S23906-1 adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Savreux-Lenglet
- UMR-S1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre (JPARC), INSERM, University of Lille, Lille Hospital, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Place de Verdun F-59045 Lille cedex, France.
| | - Sabine Depauw
- UMR-S1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre (JPARC), INSERM, University of Lille, Lille Hospital, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Place de Verdun F-59045 Lille cedex, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène David-Cordonnier
- UMR-S1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre (JPARC), INSERM, University of Lille, Lille Hospital, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Place de Verdun F-59045 Lille cedex, France.
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Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites are some of the most frequent DNA damages and the key intermediates of base excision repair. Certain proteins can interact with the deoxyribose of the AP site to form a Schiff base, which can be stabilized by NaBH4 treatment. Several types of DNA containing the AP site were used to trap proteins in human cell extracts by this method. In the case of single-stranded AP DNA and AP DNA duplex with both 5' and 3' dangling ends, the major crosslinking product had an apparent molecular mass of 45 kDa. Using peptide mass mapping based on mass spectrometry data, we identified the protein forming this adduct as an isoform of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) called "uracil-DNA glycosylase". GAPDH is a glycolytic enzyme with many additional putative functions, which include interaction with nucleic acids, different DNA damages and DNA repair enzymes. We investigated interaction of GAPDH purified from HeLa cells and rabbit muscles with different AP DNAs. In spite of the ability to form a Schiff-base intermediate with the deoxyribose of the AP site, GAPDH does not display the AP lyase activity. In addition, along with the borohydride-dependent adducts with AP DNAs containing single-stranded regions, GAPDH was also shown to form the stable borohydride-independent crosslinks with these AP DNAs. GAPDH was proven to crosslink preferentially to AP DNAs cleaved via the β-elimination mechanism (spontaneously or by AP lyases) as compared to DNAs containing the intact AP site. The level of GAPDH-AP DNA adduct formation depends on oxidation of the protein SH-groups; disulfide bond reduction in GAPDH leads to the loss of its ability to form the adducts with AP DNA. A possible role of formation of the stable adducts with AP sites by GAPDH is discussed.
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Zhang JY, Zhang F, Hong CQ, Giuliano AE, Cui XJ, Zhou GJ, Zhang GJ, Cui YK. Critical protein GAPDH and its regulatory mechanisms in cancer cells. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12:10-22. [PMID: 25859407 PMCID: PMC4383849 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), initially identified as a glycolytic enzyme and considered as a housekeeping gene, is widely used as an internal control in experiments on proteins, mRNA, and DNA. However, emerging evidence indicates that GAPDH is implicated in diverse functions independent of its role in energy metabolism; the expression status of GAPDH is also deregulated in various cancer cells. One of the most common effects of GAPDH is its inconsistent role in the determination of cancer cell fate. Furthermore, studies have described GAPDH as a regulator of cell death; other studies have suggested that GAPDH participates in tumor progression and serves as a new therapeutic target. However, related regulatory mechanisms of its numerous cellular functions and deregulated expression levels remain unclear. GAPDH is tightly regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, which are involved in the regulation of diverse GAPDH functions. Several cancer-related factors, such as insulin, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), p53, nitric oxide (NO), and acetylated histone, not only modulate GAPDH gene expression but also affect protein functions via common pathways. Moreover, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) occurring in GAPDH in cancer cells result in new activities unrelated to the original glycolytic function of GAPDH. In this review, recent findings related to GAPDH transcriptional regulation and PTMs are summarized. Mechanisms and pathways involved in GAPDH regulation and its different roles in cancer cells are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ying Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Chao-Qun Hong
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Armando E Giuliano
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiao-Jiang Cui
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Guang-Ji Zhou
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yu-Kun Cui
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Natural compounds regulate glycolysis in hypoxic tumor microenvironment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:354143. [PMID: 25685782 PMCID: PMC4317583 DOI: 10.1155/2015/354143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the early twentieth century, Otto Heinrich Warburg described an elevated rate of glycolysis occurring in cancer cells, even in the presence of atmospheric oxygen (the Warburg effect). Recently it became a therapeutically interesting strategy and is considered as an emerging hallmark of cancer. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is one of the key transcription factors that play major roles in tumor glycolysis and could directly trigger Warburg effect. Thus, how to inhibit HIF-1-depended Warburg effect to assist the cancer therapy is becoming a hot issue in cancer research. In fact, HIF-1 upregulates the glucose transporters (GLUT) and induces the expression of glycolytic enzymes, such as hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. So small molecules of natural origin used as GLUT, hexokinase, or pyruvate kinase isoform M2 inhibitors could represent a major challenge in the field of cancer treatment. These compounds aim to suppress tumor hypoxia induced glycolysis process to suppress the cell energy metabolism or enhance the susceptibility of tumor cells to radio- and chemotherapy. In this review, we highlight the role of natural compounds in regulating tumor glycolysis, with a main focus on the glycolysis under hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
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Jung DW, Kim WH, Seo S, Oh E, Yim SH, Ha HH, Chang YT, Williams DR. Chemical targeting of GAPDH moonlighting function in cancer cells reveals its role in tubulin regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1533-45. [PMID: 25308277 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycolytic enzymes are attractive anticancer targets. They also carry out numerous, nonglycolytic "moonlighting" functions in cells. In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of the triazine small molecule, GAPDS, that targets the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). GAPDS showed greater toxicity against cancer cells compared to a known GAPDH enzyme inhibitor. GAPDS also selectively inhibited cell migration and invasion. Our analysis showed that GAPDS treatment reduced GAPDH levels in the cytoplasm, which would modulate the secondary, moonlighting functions of this enzyme. We then used GAPDS as a probe to demonstrate that a moonlighting function of GAPDH is tubulin regulation, which may explain its anti-invasive properties. We also observed that GAPDS has potent anticancer activity in vivo. Our study indicates that strategies to target the secondary functions of anticancer candidates may yield potent therapeutics and useful chemical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Hee Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinae Seo
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsang Oh
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Ho Yim
- College of Public Health and Welfare, Dongshin University, 185 Geonjaero, Naju, Jeonnam 520-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ho Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 570-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry and MedChem Program of Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Darren Reece Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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Hu ZY, Xiao L, Bode AM, Dong Z, Cao Y. Glycolytic genes in cancer cells are more than glucose metabolic regulators. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:837-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Liu H, Chen R, Chen X. A rapid and efficient access to renieramycin-type alkaloids featuring a temperature-dependent stereoselective cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1633-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42209g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Sulfur mustard induced nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:529-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen R, Liu H, Chen X. Asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-jorunnamycins A and C and (-)-jorumycin from L-tyrosine. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1789-1795. [PMID: 24070054 DOI: 10.1021/np400538q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three renieramycin-type antitumor alkaloids, (-)-jorunnamycins A (1) and C (2) and (-)-jorumycin (3), have been synthesized by a new convergent approach, which features a highly regio- and stereoselective Pictet-Spengler cyclization to couple the isoquinoline and the trisubstituted phenylalaninol partners. This synthetic strategy opens an economical access to these important antitumor alkaloids with high yields: (-)-jorunnamycin A, as a common precursor to other renieramycin-type alkaloids and their analogues, is obtained with 18.1% overall yield from l-tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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Protein recognition of the S23906-1-DNA adduct by nuclear proteins: direct involvement of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Biochem J 2013; 452:147-59. [PMID: 23409959 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a view to develop new DNA alkylating antitumour drugs, evaluating the precise mechanism of action and the molecular/cellular consequences of the alkylation is a point of major interest. The benzo-b-acronycine derivative S23906-1 alkylates guanine nucleobases in the minor groove of the DNA helix and presents an original ability to locally open the double helix of DNA, which appears to be associated with its cytotoxic activity. However, the molecular mechanism linking adduct formation to cellular consequences is not precisely known. The objective of the present study was to identify proteins involved in the recognition and mechanism of action of S23906-DNA adducts. We found that GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is a protein that binds to S23906-alkylated single-stranded, double-stranded and telomeric sequences in a drug-dependent and DNA sequence/structure-dependent manner. We used the CASTing (cyclic amplification of sequence targeting) method to identify GAPDH DNA-binding selectivity and then evaluated its binding to such selected S23906-alkylated sequences. At the cellular level, alkylation of S23906-1 results in an increase in the binding of GAPDH and its protein partner HMG (high-mobility group) B1 to the chromatin. Regarding the multiple roles of GAPDH in apoptosis and DNA repair, the cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of GAPDH were evaluated and present opposite effects in two different cellular models.
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Ganapathy-Kanniappan S, Kunjithapatham R, Geschwind JF. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: a promising target for molecular therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2013; 3:940-53. [PMID: 22964488 PMCID: PMC3660062 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most highly lethal malignancies ranking as the third leading-cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although surgical resection and transplantation are effective curative therapies, very few patients qualify for such treatments due to the advanced stage of the disease at diagnosis. In this context, loco-regional therapies provide a viable therapeutic alternative with minimal systemic toxicity. However, as chemoresistance and tumor recurrence negatively impact the success of therapy resulting in poorer patient outcomes it is imperative to identify new molecular target(s) in cancer cells that could be effectively targeted by novel agents. Recent research has demonstrated that proliferation in HCC is associated with increased glucose metabolism. The glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a multifunctional protein primarily recognized for its role in glucose metabolism, has already been shown to affect the proliferative potential of cancer cells. In human HCC, the increased expression of GAPDH is invariably associated with enhanced glycolytic capacity facilitating tumor progression. Though it is not yet known whether GAPDH up-regulation contributes to tumorigenesis sensu stricto, emerging evidence points to the existence of a link between GAPDH up-regulation and the promotion of survival mechanisms in cancer cells as well as chemoresistance. The involvement of GAPDH in several hepatocarcinogenic mechanisms (e.g. viral hepatitis, metabolic alterations) and its sensitivity to a new class of prospective anticancer agents prompted us to review the current understanding of the therapeutic potential of targeting GAPDH in HCC.
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Natural compounds as regulators of the cancer cell metabolism. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:639401. [PMID: 23762063 PMCID: PMC3670510 DOI: 10.1155/2013/639401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though altered metabolism is an "old" physiological mechanism, only recently its targeting became a therapeutically interesting strategy and by now it is considered an emerging hallmark of cancer. Nevertheless, a very poor number of compounds are under investigation as potential modulators of cell metabolism. Candidate agents should display selectivity of action towards cancer cells without side effects. This ideal favorable profile would perfectly overlap the requisites of new anticancer therapies and chemopreventive strategies as well. Nature represents a still largely unexplored source of bioactive molecules with a therapeutic potential. Many of these compounds have already been characterized for their multiple anticancer activities. Many of them are absorbed with the diet and therefore possess a known profile in terms of tolerability and bioavailability compared to newly synthetized chemical compounds. The discovery of important cross-talks between mediators of the most therapeutically targeted aberrancies in cancer (i.e., cell proliferation, survival, and migration) and the metabolic machinery allows to predict the possibility that many anticancer activities ascribed to a number of natural compounds may be due, in part, to their ability of modulating metabolic pathways. In this review, we attempt an overview of what is currently known about the potential of natural compounds as modulators of cancer cell metabolism.
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Chen R, Liu H, Liu X, Chen X. An efficient synthesis of l-3,4,5-trioxygenated phenylalanine compounds from l-tyrosine. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Niles AL, Moravec RA, Riss TL. Update on in vitro cytotoxicity assays for drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:655-69. [PMID: 23506147 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.6.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND in vitro cytotoxicity testing provides a crucial means of ranking compounds for consideration in drug discovery. The choice of using a particular viability or cytotoxicity assay technology may be influenced by specific research goals. OBJECTIVE Although the high-throughput screening (HTS) utility is typically dependent upon sensitivity and scalability, it is also impacted by signal robustness and resiliency to assay interferences. Further consideration should be given to data quality, ease-of-use, reagent stability, and matters of cost-effectiveness. METHODS Here we focus on three main classes of assays that are at present the most popular, useful, and practical for HTS drug discovery efforts. These methods measure: i) viability by metabolism reductase activities; ii) viability by bioluminescent ATP assays; or iii) cytotoxicity by enzymes 'released' into culture medium. Multi-parametric technologies are also briefly discussed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Each of these methods has its relative merits and detractions; however multi-parametric methods using both viability and cytotoxicity markers may mitigate the inherent shortcomings of single parameter measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Niles
- Senior Research Scientist Promega Corporation, Research and Development, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711, USA +1 608 247 4330, ext. 1447 ; +1 608 298 4818 ;
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CIB1 prevents nuclear GAPDH accumulation and non-apoptotic tumor cell death via AKT and ERK signaling. Oncogene 2012; 32:4017-27. [PMID: 22964641 PMCID: PMC3530648 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CIB1 is a 22-kDa regulatory protein previously implicated in cell survival and proliferation. However, the mechanism by which CIB1 regulates these processes is poorly defined. Here we report that CIB1 depletion in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells promotes non-apoptotic, caspase-independent cell death that is not initiated by increased outer mitochondrial membrane permeability or translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor to the nucleus. Instead, cell death requires nuclear GAPDH accumulation. Furthermore, CIB1 depletion disrupts two commonly dysregulated, oncogenic pathways– PI3K/AKT and Ras/MEK/ERK, resulting in a synergistic mechanism of cell death, which was mimicked by simultaneous pharmacological inhibition of both pathways, but not either pathway alone. In defining each pathway’s contributions, we found that AKT inhibition alone maximally induced GAPDH nuclear accumulation, whereas MEK/ERK inhibition alone had no effect on GAPDH localization. Concurrent GAPDH nuclear accumulation and ERK inhibition were required however, to induce a significant DNA damage response, which was critical to subsequent cell death. Collectively, our results indicate that CIB1 is uniquely positioned to regulate PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling and that simultaneous disruption of these pathways synergistically induces a nuclear GAPDH-dependent cell death. The mechanistic insights into cell death induced by CIB1 interference suggest novel molecular targets for cancer therapy.
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Kaschani F, Clerc J, Krahn D, Bier D, Hong TN, Ottmann C, Niessen S, Colby T, van der Hoorn RAL, Kaiser M. Identification of a selective, activity-based probe for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5230-3. [PMID: 22489074 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farnusch Kaschani
- Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
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Kaschani F, Clerc J, Krahn D, Bier D, Hong TN, Ottmann C, Niessen S, Colby T, van der Hoorn RAL, Kaiser M. Identifizierung einer selektiven aktivitätsbasierten Sonde für Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphat-Dehydrogenasen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Selwood T, Jaffe EK. Dynamic dissociating homo-oligomers and the control of protein function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 519:131-43. [PMID: 22182754 PMCID: PMC3298769 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homo-oligomeric protein assemblies are known to participate in dynamic association/disassociation equilibria under native conditions, thus creating an equilibrium of assembly states. Such quaternary structure equilibria may be influenced in a physiologically significant manner either by covalent modification or by the non-covalent binding of ligands. This review follows the evolution of ideas about homo-oligomeric equilibria through the 20th and into the 21st centuries and the relationship of these equilibria to allosteric regulation by the non-covalent binding of ligands. A dynamic quaternary structure equilibria is described where the dissociated state can have alternate conformations that cannot reassociate to the original multimer; the alternate conformations dictate assembly to functionally distinct alternate multimers of finite stoichiometry. The functional distinction between different assemblies provides a mechanism for allostery. The requirement for dissociation distinguishes this morpheein model of allosteric regulation from the classical MWC concerted and KNF sequential models. These models are described alongside earlier dissociating allosteric models. The identification of proteins that exist as an equilibrium of diverse native quaternary structure assemblies has the potential to define new targets for allosteric modulation with significant consequences for further understanding and/or controlling protein structure and function. Thus, a rationale for identifying proteins that may use the morpheein model of allostery is presented and a selection of proteins for which published data suggests this mechanism may be operative are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Selwood
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111
| | - Eileen K. Jaffe
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111
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In vivo investigation of the role of SfmO2 in saframycin A biosynthesis by structural characterization of the analogue saframycin O. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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38
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Simmons RL, Yu RT, Myers AG. Storable arylpalladium(II) reagents for alkene labeling in aqueous media. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15870-3. [PMID: 21888420 DOI: 10.1021/ja206339s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We show that arylpalladium(II) reagents linked to biotin and indocyanine dye residues can be prepared by decarboxylative palladation of appropriately substituted electron-rich benzoic acid derivatives. When prepared under the conditions described, these organometallic intermediates are tolerant of air and water, can be stored for several months in solution in dimethyl sulfoxide, and permit biotin- and indocyanine dye-labeling of functionally complex olefinic substrates in water by Heck-type coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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39
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Krishnan K, Ker JEA, Mohammed SM, Nadarajah VD. Identification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a binding protein for a 68-kDa Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal protein cytotoxic against leukaemic cells. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:86. [PMID: 21073742 PMCID: PMC2996362 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), an ubiquitous gram-positive spore-forming bacterium forms parasporal proteins during the stationary phase of its growth. Recent findings of selective human cancer cell-killing activity in non-insecticidal Bt isolates resulted in a new category of Bt parasporal protein called parasporin. However, little is known about the receptor molecules that bind parasporins and the mechanism of anti-cancer activity. A Malaysian Bt isolate, designated Bt18 produces parasporal protein that exhibit preferential cytotoxic activity for human leukaemic T cells (CEM-SS) but is non-cytotoxic to normal T cells or other cancer cell lines such as human cervical cancer (HeLa), human breast cancer (MCF-7) and colon cancer (HT-29) suggesting properties similar to parasporin. In this study we aim to identify the binding protein for Bt18 in human leukaemic T cells. Methods Bt18 parasporal protein was separated using Mono Q anion exchange column attached to a HPLC system and antibody was raised against the purified 68-kDa parasporal protein. Receptor binding assay was used to detect the binding protein for Bt18 parasporal protein in CEM-SS cells and the identified protein was sent for N-terminal sequencing. NCBI protein BLAST was used to analyse the protein sequence. Double immunofluorescence staining techniques was applied to localise Bt18 and binding protein on CEM-SS cell. Results Anion exchange separation of Bt18 parasporal protein yielded a 68-kDa parasporal protein with specific cytotoxic activity. Polyclonal IgG (anti-Bt18) for the 68-kDa parasporal protein was successfully raised and purified. Receptor binding assay showed that Bt18 parasporal protein bound to a 36-kDa protein from the CEM-SS cells lysate. N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 36-kDa protein was GKVKVGVNGFGRIGG. NCBI protein BLAST revealed that the binding protein was Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Double immunofluorescence staining showed co-localisation of Bt18 and GAPDH on the plasma membrane of the CEM-SS cells. Conclusions GAPDH has been well known as a glycolytic enzyme, but recently GAPDH was discovered to have roles in apoptosis and carcinogenesis. Pre-incubation of anti-GAPDH antibody with CEM-SS cells decreases binding of Bt18 to the susceptible cells. Based on a qualitative analysis of the immunoblot and immunofluorescence results, GAPDH was identified as a binding protein on the plasma membrane of CEM-SS cells for Bt18 parasporal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanakeswary Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International Medical University, No 126 Jalan 19/155B Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000 Malaysia
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40
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The diverse functions of GAPDH: views from different subcellular compartments. Cell Signal 2010; 23:317-23. [PMID: 20727968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple roles for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) have been recently appreciated. In addition to the cytoplasm where the majority of GAPDH is located under the basal condition, GAPDH is also found in the particulate fractions, such as the nucleus, the mitochondria, and the small vesicular fractions. When cells are exposed to various stressors, dynamic subcellular re-distribution of GAPDH occurs. Here we review these multifunctional properties of GAPDH, especially linking them to its oligomerization, posttranslational modification, and subcellular localization. This includes mechanistic descriptions of how S-nitrosylation of GAPDH under oxidative stress may lead to cell death/dysfunction via nuclear translocation of GAPDH, which is counteracted by a cytosolic GOSPEL. GAPDH is also involved in various diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders and cancers. Therapeutic strategies to these conditions based on molecular understanding of GAPDH are discussed.
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41
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Cheng KW, Wong CC, Wang M, He QY, Chen F. Identification and characterization of molecular targets of natural products by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:126-155. [PMID: 19319922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural products, and their derivatives and mimics, have contributed to the development of important therapeutics to combat diseases such as infections and cancers over the past decades. The value of natural products to modern drug discovery is still considerable. However, its development is hampered by a lack of a mechanistic understanding of their molecular action, as opposed to the emerging molecule-targeted therapeutics that are tailored to a specific protein target(s). Recent advances in the mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches have the potential to offer unprecedented insights into the molecular action of natural products. Chemical proteomics is established as an invaluable tool for the identification of protein targets of natural products. Small-molecule affinity selection combined with mass spectrometry is a successful strategy to "fish" cellular targets from the entire proteome. Mass spectrometry-based profiling of protein expression is also routinely employed to elucidate molecular pathways involved in the therapeutic and possible toxicological responses upon treatment with natural products. In addition, mass spectrometry is increasingly utilized to probe structural aspects of natural products-protein interactions. Limited proteolysis, photoaffinity labeling, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange in conjunction with mass spectrometry are sensitive and high-throughput strategies that provide low-resolution structural information of non-covalent natural product-protein complexes. In this review, we provide an overview on the applications of mass spectrometry-based techniques in the identification and characterization of natural product-protein interactions, and we describe how these applications might revolutionize natural product-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wing Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Patra S, Ghosh S, Bera S, Roy A, Ray S, Ray M. Molecular characterization of tumor associated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:717-27. [PMID: 19747091 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909070037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the purification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from normal leukocytes of healthy subjects and leukocytes of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients and from normal mouse muscle and sarcoma tissue. The data indicate that some properties of GAPDH of leukocytes of CML patients and sarcoma tissues are similar and also similar to those of EAC (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma) cellular GAPDH but distinctly different from those of the normal cellular GAPDH. Polyclonal antiserum raised against the 54 kDa subunit of EAC cell GAPDH strongly reacted with GAPDH of leukocytes of CML patients and sarcoma tissue GAPDH only and weakly reacted with GAPDH of normal leukocyte and normal muscle and a variety of other tissues of normal rats. Both the subunits of GAPDH of sarcoma tissues were partially sequenced from the N-terminus and compared with the known sequences of GAPDH. The altered properties of GAPDH of three different malignant sources might be common feature of all malignant cells, which is discussed in relation to glycolysis and malignant aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
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Demarse NA, Ponnusamy S, Spicer EK, Apohan E, Baatz JE, Ogretmen B, Davies C. Direct binding of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase to telomeric DNA protects telomeres against chemotherapy-induced rapid degradation. J Mol Biol 2009; 394:789-803. [PMID: 19800890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a glycolytic enzyme that displays several non-glycolytic activities, including the maintenance and/or protection of telomeres. In this study, we determined the molecular mechanism and biological role of the interaction between GAPDH and human telomeric DNA. Using gel-shift assays, we show that recombinant GAPDH binds directly with high affinity (K(d)=45 nM) to a single-stranded oligonucleotide comprising three telomeric DNA repeats, and that nucleotides T1, G5, and G6 of the TTAGGG repeat are essential for binding. The stoichiometry of the interaction is 2:1 (DNA:GAPDH), and GAPDH appears to form a high-molecular-weight complex when bound to the oligonucleotide. Mutation of Asp32 and Cys149, which are localized to the NAD-binding site and the active-site center of GAPDH, respectively, produced mutants that almost completely lost their telomere-binding functions both in vitro and in situ (in A549 human lung cancer cells). Treatment of A549 cells with the chemotherapeutic agents gemcitabine and doxorubicin resulted in increased nuclear localization of expressed wild-type GAPDH, where it protected telomeres against rapid degradation, concomitant with increased resistance to the growth-inhibitory effects of these drugs. The non-DNA-binding mutants of GAPDH also localized to the nucleus when expressed in A549 cells, but did not confer any significant protection of telomeres against chemotherapy-induced degradation or growth inhibition; this occurred without the involvement of caspase activation or apoptosis regulation. Overall, these data demonstrate that GAPDH binds telomeric DNA directly in vitro and may have a biological role in the protection of telomeres against rapid degradation in response to chemotherapeutic agents in A549 human lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Demarse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Phadke MS, Krynetskaia NF, Mishra AK, Krynetskiy E. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase depletion induces cell cycle arrest and resistance to antimetabolites in human carcinoma cell lines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:77-86. [PMID: 19628630 PMCID: PMC2766228 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.155671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional protein that acts at the intersection of energy metabolism and stress response in tumor cells. To elucidate the role of GAPDH in chemotherapy-induced stress, we analyzed its activity, protein level, intracellular distribution, and intranuclear mobility in human carcinoma cells A549 and UO31 after treatment with cytarabine, doxorubicin, and mercaptopurine. After treatment with cytosine arabinoside (araC), enzymatically inactive GAPDH accumulated in the nucleus. Experiments on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching with green fluorescent protein-GAPDH fusion protein in the live cells treated with araC demonstrated reduced mobility of green fluorescent protein-GAPDH inside the nucleus, indicative of interactions with nuclear macromolecular components after genotoxic stress. Depletion of GAPDH with RNA interference stopped cell proliferation, and induced cell cycle arrest in G(1) phase via p53 stabilization, and accumulation of p53-inducible CDK inhibitor p21. Neither p21 accumulation nor cell cycle arrest was detected in GAPDH-depleted p53-null NCI-H358 cells. GAPDH-depleted A549 cells were 50-fold more resistant to treatment with cytarabine (1.68 +/- 0.182 microM versus 0.03 +/- 0.015 microM in control). Depletion of GAPDH did not significantly alter cellular sensitivity to doxorubicin (0.05 +/- 0.023 microM versus 0.035 +/- 0.0154 microM in control). Induction of cell cycle arrest in p53-proficient carcinoma cells via GAPDH abrogation suggests that GAPDH-depleting agents may have a cytostatic effect in cancer cells. Our results define GAPDH as an important determinant of cellular sensitivity to antimetabolite chemotherapy because of its regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali S Phadke
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Schlüter H, Apweiler R, Holzhütter HG, Jungblut PR. Finding one's way in proteomics: a protein species nomenclature. Chem Cent J 2009; 3:11. [PMID: 19740416 PMCID: PMC2758878 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of proteins has greatly improved in recent years, driven by new technologies in the fields of molecular biology and proteome research. It has become clear that from a single gene not only one single gene product but many different ones - termed protein species - are generated, all of which may be associated with different functions. Nonetheless, an unambiguous nomenclature for describing individual protein species is still lacking. With the present paper we therefore propose a systematic nomenclature for the comprehensive description of protein species. The protein species nomenclature is flexible and adaptable to every level of knowledge and of experimental data in accordance with the exact chemical composition of individual protein species. As a minimum description the entry name (gene name + species according to the UniProt knowledgebase) can be used, if no analytical data about the target protein species are available.
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Mountassif D, Baibai T, Fourrat L, Moutaouakkil A, Iddar A, El Kebbaj MS, Soukri A. Immunoaffinity purification and characterization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2009; 41:399-406. [PMID: 19430704 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmp026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new procedure utilizing immunoaffinity column chromatography has been used for the purification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12) from human erythrocytes. The comparison between this rapid method (one step) and the traditional procedure including ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by Blue Sepharose CL-6B chromatography shows that the new method gives a highest specific activity with a highest yield in a short time. The characterization of the purified GAPDH reveals that the native enzyme is a homotetramer of ~150 kDa with an absolute specificity for the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)). Western blot analysis using purified monospecific polyclonal antibodies raised against the purified GAPDH showed a single 36 kDa band corresponding to the enzyme subunit. Studies on the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity revealed optimal values of about 43 degrees C and 8.5, respectively. The kinetic parameters were also calculated: the Vmax was 4.3 U/mg and the Km values against G3P and NAD(+) were 20.7 and 17.8 muM, respectively. The new protocol described represents a simple, economic, and reproducible tool for the purification of GAPDH and can be used for other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driss Mountassif
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire, Universite Hassan II-Ain Chock, Faculte des Sciences Ain Chock, km 8 route d'El Jadida BP. 5366, Maarif, Casablanca, Morocco.
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Olano C, Méndez C, Salas JA. Antitumor compounds from actinomycetes: from gene clusters to new derivatives by combinatorial biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:628-60. [PMID: 19387499 DOI: 10.1039/b822528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to October 2008. Antitumor compounds produced by actinomycetes and novel derivatives generated by combinatorial biosynthesis are reviewed (with 318 references cited.) The different structural groups for which the relevant gene clusters have been isolated and characterized are reviewed, with a description of the strategies used for the generation of the novel derivatives and the activities of these compounds against tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Olano
- Departamento de Biología Funcional and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A.), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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Labbé S, Harrisson JF, Séguin C. Identification of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins by southwestern blotting. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 543:151-61. [PMID: 19378166 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-015-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a Southwestern blotting method for characterization of both DNA-binding proteins and their specific sites. Proteins are first separated on a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel, then renatured in SDS-free buffer and transferred by electroblotting to an immobilizing membrane, and detected by their ability to bind radiolabeled DNA. The protein(s) interacting with the labeled DNA is visualized by autoradiography. This technique was used in our laboratory to visualize the metal regulatory consensus sequence-binding protein MTF-1 in L cell crude nuclear extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Labbé
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, CHUQ, Pavillon l'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 11, côte de Palais, Québec, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
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Azam S, Jouvet N, Jilani A, Vongsamphanh R, Yang X, Yang S, Ramotar D. Human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a direct role in reactivating oxidized forms of the DNA repair enzyme APE1. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:30632-41. [PMID: 18776186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801401200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has diverse biological functions including its nuclear translocation in response to oxidative stress. We show that GAPDH physically associates with APE1, an essential enzyme involved in the repair of abasic sites in damaged DNA, as well as in the redox regulation of several transcription factors. This interaction allows GAPDH to convert the oxidized species of APE1 to the reduced form, thereby reactivating its endonuclease activity to cleave abasic sites. The GAPDH variants C152G and C156G retain the ability to interact with but are unable to reactivate APE1, implicating these cysteines in catalyzing the reduction of APE1. Interestingly, GAPDH-small interfering RNA knockdown sensitized the cells to methyl methane sulfonate and bleomycin, which generate lesions that are repaired by APE1, but showed normal sensitivity to 254-nm UV. Moreover, the GAPDH knockdown cells exhibited an increased level of spontaneous abasic sites in the genomic DNA as a result of diminished APE1 endonuclease activity. Thus, the nuclear translocation of GAPDH during oxidative stress constitutes a protective mechanism to safeguard the genome by preventing structural inactivation of APE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonish Azam
- University of Montreal, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
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