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Hua P, Liang R, Tu Y, Yin Y, Law MK, Chen M. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide scavenging nanoparticles alleviating rheumatoid arthritis through adjusting the seeds and growing soils. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:5016-5029. [PMID: 38045057 PMCID: PMC10692387 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Normalizing inflamed soils including reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), cell-free DNA, and regulating inflammation-related seeds such as macrophages, neutrophils, fibroblasts, represent a promising strategy to maintain synovial tissue homeostasis for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. Herein, ROS scavenging amphiphilic block copolymer PEGylated bilirubin and NO-scavenging PEGylated o-phenylenediamine were fabricated to self-assemble into a dually responsive nanoparticle loaded with JAK inhibitor notopterol (Not@BR/oPDA-PEG, NBOP NPs). The simultaneous ROS and NO depletion combined with JAK-STAT pathway inhibition could not only promote M2 polarization to reduce further ROS and NO generation, but also decrease cytokines and chemokines to prevent immune cell recruitment. Specifically, NBOP NPs responded to high level ROS and NO, and disintegrated to release notopterol in inflamed joints as the hydrophobic heads BR and oPDA were transformed into hydrophilic ones. The released notopterol could inhibit the JAK-STAT pathway of inflammatory cells to reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This strategy represented an effective way to regulate RA soils and seeds through breaking the positive feedback loop of inflammation aggravation, achieving an excellent anti-RA efficacy in a collagen-induced arthritis rat model. Taken together, our work offered a reference to adjust RA soils and seeds for enhanced RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Ruifeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yanbei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yuying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Man-Kay Law
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, IME and FST-ECE, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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2
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Czaja AJ. Introducing Molecular Chaperones into the Causality and Prospective Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:4098-4116. [PMID: 37755606 PMCID: PMC10570239 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones influence the immunogenicity of peptides and the activation of effector T cells, and their pathogenic roles in autoimmune hepatitis are unclear. Heat shock proteins are pivotal in the processing and presentation of peptides that activate CD8+ T cells. They can also induce regulatory B and T cells and promote immune tolerance. Tapasin and the transporter associated with antigen processing-binding protein influence the editing and loading of high-affinity peptides for presentation by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Their over-expression could enhance the autoimmune response, and their deficiency could weaken it. The lysosome-associated membrane protein-2a isoform in conjunction with heat shock cognate 70 supports the importation of cytosolic proteins into lysosomes. Chaperone-mediated autophagy can then process the peptides for activation of CD4+ T cells. Over-expression of autophagy in T cells may also eliminate negative regulators of their activity. The human leukocyte antigen B-associated transcript three facilitates the expression of class II peptide receptors, inhibits T cell apoptosis, prevents T cell exhaustion, and sustains the immune response. Immunization with heat shock proteins has induced immune tolerance in experimental models and humans with autoimmune disease by inducing regulatory T cells. Therapeutic manipulation of other molecular chaperones may promote T cell exhaustion and induce tolerogenic dendritic cells. In conclusion, molecular chaperones constitute an under-evaluated family of ancillary proteins that could affect the occurrence, severity, and outcome of autoimmune hepatitis. Clarification of their contributions to the immune mechanisms and clinical activity of autoimmune hepatitis could have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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3
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Reinehr S, Safaei A, Grotegut P, Guntermann A, Tsai T, Hahn SA, Kösters S, Theiss C, Marcus K, Dick HB, May C, Joachim SC. Heat Shock Protein Upregulation Supplemental to Complex mRNA Alterations in Autoimmune Glaucoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101538. [PMID: 36291747 PMCID: PMC9599116 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is a common cause for blindness. An elevated intraocular pressure is the main risk factor, but also a contribution of the immune system seems likely. In the experimental autoimmune glaucoma model used here, systemic immunization with an optic nerve homogenate antigen (ONA) leads to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) and optic nerve degeneration. We processed retinae for quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistology 28 days after immunization. Furthermore, we performed mRNA profiling in this model for the first time. We detected a significant RGC loss in the ONA retinae. This was accompanied by an upregulation of mRNA expression of genes belonging to the heat shock protein family. Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of the genes of the immune system, such as C1qa, C1qb, Il18, and Nfkb1, were upregulated in ONA animals. After laser microdissection, inner retinal layers were used for mRNA microarrays. Nine of these probes were significantly upregulated in ONA animals (p < 0.05), including Hba-a1 and Cxcl10, while fifteen probes were significantly downregulated in ONA animals (p < 0.05), such as Gdf15 and Wwox. Taken together, these findings provide further insights into the pivotal role of the immune response in glaucomatous optic neuropathy and could help to identify novel diagnostic or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Armin Safaei
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Pia Grotegut
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Annika Guntermann
- Department Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, ProDi E2.227, Gesundheitscampus 4, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan A. Hahn
- Department of Molecular GI Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Steffen Kösters
- Department Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, ProDi E2.227, Gesundheitscampus 4, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Department Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, ProDi E2.227, Gesundheitscampus 4, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - H. Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline May
- Department Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, ProDi E2.227, Gesundheitscampus 4, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (S.C.J.); Tel.: +49-234-24651 (C.M.); Tel.: +49-234-2993156 (S.C.J.)
| | - Stephanie C. Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (S.C.J.); Tel.: +49-234-24651 (C.M.); Tel.: +49-234-2993156 (S.C.J.)
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4
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Gomez CR. Role of heat shock proteins in aging and chronic inflammatory diseases. GeroScience 2021; 43:2515-2532. [PMID: 34241808 PMCID: PMC8599533 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is associated with a decline in response to stress. This contributes to the establishment of chronic inflammation, one of the hallmarks of aging and age-related disease. Heat shock proteins (HSP) are determinants of life span, and their progressive malfunction leads to age-related pathology. To discuss the function of HSP on age-related chronic inflammation and illness. An updated review of literature and discussion of relevant work on the topic of HSP in normal aging and chronic inflammatory pathology was performed. HSP contribute to inflamm-aging. They also play a key role in age-associated pathology linked to chronic inflammation such as autoimmune disorders, neurological disease, cardiovascular disorder, and cancer. HSP may be targeted for control of their effects related to age and chronic inflammation. Research on HSP functions in age-linked chronic inflammatory disorders provides an opportunity to improve health span and delay age-related chronic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Gomez
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Cent, er, 2500 N. State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Preclinical Research Unit, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Mississippi, 2500 N. State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Division of Lung Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis (IA) is a common disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Proinflammatory events during IA pathogenesis are well studied; however, loss of protective immunity remains underexplored. Earlier, we reported that 14-3-3zeta (ζ) has a role in T-cell polarization and interleukin (IL)-17A signal transduction. Here, we demonstrate that 14-3-3ζ knockout (KO) rats develop early-onset severe arthritis in two independent models of IA, pristane-induced arthritis and collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritic 14-3-3ζ KO animals showed an increase in bone loss and immune cell infiltration in synovial joints. Induction of arthritis coincided with the loss of anti-14-3-3ζ antibodies; however, rescue experiments to supplement the 14-3-3ζ antibody by passive immunization did not suppress arthritis. Instead, 14-3-3ζ immunization during the presymptomatic phase resulted in significant suppression of arthritis in both wild-type and 14-3-3ζ KO animals. Mechanistically, 14-3-3ζ KO rats exhibited elevated inflammatory gene signatures at the messenger RNA and protein levels, particularly for IL-1β. Furthermore, the immunization with recombinant 14-3-3ζ protein suppressed IL-1β levels, significantly increased anti-14-3-3ζ antibody levels and collagen production, and preserved bone quality. The 14-3-3ζ protein increased collagen expression in primary rat mesenchymal cells. Together, our findings indicate that 14-3-3ζ causes immune suppression and extracellular remodeling, which lead to a previously unrecognized IA-suppressive function.
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6
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Toes RE, Raza K. The autoimmune response as a potential target for tolerance induction before the development of rheumatoid arthritis. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2021; 3:e214-e223. [PMID: 38279384 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the synovial joints. Although treatment options and efficacy have increased substantially in the past two decades, the disease cannot be cured or prevented. Therefore, rheumatoid arthritis still has a considerable effect on the quality of life of patients, not only because life-long medication is often required, but also because residual disease activity leads to progressive loss of function in the musculoskeletal system and extra-articular morbidity. Key future goals in the management of rheumatoid arthritis are the ability to induce long-lasting drug-free remission in patients with the disease (ie, to achieve a cure), and to prevent disease before it emerges. To reach these goals, it is pivotal to understand the autoimmune response underlying rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis and to develop ways to permanently silence it (ie, to induce tolerance). For preventive studies, the identification of markers (clinical, immunological, and biological) predictive of future disease is crucial, as prevention of disease will not be feasible without the ability to identify relevant at-risk target populations. In this Series paper, we review the autoimmune response underlying rheumatoid arthritis, how rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoimmunity develops and evolves during the transition from health to disease, and how tolerance studies could be designed to achieve prevention or cure of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Em Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Karim Raza
- Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis and MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
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7
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Stanway JA, Isaacs JD. Tolerance-inducing medicines in autoimmunity: rheumatology and beyond. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2020; 2:e565-e575. [PMID: 38273619 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is currently managed with generalised immunosuppression, which is associated with serious side-effects such as infection and cancer. An ideal treatment strategy would be to induce immune tolerance-ie, to reprogramme the immune system to stop recognising the host itself as a threat. Drug-free remission should follow such an intervention, representing a change in the approach to the treatment of autoimmune disease. Tolerance induction is achievable in animal models of autoimmunity but translation to the clinic has been slow. Nonetheless, progress has been made-eg, restoration of therapeutic responsiveness and drug-free remission have been achieved with stem cell transplantation in refractory autoimmunity, and significant delays in onset of type 1 diabetes in individuals at high risk have been achieved following a brief treatment with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. In the future, antigen-specific interventions should provide highly targeted, personalised approaches, avoiding generalised immunosuppression entirely. Such trials have already started, using both direct autoantigenic peptide administration, cellular therapies, and other modalities. In this Series paper, we discuss the history of immune tolerance induction with a focus on rheumatological disease while also highlighting essential data from other specialties. We propose key unanswered questions, which will be covered in other papers in this Series.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Stanway
- National Institute for Health Research, Northern Deanery, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John D Isaacs
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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8
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Rana J, Biswas M. Regulatory T cell therapy: Current and future design perspectives. Cell Immunol 2020; 356:104193. [PMID: 32823038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune equilibrium by suppressing immune responses through various multistep contact dependent and independent mechanisms. Cellular therapy using polyclonal Tregs in transplantation and autoimmune diseases has shown promise in preclinical models and clinical trials. Although novel approaches have been developed to improve specificity and efficacy of antigen specific Treg based therapies, widespread application is currently restricted. To date, design-based approaches to improve the potency and persistence of engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) Tregs are limited. Here, we describe currently available Treg based therapies, their advantages and limitations for implementation in clinical studies. We also examine various strategies for improving CAR T cell design that can potentially be applied to CAR Tregs, such as identifying co-stimulatory signalling domains that enhance suppressive ability, determining optimal scFv affinity/avidity, and co-expression of accessory molecules. Finally, we discuss the importance of tailoring CAR Treg design to suit the individual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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9
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Tukaj S. Heat Shock Protein 70 as a Double Agent Acting Inside and Outside the Cell: Insights into Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155298. [PMID: 32722570 PMCID: PMC7432326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are a diverse group of constitutive and/or stress-induced molecules that are categorized into several classes on the basis of their molecular weight. Mammalian Hsp have been mostly regarded as intracellular chaperones that mediate a range of essential cellular functions, including proper folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, refolding of denatured proteins, protein transport, and stabilization of native proteins' structures. The well-characterized and highly evolutionarily conserved, stress-inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70), is a key molecular chaperone that is overexpressed in the cell in response to stress of various origin. Hsp70 exhibits an immunosuppressive activity via, e.g., downregulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation, and pharmacological induction of Hsp70 can ameliorate the autoimmune arthritis development in animal models. Moreover, Hsp70 might be passively or actively released from the necrotic or stressed cells, respectively. Highly immunogenic extracellular Hsp70 has been reported to impact both the innate and adaptive immune responses, and to be implicated in the autoimmune reaction. In addition, preclinical studies revealed that immunization with highly conserved Hsp70 peptides could be regarded as a potential treatment target for autoimmune arthritis, such as the rheumatoid arthritis, via induction of antigen-specific regulatory T helper cells (also called Treg). Here, a dual role of the intra- and extracellular Hsp70 is presented in the context of the autoimmune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tukaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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10
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Savage AE, Gratwicke B, Hope K, Bronikowski E, Fleischer RC. Sustained immune activation is associated with susceptibility to the amphibian chytrid fungus. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2889-2903. [PMID: 32700351 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The disease chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Bd has devastated amphibian populations worldwide. Functional genomic contributions to host susceptibility remain enigmatic and vary between species and populations. We conducted experimental Bd infections in Rana yavapaiensis, a species with intraspecific variation in chytridiomycosis susceptibility, to assess the skin and spleen transcriptomic response to infection over time. We predicted that increased immune gene expression would be associated with a positive disease outcome, but we instead found that surviving frogs had significantly reduced immune gene expression compared to susceptible frogs and to uninfected controls. MHC class IIβ gene expression was also significantly higher in susceptible frogs compared to surviving frogs. Furthermore, susceptible frogs expressed a significantly larger number of distinct class IIβ alleles, demonstrating a negative correlation between class IIβ expression, functional diversity, and survival. Expression of the MHC class IIβ locus previously associated with Bd disease outcomes was a significant predictor of Bd infection intensity at early infection stages but not at late infection stages, suggesting initial MHC-linked immune processes are important for ultimate disease outcomes. We infer through disease association and phylogenetic analysis that certain MHC variants are linked to the immune expression that was negatively associated with survival, and we hypothesize that frogs that did not express these alleles could better survive infections. Our study finds that MHC expression at early and late infection stages predicts Bd infection intensity, and suggests that generating a sustained immune response against Bd may be counterproductive for surviving chytridiomycosis in this partially susceptible species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Savage
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brian Gratwicke
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katharine Hope
- Center for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edward Bronikowski
- Center for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
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11
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Peptide-Based Vaccination Therapy for Rheumatic Diseases. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8060375. [PMID: 32258176 PMCID: PMC7104265 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases are extremely heterogeneous diseases with substantial risks of morbidity and mortality, and there is a pressing need in developing more safe and cost-effective treatment strategies. Peptide-based vaccination is a highly desirable strategy in treating noninfection diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases, and has gained increasing attentions. This review is aimed at providing a brief overview of the recent advances in peptide-based vaccination therapy for rheumatic diseases. Tremendous efforts have been made to develop effective peptide-based vaccinations against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), while studies in other rheumatic diseases are still limited. Peptide-based active vaccination against pathogenic cytokines such as TNF-α and interferon-α (IFN-α) is shown to be promising in treating RA or SLE. Moreover, peptide-based tolerogenic vaccinations also have encouraging results in treating RA or SLE. However, most studies available now have been mainly based on animal models, while evidence from clinical studies is still lacking. The translation of these advances from experimental studies into clinical therapy remains impeded by some obstacles such as species difference in immunity, disease heterogeneity, and lack of safe delivery carriers or adjuvants. Nevertheless, advances in high-throughput technology, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology may help overcome these impediments and facilitate the successful development of peptide-based vaccination therapy for rheumatic diseases.
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12
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Del Carmen Domínguez M, Cabrales A, Lorenzo N, Padrón G, Gonzalez LJ. Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profiles of an altered peptide ligand derived from heat-shock proteins 60 in Lewis rats. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:133-140. [PMID: 31802366 PMCID: PMC6985321 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) is an autoantigen involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Epitopes derived from HSP60 can trigger activation of regulatory T cells (Treg). CIGB-814 is an altered peptide ligand (APL) derived from HSP60. In preclinical models, this peptide had anti-inflammatory effects and increased Treg. The results from phase I clinical trial indicated that CIGB-814 was safe and activated mechanisms associated with induction of tolerance. Biodistribution profile for inducers of tolerance is crucial for triggering its effects. The primary goal of this study in Lewis rats was to identify (1) the target organs of CIGB-814 and (2) the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile. 125I-CIGB-814 administered subcutaneously at three dose levels was distributed in the thyroid gland, but also at considerable levels to the stomach and small and large intestines. In addition, concentration of CIGB-814 was increased in lymph nodes (LNs) at 24 h, compared with 4-h post-administration. Small intestine and LNs are excellent sites for induction of tolerance, due to the characteristics of dendritic cells in these tissues. Maximum concentration of CIGB-814 in blood of Lewis rats at 0.5 to 1 h agrees with PK profile determined for patients. Altogether, these results support therapeutic possibilities of CIGB-814 for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Domínguez
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, 11300, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Ania Cabrales
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, 11300, Havana, Cuba
| | - Norailys Lorenzo
- Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Padrón
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, 11300, Havana, Cuba
| | - L J Gonzalez
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, 11300, Havana, Cuba
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13
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Spiering R, Jansen MAA, Wood MJ, Fath AA, Eltherington O, Anderson AE, Pratt AG, van Eden W, Isaacs JD, Broere F, Hilkens CMU. Targeting of tolerogenic dendritic cells to heat-shock proteins in inflammatory arthritis. J Transl Med 2019; 17:375. [PMID: 31727095 PMCID: PMC6857208 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) are a promising therapeutic strategy for inflammatory arthritis (IA) as they can regulate autoantigen-specific T cell responses. Here, we investigated two outstanding priorities for clinical development: (i) the suitability of using heat-shock proteins (HSP), abundant in inflamed synovia, as surrogate autoantigens to be presented by tolDC and (ii) identification of functional biomarkers that confirm tolDC regulatory activity. Methods Cell proliferation dye-labelled human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of IA (rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA)) patients or healthy donors were cultured with HSP40-, HSP60- and HSP70-derived peptides or recall antigens (e.g. tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD)) in the presence or absence of tolDC or control DC for 9 days. Functional characteristics of proliferated antigen-specific T-cells were measured using flow cytometry, gene expression profiling and cytokine secretion immunoassays. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni correction for comparisons between multiple groups and paired Student t test for comparisons between two groups were used to determine significance. Results All groups showed robust CD4+ T-cell responses towards one or more HSP-derived peptide(s) as assessed by a stimulation index > 2 (healthy donors: 78%, RA: 73%, PsA: 90%) and production of the cytokines IFNγ, IL-17A and GM-CSF. Addition of tolDC but not control DC induced a type 1 regulatory (Tr1) phenotype in the antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell population, as identified by high expression of LAG3, CD49b and secretion of IL-10. Furthermore, tolDC inhibited bystander natural killer (NK) cell activation in a TGFβ dependent manner. Conclusions HSP-specific CD4+ T-cells are detectable in the majority of RA and PsA patients and can be converted into Tr1 cells by tolDC. HSP-loaded tolDC may therefore be suitable for directing T regulatory responses to antigens in inflamed synovia of IA patients. Tr1 markers LAG3, CD49b and IL-10 are suitable biomarkers for future tolDC clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Spiering
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, (Formerly: Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE)), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR-Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Long-Term Conditions, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Manon A A Jansen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Wood
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, (Formerly: Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE)), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR-Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Long-Term Conditions, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anshorulloh A Fath
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, (Formerly: Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE)), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR-Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Long-Term Conditions, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Oliver Eltherington
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, (Formerly: Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE)), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR-Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Long-Term Conditions, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amy E Anderson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, (Formerly: Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE)), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR-Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Long-Term Conditions, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Arthur G Pratt
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, (Formerly: Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE)), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR-Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Long-Term Conditions, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Willem van Eden
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John D Isaacs
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, (Formerly: Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE)), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR-Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Long-Term Conditions, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Femke Broere
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catharien M U Hilkens
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, (Formerly: Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE)), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,NIHR-Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Long-Term Conditions, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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14
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Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205160. [PMID: 31635205 PMCID: PMC6834184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, one of the most common causes of blindness worldwide, is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by damage of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve degeneration. However, the exact mechanism leading to glaucoma is still not understood. Evidences suggest an immunological involvement in the pathogenesis. Among other immune responses, altered autoantibody patterns were found in glaucoma patients. Especially elevated antibody levels against heat shock proteins (HSPs), like HSP27 or HSP60, were identified. In an animal model, an immunization with these HSPs induced a pressure-independent retinal ganglion cell degeneration and axon loss, hence mimicking glaucoma-like damage. In addition, development of autoreactive antibodies, as well as a glia and T-cell activation, were described in these animals. Recently, we noted that intravitreal HSP27 injection likewise led to a degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Therefore, HSP27 might have a direct damaging effect on retinal cells, and might play a key role in glaucoma.
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15
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McGowan J, Peter C, Chattopadhyay S, Chakravarti R. 14-3-3ζ-A Novel Immunogen Promotes Inflammatory Cytokine Production. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1553. [PMID: 31396202 PMCID: PMC6667649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies against 14-3-3ζ in human autoimmune diseases indicates its antigenic function. However, neither the cause nor the consequence of this newly-identified antigenic function of 14-3-3ζ protein is known. To address this, we investigated the immunological functions of 14-3-3ζ by studying ex vivo effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proliferation, polarization, and cytokine production. Exogenous 14-3-3ζ promoted PBMC proliferation and T cell polarization toward Th1 and Th17 populations. Significant increases in IFN-γ and IL-17 levels were observed in the presence of 14-3-3ζ. A specific increase in Th1 cells and IFN-γ production provided strong evidence for MHC class II presentation of 14-3-3ζ antigen. Particularly HLA-DRB1*0401 allele strongly promoted 14-3-3ζ-induced IFN-γ producing cells. In contrast, prednisolone treatment suppressed both 14-3-3ζ-induced T cell polarization and cytokine production. Overall, we show that MHC presentation and the adaptor functions of 14-3-3ζ participate in promoting IFN-γ and IL-17 production, two of the cytokines commonly associated with autoimmune diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the ex vivo antigenic function of 14-3-3ζ with human PBMC, thereby providing the basis of its immunological role in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna McGowan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Cara Peter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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16
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Tukaj S, Kaminski M. Heat shock proteins in the therapy of autoimmune diseases: too simple to be true? Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:475-479. [PMID: 31073900 PMCID: PMC6527538 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01000-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens which leads to an excessive immune responses and chronic inflammation. Although much progress has been made in revealing key players in pathophysiology of various autoimmune diseases, their therapy remains challenging and consists of conventional immunosuppressive treatments, including corticosteroids and more advanced biological therapies which are targeted at molecules involved in maintaining chronic inflammation. These therapies are focused on suppressing inflammation; nevertheless, a permanent balance between protective and pathogenic immune responses is not achieved. In addition, most of currently available therapies for autoimmune diseases induce severe side effects. Consequently, more effective and safer therapies are still required to control autoimmunity. Stress-induced cell protecting heat shock proteins (HSP) have been considered as a potential treatment targets for autoimmune diseases. HSP, predominantly intracellular components, might be released from bacteria or mammalian tissues and activate immune response. This activation may lead to either production of (auto)antibodies against HSP and/or induction of immune regulatory mechanisms, including expansion of desired T regulatory (Treg) cells. Because inadequate frequency or activity of Treg is a characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases, targeting this cell population is an important focus of immunotherapy approaches in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tukaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Maciej Kaminski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Clinical Centre, Gdańsk, Poland
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17
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van Eden W, Jansen MAA, Ludwig IS, Leufkens P, van der Goes MC, van Laar JM, Broere F. Heat Shock Proteins Can Be Surrogate Autoantigens for Induction of Antigen Specific Therapeutic Tolerance in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:279. [PMID: 30873163 PMCID: PMC6401592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies that enable induction of therapeutic tolerance may revolutionize the treatment of autoimmune diseases by their supposed potential to induce drug-free and lasting disease remission. In combination with diagnostic tests that screen for individuals at risk, these approaches may offer chances to halt disease before serious damage in the tissues can occur. In fact, for healthy individuals at risk, this could lead to a preventive form of vaccination. For therapeutic tolerance to re-instate natural self-tolerance it seems essential to induce tolerance for the critical autoantigens involved in disease. However, for most autoimmune diseases such antigens are poorly defined. This is the case for both disease inciting autoantigens and antigens that become involved through epitope spreading. A possible source of surrogate auto-antigens expressed in tissues during inflammation are heat shock proteins (HSP) or stress proteins. In this mini-review we discuss unique characteristics of HSP which provide them with the capacity to inhibit inflammatory processes. Various studies have shown that epitopes of HSP60 and HSP70 molecules can function as vaccines to downregulate a variety of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Currently, several research groups are developing cell therapies with the intention to reach therapeutic tolerance. In this review, in which we are proposing to ex vivo load tolerant dendritic cells with a Treg inducing HSP70 derived peptide called B29, we are discussing the chances to develop this as an autologous tolDC therapeutic tolerance therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van Eden
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Manon A A Jansen
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Irene S Ludwig
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paul Leufkens
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Femke Broere
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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18
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Kumar P, Yao LJ, Saidin S, Paleja B, van Loosdregt J, Chua C, Arkachaisri T, Consolaro A, Gattorno M, Martini A, Pischel KD, Williams GW, Lotz M, Albani S. Molecular mechanisms of autophagic memory in pathogenic T cells in human arthritis. J Autoimmun 2018; 94:90-98. [PMID: 30077426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
T-cell resilience is critical to the immune pathogenesis of human autoimmune arthritis. Autophagy is essential for memory T cell generation and associated with pathogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our aim here was to delineate the role and molecular mechanism of autophagy in resilience and persistence of pathogenic T cells from autoimmune arthritis. We demonstrated "Autophagic memory" as elevated autophagy levels in CD4+ memory T cells compared to CD4+ naive T cells and in Jurkat Human T cell line trained with starvation stress. We then showed increased levels of autophagy in pathogenic CD4+ T cells subsets from autoimmune arthritis patients. Using RNA-sequencing, transcription factor gene regulatory network and methylation analyses we identified MYC as a key regulator of autophagic memory. We validated MYC levels using qPCR and further demonstrated that inhibiting MYC increased autophagy. The present study proposes the novel concept of autophagic memory and suggests that autophagic memory confers metabolic advantage to pathogenic T cells from arthritis and supports its resilience and long term survival. Particularly, suppression of MYC imparted the heightened autophagy levels in pathogenic T cells. These studies have a direct translational valency as they identify autophagy and its metabolic controllers as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavanish Kumar
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Leong Jing Yao
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Suzan Saidin
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Bhairav Paleja
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Jorg van Loosdregt
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Camillus Chua
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Thaschawee Arkachaisri
- Duke-NUS Medical School and Rheumatology and Immunology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alessandro Consolaro
- Second Pediatrics Division, University of Genoa and Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Gattorno
- Second Pediatrics Division, University of Genoa and Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Martini
- Second Pediatrics Division, University of Genoa and Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Martin Lotz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore Albani
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore.
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19
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van Eden W. Immune tolerance therapies for autoimmune diseases based on heat shock protein T-cell epitopes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0531. [PMID: 29203716 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of autoimmune diseases have revealed the disease protective role of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Both the administration of exogenous extracellular, mostly recombinant, HSP and the experimental co-induction of endogenous intracellular HSP in models have been shown to lead to production of disease protective regulatory T cells (Tregs). Similar to HSP taken up from extracellular bodily fluids, due to stress-related autophagy upregulated HSP also from intracellular sources is a major provider for the major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) ligandome; therefore, both extracellular and intracellular HSP can be prominent targets of Treg. The development of therapeutic peptide vaccines for the restoration of immune tolerance in inflammatory diseases is an area of intensive research. In this area, HSPs are a target for tolerance-inducing T-cell therapy, because of their wide expression in inflamed tissues. In humans, in whom the actual disease trigger is frequently unknown, HSP peptides offer chances for tolerance-promoting interventions through induction of HSP-specific Treg. Recently, we have shown the ability of a bacterial HSP70-derived peptide, HSP70-B29, to induce HSP-specific Tregs that suppressed arthritis by cross-recognition of their mammalian HSP70 homologues, abundantly present in the MHCII ligandome of stressed mouse and human antigen-presenting cells in inflamed tissues.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Ulusoy H, Akgol G, Gulkesen A, Kaya A, Ayden Kal G, Kaman D, Tuncer T. Serum heat-shock protein-65 antibody levels are elevated but not associated with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Open Access Rheumatol 2018; 10:55-60. [PMID: 29872356 PMCID: PMC5973434 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s162512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) have gained increased interest for their role in autoimmune disorders. These proteins are targeted by the immune system in various autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the serum heat-shock protein-65 antibody (anti-HSP65) levels and their clinical significance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Patients and methods A total of 30 patients with RA, 30 patients with AS, and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All patients were assessed using routine clinical and laboratory evaluations. Serum anti-HSP65 levels were determined by ELISA. Results Serum anti-HSP65 levels of both RA and AS patients were significantly higher than those of controls (p=0.014 and p=0.001, respectively). No association was found between serum anti-HSP65 levels and disease activity in either RA or AS patients. There was a significant correlation between anti-HSP65 and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide levels in patients with RA (p=0.024). Conclusion In this study, serum anti-HSP65 levels were increased, but not associated with disease activity in both RA and AS patients. These results suggest that HSP antigens may play a role in the pathogenesis. However, further follow-up studies are needed. Identification of target antigens such as HSP65 is vital to developing new immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ulusoy
- Department of Rheumatology, Medicana International Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gurkan Akgol
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Arif Gulkesen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Arzu Kaya
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Gul Ayden Kal
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Dilara Kaman
- Department of Biochemistry, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Turkan Tuncer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
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21
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Jansen MAA, Spiering R, Broere F, van Laar JM, Isaacs JD, van Eden W, Hilkens CMU. Targeting of tolerogenic dendritic cells towards heat-shock proteins: a novel therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases? Immunology 2017; 153:51-59. [PMID: 28804903 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) are a promising therapeutic tool to restore immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases. The rationale of using tolDCs is that they can specifically target the pathogenic T-cell response while leaving other, protective, T-cell responses intact. Several ways of generating therapeutic tolDCs have been described, but whether these tolDCs should be loaded with autoantigen(s), and if so, with which autoantigen(s), remains unclear. Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, are not commonly defined by a single, universal, autoantigen. A possible solution is to use surrogate autoantigens for loading of tolDCs. We propose that heat-shock proteins may be a relevant surrogate antigen, as they are evolutionarily conserved between species, ubiquitously expressed in inflamed tissues and have been shown to induce regulatory T cells, ameliorating disease in various arthritis mouse models. In this review, we provide an overview on how immune tolerance may be restored by tolDCs, the problem of selecting relevant autoantigens for loading of tolDCs, and why heat-shock proteins could be used as surrogate autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon A A Jansen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel Spiering
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), UK, UK.,NIHR-Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Long-Term Conditions, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Femke Broere
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob M van Laar
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John D Isaacs
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), UK, UK.,NIHR-Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Long-Term Conditions, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Willem van Eden
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Catharien M U Hilkens
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), UK, UK.,NIHR-Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Long-Term Conditions, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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22
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Qiao YC, Pan YH, Ling W, Tian F, Chen YL, Zhang XX, Zhao HL. The Yin and Yang of regulatory T cell and therapy progress in autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:1058-1070. [PMID: 28778708 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are primarily mediated by the failure of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in the maintenance of induced tolerance to peripheral self-antigens, suppressing immoderate immune responses deleterious to the host and preventing the AD development. Tregs and suppressive cytokines are homeostatic with effective cells plus pro-inflammatory cytokines in healthy hosts which is defined as "Yang", and ADs are usually induced in case of disturbed homeostasis, which is defined as "Yin". Indeed, the Yin-Yang balance could explain the pathogenic mechanism of ADs. Tregs not only suppress CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but also can suppress other immune cells such as B cell, natural killer cell, DC and other antigen-presenting cell through cell-cell contact or secreting suppressive cytokines. In Tregs, Foxp3 as an intracellular protein displays a more specific marker than currently used other cell-surface markers (such as CD25, CD40L, CTLA-4, ICOS and GITR) in defining the naturally occurring CD4+ Tregs. Though the precise mechanism for the opposite effects of Tregs has not been fully elucidated, the importance of Tregs in ADs has been proved to be associated with kinds of immunocytes. At present, the surface marker, frequency and function of Tregs existed conflicts and hence the Tregs therapy in ADs faces challenges. Though some success has been achieved with Tregs therapy in few ADs both in murine models and humans, more effort should paid to meet the future challenges. This review summarizes the progress and discusses the phenotypic, numeric and functional abnormalities of Tregs and is the first time to systematically review the progress of Tregs therapy in kinds of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Qiao
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yan-Hong Pan
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wei Ling
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yin-Ling Chen
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Zhang
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hai-Lu Zhao
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
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23
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Chebotareva N, Bobkova I, Shilov E. Heat shock proteins and kidney disease: perspectives of HSP therapy. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:319-343. [PMID: 28409327 PMCID: PMC5425374 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) mediate a diverse range of cellular functions, prominently including folding and regulatory processes of cellular repair. A major property of these remarkable proteins, dependent on intracellular or extracellular location, is their capacity for immunoregulation that optimizes immune activity while avoiding hyperactivated inflammation. In this review, recent investigations are described, which examine roles of HSPs in protection of kidney tissue from various traumatic influences and demonstrate their potential for clinical management of nephritic disease. The HSP70 class is particularly attractive in this respect due to its multiple protective effects. The review also summarizes current understanding of HSP bioactivity in the pathophysiology of various kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, chronic glomerulonephritis, and lupus nephritis-along with other promising strategies for their remediation, such as DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chebotareva
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st., Moscow, Russia, 119992.
| | - Irina Bobkova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st., Moscow, Russia, 119992
| | - Evgeniy Shilov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st., Moscow, Russia, 119992
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24
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GV1001 immunotherapy ameliorates joint inflammation in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis by modifying collagen-specific T-cell responses and downregulating antigen-presenting cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 46:186-193. [PMID: 28314223 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether GV1001 may be useful for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Two collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) experiments showed that therapeutic, but not preventive, GV1001 treatment reduced the severity of joint inflammation in CIA. The third CIA experiment indicated that, compared to vehicle treatment, therapeutic GV1001 treatment was associated with a significantly smaller area under the curve for the overall clinical joint score over the 98day observation period (p<0.05). GV1001 treatment was also associated with lower Day 98 serum IL-6 levels (p<0.01) and histological joint scores (p<0.05). Moreover, splenocytes harvested from the GV1001-treated mice exhibited lower basal and collagen-stimulated production of IFN-γ and IL-6 on Days 49 and 98 than the splenocytes from vehicle-treated mice. The fourth and fifth experiments indicated that earlier treatment resulted in a better response. In addition, human (THP-1) and murine (RAW 264.7) macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from RA patients were used for in vitro analyses. GV1001 treatment of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages derived from THP-1 and RAW 264.7 monocytes significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-6 secretion (THP-1: all p<0.05; RAW 264.7: all p<0.01). However, GV1001 treatment did not affect IL-6 expression in TNFα-stimulated RA FLS. GV1001 reduced the clinical joint scores, serum IL-6 levels, and histological joint scores of mice with CIA. In addition, GV1001 lowered the collagen-stimulated IFN-γ and IL-6 production of murine T-cells and reduced the TNF-α and IL-6 production of macrophages in vitro. Thus, GV1001 may ameliorate joint inflammation by modifying T-cell reactions to the triggering autoantigen and by reducing macrophage cytokine production.
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Li Y, Zheng JY, Liu JQ, Yang J, Liu Y, Wang C, Ma XN, Liu BL, Xin GZ, Liu LF. Succinate/NLRP3 Inflammasome Induces Synovial Fibroblast Activation: Therapeutical Effects of Clematichinenoside AR on Arthritis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:532. [PMID: 28003810 PMCID: PMC5141240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clematichinenoside AR (C-AR) is a triterpene saponin isolated from the root of Clematis manshurica Rupr., which is a herbal medicine used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of arthritis. C-AR exerts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, but little is known about its action in the suppression of fibroblast activation. Low oxygen tension and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) induction in the synovium contribute to fibrosis in arthritis. This study was designed to investigate the effect of C-AR on synovial fibrosis from the aspects of hypoxic TGF-β1 and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α (HIF-1α) induction. In the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rats, hypoxic TGF-β1 induction increased succinate accumulation due to the reversal of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activation and induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a manner dependent on HIF-1α induction. In response to NLRP3 inflammasome activation, the released IL-1β further increased TGF-β1 induction, suggesting the forward cycle between inflammation and fibrosis in myofibroblast activation. In the synovium of RA rats, C-AR inhibited hypoxic TGF-β1 induction and suppressed succinate-associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting SDH activity, and thereby prevented myofibroblast activation by blocking the cross-talk between inflammation and fibrosis. Taken together, these results showed that succinate worked as a metabolic signaling, linking inflammation with fibrosis through NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings suggested that synovial succinate accumulation and HIF-1α induction might be therapeutical targets for the prevention of fibrosis in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jia-Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jian-Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiao-Nan Ma
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Center of China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Bao-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Gui-Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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The Gut Microbiome of Pediatric Crohn's Disease Patients Differs from Healthy Controls in Genes That Can Influence the Balance Between a Healthy and Dysregulated Immune Response. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2607-2618. [PMID: 27760077 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is a first-line therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) thought to induce remission through changes in the gut microbiome. With microbiome assessment largely focused on microbial taxonomy and diversity, it remains unclear to what extent EEN induces functional changes that thereby contribute to its therapeutic effect. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from 15 pediatric CD patients prior to and after EEN treatment, as well as from 5 healthy controls. Metagenomic data were obtained via next-generation sequencing, and nonhuman reads were mapped to KEGG pathways, where possible. Pathway abundance was compared between CD patients and controls, and between CD patients that sustained remission (SR) and those that did not sustain remission (NSR). RESULTS Of 132 KEGG pathways identified, 8 pathways differed significantly between baseline CD patients and controls. Examination of these eight pathways showed SR patients had greater similarity to controls than NSR patients in all cases. Pathways fell into one of three groups: 1) no prior connection to IBD, 2) previously reported connection to IBD, and 3) known roles in innate immunity and immunoregulation. CONCLUSIONS The microbiota of CD patients and controls represent alternative ecological states that have broad differences in functional capabilities, including xenobiotic and environmental pollutant degradation, succinate metavolism, and bacterial HtpG, all of which can affect barrier integrity and immune regulation. Moreover, our finding that SR patients were more similar to healthy controls suggests that community microbial function, as inferred from fecal microbiomes, could serve as a valuable diagnostic tool.
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Spierings J, van Eden W. Heat shock proteins and their immunomodulatory role in inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 56:198-208. [PMID: 27411479 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory arthritis, are characterized by a loss of self-tolerance, leading to an excessive immune responses and subsequent ongoing inflammation. Current therapies are focused on dampening this inflammation, but a permanent state of tolerance is seldom achieved. Therefore, novel therapies that restore and maintain tolerance are needed. Tregs could be a potential target to achieve permanent immunotolerance. Activation of Tregs can be accomplished when they recognize and bind their specific antigens. HSPs are proteins present in all cells and are upregulated during inflammation. These proteins are immunogenic and can be recognized by Tregs. Several studies in animal models and in human clinical trials have shown the immunoregulatory effects of HSPs and their protective effects in inflammatory arthritis. In this review, an overview is presented of the immunomodulatory effects of several members of the HSP family in general and in inflammatory arthritis. These effects can be attributed to the activation of Tregs through cellular interactions within the immune system. The effect of HSP-specific therapies in patients with inflammatory arthritis should be explored further, especially with regard to long-term efficacy and safety and their use in combination with current therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Spierings
- Department of Rheumatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Barberá A, Lorenzo N, van Kooten P, van Roon J, de Jager W, Prada D, Gómez J, Padrón G, van Eden W, Broere F, Del Carmen Domínguez M. APL1, an altered peptide ligand derived from human heat-shock protein 60, increases the frequency of Tregs and its suppressive capacity against antigen responding effector CD4 + T cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:735-44. [PMID: 27241313 PMCID: PMC4908004 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a chronic relapsing-remitting joint inflammation. Perturbations in the balance between CD4 + T cells producing IL-17 and CD4 + CD25(high)FoxP3 + Tregs correlate with irreversible bone and cartilage destruction in RA. APL1 is an altered peptide ligand derived from a CD4+ T-cell epitope of human HSP60, an autoantigen expressed in the inflamed synovium, which increases the frequency of CD4 + CD25(high)FoxP3+ Tregs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from RA patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suppressive capacity of Tregs induced by APL1 on proliferation of effector CD4+ T cells using co-culture experiments. Enhanced Treg-mediated suppression was observed in APL1-treated cultures compared with cells cultured only with media. Subsequent analyses using autologous cross-over experiments showed that the enhanced Treg suppression in APL1-treated cultures could reflect increased suppressive function of Tregs against APL1-responsive T cells. On the other hand, APL1-treatment had a significant effect reducing IL-17 levels produced by effector CD4+ T cells. Hence, this peptide has the ability to increase the frequency of Tregs and their suppressive properties whereas effector T cells produce less IL-17. Thus, we propose that APL1 therapy could help to ameliorate the pathogenic Th17/Treg balance in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Barberá
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 11300, Cuba
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Noraylis Lorenzo
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 11300, Cuba
| | - Peter van Kooten
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80165, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joel van Roon
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centrum Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco de Jager
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dinorah Prada
- Institute of Rheumatology, Ave 10 of October, No. 130, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jorge Gómez
- Institute of Rheumatology, Ave 10 of October, No. 130, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gabriel Padrón
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 11300, Cuba
| | - Willem van Eden
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80165, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80165, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - María Del Carmen Domínguez
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 11300, Cuba.
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Caruso I, Santandrea S, Gismondo M, Lombardi A, Montrone F, Caruso EM, Sarzi Puttini P. Vaccination with endosomal unknown epitopes produces therapeutic response in rheumatoid arthritis patients and modulates adjuvant arthritis of rats. J Transl Med 2016; 14:162. [PMID: 27268027 PMCID: PMC4897890 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous results showed that intrasynovial Rifamycin SV caused the lysis of synoviocites and freed the autoantigens which in turn stimulated the immunoregulatory rather than autoreactive T cell response in rheumatoid patients. Here, we hypothesize that disruption in vitro of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, by freeze/thawing or by lytic action of Rifamycin SV, would induce the release of endosomal pathogenic autoantigens from APCs present in the circulation, which could then be isolated from degrading enzymes by ultrafiltration. Methods The preparation of the ultrafiltrates are based on the rupture of PBMCs (5 × 106 cells/mL) by the addition of Rifamycin SV in culture (250 μg/mL), which causes the lysis of 90 % of the cells in 3 h, or by three cycles of freeze/thawing of the PBMC, from −80 °C to room temperature. The lysate and the fragmented cells were then centrifuged and ultrafiltered by passage through a filtration device with a cut-off of 10 kDa. Also the synovial fluid was subjected to ultrafiltration. Results and conclusions At clinical monitoring of the 30th day, 22/58 (38 %) patients subcutaneously treated with the autologous ultrafiltrate prepared by the freeze/thawing of PBMCs reached an ACR20. Comparable results were obtained with the other two ultrafiltrates. Cell cultures The addition of ultrafiltrates to rheumatoid PBMCs cultures led to the upregulation of a marker for T-regulatory cells, and downregulation of a cell proliferation marker; changes that together have the meaning of a global immunomodulatory response and that only a specific antigen (ultrafiltrate UF-f/t) might induce in the rheumatoid patient, probably by activating pre-existing protective network. Experimental arthritis All the ultrafiltrates except that prepared by Rifamycin SV were able to modulate the adjuvant arthritis in rats. In particular, longlasting synovial fluid induced a significant reduction of the severity of subsequent arthritis (p < 0.01) while SF from recent RA effusion (5–10 days after a previous complete extraction) and knee osteoarthrosis were ineffective. It is reasonable to assume there are at least two unknown endosomal immunoactive epitopes; one developing its immunotherapeutic property in RA, and the other, related to the molecule of HSP60, reduces the severity of oncoming arthritis. Both epitopes are present in humans, have a molecular weight of ≤10 kDa and do not appear to be bystander antigens. Please see Additional file 1 for the abstract in Italian. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0908-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocenzo Caruso
- Past Chief Rheumatology Unit, L. Sacco Hospital Milano Italy, Corso Italia 11, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Mariarita Gismondo
- Director of microbiology chair, University of Milan, L. Sacco Hospital Milano Italy, Milan, Italy
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Wick C. Tolerization against atherosclerosis using heat shock protein 60. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:201-11. [PMID: 26577462 PMCID: PMC4786533 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall, and both innate and adaptive immunity play important roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. In several experimental and human experiments of early atherosclerotic lesions, it has been shown that the first pathogenic event in atherogenesis is intimal infiltration of T cells at predilection sites. These T cells react to heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), which is a ubiquitous self-antigen expressed on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs) together with adhesion molecules in response to classical risk factors for atherosclerosis. When HSP60 is expressed on the EC surface, it can act as a "danger-signal" for both cellular and humoral immune reactions. Acquired by infection or vaccination, beneficial protective immunity to microbial HSP60 and bona fide autoimmunity to biochemically altered autologous HSP60 is present in all humans. Thus, the development of atherosclerosis during aging is paid by the price for lifelong protective preexisting anti-HSP60 immunity by harmful (auto)immune cross-reactive attack on arterial ECs maltreated by atherosclerosis risk factors. This is supported by experiments, which shows that bacterial HSP60 immunization can lead and accelerate experimental atherosclerosis. This review article presents accumulating proof that supports the idea that tolerization with antigenic HSP60 protein or its peptides may arrest or even prevent atherosclerosis by increased production of regulatory T cells and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines. Recent data indicates that HSP60, or more likely some of its derivative peptides, has immunoregulatory functions. Therefore, these peptides may have important potential for being used as diagnostic agents or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wick
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM) L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division for Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria.
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Cribbs AP, Kennedy A, Penn H, Amjadi P, Green P, Read JE, Brennan F, Gregory B, Williams RO. Methotrexate Restores Regulatory T Cell Function Through Demethylation of the FoxP3 Upstream Enhancer in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1182-92. [PMID: 25604080 DOI: 10.1002/art.39031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously shown, in a cohort of untreated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, that the suppressive function of Treg cells is defective. However, other studies in cohorts of patients with established RA have shown that Treg cell function is normal. We hypothesized that treatment may restore Treg cell function and lead to reduced disease activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with methotrexate (MTX) can result in epigenetic changes that lead to restoration of the Treg cell suppressive function in RA. METHODS Peripheral blood samples from RA patients were assessed using (3) H-thymidine incorporation to measure Treg cell suppression of T cell proliferation, and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine Treg cell suppression of interferon-γ production. CTLA-4 and FoxP3 expression was measured by flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in Treg cells from healthy individuals and RA patients. CD4+ T cells isolated from healthy individuals were cultured with interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α in the presence or absence of MTX, and FoxP3 expression was determined using qPCR and flow cytometry. Methylation of the FOXP3 upstream enhancer was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing PCR. RESULTS Defective Treg cell function was observed only in RA patients who had not been treated with MTX, whereas Treg cells from MTX-exposed RA patients had restored suppressive function. This restored suppression was associated with increased expression of FoxP3 and CTLA-4 in Treg cells. Bisulfite sequencing PCR of Treg cells cultured in MTX revealed a significant reduction in methylation of the FOXP3 upstream enhancer. CONCLUSION This study identifies a novel mechanism of action of MTX, in which treatment of RA patients with MTX restores defective Treg cell function through demethylation of the FOXP3 locus, leading to a subsequent increase in FoxP3 and CTLA-4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Cribbs
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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In Vivo Induction of Functionally Suppressive Induced Regulatory T Cells from CD4+CD25- T Cells Using an Hsp70 Peptide. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128373. [PMID: 26107957 PMCID: PMC4481099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides that target antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress experimental autoimmune diseases. The heat shock protein (Hsp) 70, with its expression elevated in inflamed tissue, is a suitable candidate antigen because administration of both bacterial and mouse Hsp70 peptides has been shown to induce strong immune responses and to reduce inflammation via the activation or induction of Hsp specific Tregs. Although two subsets of Tregs exist, little is known about which subset of Tregs are activated by Hsp70 epitopes. Therefore, we set out to determine whether natural nTregs (derived from the thymus), or induced iTregs (formed in the periphery from CD4+CD25- naïve T cells) were targeted after Hsp70-peptide immunization. We immunized mice with the previously identified Hsp70 T cell epitope B29 and investigated the formation of functional iTregs by using an in vitro suppression assay and adoptive transfer therapy in mice with experimental arthritis. To study the in vivo induction of Tregs after peptide immunization, we depleted CD25+ cells prior to immunization, allowing the in vivo formation of Tregs from CD4+CD25- precursors. This approach allowed us to study in vivo B29-induced Tregs and to compare these cells with Tregs from non-depleted immunized mice. Our results show that using this approach, immunization induced CD4+CD25+ T cells in the periphery, and that these cells were suppressive in vitro. Additionally, adoptive transfer of B29-specific iTregs suppressed disease in a mouse model of arthritis. This study shows that immunization of mice with Hsp70 epitope B29 induces functionally suppressive iTregs from CD4+CD25- T cells.
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Bluestone JA, Bour-Jordan H, Cheng M, Anderson M. T cells in the control of organ-specific autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2250-60. [PMID: 25985270 DOI: 10.1172/jci78089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune tolerance is critical to the avoidance of unwarranted immune responses against self antigens. Multiple, non-redundant checkpoints are in place to prevent such potentially deleterious autoimmune responses while preserving immunity integral to the fight against foreign pathogens. Nevertheless, a large and growing segment of the population is developing autoimmune diseases. Deciphering cellular and molecular pathways of immune tolerance is an important goal, with the expectation that understanding these pathways will lead to new clinical advances in the treatment of these devastating diseases. The vast majority of autoimmune diseases develop as a consequence of complex mechanisms that depend on genetic, epigenetic, molecular, cellular, and environmental elements and result in alterations in many different checkpoints of tolerance and ultimately in the breakdown of immune tolerance. The manifestations of this breakdown are harmful inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues driven by innate immunity and self antigen-specific pathogenic T and B cells. T cells play a central role in the regulation and initiation of these responses. In this Review we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in these fundamental checkpoints, the pathways that are defective in autoimmune diseases, and the therapeutic strategies being developed with the goal of restoring immune tolerance.
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Rosenthal KS, Mikecz K, Steiner HL, Glant TT, Finnegan A, Carambula RE, Zimmerman DH. Rheumatoid arthritis vaccine therapies: perspectives and lessons from therapeutic ligand epitope antigen presentation system vaccines for models of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:891-908. [PMID: 25787143 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1026330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current status of therapeutic vaccines for autoimmune diseases is reviewed with rheumatoid arthritis as the focus. Therapeutic vaccines for autoimmune diseases must regulate or subdue responses to common self-antigens. Ideally, such a vaccine would initiate an antigen-specific modulation of the T-cell immune response that drives the inflammatory disease. Appropriate animal models and types of T helper cells and signature cytokine responses that drive autoimmune disease are also discussed. Interpretation of these animal models must be done cautiously because the means of initiation, autoantigens, and even the signature cytokine and T helper cell (Th1 or Th17) responses that are involved in the disease may differ significantly from those in humans. We describe ligand epitope antigen presentation system vaccine modulation of T-cell autoimmune responses as a strategy for the design of therapeutic vaccines for rheumatoid arthritis, which may also be effective in other autoimmune conditions.
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are common chronic disorders that not only have a major impact on the quality of life but are also potentially life-threatening. Treatment modalities that are currently favored have conferred significant clinical benefits, but they may have considerable side effects. An optimal treatment strategy for autoimmune disease would specifically target disease-associated antigens and limit systemic side effects. Similar to allergen-specific immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis, antigen-specific immunotherapy for autoimmune disease aims to induce immune deviation and promote tolerance to specific antigens. In this review, we present the current status of studies and clinical trials in both human and animal hosts that use antigen-based immunotherapy for autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Lowell Hirsch
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System/Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Punita Ponda
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System/Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
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de Jong H, Koffeman EC, Meerding JM, Scholman RC, Wieten L, de Jager W, Klein M, Otten H, van Wijk F, van der Zee R, Bijlsma JWJ, Broere F, van Eden W, Prakken BJ. T cell recognition of naturally presented epitopes of self-heat shock protein 70. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:569-78. [PMID: 24425585 PMCID: PMC4041940 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-reactive T cells have shown to have a potential role as regulators of the immune system preventing or even suppressing autoimmunity. One of the most abundant proteins that can be eluted from human HLA molecules is heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). The aims of the current study are to identify HSP70 epitopes based on published HLA elution studies and to investigate whether T cells from healthy individuals may respond to such self-epitopes. A literature search and subsequent in silico binding prediction based on theoretical MHC binding motifs resulted in the identification of seven HSP70 epitopes. PBMCs of healthy controls proliferated after incubation with two of the seven peptides (H167 and H290). Furthermore H161, H290, and H443 induced CD69 expression or production of cytokines IFNγ or TNFα in healthy controls. The identification of these naturally presented epitopes and the response they elicit in the normal immune system make them potential candidates to study during inflammatory conditions as well as in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huib de Jong
- />Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- />Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Huispostnummer KE 04.131.1, Postbus 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva C. Koffeman
- />Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Huispostnummer KE 04.131.1, Postbus 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer M. Meerding
- />Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Huispostnummer KE 04.131.1, Postbus 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne C. Scholman
- />Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Huispostnummer KE 04.131.1, Postbus 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Wieten
- />Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco de Jager
- />Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Huispostnummer KE 04.131.1, Postbus 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Klein
- />Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Huispostnummer KE 04.131.1, Postbus 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henny Otten
- />Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- />Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Huispostnummer KE 04.131.1, Postbus 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurd van der Zee
- />Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W. J. Bijlsma
- />Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- />Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Eden
- />Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berent J. Prakken
- />Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Huispostnummer KE 04.131.1, Postbus 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Amelioration of ovalbumin-induced allergic airway disease following Der p 1 peptide immunotherapy is not associated with induction of IL-35. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:379-90. [PMID: 23945544 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we show therapeutic amelioration of established ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway disease following house dust mite (HDM) peptide therapy. Mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA and HDM protein extract (Dermatophagoides species) to induce dual allergen sensitization and allergic airway disease. Treatment of allergic mice with peptides derived from the major allergen Der p 1 suppressed OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, tissue eosinophilia, and goblet cell hyperplasia upon rechallenge with allergen. Peptide treatment also suppressed OVA-specific T-cell proliferation. Resolution of airway pathophysiology was associated with a reduction in recruitment, proliferation, and effector function of T(H)2 cells and decreased interleukin (IL)-17⁺ T cells. Furthermore, peptide immunotherapy induced the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and increased the proportion of Fox p3⁺ cells among those expressing IL-10. Tolerance to OVA was not associated with increased IL-35. In conclusion, our results provide in vivo evidence for the creation of a tolerogenic environment following HDM peptide immunotherapy, leading to the therapeutic amelioration of established OVA-induced allergic airway disease.
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39
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Peng SL. Interactions of Fox proteins with inflammatory transcription-factor pathways. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:869-76. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.6.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Vaz A, Lisse J, Rizzo W, Albani S. Discussion: DMARDs and biologic therapies in the management of inflammatory joint diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 5:291-9. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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41
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Abstract
The T-cell component of the antigen-specific immune response is the target of various novel interventions to modify chronic immunologic disorders, such as allergic diseases. Recent clinical trials have evaluated the safety and efficacy of therapeutic vaccines consisting of short, synthetic, allergen-derived peptides, corresponding to T-cell epitopes from the eliciting antigen. The main advantage of such an approach is the reduction in systemic, immunoglobulin E-mediated adverse events compared with existing whole allergen immunotherapy, often referred to as 'allergy shots'. T-cell peptide epitopes, although capable of inducing immunologic tolerance, are short linear structures that have reduced ability to cross-link mast cell- and basophil-bound immunoglobulin E. The precise mechanism of tolerance induction remains incompletely defined. However, recent data indicate that peptide therapy induces/expands a population of antigen-specific regulatory T-cells. A novel form of treatment combining efficacy with a substantially decreased occurrence of adverse events is likely to have a major impact on the management and prevalence of allergic diseases. Furthermore, the principles of epitope-specific therapy hold promise for the development of therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Runa Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Respiratory Immunology Group,Rm 360, Sir Alexander Fleming Building,Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Shimizu J, Kaneko F, Suzuki N. Skewed Helper T-Cell Responses to IL-12 Family Cytokines Produced by Antigen-Presenting Cells and the Genetic Background in Behcet's Disease. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:363859. [PMID: 24490076 PMCID: PMC3892938 DOI: 10.1155/2013/363859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Behcet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic inflammatory disease and is characterized by recurrent attacks on eyes, brain, skin, and gut. There is evidence that skewed T-cell responses contributed to its pathophysiology in patients with BD. Recently, we found that Th17 cells, a new helper T (Th) cell subset, were increased in patients with BD, and both Th type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cell differentiation signaling pathways were overactivated. Several researches revealed that genetic polymorphisms in Th1/Th17 cell differentiation signaling pathways were associated with the onset of BD. Here, we summarize current findings on the Th cell subsets, their contribution to the pathogenesis of BD and the genetic backgrounds, especially in view of IL-12 family cytokine production and pattern recognition receptors of macrophages/monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Fumio Kaneko
- Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Noboru Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
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43
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Keijzer C, van der Zee R, van Eden W, Broere F. Treg inducing adjuvants for therapeutic vaccination against chronic inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2013; 4:245. [PMID: 23970886 PMCID: PMC3747555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many existing therapies in autoimmune diseases are based on systemic suppression of inflammation and the observed side effects of these therapies illustrate the pressing need for more specific interventions. Regulatory T-cells (Treg) are pivotal controllers of (auto-aggressive) immune responses and inflammation, and decreased Treg numbers and/or functioning have been associated with autoimmune disease. Therefore, Treg became frequently studied targets for more specific immunotherapy. Especially antigen-specific targeting of Treg would enable local and tailor made interventions, while obviating the negative side effect of general immuno-suppression. Self-antigens that participate in inflammation, irrespective of the etiology of the different autoimmune diseases, are held to be candidate antigens for antigen-specific interventions. Rather than tolerance induction to disease inciting self-antigens, which are frequently unknown, general self-antigens expressed at sites of inflammation would allow targeting of disease independent, but inflammatory-site specific, regulatory mechanisms. Preferably, such self-antigens should be abundantly expressed and up-regulated at the inflammatory-site. In this perspective heat shock proteins (Hsp) have several characteristics that make them highly attractive targets for antigen-specific Treg inducing therapy. The development of an antigen-specific Treg inducing vaccine is a major novel goal in the field of immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases. However, progress is hampered not only by the lack of effective antigens, but also by the fact that other factors such as dose, route, and the presence or absence of an adjuvant, turned out to be critical unknowns, with respect to the effective induction of Treg. In addition, the use of a Treg inducing adjuvant might be required to achieve an effective regulatory response, in the case of ongoing inflammation. Future goals in clinical trials will be the optimization of natural Treg expansion (or the induction of adaptive Treg) without loss of their suppressive function or the concomitant induction of non-regulatory T-cells. Here, we will discuss the potential use of protein/peptide-based vaccines combined with Treg inducing adjuvants for the development of therapeutic vaccines against chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Keijzer
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
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Lambrecht S, Juchtmans N, Elewaut D. Heat-shock proteins in stromal joint tissues: innocent bystanders or disease-initiating proteins? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 53:223-32. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Van Herwijnen MJC, Van Der Zee R, Van Eden W, Broere F. Heat shock proteins can be targets of regulatory T cells for therapeutic intervention in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:448-54. [PMID: 23863094 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.811546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by excessive immune responses resulting in inflammation of the joints. Although current therapies can be successful in dampening inflammation, a long-lived state of tolerance is seldom achieved. Therefore, novel therapies are needed that restore and maintain tolerance in patients with RA. Targeting regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a successful strategy to achieve tolerance, as was shown in studies performed in animal models and in human clinical trials. The antigen-specificity of Tregs is crucial for their effectiveness and allows for very specific targeting of these cells. However, which antigen is suitable for autoimmune diseases such as RA, for which the autoantigens are largely unknown? Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitously expressed and can be up-regulated during inflammation. Additionally, HSPs, or HSP-derived peptides are immunogenic and can be recognised by a variety of immune cells, including Tregs. Therefore, this review highlights the potential of HSP-specific Tregs to control inflammatory immune responses. Targeting HSP-specific Tregs in RA can be achieved via the administration of HSPs (derived peptides), thereby controlling inflammatory responses. This makes HSPs attractive candidates for therapeutic intervention in chronic autoimmune diseases, with the ultimate goal of inducing long-lasting tolerance.
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Ng THS, Britton GJ, Hill EV, Verhagen J, Burton BR, Wraith DC. Regulation of adaptive immunity; the role of interleukin-10. Front Immunol 2013; 4:129. [PMID: 23755052 PMCID: PMC3668291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the 1980s, a large body of work has led to its recognition as a pleiotropic immunomodulatory cytokine that affects both the innate and adaptive immune systems. IL-10 is produced by a wide range of cell types, but for the purposes of this review we shall focus on IL-10 secreted by CD4(+) T cells. Here we describe the importance of IL-10 as a mediator of suppression used by both FoxP3(+) and FoxP3(-) T regulatory cells. Moreover, we discuss the molecular events leading to the induction of IL-10 secretion in T helper cell subsets, where it acts as a pivotal negative feedback mechanism. Finally we discuss how a greater understanding of this principle has allowed for the design of more efficient, antigen-specific immunotherapy strategies to exploit this natural phenomenon clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Sky Ng
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
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Puentes F, Dickhaut K, Hofstätter M, Falk K, Rötzschke O. Active suppression induced by repetitive self-epitopes protects against EAE development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64888. [PMID: 23738007 PMCID: PMC3667816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in self-tolerance to autoantigens. Self-tolerance is induced and sustained by central and peripheral mechanisms intended to deviate harmful immune responses and to maintain homeostasis, where regulatory T cells play a crucial role. The use of self-antigens in the study and treatment of a range of autoimmune diseases has been widely described; however, the mechanisms underlying the induced protection by these means are unclear. This study shows that protection of experimental autoimmune disease induced by T cell self-epitopes in a multimerized form (oligomers) is mediated by the induction of active suppression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model for multiple sclerosis was used to study the mechanisms of protection induced by the treatment of oligomerized T cell epitope of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP139-151). Disease protection attained by the administration of oligomers was shown to be antigen specific and effective in both prevention and treatment of ongoing EAE. Oligomer mediated tolerance was actively transferred by cells from treated mice into adoptive hosts. The induction of active suppression was correlated with the recruitment of cells in the periphery associated with increased production of IL-10 and reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. The role of suppressive cytokines was demonstrated by the reversion of oligomer-induced protection after in vivo blocking of either IL-10 or TGF-β cytokines. CONCLUSIONS This study strongly supports an immunosuppressive role of repeat auto-antigens to control the development of EAE with potential applications in vaccination and antigen specific treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- Female
- Immunosuppression Therapy/methods
- Mice
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Puentes
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
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48
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Anderson RP, Jabri B. Vaccine against autoimmune disease: antigen-specific immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:410-7. [PMID: 23478068 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent interest in testing whether the success of antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) for autoimmune diseases in mice can be translated to humans has highlighted the need for better tools to study and understand human autoimmunity. Clinical development of ASIT for allergy has been instructive, but limited understanding of CD4 T cell epitope/determinant hierarchies hampers the rational design and monitoring of ASIT. Definitive identification of pathogenic T cell epitopes as is now known in celiac disease and recent initiatives to optimize immune monitoring will facilitate rational design, monitoring and mechanistic understanding of ASIT for human autoimmune diseases.
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49
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Zonneveld-Huijssoon E, Albani S, Prakken BJ, van Wijk F. Heat shock protein bystander antigens for peptide immunotherapy in autoimmune disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2013. [PMID: 23199319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal administration of an antigen eliciting bystander suppression at the site of inflammation results in effective antigen-specific immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases. Heat shock proteins are bystander antigens that are effective in peptide-specific immunotherapy in both experimental and human autoimmune disease. The efficacy of preventive peptide immunotherapy is increased by enhancing peptide-specific immune responses with proinflammatory agents. Combining peptide-specific immunotherapy with general suppression of inflammation may improve its therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zonneveld-Huijssoon
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Intervention, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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50
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Thomas R. Dendritic cells and the promise of antigen-specific therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:204. [PMID: 23374912 PMCID: PMC3672739 DOI: 10.1186/ar4130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease resulting from an autoimmune response to self-antigens, leading to inflammation of synovial tissue of joints and subsequent cartilage and bone erosion. Current disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and biologic inhibitors of TNF, IL-6, T cells and B cells block inflammation nonspecifically, which may lead to adverse effects, including infection. They do not generally induce long-term drug-free remission or restoration of immune tolerance to self-antigens, and lifelong treatment is usual. The development of antigen-specific strategies in RA has so far been limited by insufficient knowledge of autoantigens, of the autoimmune pathogenesis of RA and of the mechanisms of immune tolerance in man. Effective tolerance-inducing antigen-specific immunotherapeutic strategies hold promise of greater specificity, of lower toxicity and of a longer-term solution for controlling or even preventing RA. This paper reviews current understanding of autoantigens and their relationship to immunopathogenesis of RA, and emerging therapeutics that aim to leverage normal tolerance mechanisms for implementation of antigen-specific therapy in RA.
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