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Jin G, Guo N, Liu Y, Zhang L, Chen L, Dong T, Liu W, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Lv G, Zhao F, Liu W, Hei Z, Yang Y, Ou J. 5-aminolevulinate and CHIL3/CHI3L1 treatment amid ischemia aids liver metabolism and reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury. Theranostics 2023; 13:4802-4820. [PMID: 37771779 PMCID: PMC10526663 DOI: 10.7150/thno.83163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Liver resection and transplantation surgeries are accompanied by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) injury that hampers the subsequent liver recovery. Given that the liver is the main organ for metabolism and detoxification, ischemia-reperfusion in essence bestows metabolic stress upon the liver and disrupts local metabolic and immune homeostasis. Most of the recent and current research works concerning HIR have been focusing on addressing HIR-induced hepatic injury and inflammation, instead of dealing with the metabolic reprogramming and restoration of redox homeostasis. As our previous work uncovers the importance of 5-aminolevulinate (5-ALA) synthesis during stress adaptation, here we evaluate the effects of supplementing 5-ALA to mitigate HIR injury. Methods: 5-ALA was supplemented into the mice or cultured cells during the ischemic or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) phase. Following reperfusion or reoxygenation, cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis, mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and transcriptomic changes were evaluated in HIR mouse models or cultured hepatocytes and macrophages. Liver injury, hepatocytic functional tests, and macrophagic M1/M2 polarization were assessed. Results: Dynamic changes in the expression of key enzymes in 5-ALA metabolism were first confirmed in donor and mouse liver samples following HIR. Supplemented 5-ALA modulated mouse hepatic lipid metabolism and reduced ATP production in macrophages following HIR, resulting in elevation of anti-inflammatory M2 polarization. Mechanistically, 5-ALA down-regulates macrophagic chemokine receptor CX3CR1 via the repression of RelA following OGD and reoxygenation (OGD/R). Cx3cr1 KO mice demonstrated milder liver injuries and more macrophage M2 polarization after HIR. M2 macrophage-secreted chitinase-like protein 3 (CHIL3; CHI3L1 in human) is an important HIR-induced effector downstream of CX3CR1 deficiency. Addition of CHIL3/CHI3L1 alone improved hepatocellular metabolism and reduced OGD/R-inflicted injuries in cultured mouse and human hepatocytes. Combined treatment with 5-ALA and CHIL3 during the ischemic phase facilitated lipid metabolism and ATP production in the mouse liver following HIR. Conclusion: Our results reveal that supplementing 5-ALA promotes macrophagic M2 polarization via downregulation of RelA and CX3CR1 in mice following HIR, while M2 macrophage-produced CHIL3/CHI3L1 also manifests beneficial effects to the recovery of hepatic metabolism. 5-ALA and CHIL3/CHI3L1 together mitigate HIR-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocellular injuries, which may be developed into safe and effective clinical treatments to attenuate HIR injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Jin
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yasong Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Dong
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver disease biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo Lv
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver disease biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Hei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver disease biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxing Ou
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Xue Y, Liu H, Yang XX, Pang L, Liu J, Ng KTP, Yeung OWH, Lam YF, Zhang WY, Lo CM, Man K. Inhibition of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Aggravates Fatty Liver Graft Injury via Promoting Mitochondrial Permeability Transition. Transplantation 2021; 105:550-560. [PMID: 32890136 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis is a major risk factor for graft failure due to increased susceptibility of fatty liver to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) during transplantation. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) in fatty liver graft injury and to explore the underlying mechanism and therapeutic potential on attenuating hepatic IRI. METHODS Intragraft CPT1A expression profile and the association with fatty graft injury were investigated in human and rat liver transplantation samples. The underlying mechanism and therapeutic potential of CPT1A activator against IRI were also explored in mouse hepatic ischemia-reperfusion plus major hepatectomy model and in in vitro. RESULTS CPT1A expression was significantly reduced (P = 0.0019; n = 96) in human fatty liver graft compared with normal one at early phase after transplantation. Low expression of CPT1A was significantly associated with high serum alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.0144) and aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.0060) levels. The inhibited CPT1A and poor liver function were consistently observed in rat and mouse models with fatty livers. Furthermore, inhibition of CPT1A significantly promoted the translocation of chloride intracellular channel 1 to form chloride ion channel. The dysregulation of chloride ion channel activity subsequently triggered mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore opening, exacerbated cellular oxidative stress, and energy depletion. Importantly, our intravital confocal imaging showed that CPT1A activation attenuated hepatic injury through preventing MPT after reperfusion in fatty mice. CONCLUSIONS CPT1A inhibition triggered MPT contributed to severe IRI in fatty liver graft. CPT1A restoration may offer therapeutic potential on attenuating hepatic IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- Department of Surgery, HKU-SZH &LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Chen X, Wang C, Yang P, Shi L, Wang H. Ube2s-stabilized β-catenin protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating HIF-1α signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:5716-5732. [PMID: 32250966 PMCID: PMC7185123 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is an important event for mediating the adaptive response to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S (Ube2s) catalyzes ubiquitin conjugation to target proteins. Here, we report the positive regulation of HIF-1α signaling by Ube2s via stabilizing β-catenin, by which Ube2s acts to protect against MI/R injury. We show that Ube2s expression is upregulated in the hearts of mice subjected to MI/R injury. Functionally, Ube2s depletion exacerbates and its overexpression ameliorates MI/R injury. In addition, Ube2s augments the activation of HIF-1α and reduces myocardial apoptosis. Moreover, Ube2s induces the accumulation of β-Catenin through increasing its stabilization. Importantly, β-Catenin knockdown abrogates Ube2s-augmented HIF-1α activation, and meanwhile, diminishes the protective effect of Ube2s on MI/R injury, thus establishing a causal link between Ube2s-stabilized β-catenin and HIF-1α-mediated myocardial protection. Altogether, this study identifies the Ube2s/β-catenin/HIF-1α axis as a novel protective regulator involved in MI/R injury, and also implies that it might represent a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating MI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chiyao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammation in Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101131. [PMID: 31547621 PMCID: PMC6829519 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an important cause of liver damage occurring during surgical procedures including hepatic resection and liver transplantation, and represents the main underlying cause of graft dysfunction and liver failure post-transplantation. To date, ischemia-reperfusion injury is an unsolved problem in clinical practice. In this context, inflammasome activation, recently described during ischemia-reperfusion injury, might be a potential therapeutic target to mitigate the clinical problems associated with liver transplantation and hepatic resections. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge in inflammasome-mediated inflammation, describing the experimental models used to understand the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, a clear distinction between steatotic and non-steatotic livers and between warm and cold ischemia-reperfusion injury will be discussed. Finally, the most updated therapeutic strategies, as well as some of the scientific controversies in the field will be described. Such information may be useful to guide the design of better experimental models, as well as the effective therapeutic strategies in liver surgery and transplantation that can succeed in achieving its clinical application.
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Justice JA, Manjooran DT, Yeh CY, Hartnett-Scott KA, Schulien AJ, Kosobucki GJ, Mammen S, Palladino MJ, Aizenman E. Molecular Neuroprotection Induced by Zinc-Dependent Expression of Hepatitis C-Derived Protein NS5A Targeting Kv2.1 Potassium Channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:348-355. [PMID: 30190339 PMCID: PMC6193254 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the design of an innovative molecular neuroprotective strategy and provide proof-of-concept for its implementation, relying on the injury-mediated activation of an ectopic gene construct. As oxidative injury leads to the intracellular liberation of zinc, we hypothesize that tapping onto the zinc-activated metal regulatory element (MRE) transcription factor 1 system to drive expression of the Kv2.1-targeted hepatitis C protein NS5A (hepatitis C nonstructural protein 5A) will provide neuroprotection by preventing cell death-enabling cellular potassium loss in rat cortical neurons in vitro. Indeed, using biochemical and morphologic assays, we demonstrate rapid expression of MRE-driven products in neurons. Further, we report that MRE-driven NS5A expression, induced by a slowly evolving excitotoxic stimulus, functionally blocks injurious, enhanced Kv2.1 potassium whole-cell currents and improves neuronal viability. We suggest this form of "on-demand" neuroprotection could provide the basis for a tenable therapeutic strategy to prevent neuronal cell death in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Justice
- Departments of Neurobiology (J.A.J., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., E.A.) and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (D.T.M., M.J.P.) and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.A.J., D.T.M., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., M.J.P., E.A.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel T Manjooran
- Departments of Neurobiology (J.A.J., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., E.A.) and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (D.T.M., M.J.P.) and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.A.J., D.T.M., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., M.J.P., E.A.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chung-Yang Yeh
- Departments of Neurobiology (J.A.J., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., E.A.) and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (D.T.M., M.J.P.) and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.A.J., D.T.M., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., M.J.P., E.A.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen A Hartnett-Scott
- Departments of Neurobiology (J.A.J., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., E.A.) and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (D.T.M., M.J.P.) and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.A.J., D.T.M., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., M.J.P., E.A.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony J Schulien
- Departments of Neurobiology (J.A.J., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., E.A.) and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (D.T.M., M.J.P.) and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.A.J., D.T.M., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., M.J.P., E.A.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabrielle J Kosobucki
- Departments of Neurobiology (J.A.J., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., E.A.) and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (D.T.M., M.J.P.) and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.A.J., D.T.M., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., M.J.P., E.A.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shalom Mammen
- Departments of Neurobiology (J.A.J., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., E.A.) and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (D.T.M., M.J.P.) and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.A.J., D.T.M., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., M.J.P., E.A.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Palladino
- Departments of Neurobiology (J.A.J., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., E.A.) and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (D.T.M., M.J.P.) and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.A.J., D.T.M., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., M.J.P., E.A.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Departments of Neurobiology (J.A.J., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., E.A.) and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (D.T.M., M.J.P.) and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.A.J., D.T.M., C.-Y.Y., K.A.H.-S., A.J.S., G.J.K., S.M., M.J.P., E.A.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Heme oxygenases are composed of two isozymes, Hmox1 and Hmox2, that catalyze the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron, and biliverdin, the latter of which is subsequently converted to bilirubin. While initially considered to be waste products, CO and biliverdin/bilirubin have been shown over the last 20 years to modulate key cellular processes, such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, as well as antioxidant defense. This shift in paradigm has led to the importance of heme oxygenases and their products in cell physiology now being well accepted. The identification of the two human cases thus far of heme oxygenase deficiency and the generation of mice deficient in Hmox1 or Hmox2 have reiterated a role for these enzymes in both normal cell function and disease pathogenesis, especially in the context of cardiovascular disease. This review covers the current knowledge on the function of both Hmox1 and Hmox2 at both a cellular and tissue level in the cardiovascular system. Initially, the roles of heme oxygenases in vascular health and the regulation of processes central to vascular diseases are outlined, followed by an evaluation of the role(s) of Hmox1 and Hmox2 in various diseases such as atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, myocardial infarction, and angiogenesis. Finally, the therapeutic potential of heme oxygenases and their products are examined in a cardiovascular disease context, with a focus on how the knowledge we have gained on these enzymes may be capitalized in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ayer
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Abolfazl Zarjou
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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Miranda B, Barrabés JA, Figueras J, Pineda V, Rodríguez-Palomares J, Lidón RM, Sambola A, Bañeras J, Otaegui I, García-Dorado D. Plasma bilirubin values on admission and ventricular remodeling after a first anterior ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Ann Med 2016; 48:1-9. [PMID: 26631587 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2015.1112027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bilirubin may elicit cardiovascular protection and heme oxygenase-1 overexpression attenuated post-infarction ventricular remodeling in experimental animals, but the association between bilirubin levels and post-infarction remodeling is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 145 patients with a first anterior ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), we assessed whether plasma bilirubin on admission predicted adverse remodeling (left ventricular end-diastolic volume [LVEDV] increase ≥20% between discharge and 6 months, estimated by magnetic resonance imaging). RESULTS Patients' baseline characteristics and management were comparable among bilirubin tertiles. LVEDV increased at 6 months (P < 0.001) with respect to the initial exam, but the magnitude of this increase was similar across increasing bilirubin tertiles (10.8 [30.2], 10.1 [22.9], and 12.7 [24.3]%, P = 0.500). Median (25-75 percentile) bilirubin values in patients with and without adverse remodeling were 0.75 (0.60-0.93) and 0.73 (0.60-0.92) mg/dL (P = 0.693). Absence of final TIMI flow grade 3 (odds ratio 3.92, 95% CI 1.12-13.66) and a history of hypertension (2.04, 0.93-4.50), but not admission bilirubin, were independently associated with adverse remodeling. Bilirubin also did not predict the increase in ejection fraction at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Admission bilirubin values are not related to LVEDV or ejection fraction progression after a first anterior STEMI and do not predict adverse ventricular remodeling. Key messages Bilirubin levels are inversely related to cardiovascular disease, and overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 (the enzyme that determines bilirubin production) has prevented post-infarction ventricular remodeling in experimental animals, but the association between bilirubin levels and the progression of ventricular volumes and function in patients with acute myocardial infarction remained unexplored. In this cohort of patients with a first acute anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction receiving contemporary management, bilirubin levels on admission were not predictive of the changes in left ventricular volumes or ejection fraction at 6 months measured by serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The data are contrary to a significant protective effect of bilirubin against post-infarction ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Miranda
- a Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - José A Barrabés
- a Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jaume Figueras
- a Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Victor Pineda
- b Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - José Rodríguez-Palomares
- a Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Rosa-Maria Lidón
- a Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antonia Sambola
- a Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jordi Bañeras
- a Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Imanol Otaegui
- a Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - David García-Dorado
- a Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Kanninen KM, Pomeshchik Y, Leinonen H, Malm T, Koistinaho J, Levonen AL. Applications of the Keap1-Nrf2 system for gene and cell therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:350-361. [PMID: 26164630 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated to play a role in a number of acute and chronic diseases including acute injuries of the central nervous system, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The redox-activated transcription factor Nrf2 has been shown to protect many different cell types and organs from a variety of toxic insults, whereas in many cancers, unchecked Nrf2 activity increases the expression of cytoprotective genes and, consequently, provides growth advantage to cancerous cells. Herein, we discuss current preclinical gene therapy approaches to either increase or decrease Nrf2 activity with a special reference to neurological diseases and cancer. In addition, we discuss the role of Nrf2 in stem cell therapy for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Kanninen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Yuriy Pomeshchik
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Hanna Leinonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
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Woitek F, Zentilin L, Hoffman NE, Powers JC, Ottiger I, Parikh S, Kulczycki AM, Hurst M, Ring N, Wang T, Shaikh F, Gross P, Singh H, Kolpakov MA, Linke A, Houser SR, Rizzo V, Sabri A, Madesh M, Giacca M, Recchia FA. Intracoronary Cytoprotective Gene Therapy: A Study of VEGF-B167 in a Pre-Clinical Animal Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:139-53. [PMID: 26160630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-B activates cytoprotective/antiapoptotic and minimally angiogenic mechanisms via VEGF receptors. Therefore, VEGF-B might be an ideal candidate for the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy, which displays modest microvascular rarefaction and increased rate of apoptosis. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated VEGF-B gene therapy in a canine model of tachypacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS Chronically instrumented dogs underwent cardiac tachypacing for 28 days. Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 viral vectors carrying VEGF-B167 genes were infused intracoronarily at the beginning of the pacing protocol or during compensated heart failure. Moreover, we tested a novel VEGF-B167 transgene controlled by the atrial natriuretic factor promoter. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, VEGF-B167 markedly preserved diastolic and contractile function and attenuated ventricular chamber remodeling, halting the progression from compensated to decompensated heart failure. Atrial natriuretic factor-VEGF-B167 expression was low in normally functioning hearts and stimulated by cardiac pacing; it thus functioned as an ideal therapeutic transgene, active only under pathological conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our results, obtained with a standard technique of interventional cardiology in a clinically relevant animal model, support VEGF-B167 gene transfer as an affordable and effective new therapy for nonischemic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Woitek
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Leipzig-Heart Center, Department of Cardiology/Internal Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lorena Zentilin
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicholas E Hoffman
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffery C Powers
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabel Ottiger
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Leipzig-Heart Center, Department of Cardiology/Internal Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Suraj Parikh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna M Kulczycki
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marykathryn Hurst
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nadja Ring
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Farah Shaikh
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Polina Gross
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harinder Singh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mikhail A Kolpakov
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Axel Linke
- University of Leipzig-Heart Center, Department of Cardiology/Internal Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steven R Houser
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Abdelkarim Sabri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mauro Giacca
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio A Recchia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
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Can Cytoprotective Cobalt Protoporphyrin Protect Skeletal Muscle and Muscle-derived Stem Cells From Ischemic Injury? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473:2908-19. [PMID: 26070773 PMCID: PMC4523510 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremity trauma is the most common injury seen in combat hospitals as well as in civilian trauma centers. Major skeletal muscle injuries that are complicated by ischemia often result in substantial muscle loss, residual disability, or even amputation, yet few treatment options are available. A therapy that would increase skeletal muscle tolerance to hypoxic damage could reduce acute myocyte loss and enhance preservation of muscle mass in these situations. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES In these experiments, we investigated (1) whether cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), a pharmacologic inducer of cytoprotective heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), would upregulate HO-1 expression and activity in skeletal muscle, tested in muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs); and (2) whether CoPP exposure would protect MDSCs from cell death during in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation. Then, using an in vivo mouse model of hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion injury, we examined (3) whether CoPP pharmacotherapy would reduce skeletal muscle damage when delivered after injury; and (4) whether it would alter the host inflammatory response to injury. METHODS MDSCs were exposed in vitro to a single dose of 25 μΜ CoPP and harvested over 24 to 96 hours, assessing HO-1 protein expression by Western blot densitometry and HO-1 enzyme activity by cGMP levels. To generate hypoxia/reoxygenation stress, MDSCs were treated in vitro with phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle), CoPP, or CoPP plus an HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), and then subjected to 5 hours of hypoxia (< 0.5% O2) followed by 24 hours of reoxygenation and evaluated for apoptosis. In vivo, hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion injury was produced in mice by unilateral 2-hour tourniquet application followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. In three postinjury treatment groups (n = 7 mice/group), CoPP was administered intraperitoneally during ischemia, at the onset of reperfusion, or 1 hour later. Two control groups of mice with the same injury received phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle) or the HO-1 inhibitor, SnPP. Myocyte damage in the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles was determined by uptake of intraperitoneally delivered Evans blue dye (EBD), quantified by image analysis. On serial sections, inflammation was gauged by the mean myeloperoxidase staining intensity per unit area over the entirety of each muscle. RESULTS In MDSCs, a single exposure to CoPP increased HO-1 protein expression and enzyme activity, both of which were sustained for 96 hours. CoPP treatment of MDSCs reduced apoptotic cell populations by 55% after in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (from a mean of 57.3% apoptotic cells in vehicle-treated controls to 25.7% in CoPP-treated cells, mean difference 31.6%; confidence interval [CI], 28.1-35.0; p < 0.001). In the hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion model, CoPP delivered during ischemia produced a 38% reduction in myocyte damage in the gastrocnemius muscle (from 86.4% ± 7% EBD(+) myofibers in vehicle-treated, injured controls to 53.2% EBD(+) in CoPP-treated muscle, mean difference 33.2%; 95% CI, 18.3, 48.4; p < 0.001). A 30% reduction in injury to the gastrocnemius was seen with drug delivery at the onset of reperfusion (to 60.6% ± 13% EBD(+) with CoPP treatment, mean difference 25.8%; CI, 12.2-39.4; p < 0.001). In the tibialis anterior, however, myocyte damage was decreased only when CoPP was given at the onset of reperfusion, resulting in a 27% reduction in injury (from 78.8% ± 8% EBD(+) myofibers in injured controls to 58.3% ± 14% with CoPP treatment, mean difference 20.5%; CI, 6.1-35.0; p = 0.004). Delaying CoPP delivery until 1 hour after tourniquet release obviated the protective effect in both muscles. Mean MPO staining intensity per unit area, indicating the host inflammatory response, decreased by 27-34% across both the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles when CoPP was given either during ischemia or at the time of reperfusion. Delaying drug delivery until 1 hour after the start of reperfusion abrogated this antiinflammatory effect. CONCLUSIONS CoPP can decrease skeletal muscle damage when given early in the course of ischemia/reperfusion injury and also provide protection for regenerative stem cell populations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pharmacotherapy with HO-1 inducers, delivered in the field, on hospital arrival, or during trauma surgery, may improve preservation of muscle mass and muscle-inherent stem cells after severe ischemic limb injury.
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Jazwa A, Stoszko M, Tomczyk M, Bukowska-Strakova K, Pichon C, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. HIF-regulated HO-1 gene transfer improves the post-ischemic limb recovery and diminishes TLR-triggered immune responses — Effects modified by concomitant VEGF overexpression. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 71:127-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease and stroke has improved substantially over the last decade as a result of advances in primary and secondary preventive care as well as novel interventional approaches, including the development of drug-eluting stents and balloons. Despite this progress, however, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in industrialized nations. Sustained efforts to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of atherogenesis, reperfusion-induced cardiac injury, and ischemic heart failure have led to the identification of several target genes as key players in the development and progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease. This knowledge has now enabled genetic therapeutic modulation not only for inherited diseases with a single gene defect, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, but also for multifactorial disorders. This review will focus on approaches in adeno-associated viral (AAV)-mediated gene therapy for atherosclerosis and its long-term sequelae.
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Biswal MR, Prentice HM, Dorey CK, Blanks JC. A hypoxia-responsive glial cell-specific gene therapy vector for targeting retinal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:8044-53. [PMID: 25377223 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Müller cells, the major glial cell in the retina, play a significant role in retinal neovascularization in response to tissue hypoxia. We previously designed and tested a vector using a hypoxia-responsive domain and a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter to drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in Müller cells in the murine model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). This study compares the efficacy of regulated and unregulated Müller cell delivery of endostatin in preventing neovascularization in the OIR model. METHODS Endostatin cDNA was cloned into plasmids with hypoxia-regulated GFAP or unregulated GFAP promoters, and packaged into self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 2 vectors (scAAV2). Before placement in hyperoxia on postnatal day (P)7, mice were given intravitreal injections of regulated or unregulated scAAV2, capsid, or PBS. Five days after return to room air, on P17, neovascular and avascular areas, as well as expression of the transgene and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were compared in OIR animals treated with a vector, capsid, or PBS. RESULTS The hypoxia-regulated, glial-specific, vector-expressing endostatin reduced neovascularization by 93% and reduced the central vaso-obliteration area by 90%, matching the results with the unregulated GFAP-Endo vector. Retinas treated with the regulated endostatin vector expressed substantial amounts of endostatin protein, and significantly reduced VEGF protein. Endostatin production from the regulated vector was undetectable in retinas with undamaged vasculature. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the hypoxia-regulated, glial cell-specific vector expressing endostatin may be useful for treatment of neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R Biswal
- Integrative Biology PhD Program, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States
| | - Howard M Prentice
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States
| | - C Kathleen Dorey
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, United States
| | - Janet C Blanks
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States
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Czibik G, Derumeaux G, Sawaki D, Valen G, Motterlini R. Heme oxygenase-1: an emerging therapeutic target to curb cardiac pathology. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:450. [PMID: 25344086 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a heme-degrading enzyme responsive to a wide range of cellular stress, is traditionally considered to convey adaptive responses to oxidative stress, inflammation and vasoconstriction. These diversified effects are achieved through the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin (which is rapidly converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase) and ferric iron. Recent findings have added antiproliferative and angiogenic effects to the list of HO-1/CO actions. HO-1 along with its reaction products bilirubin and CO are protective against ischemia-induced injury (myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-injury and post-infarct structural remodelling). Moreover, HO-1, and CO in particular, possess acute antihypertensive effects. As opposed to these curative potentials, the long-believed protective effect of HO-1 in cardiac remodelling in response to pressure overload and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has been questioned by recent work. These challenges, coupled with emerging regulatory mechanisms, motivate further in-depth studies to help understand untapped layers of HO-1 regulation and action. The outcomes of these efforts may shed new light on critical mechanisms that could be used to harness the protective potential of this enzyme for the therapeutic benefit of patients suffering from such highly prevalent cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Czibik
- INSERM U955, Equipe 8, Faculty of Medicine, DHU A-TVB, Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Creteil, University of Paris-Est, 3rd Floor, room 3006, Paris, France,
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15
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Pan A, Weintraub NL, Tang Y. Enhancing stem cell survival in an ischemic heart by CRISPR-dCas9-based gene regulation. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:702-5. [PMID: 25459138 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease has remained the number one killer around the world for over the past 20 years. While stem cell therapy has become a promising new frontier to repair the damaged heart, limited stem cell survivability post-transplantation has precluded widespread use of this therapy. Strategies to genetically modify stem cells to activate pro-survival and anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory pathways, such as Akt and heme oxygenase-1, have been shown to improve the lifespan of transplanted stem cells within the ischemic myocardium, but constitutive overexpression of these pathways at high levels has been shown to have side effects. Therefore, more specific and controlled gene activation would be necessary. Current techniques used for gene regulation include zinc finger and TALE proteins, but there are still disadvantages to each of these methods, such as ease and cost of use. Also, those methods use synthesized promoters to express synthesized cDNA, which lack regulatory elements, including introns and 3' untranslated regions for microRNA mediated post-transcriptional regulation. A new novel technique, the CRISPR/dCas9 system, was recently developed as a simple and efficient method for endogenous gene regulation. With its use of single guide chimeric RNA's (sgRNA's), this system has been shown to provide a high level of specificity and efficiency. When targeting different loci, past studies have found that the CRISPR/dCas9 system can activate gene expression at varying levels. In addition, this system makes use of the genome's endogenous regulatory elements, such as the aforementioned introns and 3' UTR's, which can help provide a safer method of gene activation. If targeted to a gene promoting cellular survival or decreasing cell death, it could potentially improve stem cell longevity in a more efficient and controllable manner. As a result, our hypothesis is to use the CRISPR/dCas9 system to activate expression of an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic gene, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), to an optimal level to increase transplanted stem cell survival while also mitigating its cytotoxic effects due to lack of internal regulation, thus prolonging its effects within the ischemic myocardium leading to greater therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pan
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yaoliang Tang
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Won YW, Lee M, Kim HA, Nam K, Bull DA, Kim SW. Synergistically combined gene delivery for enhanced VEGF secretion and antiapoptosis. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3676-83. [PMID: 24007285 DOI: 10.1021/mp400178m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With current pharmacological treatments, preventing the remodeling of the left ventricle and the progression to heart failure is a difficult task. Gene therapy is considered to provide a direct treatment to the long-term complications of ischemic heart diseases. Although current gene therapies that use single molecular targets seem potentially possible, they have not achieved success in the treatment of ischemic diseases. With an efficient polymeric gene carrier, PAM-ABP, we designed a synergistically combined gene-delivery strategy to enhance vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and to prolong its antiapoptotic effects. A hypoxia-inducible plasmid expressing both hypoxia-inducible heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and the Src homology domain-2 containing tyrosine phosphatase-1 microRNA (miSHP-1) as well as a hypoxia-responsive VEGF plasmid were combined in this study. The positive feedback circuit between HO-1 and VEGF and the negative regulatory role of SHP-1 in angiogenesis enhance VEGF secretion synergistically. The synergy in VEGF secretion as a consequence of the gene combination and prolonged HO-1 activity was confirmed in hypoxic cardiomyocytes and cardiomyocyte apoptosis under hypoxia and was decreased synergistically. These results suggest that the synergistic combination of VEGF, HO-1, and miSHP-1 may be promising for the clinical treatment of ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Wook Won
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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17
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Jazwa A, Florczyk U, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. Gene therapy on demand: Site specific regulation of gene therapy. Gene 2013; 525:229-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Luo L, Lu J, Li WC, Shan J, Li FS, Long D, Guo JY, Wu QW, Lin T, Li PY, Feng L. RNA interference targeting RelB attenuates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2012; 178:898-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sun J, Wang Y, Yang J, Du D, Li Z, Wei J, Yang A. Long-term and stable correction of uremic anemia by intramuscular injection of plasmids containing hypoxia-regulated system of erythropoietin expression. Exp Mol Med 2012; 44:674-83. [PMID: 22990115 PMCID: PMC3509184 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative deficiency in production of glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (Epo) is a major cause of renal anemia. This study planned to investigate whether the hypoxia-regulated system of Epo expression, constructed by fusing Epo gene to the chimeric phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) hypoxia response elements (HRE) in combination with cytomegalovirus immediate-early (CMV IE) basal gene promoter and delivered by plasmid intramuscular injection, might provide a long-term physiologically regulated Epo secretion expression to correct the anemia in adenine-induced uremic rats. Plasmid vectors (pHRE-Epo) were synthesized by fusing human Epo cDNA to the HRE/CMV promoter. Hypoxia-inducible activity of this promoter was evaluated first in vitro and then in vivo in healthy and uremic rats (n = 30 per group). The vectors (pCMV-Epo) in which Epo expression was directed by a constitutive CMV gene promoter served as control. ANOVA and Student's t-test were used to analyze between-group differences. A high-level expression of Epo was induced by hypoxia in vitro and in vivo. Though both pHRE-Epo and pCMV-Epo corrected anemia, the hematocrit of the pCMV-Epo-treated rats exceeded the normal (P < 0.05), but that of the pHRE-Epo-treated rats didn't. Hypoxia-regulated system of Epo gene expression constructed by fusing Epo to the HRE/CMV promoter and delivered by plasmid intramuscular injection may provide a long-term and stable Epo expression and secretion in vivo to correct the anemia in adenine-induced uremic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
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Jazwa A, Stepniewski J, Zamykal M, Jagodzinska J, Meloni M, Emanueli C, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. Pre-emptive hypoxia-regulated HO-1 gene therapy improves post-ischaemic limb perfusion and tissue regeneration in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 97:115-24. [PMID: 23087099 PMCID: PMC3527762 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a haem-degrading enzyme that generates carbon monoxide, bilirubin, and iron ions. Through these compounds, HO-1 mitigates cellular injury by exerting antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we examined the influence of HO-1 deficiency and transient hypoxia/ischaemia-induced HO-1 overexpression on post-injury hindlimb recovery. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice lacking functional HO-1 (HO-1(-/-)) showed reduced reparative neovascularization in ischaemic skeletal muscles, impaired blood flow (BF) recovery, and increased muscle cell death compared with their wild-type littermates. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) transfected with plasmid vector (pHRE-HO-1) carrying human HO-1 driven by three hypoxia response elements (HREs) and cultured in 0.5% oxygen demonstrated markedly increased expression of HO-1. Such upregulated HO-1 levels were effective in conferring protection against H(2)O(2)-induced cell death and in promoting the proangiogenic phenotype of HMEC-1 cells. More importantly, when delivered in vivo, pHRE-HO-1 significantly improved the post-ischaemic foot BF in mice subjected to femoral artery ligation. These effects were associated with reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and CXCL1) and lower numbers of transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling-positive cells. Moreover, HO-1 delivered into mouse skeletal muscles seems to influence the regenerative potential of myocytes as it significantly changed the expression of transcriptional (Pax7, MyoD, myogenin) and post-transcriptional (miR-146a, miR-206) regulators of skeletal muscle regeneration. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the therapeutic potential of HO-1 for prevention of adverse effects in critical limb ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jazwa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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21
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Protecting the heart through delivering DNA encoding for heme oxygenase-1 into skeletal muscle. Life Sci 2012; 91:828-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Prentice HM, Biswal MR, Dorey CK, Blanks JC. Hypoxia-regulated retinal glial cell-specific promoter for potential gene therapy in disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8562-70. [PMID: 21960554 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal Müller cells span the retina and secrete several trophic factors and represent the functional link between blood vessels and neurons, making them attractive targets for gene therapy. Therefore, a hypoxia-regulated, retinal glial cell-specific vector was constructed and tested for its response to hypoxia. METHODS A hybrid promoter containing domains of human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and several hypoxia-responsive and aerobically silenced elements (HRSE) was incorporated separately into plasmid vectors for generation of self-complementary adeno-associated virus. Müller cells trasfected with plasmids or virus were compared with other cell lines using standard METHODS The mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) was used to analyze retinas from mice exposed to high oxygen or room air to evaluate the induction of the regulated promoter. RESULTS The regulated promoter was silenced under aerobic conditions in comparison with unregulated promoter in Müller cells. Hypoxia induced a 12-fold and 16-fold increase in promoter activity in primary Müller cells and human Müller cell lines, respectively. In the OIR model, intravitreal injection of the regulated promoter at postnatal day 7 (P7) resulted in high levels of green fluorescent protein expression only in retinal Müller cells at P17. GFP expression was absent in retinas of mice only exposed to room air. In vivo studies confirm normoxia silencing, hypoxic induction, and cell specificity of the regulated promoter in the mouse retina. CONCLUSIONS This hypoxia-regulated, retinal glial cell-specific AAV vector provides a platform for gene therapy within regions of retinal hypoxia which are found in diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Prentice
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Chen XK, Rathbone CR, Walters TJ. Treatment of Tourniquet-Induced Ischemia Reperfusion Injury with Muscle Progenitor Cells. J Surg Res 2011; 170:e65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Gene transfer within the cardiovascular system was first demonstrated in 1989 yet, despite extensive basic-science and clinical research, unequivocal benefit in the clinical setting remains to be demonstrated. Potential reasons for this include the fact that recombinant viral vectors, used in the majority of clinical studies, have inherent problems with immunogenicity that are difficult to circumvent. Attention has turned therefore to plasmid vectors, which possess many advantages over viruses in terms of safety and ease of use, and many clinical studies have now been performed using non-viral technology. This review will provide an overview of clinical trials for cardiovascular disease using plasmid vectors, recent developments in plasmid delivery and design, and potential directions for this modality of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Williams
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biomedicine, Vascular Gene Therapy Unit, Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
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Santos CX, Anilkumar N, Zhang M, Brewer AC, Shah AM. Redox signaling in cardiac myocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:777-93. [PMID: 21236334 PMCID: PMC3049876 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The heart has complex mechanisms that facilitate the maintenance of an oxygen supply-demand balance necessary for its contractile function in response to physiological fluctuations in workload as well as in response to chronic stresses such as hypoxia, ischemia, and overload. Redox-sensitive signaling pathways are centrally involved in many of these homeostatic and stress-response mechanisms. Here, we review the main redox-regulated pathways that are involved in cardiac myocyte excitation-contraction coupling, differentiation, hypertrophy, and stress responses. We discuss specific sources of endogenously generated reactive oxygen species (e.g., mitochondria and NADPH oxidases of the Nox family), the particular pathways and processes that they affect, the role of modulators such as thioredoxin, and the specific molecular mechanisms that are involved-where this knowledge is available. A better understanding of this complex regulatory system may allow the development of more specific therapeutic strategies for heart diseases.
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Key Words
- aif, apoptosis-inducing factor
- arc, apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain
- camkii, calmodulin kinase ii
- ctgf, connective tissue growth factor
- eb, embryoid body
- ecc, excitation–contraction coupling
- er, endoplasmic reticulum
- es, embryonic stem
- etc, electron transport chain
- g6pdh, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptor
- hdac, histone deacetylase
- hif, hypoxia-inducible factor
- mao-a, monoamine oxidase-a
- mi, myocardial infarction
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase
- mptp, mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- mtdna, mitochondrial dna
- ncx, na/ca exchanger
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- phd, prolyl hydroxylase dioxygenase
- pka, protein kinase a
- pkc, protein kinase c
- pkg, protein kinase g
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- ryr, ryanodine receptor
- serca, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium atpase
- sr, sarcoplasmic reticulum
- trx1, thioredoxin1
- tnfα, tumor necrosis factor-α
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
- cardiac myocyte
- reactive oxygen species
- redox signaling
- hypertrophy
- heart failure
- nadph oxidase
- mitochondria
- free radicals
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Kim YM, Pae HO, Park JE, Lee YC, Woo JM, Kim NH, Choi YK, Lee BS, Kim SR, Chung HT. Heme oxygenase in the regulation of vascular biology: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:137-67. [PMID: 20624029 PMCID: PMC2988629 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenases (HOs) are the rate-limiting enzymes in the catabolism of heme into biliverdin, free iron, and carbon monoxide. Two genetically distinct isoforms of HO have been characterized: an inducible form, HO-1, and a constitutively expressed form, HO-2. HO-1 is a kind of stress protein, and thus regarded as a sensitive and reliable indicator of cellular oxidative stress. The HO system acts as potent antioxidants, protects endothelial cells from apoptosis, is involved in regulating vascular tone, attenuates inflammatory response in the vessel wall, and participates in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Endothelial integrity and activity are thought to occupy the central position in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease risk conditions converge in the contribution to oxidative stress. The oxidative stress leads to endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction with increases in vessel tone, cell growth, and gene expression that create a pro-thrombotic/pro-inflammatory environment. Subsequent formation, progression, and obstruction of atherosclerotic plaque may result in myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death. This background provides the rationale for exploring the potential therapeutic role for HO system in the amelioration of vascular inflammation and prevention of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Myeong Kim
- Vascular System Research Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, South Korea
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Kim YM, Pae HO, Park JE, Lee YC, Woo JM, Kim NH, Choi YK, Lee BS, Kim SR, Chung HT. Heme oxygenase in the regulation of vascular biology: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010. [PMID: 20624029 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.31532988629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenases (HOs) are the rate-limiting enzymes in the catabolism of heme into biliverdin, free iron, and carbon monoxide. Two genetically distinct isoforms of HO have been characterized: an inducible form, HO-1, and a constitutively expressed form, HO-2. HO-1 is a kind of stress protein, and thus regarded as a sensitive and reliable indicator of cellular oxidative stress. The HO system acts as potent antioxidants, protects endothelial cells from apoptosis, is involved in regulating vascular tone, attenuates inflammatory response in the vessel wall, and participates in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Endothelial integrity and activity are thought to occupy the central position in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease risk conditions converge in the contribution to oxidative stress. The oxidative stress leads to endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction with increases in vessel tone, cell growth, and gene expression that create a pro-thrombotic/pro-inflammatory environment. Subsequent formation, progression, and obstruction of atherosclerotic plaque may result in myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death. This background provides the rationale for exploring the potential therapeutic role for HO system in the amelioration of vascular inflammation and prevention of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Myeong Kim
- Vascular System Research Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, South Korea
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Ding B, Gibbs PEM, Brookes PS, Maines MD. The coordinated increased expression of biliverdin reductase and heme oxygenase-2 promotes cardiomyocyte survival: a reductase-based peptide counters β-adrenergic receptor ligand-mediated cardiac dysfunction. FASEB J 2010; 25:301-13. [PMID: 20876213 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-166454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HO-2 oxidizes heme to CO and biliverdin; the latter is reduced to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase (BVR). In addition, HO-2 is a redox-sensitive K/Ca(2)-associated protein, and BVR is an S/T/Y kinase. The two enzymes are components of cellular defense mechanisms. This is the first reporting of regulation of HO-2 by BVR and that their coordinated increase in isolated myocytes and intact heart protects against cardiotoxicity of β-adrenergic receptor activation by isoproterenol (ISO). The induction of BVR mRNA, protein, and activity and HO-2 protein was maintained for ≥ 96 h; increase in HO-1 was modest and transient. In isolated cardiomyocytes, experiments with cycloheximide, proteasome inhibitor MG-132, and siBVR suggested BVR-mediated stabilization of HO-2. In both models, activation of BVR offered protection against the ligand's stimulation of apoptosis. Two human BVR-based peptides known to inhibit and activate the reductase, KKRILHC(281) and KYCCSRK(296), respectively, were tested in the intact heart. Perfusion of the heart with the inhibitory peptide blocked ISO-mediated BVR activation and augmented apoptosis; conversely, perfusion with the activating peptide inhibited apoptosis. At the functional level, peptide-mediated inhibition of BVR was accompanied by dysfunction of the left ventricle and decrease in HO-2 protein levels. Perfusion of the organ with the activating peptide preserved the left ventricular contractile function and was accompanied by increased levels of HO-2 protein. Finding that BVR and HO-2 levels, myocyte apoptosis, and contractile function of the heart can be modulated by small human BVR-based peptides offers a promising therapeutic approach for treatment of cardiac dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ding
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Siciliano A, Malpeli G, Platt OS, Lebouef C, Janin A, Scarpa A, Olivieri O, Amato E, Corrocher R, Beuzard Y, De Franceschi L. Abnormal modulation of cell protective systems in response to ischemic/reperfusion injury is important in the development of mouse sickle cell hepatopathy. Haematologica 2010; 96:24-32. [PMID: 20851863 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.028506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease, a genetic red cell disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, occurs throughout the world. Hepatic dysfunction and liver damage may be present in sickle cell disease, but the pathogenesis of these conditions is only partially understood. DESIGN AND METHODS Transgenic mice with sickle cell disease (SAD mice) and wild-type mice were exposed to an ischemic/reperfusion stress. The following parameters were evaluated: hematologic profile, transaminase and bilirubin levels, liver histopathology, and mRNA levels of nuclear factor-κB p65, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, heme oxygenase-1 and phosphodiesterase-1, -2, -3, and -4 genes in hepatocytes obtained by laser-capture microdissection. Immunoblotting was used to analyze the expression of the following proteins: nuclear factor-κB p65 and phospho-nuclear factor-κB p65, heme oxygenase-1, biliverdin reductase, heat shock protein-70, heat shock protein-27 and peroxiredoxin-6. A subgroup of SAD mice was treated with the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram (30 mg/Kg/day by gavage) during the ischemic/reperfusion protocol. RESULTS In SAD mice the ischemic/reperfusion stress induced liver damage compatible with sickle cell disease hepatopathy, which was associated with: (i) lack of hypoxia-induced nuclear factor-κB p65 activation; (ii) imbalance in the endothelial/inducible nitric oxide synthase response to ischemic/reperfusion stress; (iii) lack of hypoxia-induced increased expression of heme oxygenase-1/biliverdin reductase paralleled by a compensatory increased expression of heat shock proteins 70 and 27 and peroxiredoxin-6; and (iv) up-regulation of the phosphodiesterase-1, -2, -3, and -4 genes. In SAD mice the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram attenuated the ischemic/reperfusion-related microcirculatory dysfunction, reduced the inflammatory cell infiltration and induced the heme oxygenase-1/biliverdin reductase cytoprotective systems. CONCLUSIONS In SAD mice, sickle cell hepatopathy is associated with perturbed nuclear factor-κB p65 signaling with an imbalance of endothelial/inducible nitric oxide synthase levels, lack of heme oxygenase-1/biliverdin reductase expression and up-regulation of two novel cytoprotective systems: heat shock protein-27 and peroxiredoxin-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Siciliano
- Dept. of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Zahid M, Phillips BE, Albers SM, Giannoukakis N, Watkins SC, Robbins PD. Identification of a cardiac specific protein transduction domain by in vivo biopanning using a M13 phage peptide display library in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12252. [PMID: 20808875 PMCID: PMC2923200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A peptide able to transduce cardiac tissue specifically, delivering cargoes to the heart, would be of significant therapeutic potential for delivery of small molecules, proteins and nucleic acids. In order to identify peptide(s) able to transduce heart tissue, biopanning was performed in cell culture and in vivo with a M13 phage peptide display library. METHODS AND RESULTS A cardiomyoblast cell line, H9C2, was incubated with a M13 phage 12 amino acid peptide display library. Internalized phage was recovered, amplified and then subjected to a total of three rounds of in vivo biopanning where infectious phage was isolated from cardiac tissue following intravenous injection. After the third round, 60% of sequenced plaques carried the peptide sequence APWHLSSQYSRT, termed cardiac targeting peptide (CTP). We demonstrate that CTP was able to transduce cardiomyocytes functionally in culture in a concentration and cell-type dependent manner. Mice injected with CTP showed significant transduction of heart tissue with minimal uptake by lung and kidney capillaries, and no uptake in liver, skeletal muscle, spleen or brain. The level of heart transduction by CTP also was greater than with a cationic transduction domain. CONCLUSIONS Biopanning using a peptide phage display library identified a peptide able to transduce heart tissue in vivo efficiently and specifically. CTP could be used to deliver therapeutic peptides, proteins and nucleic acid specifically to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Zahid
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brett E. Phillips
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Albers
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Aggeli IK, Kefaloyianni E, Beis I, Gaitanaki C. HOX-1 and COX-2: Two differentially regulated key mediators of skeletal myoblast tolerance under oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:679-93. [DOI: 10.3109/10715761003742985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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Development of viral vectors for use in cardiovascular gene therapy. Viruses 2010; 2:334-371. [PMID: 21994642 PMCID: PMC3185614 DOI: 10.3390/v2020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease represents the most common cause of mortality in the developed world but, despite two decades of promising pre-clinical research and numerous clinical trials, cardiovascular gene transfer has so far failed to demonstrate convincing benefits in the clinical setting. In this review we discuss the various targets which may be suitable for cardiovascular gene therapy and the viral vectors which have to date shown the most potential for clinical use. We conclude with a summary of the current state of clinical cardiovascular gene therapy and the key trials which are ongoing.
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Chatterjee M, Saluja R, Tewari S, Barthwal MK, Goel SK, Dikshit M. Augmented nitric oxide generation in neutrophils: Oxidative and pro-inflammatory implications in hypertension. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:1195-204. [DOI: 10.3109/10715760903247256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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de Rougemont O, Lehmann K, Clavien PA. Preconditioning, organ preservation, and postconditioning to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury to the liver. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:1172-82. [PMID: 19790166 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion lead to injury of the liver. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is inevitable in liver transplantation and trauma and, to a great extent, in liver resection. This article gives an overview of the mechanisms involved in this type of injury and summarizes protective and treatment strategies in clinical use today. Intervention is possible at different time points: during harvesting, during the period of preservation, and during implantation. Liver preconditioning and postconditioning can be applied in the transplant setting and for liver resection. Graft optimization is merely possible in the period between the harvest and the implantation. Given that there are 3 stages in which a surgeon can intervene against ischemia-reperfusion injury, we have structured the review as follows. The first section reviews the approaches using surgical interventions, such as ischemic preconditioning, as well as pharmacological applications. In the second section, static organ preservation and machine perfusion are addressed. Finally, the possibility of treating the recipient or postconditioning is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier de Rougemont
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is important in attenuating the overall production of reactive oxygen species through its ability to degrade heme and to produce carbon monoxide, biliverdin/bilirubin, and release of free iron. Excess free heme catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction as seen in numerous pathologic vascular conditions including systemic hypertension and diabetes, as well as in ischemia/reperfusion injury.The up-regulation of HO-1 can be achieved through the use of pharmaceutical agents such as metalloporphyrins and statins. In addition, atrial natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide donors are important modulators of the heme-HO system, either through induction of HO-1 or the increased biologic activity of its products. Gene therapy and gene transfer, including site- and organ-specific targeted gene transfer have become powerful tools for studying the potential role of the 2 isoforms of HO, HO-1/HO-2, in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, as well as diabetes. HO-1 induction by pharmacological agents or the in vitro gene transfer of human HO-1 into ECs increases cell cycle progression and attenuates angiotensin II, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and heme-mediated DNA damage; administration in vivo corrects blood pressure elevation after angiotensin II exposure. Delivery of human HO-1 to hyperglycemic rats significantly lowers superoxide levels and prevents EC damage and sloughing of vascular EC into the circulation. In addition, administration of human HO-1 to rats in advance of ischemia/reperfusion injury considerably reduces tissue damage.The ability to up-regulate HO-1 either through pharmacological means or through the use of gene therapy may offer therapeutic strategies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the future. This review discusses the implications of HO-1 delivery during the early stages of cardiovascular system injury or in early vascular pathology, and suggests that pharmacological agents that regulate HO activity or HO-1 gene delivery itself may become powerful tools for preventing the onset or progression of various cardiovascular diseases.
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Frenkel D, Pachori AS, Zhang L, Dembinsky-Vaknin A, Farfara D, Petrovic-Stojkovic S, Dzau VJ, Weiner HL. Nasal vaccination with troponin reduces troponin specific T-cell responses and improves heart function in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int Immunol 2009; 21:817-29. [PMID: 19515797 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia with subsequent reperfusion (MI/R) can lead to significant myocardial damage. Ischemia initiates inflammation at the blood-microvascular endothelial cell interface and contributes significantly to both acute injury and repair of the damaged tissue. We have found that MI/R injury in mice is associated with a cellular immune response to troponin. Myocardial cells exclusively synthesize troponin and release the troponin into the bloodstream following injury. Mucosally administered proteins induce T cells that secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta at the anatomical site where the protein localizes. We found that nasal administration of the three subunits of troponin (C, I and T isoforms), given prior to or 1 h following MI/R, decreased infarct size by 40% measured 24 h later. At 1.5 months following MI/R, there was a 50% reduction in infarct size and improvement in cardiac function as measured by echocardiography. Protection was associated with a reduction of cellular immunity to troponin. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased IL-10 and reduced IFN-gamma in the area surrounding the ischemic infarct following nasal troponin. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells to mice from nasally troponin-treated mice 1 h after the MI/R decreased infarct size by 72%, whereas CD4+ T cells from IL-10-/- mice or nasally BSA-treated mice had no effect. Our results demonstrate that IL-10-secreting CD4+ T cells induced by nasal troponin reduce injury following MI/R. Modulation of cardiac inflammation by nasal troponin provides a novel treatment to decrease myocardial damage and enhance recovery after myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Frenkel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wu J, Hecker JG, Chiamvimonvat N. Antioxidant enzyme gene transfer for ischemic diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:351-63. [PMID: 19233238 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The balance of redox is pivotal for normal function and integrity of tissues. Ischemic insults occur as results of a variety of conditions, leading to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an imbalanced redox status in the tissues. The oxidant stress may activate signaling mechanisms provoking more toxic events, and eventually cause tissue damage. Therefore, treatments with antioxidants, free radical scavengers and their mimetics, as well as gene transfer approaches to overexpress antioxidant genes represent potential therapeutic options to correct the redox imbalance. Among them, antioxidant gene transfer may enhance the production of antioxidant scavengers, and has been employed to experimentally prevent or treat ischemic injury in cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, intestinal, central nervous or other systems in animal models. With improvements in vector systems and delivery approaches, innovative antioxidant gene therapy has conferred better outcomes for myocardial infarction, reduced restenosis after coronary angioplasty, improved the quality and function of liver grafts, as well as outcome of intestinal and cerebral ischemic attacks. However, it is crucial to be mindful that like other therapeutic armentarium, the efficacy of antioxidant gene transfer requires extensive preclinical investigation before it can be used in patients, and that it may have unanticipated short- or long-term adverse effects. Thus, it is critical to balance between the therapeutic benefits and potential risks, to develop disease-specific antioxidant gene transfer strategies, to deliver the therapy with an optimal time window and in a safe manner. This review attempts to provide the rationale, the most effective approaches and the potential hurdles of available antioxidant gene transfer approaches for ischemic injury in various organs, as well as the possible directions of future preclinical and clinical investigations of this highly promising therapeutic modality.
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Cross KJ, Bomsztyk ED, Weinstein AL, Teo EH, Spector JA, Lyden DC. A Novel Method for Targeted Gene Therapy in Ischemic Tissues through Viral Transfection of an Expression Cassette Containing Multiple Repetitions of Hypoxia Response Element. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 123:76S-82S. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e318191c044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Takahashi T, Shimizu H, Morimatsu H, Maeshima K, Inoue K, Akagi R, Matsumi M, Katayama H, Morita K. Heme Oxygenase-1 is an Essential Cytoprotective Component in Oxidative Tissue Injury Induced by Hemorrhagic Shock. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2008; 44:28-40. [PMID: 19177185 PMCID: PMC2613496 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.08-210-ho] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock causes oxidative stress that leads to tissue injuries in various organs including the lung, liver, kidney and intestine. Excess amounts of free heme released from destabilized hemoproteins under oxidative conditions might constitute a major threat because it can catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species. Cells counteract this by rapidly inducing the rate-limiting enzyme in heme breakdown, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is a low-molecular-weight stress protein. The enzymatic HO-1 reaction removes heme. As such, endogenous HO-1 induction by hemorrhagic shock protects tissues from further degeneration by oxidant stimuli. In addition, prior pharmacological induction of HO-1 ameliorates oxidative tissue injuries induced by hemorrhagic shock. In contrast, the deletion of HO-1 expression, or the chemical inhibition of increased HO activity ablated the beneficial effect of HO-1 induction, and exacerbates tissue damage. Thus, HO-1 constitutes an essential cytoprotective component in hemorrhagic shock-induced oxidative tissue injures. This article reviews recent advances in understanding of the essential role of HO-1 in experimental models of hemorrhagic shock-induced oxidative tissue injuries with emphasis on the role of its induction in tissue defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takahashi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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A cell penetrating heme oxygenase protein protects heart graft against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Gene Ther 2008; 16:320-8. [PMID: 18987674 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an unavoidable barrier that significantly affects outcome of solid organ transplantation. Here, we establish a protein transduction system to extend graft preservation time and to prevent I/R injury in heart transplantation. We generated a recombinant heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein containing a modified protein transduction domain (PTD). PTD could cross cover cell membrane and carry target molecule to parenchymal cells of cold-preserved heart grafts. The newly generated PTD-HO-1 protein localized mainly in subcellular membrane organelle and nucleus after delivery that significantly prolonged cold preservation of heart grafts. This effect was associated with significantly less endothelial cell activation, less neutrophil and macrophage infiltration in PTD-HO-1-transduced heart grafts after reperfusion as compared with controls. In addition, transduction of PTD-HO-1 protein to heart graft significantly suppressed the I/R injury-associated myocardiocyte apoptosis. The infarct areas of heart graft after I/R injury were significantly reduced after PTD-HO-1 protein treatment. We show here for the first time that PTD can maintain its biological activities during cold preservation. Transduction of cell penetrating HO-1 protein significantly prolongs the cold preservation time and protects the graft from the I/R injury. This approach represents a novel method for the improvement of the overall outcome of organ transplantation.
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Haem oxygenase-1 gene transfer protects retinal ganglion cells from ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 115:335-42. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20070384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RGC (retinal ganglion cell) death following ischaemic insult is the major cause of a number of vision-threatening diseases, including glaucoma. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of HO-1 (haem oxygenase-1) in the retina against IR (ischaemia/reperfusion) injury. Adenovirus-mediated HO-1 gene transfer (Adv-HO-1) was carried out by injection into the vitreous body to induce HO-1 overexpression. At 3 weeks after transfection, levels of HO-1 expression, as measured by Western blot analysis, immunohistochemical staining and activity assay, were drastically up-regulated. Transient retinal ischaemia was induced by raising the intraocular pressure to 150 mmHg for 60 min. Untreated IR caused a significant decrease in RGC numbers at 3 and 7 days after reperfusion (76.1 and 67.2% of control eyes with sham IR respectively; P<0.001). Eyes pretreated with Adv-HO-1 had less RGC loss on day 3 and 7 following reperfusion compared with control eyes injected with Adv-GFP (adenovirus containing a gene for green fluorescent protein; 94.3 and 88.2% respectively; P=0.007 and 0.001). SnP (tin protoporphyrin), an HO-1 inhibitor, counteracted the effects of Adv-HO-1. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that augmentation of HO-1 enzyme overexpression by intravitreal injection is able to protect RGCs against IR-induced damage.
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Gray SJ, Samulski RJ. Optimizing gene delivery vectors for the treatment of heart disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:911-22. [PMID: 18549322 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.7.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac gene therapy is approaching reality, with clinical trials entering Phase II/III. Even so, challenges exist to improve the efficacy of even the most successful therapies. OBJECTIVE The merits of different gene therapy vectors are weighed to assess the current feasibility of each in specific cardiac applications. Major obstacles are discussed, along with recent advances in vector development to overcome or circumvent those difficulties. METHODS This review focuses primarily on gene delivery via naked DNA, adenovirus, lentivirus, and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. CONCLUSION Gene therapy via adenovirus and AAV vectors has developed into a promising option for the treatment of heart disease. The merits of gene therapy compared with emerging stem cell and microRNA-based treatments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Gray
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gene Therapy Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Wang X, Stavchansky S, Zhao B, Bynum JA, Kerwin SM, Bowman PD. Cytoprotection of human endothelial cells from menadione cytotoxicity by caffeic acid phenethyl ester: The role of heme oxygenase-1. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 591:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Levonen AL, Vähäkangas E, Koponen JK, Ylä-Herttuala S. Antioxidant gene therapy for cardiovascular disease: current status and future perspectives. Circulation 2008; 117:2142-50. [PMID: 18427144 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.718585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species has been implicated to play an important role in a number of cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and restenosis after angioplasty or venous bypass grafting. The formation of reactive oxygen species is balanced out by antioxidant defenses, and augmenting this defense by antioxidant therapies could therefore provide a potential means to treat conditions in which the formation of reactive oxygen species exceeds the capability of natural protective mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the studies in which antioxidant gene therapy has been used successfully to treat cardiovascular diseases. We also discuss the current limitations of antioxidant gene therapy and envision future therapeutic targets and methodological approaches for an improved outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Levonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland.
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Heme oxygenase-1 promotes neovascularization in ischemic heart by coinduction of VEGF and SDF-1. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45:44-55. [PMID: 18534615 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a stress-inducible enzyme with multiple protective functions in cardiovascular systems. Studies have shown that the timely cardiac HO-1 overexpression at acute phase of ischemic infarction (MI) provides protection via its anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Here we demonstrate that a delayed HO-1 transduction mediated by a recombinant adeno-associated virus in ischemic hearts of mice with permanent coronary artery ligation significantly attenuated left ventricular fibrosis and cardiac dysfunctions examined at 4 weeks post MI. HO-1-mediated protection was correlated with enhanced vascularization in the ischemic myocardium. HO-1 gene transfer resulted in a notable increase in the number of c-kit(+)- stem cells recruited to the infarcted area at 10 days after ligation. HO-1-mediated stem cell recruitment was also demonstrated in the heart of non-ischemic mice receiving intravenous infusion of green fluorescent protein-bearing bone marrow stem cells. Additional experiments revealed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) were highly induced in HO-1 transduced myocardium. Mononuclear cell infiltration was evident and colocalized with angiogenic factors in the same region. Flow cytometry analysis of the mononuclear cells isolated from HO-1-transduced left ventricles revealed that over 50% of cells expressed CD34, a marker of hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells. VEGF and SDF-1 blockade by neutralizing antibodies significantly attenuated HO-1-mediated neovascularization and protection in infarcted mice. These data suggest that cardiac HO-1 gene transfer post MI provides protection at least in part by promoting neovascularization through inducing angiogenic factors and the recruitment of circulating progenitor/stem cells.
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Su H, Yeghiazarians Y, Lee A, Huang Y, Arakawa-Hoyt J, Ye J, Orcino G, Grossman W, Kan YW. AAV serotype 1 mediates more efficient gene transfer to pig myocardium than AAV serotype 2 and plasmid. J Gene Med 2008; 10:33-41. [PMID: 18044793 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has many properties of an ideal vector for delivery of therapeutic genes into the myocardium. Previous studies in a mouse model of myocardial infarction showed that AAV serotype 1 (AAV1) is superior to AAV serotypes 2-5 to transfer genes into the myocardium by direct injection. Since vectors may behave differently in humans and because the human and the pig hearts resemble each other closely, we tested whether AAV1 is also superior to AAV2 in transferring genes into the pig myocardium. We also compared gene transduction efficiency between AAV vectors and plasmid. We injected CMVLacZ and CMVVEGF (vectors with the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter driving LacZ and VEGF gene expression) unpackaged or packaged in AAV serotypes 1 or 2 capsids into pig myocardium. Hearts were collected 3, 14 and 28 days after the injection. Gene expression was analyzed by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and histological staining. Capillaries and smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA)-positive vessels were quantified. Potential lymphocyte infiltration at the injection sites was analyzed by immunostaining using specific antibodies. As in the mouse, AAV1 mediated better gene transduction than AAV2. Plasmid mediated minimal gene expression only. More capillaries and SMA-positive vessels were detected at AAV1CMVVEGF- and AAV2CMVVEGF-injected than AAV1CMVLacZ-injected sites. We did not detect inflammatory cell infiltration at the injection sites. In conclusion, by direct injection, AAV1 is more efficient than AAV2, and plasmid is inefficient in mediating gene transfer into the pig myocardium. AAV-mediated VEGF gene transfer can also induce neovascular formation in the pig myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Su
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0793, USA.
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Dougherty CJ, Smith GW, Dorey CK, Prentice HM, Webster KA, Blanks JC. Robust hypoxia-selective regulation of a retinal pigment epithelium-specific adeno-associated virus vector. Mol Vis 2008; 14:471-80. [PMID: 18334957 PMCID: PMC2268848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an hypoxia-regulated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-specific adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer platform that exploits hypoxia as a physiologic trigger for an early antiangiogenic treatment strategy directed at arresting neovascularization in the eye. METHODS Tissue-specific and hypoxia-regulated expression vectors were constructed with tandem combinations of hypoxia responsive elements and aerobically silenced elements (HRSE) that together induce gene expression in hypoxia and suppress it in normoxia. For RPE-specific expression, the HRSE and a (6x) HRE (hypoxia responsive element) oligomer were ligated upstream of the Rpe65 promoter in a pGL3 firefly luciferase plasmid (pGL3-HRSE-6xHRE-Rpe65). The cell specificity of this novel hybrid promoter was tested in human RPE (ARPE-19), human glioblastoma, rat C6 glioma, mouse hippocampal neurons, and human embryonic kidney cell lines. Expression of all cell types in normoxia, and following 40 h hypoxia, was analyzed by dual luciferase assay. After confirmation of its tissue-specificity and hypoxia-inducibility, the hybrid promoter construct was integrated into a replication-deficient AAV delivery system and tested for cell-selectivity and hypoxia-inducible green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter expression. RESULTS The HRSE-6xHRE-Rpe65 promoter was highly selective for RPE cells, strongly induced in hypoxia, and similar in activation strength to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The AAV.HRSE.6xHRE.Rpe65 vector induced robust GFP expression in hypoxic ARPE-19 cells, but elicited no GFP expression in hypoxia in other cell types or in normoxic ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSIONS The hypoxia-regulated, aerobically-silenced RPE-targeting vector forms a platform for focal autoregulated delivery of antiangiogenic agents in hypoxic regions of the RPE. Such autoinitiated therapy provides a means for early intervention in choroidal neovascularization, when it is most sensitive to inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George W. Smith
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - C. Kathleen Dorey
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Howard M. Prentice
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Keith A. Webster
- Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Janet C. Blanks
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL,Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
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Müller OJ, Ksienzyk J, Katus HA. Gene-therapy delivery strategies in cardiology. Future Cardiol 2008; 4:135-50. [DOI: 10.2217/14796678.4.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical gene-therapy approaches in cardiology have not fulfilled their promise in randomized, controlled trials, so far, despite striking effects in preclinical models. Lack of clinical success appears not to be related to an unexpected low potency of the therapeutic factors itself in humans, but has rather been attributed to limitations of the vector systems used to transfer the DNA, as well as application modes of the vector itself. Therefore, novel delivery strategies are required with increased efficiency and increased specificity. Recent improvements of vectors using targeting approaches in addition to the development of novel application strategies for cardiac or vascular gene transfer will improve gene delivery in future clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Müller
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Internal Medicine III, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Ksienzyk
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Internal Medicine III, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Internal Medicine III, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Role of hypoxia-inducible factor in cell survival during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:686-90. [PMID: 18259200 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the principal transcription factor involved in the regulation of transcriptional responses to hypoxia. During hypoxia, HIF-alpha levels accumulate and trigger an increase in expression of genes involved in glycolysis, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, cell survival, apoptosis, and resistance to oxidative stress. In this regard, HIF activation plays an essential role in triggering cellular protection and metabolic alterations from the consequences of oxygen deprivation. This suggests that HIF activation should confer protection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, although this protection might require HIF activation before the onset of lethal ischemia. Studies using enhanced expression of HIF-1alpha suggest that its upregulation may be a beneficial therapeutic modality in the treatment or prevention of ischemic injury. HIF-regulated gene expression may mediate the late phase of preconditioning, and constitutive HIF activity may influence the expression of genes that are required for the cell to be able to respond to acute preconditioning. This article reviews the current literature on the role of HIF in balancing protection and cell death in the face of ischemia and I/R injury.
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