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Hatori M, Shimozawa N, Yasmin L, Suemori H, Nakatsuji N, Ogura A, Yagami KI, Sankai T. Role of retinoic acid and fibroblast growth factor 2 in neural differentiation from cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) embryonic stem cells. Comp Med 2014; 64:140-147. [PMID: 24674590 PMCID: PMC3997293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid is a widely used factor in both mouse and human embryonic stem cells. It suppresses differentiation to mesoderm and enhances differentiation to ectoderm. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is widely used to induce differentiation to neurons in mice, yet in primates, including humans, it maintains embryonic stem cells in the undifferentiated state. In this study, we established an FGF2 low-dose-dependent embryonic stem cell line from cynomolgus monkeys and then analyzed neural differentiation in cultures supplemented with retinoic acid and FGF2. When only retinoic acid was added to culture, neurons differentiated from FGF2 low-dose-dependent embryonic stem cells. When both retinoic acid and FGF2 were added, neurons and astrocytes differentiated from the same embryonic stem cell line. Thus, retinoic acid promotes the differentiation from embryonic stem cells to neuroectoderm. Although FGF2 seems to promote self-renewal in stem cells, its effects on the differentiation of stem cells are influenced by the presence or absence of supplemental retinoic acid.
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Key Words
- eb, embryoid body
- es, embryonic stem
- esm, embryonic stem cell medium
- fgf, fibroblast growth factor
- gfap, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- lif, leukemia inhibitory factor
- mbp, myelin basic protein
- ra, retinoic acid
- ssea, stage-specific embryonic antigen
- tra, tumor-related antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Hatori
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Shimozawa
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Lubna Yasmin
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Suemori
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Nakatsuji
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yagami
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sankai
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Brewer AC, Murray TVA, Arno M, Zhang M, Anilkumar NP, Mann GE, Shah AM. Nox4 regulates Nrf2 and glutathione redox in cardiomyocytes in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:205-15. [PMID: 21554947 PMCID: PMC3112490 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox4) is an important modulator of redox signaling that is inducible at the level of transcriptional expression in multiple cell types. By contrast to other Nox enzymes, Nox4 is continuously active without requiring stimulation. We reported recently that expression of Nox4 is induced in the adult heart as an adaptive stress response to pathophysiological insult. To elucidate the potential downstream target(s) regulated by Nox4, we performed a microarray screen to assess the transcriptomes of transgenic (tg) mouse hearts in which Nox4 was overexpressed. The screen revealed a significant increase in the expression of many antioxidant and detoxifying genes regulated by Nrf2 in tg compared to wild-type (wt) mouse hearts, and this finding was subsequently confirmed by Q-PCR. Expression of glutathione biosynthetic and recycling enzymes was increased in tg hearts and associated with higher levels of both GSH and the ratio of reduced:oxidised GSH, compared to wt hearts. The increases in expression of the antioxidant genes and the changes in glutathione redox effected by Nox4 were ablated in an Nrf2-null genetic background. These data therefore demonstrate that Nox4 can activate the Nrf2-regulated pathway, and suggest a potential role for Nox4 in the regulation of GSH redox in cardiomyocytes.
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Key Words
- nadph, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- nrf2, nf-e2-related factor 2
- q-pcr, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- er, endoplasmic reticulum
- eb, embryoid body
- αmhc, α myosin heavy chain
- βmhc, β myosin heavy chain
- mlc2v, myosin regulatory light chain 2
- rt, reverse transcriptase
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- page, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- ecl, enhanced chemiluminescence
- pbs, phosphate-buffered saline
- pvdf, polyvinylidene difluoride
- sem, standard error of the mean
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assay
- nox4
- nrf2
- cardiomyocytes
- glutathione
- reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C Brewer
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, London, UK.
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Abstract
The heart has complex mechanisms that facilitate the maintenance of an oxygen supply-demand balance necessary for its contractile function in response to physiological fluctuations in workload as well as in response to chronic stresses such as hypoxia, ischemia, and overload. Redox-sensitive signaling pathways are centrally involved in many of these homeostatic and stress-response mechanisms. Here, we review the main redox-regulated pathways that are involved in cardiac myocyte excitation-contraction coupling, differentiation, hypertrophy, and stress responses. We discuss specific sources of endogenously generated reactive oxygen species (e.g., mitochondria and NADPH oxidases of the Nox family), the particular pathways and processes that they affect, the role of modulators such as thioredoxin, and the specific molecular mechanisms that are involved-where this knowledge is available. A better understanding of this complex regulatory system may allow the development of more specific therapeutic strategies for heart diseases.
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Key Words
- aif, apoptosis-inducing factor
- arc, apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain
- camkii, calmodulin kinase ii
- ctgf, connective tissue growth factor
- eb, embryoid body
- ecc, excitation–contraction coupling
- er, endoplasmic reticulum
- es, embryonic stem
- etc, electron transport chain
- g6pdh, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptor
- hdac, histone deacetylase
- hif, hypoxia-inducible factor
- mao-a, monoamine oxidase-a
- mi, myocardial infarction
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase
- mptp, mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- mtdna, mitochondrial dna
- ncx, na/ca exchanger
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- phd, prolyl hydroxylase dioxygenase
- pka, protein kinase a
- pkc, protein kinase c
- pkg, protein kinase g
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- ryr, ryanodine receptor
- serca, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium atpase
- sr, sarcoplasmic reticulum
- trx1, thioredoxin1
- tnfα, tumor necrosis factor-α
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
- cardiac myocyte
- reactive oxygen species
- redox signaling
- hypertrophy
- heart failure
- nadph oxidase
- mitochondria
- free radicals
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Földes G, Mioulane M, Wright JS, Liu AQ, Novak P, Merkely B, Gorelik J, Schneider MD, Ali NN, Harding SE. Modulation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte growth: a testbed for studying human cardiac hypertrophy? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 50:367-76. [PMID: 21047517 PMCID: PMC3034871 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM) are being developed for tissue repair and as a model system for cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. However, the signaling requirements of their growth have not yet been fully characterized. We showed that hESC-CM retain their capacity for increase in size in long-term culture. Exposing hESC-CM to hypertrophic stimuli such as equiaxial cyclic stretch, angiotensin II, and phenylephrine (PE) increased cell size and volume, percentage of hESC-CM with organized sarcomeres, levels of ANF, and cytoskeletal assembly. PE effects on cell size were separable from those on cell cycle. Changes in cell size by PE were completely inhibited by p38-MAPK, calcineurin/FKBP, and mTOR blockers. p38-MAPK and calcineurin were also implicated in basal cell growth. Inhibitors of ERK, JNK, and CaMK II partially reduced PE effects; PKG or GSK3β inhibitors had no effect. The role of p38-MAPK was confirmed by an additional pharmacological inhibitor and adenoviral infection of hESC-CM with a dominant-inhibitory form of p38-MAPK. Infection of hESC-CM with constitutively active upstream MAP2K3b resulted in an increased cell size, sarcomere and cytoskeletal assembly, elongation of the cells, and induction of ANF mRNA levels. siRNA knockdown of p38-MAPK inhibited PE-induced effects on cell size. These results reveal an important role for active protein kinase signaling in hESC-CM growth and hypertrophy, with potential implications for hESC-CM as a novel in vitro test system. This article is part of a special issue entitled, "Cardiovascular Stem Cells Revisited".
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Key Words
- anf, atrial natriuretic factor
- bfgf, basic human fibroblast growth factor
- camk ii, ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase ii
- eb, embryoid body
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- gsk3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- hdacii, histone deacetylase
- fkbp, fk506 binding protein
- hesc, human embryonic stem cells
- hesc-cm, human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
- jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinases
- map2k4 and map2k3, mapk kinase 4 and 3, respectively
- mef, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- mhc, myosin heavy chains
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- mtor, mammalian target of rapamycin
- p38–mapk, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- pkg, protein kinase g
- ryr2, cardiac ryanodine receptor 2
- and serca2, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum ca2±-atpase.
- embryonic stem cells
- cardiomyocytes
- human
- protein kinases
- hypertrophy
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Földes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms leading to the induction and specification of thyroid follicular cells is important for our understanding of thyroid development. To characterize the key events in this process, we previously established an experimental embryonic stem (ES) cell model system, which shows that wild-type mouse CCE ES cells can give rise to thyrocyte-like cells in vitro. We extend our analysis in this report by using a genetically manipulated ES cell line in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) cDNA is targeted to the TSH receptor (TSHR) gene, linking GFP expression to the transcription of the endogenous TSHR gene. The appearance of GFP-positive cells was dependent on the formation of embryoid bodies from undifferentiated ES cells and was greatly enhanced by TSH treatment during the first 2-4 d of differentiation. With the support of Matrigel, highly enriched ES cell-derived GFP-positive cells formed thyroid follicle-like clusters in a serum-free medium supplemented with TSH. Importantly, these clusters display the characteristics of thyroid follicular cells. Immunofluorescent studies confirmed the colocalization of TSHR with the Na+/I- symporter in the clusters and indicated that Na+/I- symporter was expressed exclusively in the plasma membrane. In addition, I- uptake activity was observed in these cells. Our results indicate that ES cells can be induced to differentiate into thyroid follicular cells, providing a powerful tool to study embryonic thyroid development and function.
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Key Words
- dapi, 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- eb, embryoid body
- ebdm, embryoid body differentiation medium
- es, embryonic stem
- gfp, green fluorescent protein
- h, human
- imdm, iscove’s modified dulbecco’s medium
- lif, leukemia inhibitory factor
- mdck, madin-darby canine kidney
- mtg, monothioglycerol
- nis, na+/i− symporter
- tg, thyroglobulin
- tpo, thyroperoxidase
- tshr, tsh receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Arufe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Departments of Medicine
| | - Min Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Departments of Medicine
| | - Atsushi Kubo
- Department of Public Health, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan; New York, NY 10029
| | - Gordon Keller
- Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Terry F. Davies
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Departments of Medicine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, James J. Peters Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468
| | - Reigh-Yi Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Departments of Medicine
- Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Reigh-Yi Lin, Department of Medicine, Box 1055, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029. E-mail:
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