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Adam A, Shi Q, Wang B, Zou J, Mai J, Osman SR, Wu W, Xie X, Aguilar PV, Bao X, Shi PY, Shen H, Wang T. A modified porous silicon microparticle potentiates protective systemic and mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine. Transl Res 2022; 249:13-27. [PMID: 35688318 PMCID: PMC9173827 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of optimal SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to induce potent, long-lasting immunity and provide cross-reactive protection against emerging variants remains a high priority. Here, we report that a modified porous silicon microparticle (mPSM) adjuvant to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) vaccine activated dendritic cells and generated more potent and durable systemic humoral and type 1 helper T (Th) cell- mediated immune responses than alum-formulated RBD following parenteral vaccination, and protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 and Beta variant challenge. Notably, mPSM facilitated the uptake of SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigens by nasal and airway epithelial cells. Parenteral and intranasal prime and boost vaccinations with mPSM-RBD elicited stronger lung resident T and B cells and IgA responses compared to parenteral vaccination alone, which led to markedly diminished viral loads and inflammation in the lung following SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant challenge. Overall, our results suggest that mPSM is effective adjuvant for SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine in both systemic and mucosal vaccinations.
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Key Words
- mpsm, modified porous silicon microparticle
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- rbd, receptor-binding domain
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- β-cov, betacoronavirus
- e, envelope
- m, membrane
- n, nucleocapsid
- hace2, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- nabs, neutralizing antibodies
- dc, dendritic cell
- th1, t helper 1
- cpg, cytosine guanosine dinucleotide
- cgamp, cyclic gamp
- bm, bone marrow
- i.p., intraperitoneally
- i.d., intradermally
- i.m., or intramuscularly
- tmb, tetramethylbenzidine
- pbs-t, phosphate-buffered saline containing tween-20
- bal, bronchoalveolar lavage
- hrp, horseradish peroxidase
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- elispot, enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot
- sfc, spot-forming cells
- ics, intracellular cytokine staining
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- apc, antigen presenting cells
- mbc, memory b cell
- asc, antibody secreting cells
- prnt, plaque reduction neutralization test
- saec, small airway epithelial cells
- nalt, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue
- ade, antibody-dependent enhancement
- q-pcr, quantitative pcr
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Junhua Mai
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Samantha R Osman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Wenzhe Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Patricia V Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, Texas; Innovative Therapeutic Program, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; ImmunoQ Therapeutics, Houston, Texas.
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Patil K, Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME, Paik J, Brabb T, O'brien KD, Maggio-Price L, Hsu CC. Effects of Murine Norovirus on Chlamydia pneumoniae-Accelerated Atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) Mice. Comp Med 2016; 66:188-196. [PMID: 27298243 PMCID: PMC4907527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn), a common respiratory pathogen of humans, is associated with human cardiovascular disease and the acceleration of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic animal models. Our laboratory has demonstrated that murine norovirus (MNV), a prevalent infection of laboratory mice, can unpredictably alter atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic Ldlr(-/-) and ApoE(-/-) mice. Given that MNV has a tropism for macrophages and may exacerbate atherogenesis, we investigated whether coinfection with MNV and Cpn might alter macrophage phenotypes in vitro and atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice. In the presence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, coinfection of ApoE(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with MNV and Cpn resulted in significant increases in gene expression of IL6, MCP1, iNOS, and TNFα compared with Cpn-monoinfected BMDM. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that concurrent MNV-Cpn infection might increase plaque lesion size in vivo. As expected, Cpn monoinfection of ApoE(-/-) mice increased mean plaque size by 62% compared with that in uninfected mice. However, MNV did not significantly alter plaque lesion size in MNV-Cpn-coinfected mice compared with Cpn-monoinfected mice. There were no differences in aortic cytokines locally at the site of plaque development or in peritoneal macrophages at 1 wk after infection in MNV-Cpn-coinfected mice compared with Cpn-monoinfected mice. MNV was not detected in the aortic tissue of MNV-infected mice at 1 or 8 wk after infection regardless of Cpn status. These data suggest that MNV infection does not appreciably alter plaque development in Cpn-accelerated atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Patil
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lee Ann Campbell
- Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael E Rosenfeld
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jisun Paik
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thea Brabb
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin D O'brien
- Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lillian Maggio-Price
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charlie C Hsu
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Brissette CA, Kees ED, Burke MM, Gaultney RA, Floden AM, Watt JA. The multifaceted responses of primary human astrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells to the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:221-9. [PMID: 23883071 PMCID: PMC3745032 DOI: 10.1042/an20130010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vector-borne pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi, causes a multi-system disorder including neurological complications. These neurological disorders, collectively termed neuroborreliosis, can occur in up to 15% of untreated patients. The neurological symptoms are probably a result of a glial-driven, host inflammatory response to the bacterium. However, the specific contributions of individual glial and other support cell types to the pathogenesis of neuroborreliosis are relatively unexplored. The goal of this project was to characterize specific astrocyte and endothelial cell responses to B. burgdorferi. Primary human astrocytes and primary HBMEC (human brain microvascular endothelial cells) were incubated with B. burgdorferi over a 72-h period and the transcriptional responses to the bacterium were analyzed by real-time PCR arrays. There was a robust increase in several surveyed chemokine and related genes, including IL (interleukin)-8, for both primary astrocytes and HBMEC. Array results were confirmed with individual sets of PCR primers. The production of specific chemokines by both astrocytes and HBMEC in response to B. burgdorferi, including IL-8, CXCL-1, and CXCL-10, were confirmed by ELISA. These results demonstrate that primary astrocytes and HBMEC respond to virulent B. burgdorferi by producing a number of chemokines. These data suggest that infiltrating phagocytic cells, particularly neutrophils, attracted by chemokines expressed at the BBB (blood-brain barrier) may be important contributors to the early inflammatory events associated with neuroborreliosis.
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Key Words
- astrocyte
- blood–brain barrier
- borrelia burgdorferi
- chemokine
- endothelium
- neuroborreliosis.
- bbb, blood–brain barrier
- ccl, cc chemokine ligand
- cns, central nervous system
- csf, cerebrospinal fluid
- cxcr, cxc chemokine receptor
- ecm, endothelial cell medium
- gapdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- hbmec, human brain microvascular endothelial cells
- il, interleukin
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- qpcr, quantitative pcr
- tnfα, tumor necrosis factor α
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Brissette
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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O’Flynn NJ, Patel A, Kadlec J, Jones I. Improving promiscuous mammalian cell entry by the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Biosci Rep 2012; 33:23-36. [PMID: 23035899 PMCID: PMC3522474 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect baculovirus AcMNPV (Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus) enters many mammalian cell lines, prompting its application as a general eukaryotic gene delivery agent, but the basis of entry is poorly understood. For adherent mammalian cells, we show that entry is favoured by low pH and by increasing the available cell-surface area through a transient release from the substratum. Low pH also stimulated baculovirus entry into mammalian cells grown in suspension which, optimally, could reach 90% of the transduced population. The basic loop, residues 268-281, of the viral surface glycoprotein gp64 was required for entry and a tetra mutant with increasing basicity increased entry into a range of mammalian cells. The same mutant failed to plaque in Sf9 cells, instead showing individual cell entry and minimal cell-to-cell spread, consistent with an altered fusion phenotype. Viruses grown in different insect cells showed different mammalian cell entry efficiencies, suggesting that additional factors also govern entry.
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Key Words
- baculovirus
- fusion
- gene transduction
- gp64
- mammalian cell
- virus entry
- acmnpv, autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus
- atcp, amorphous tricalcium phosphate
- cf, carboxyfluorescein
- cho, chinese-hamster ovary
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- egfp, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- fcs, fetal calf serum
- hek-293t, hek-293 cells expressing the large t-antigen of sv40 (simian virus 40)
- ie1, immediate early 1
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- npv, nucleopolyhedrosis virus
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pbs-t, pbs containing 0.1% tween 20
- pe, phosphatidylethanolamine
- pi, phosphatidylinositol
- popc, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- popg, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol
- qpcr, quantitative pcr
- rmsd, root mean square deviation
- vsv g, vesicular-stomatitis virus glycoprotein g
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. J. O’Flynn
- *School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, U.K
| | - Avnish Patel
- *School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, U.K
| | - Jan Kadlec
- †European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BP 181, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ian M. Jones
- *School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, U.K
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Földes G, Mioulane M, Wright JS, Liu AQ, Novak P, Merkely B, Gorelik J, Schneider MD, Ali NN, Harding SE. Modulation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte growth: a testbed for studying human cardiac hypertrophy? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 50:367-76. [PMID: 21047517 PMCID: PMC3034871 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM) are being developed for tissue repair and as a model system for cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. However, the signaling requirements of their growth have not yet been fully characterized. We showed that hESC-CM retain their capacity for increase in size in long-term culture. Exposing hESC-CM to hypertrophic stimuli such as equiaxial cyclic stretch, angiotensin II, and phenylephrine (PE) increased cell size and volume, percentage of hESC-CM with organized sarcomeres, levels of ANF, and cytoskeletal assembly. PE effects on cell size were separable from those on cell cycle. Changes in cell size by PE were completely inhibited by p38-MAPK, calcineurin/FKBP, and mTOR blockers. p38-MAPK and calcineurin were also implicated in basal cell growth. Inhibitors of ERK, JNK, and CaMK II partially reduced PE effects; PKG or GSK3β inhibitors had no effect. The role of p38-MAPK was confirmed by an additional pharmacological inhibitor and adenoviral infection of hESC-CM with a dominant-inhibitory form of p38-MAPK. Infection of hESC-CM with constitutively active upstream MAP2K3b resulted in an increased cell size, sarcomere and cytoskeletal assembly, elongation of the cells, and induction of ANF mRNA levels. siRNA knockdown of p38-MAPK inhibited PE-induced effects on cell size. These results reveal an important role for active protein kinase signaling in hESC-CM growth and hypertrophy, with potential implications for hESC-CM as a novel in vitro test system. This article is part of a special issue entitled, "Cardiovascular Stem Cells Revisited".
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Key Words
- anf, atrial natriuretic factor
- bfgf, basic human fibroblast growth factor
- camk ii, ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase ii
- eb, embryoid body
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- gsk3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- hdacii, histone deacetylase
- fkbp, fk506 binding protein
- hesc, human embryonic stem cells
- hesc-cm, human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
- jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinases
- map2k4 and map2k3, mapk kinase 4 and 3, respectively
- mef, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- mhc, myosin heavy chains
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- mtor, mammalian target of rapamycin
- p38–mapk, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- pkg, protein kinase g
- ryr2, cardiac ryanodine receptor 2
- and serca2, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum ca2±-atpase.
- embryonic stem cells
- cardiomyocytes
- human
- protein kinases
- hypertrophy
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Földes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Enomoto A, Omae F, Miyazaki M, Kozutsumi Y, Yubisui T, Suzuki A. Dihydroceramide:sphinganine C-4-hydroxylation requires Des2 hydroxylase and the membrane form of cytochrome b5. Biochem J 2006; 397:289-95. [PMID: 16571104 PMCID: PMC1513285 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Des2 (degenerative spermatocyte 2) is a bifunctional enzyme that produces phytoceramide and ceramide from dihydroceramide. The molecular mechanism involved in C-4-hydroxylation has not been studied in detail. In the present paper, we report that C-4-hydroxylation requires an electron-transfer system that includes cytochrome b5 and that the hydroxylase activity is reconstituted in an in vitro assay with purified recombinant Des2. FLAG-tagged mouse Des2 was expressed in insect Sf9 cells and was purified by solubilization with digitonin and anti-FLAG antibody affinity column chromatography. The activity of dihydroceramide:sphinganine C-4-hydroxylase was reconstituted with the purified FLAG-Des2, mb5 (the membrane form of cytochrome b5) and bovine erythrocyte membrane. The apparent K(m) and V(max) of Des2 for the substrate N-octanoylsphinganine were 35 microM and 40 nmol x h(-1) x mg of protein(-1) respectively. The K(m) of the hydroxylase for mb5 was 0.8 microM. Interestingly, mb5 was not replaced with the soluble form of cytochrome b5, which lacks the C-terminal membrane-spanning domain. The erythrocyte membrane was separated into Triton X-100-soluble and -insoluble fractions, and the detergent-soluble fraction was replaced by the soluble or membrane form of b5R (NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase). The Triton-X-100-insoluble fraction contained trypsin-resistant factors. The Des2 protein is found in the endoplasmic reticulum and is assumed to have three membrane-spanning domains. The findings of the present study indicate that the hydroxylation requires complex formation between Des2 and mb5 via their membrane-spanning domains and electron transfer from NADH to the substrate via the reduction of mb5 by b5R.
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Key Words
- cytochrome b5
- degenerative spermatocyte 2 (des2)
- dihydroceramide:sphinganine c-4-hydroxylation
- microvillous membrane
- n-acyl-4-hydroxysphinganine
- phytoceramide
- b5r, nadh-cytochrome b5 reductase
- bca, bicinchoninic acid
- des1, degenerative spermatocyte 1
- des-1, dihydroceramide δ4-desaturase
- des2, degenerative spermatocyte 2
- er, endoplasmic reticulum
- hptlc, high performance thin layer chromatography
- mb5, membrane form of cytochrome b5
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- n-octanoyl-c18-phytosphingosine, n-octanoyl-d-ribo-1,3,4-trihydroxy-2-amino-octadecane
- sb5, soluble form of cytochrome b5
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Enomoto
- *Sphingolipid Expression Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fumio Omae
- *Sphingolipid Expression Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masao Miyazaki
- *Sphingolipid Expression Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kozutsumi
- †Glyco-chain Expression Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- ‡Department of Signal Transductions, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshitsugu Yubisui
- §Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- *Sphingolipid Expression Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
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Castilletti C, Bordi L, Lalle E, Rozera G, Poccia F, Agrati C, Abbate I, Capobianchi MR. Coordinate induction of IFN-alpha and -gamma by SARS-CoV also in the absence of virus replication. Virology 2005; 341:163-9. [PMID: 16095648 PMCID: PMC7111739 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infection caused by a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV, characterized by an over-exuberant immune response with lung lymphomononuclear cells infiltration and proliferation that may account for tissue damage more than the direct effect of viral replication. This study is aimed at investigating the capability of SARS-CoV to activate IFN-alpha and -gamma expression in lymphomonocytes (PBMC) from healthy donors, evaluating whether viral replication is necessary for this activation. RESULTS SARS-CoV virus is able to induce both IFN-alpha and -gamma mRNA accumulation and protein release in a dose-dependent manner, MOI 10 being the most effective. The time course curve indicated that IFN-alpha mRNA induction peaked at 24 h.p.i,. whereas IFN-gamma mRNA was still increasing at 48 h.p.i. Released IFN (both types) reached a plateau after 24-48 h.p.i. and remained rather stable over a 5-day period. A transient peak of negative strand viral RNA was detected after 1-2 days of infection, but neither infectious virus progeny yield nor newly produced viral genomic RNA could be evidenced in infected cultures, even after prolonged observation time (up to 13 days). Cocultivation of PBMC with fixed SARS-CoV-infected Vero cells was even more efficient than exposure to live virus in eliciting IFN-alpha and -gamma induction. A combination of IFN-alpha and -gamma strongly inhibited SARS-CoV replication in Vero cells, while the single cytokines were much less effective. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that SARS-CoV is able to induce in normal PBMC a coordinate induction of IFN-alpha and -gamma gene expression. Virus replication is not necessary for IFN induction since efficient IFN expression could be obtained also by the cocultivation of normal PBMC with fixed SARS-CoV-infected cells. Concomitant activation of IFN-alpha and -gamma gene expression by SARS-CoV in vivo may be relevant for the pathogenesis of the disease, both for the possible involvement in immunomediated damage of the tissues and for the strong inhibition of SARS-CoV replication as a result of combined cytokine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Licia Bordi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lalle
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Rozera
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Poccia
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, INMI “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, INMI “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Abbate
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R. Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
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Hase M, Depre C, Vatner S, Sadoshima J. H11 has dose-dependent and dual hypertrophic and proapoptotic functions in cardiac myocytes. Biochem J 2005; 388:475-83. [PMID: 15656793 PMCID: PMC1138954 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that H11, a serine/threonine kinase, is up-regulated in a heart subjected to ischaemia/reperfusion. In the present study, we have characterized the cellular function of H11, using neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Although transduction of adenovirus harbouring H11 at low doses increased the cell size, at higher doses it induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. Apoptosis was not observed when adenovirus harbouring H11-KI (kinase-inactive mutant of H11) was used, suggesting that the proapoptotic effect of H11 is kinase-dependent. The hypertrophic effect of H11 at high doses was unmasked when apoptosis was inhibited by the caspase inhibitor DEVD-CHO, suggesting that H11 stimulates both hypertrophy and apoptosis in parallel. H11-KI induced hypertrophy even at high doses, indicating that H11 stimulates hypertrophy through kinase-independent mechanisms. H11-KI activated Akt, and cardiac hypertrophy induced by H11-KI was blocked by LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that H11 interacts with the alpha subunit of CK2 (casein kinase 2). Overexpression of H11 decreased the kinase activity of CK2. DRB (5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole), an inhibitor of CK2, mimicked the effect of H11, whereas DRB and H11 failed to exhibit additive effects on apoptosis, suggesting that H11 and DRB utilize a common mechanism to induce apoptosis, namely inhibition of CK2. In summary, H11 is a dual-function kinase in cardiac cells: it induces hypertrophy at low doses through kinase-independent activation of Akt, whereas it causes apoptosis at high doses through protein kinase-dependent mechanisms, in particular by physical interaction with and subsequent inhibition of CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hase
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Christophe Depre
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Stephen F. Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, U.S.A
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Williams B, Boyne J, Goodwin D, Roaden L, Hautbergue G, Wilson S, Whitehouse A. The prototype gamma-2 herpesvirus nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, ORF 57, transports viral RNA through the cellular mRNA export pathway. Biochem J 2005; 387:295-308. [PMID: 15537388 PMCID: PMC1134957 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HVS (herpesvirus saimiri) is the prototype gamma-2 herpesvirus. This is a subfamily of herpesviruses gaining importance since the identification of the first human gamma-2 herpesvirus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. The HVS ORF 57 (open reading frame 57) protein is a multifunctional transregulatory protein homologous with genes identified in all classes of herpesviruses. Recent work has demonstrated that ORF 57 has the ability to bind viral RNA, shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm and promotes the nuclear export of viral transcripts. In the present study, we show that ORF 57 shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm in a CRM-1 (chromosomal region maintenance 1)-independent manner. ORF 57 interacts with the mRNA export factor REF (RNA export factor) and two other components of the exon junction complex, Y14 and Magoh. The association of ORF 57 with REF stimulates recruitment of the cellular mRNA export factor TAP (Tip-associated protein), and HVS infection triggers the relocalization of REF and TAP from the nuclear speckles to several large clumps within the cell. Using a dominant-negative form of TAP and RNA interference to deplete TAP, we show that it is essential for bulk mRNA export in mammalian cells and is required for ORF 57-mediated viral RNA export. Furthermore, we show that the disruption of TAP reduces viral replication. These results indicate that HVS utilizes ORF 57 to recruit components of the exon junction complex and subsequently TAP to promote viral RNA export through the cellular mRNA export pathway.
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Key Words
- chromosomal region maintenance 1 (crm-1)
- exon junction complex
- herpesvirus
- mrna export
- open reading frame 57 (orf 57)
- tip-associated protein (tap)
- cmv, cytomegalovirus
- crm-1, chromosomal region maintenance 1
- cte, constitutive transport element
- ejc, exon junction complex
- fish, fluorescence in situ hybridization
- gb, glycoprotein b
- gfp, green fluorescent protein
- gst, glutathione s-transferase
- hek-293t cells, human embryonic kidney 293t cells
- hsv, herpes simplex virus
- hvs, herpesvirus saimiri
- kshv, kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus
- lmb, leptomycin b
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- ref, rna export factor
- mref2-1, murine ref2-1
- nes, nuclear export signal
- nmd, nonsense-mediated decay
- omk cells, owl monkey kidney cells
- orf 57, open reading frame 57
- rnai, rna interference
- rnps1, rna-binding protein prevalent during s phase
- rrm, rna recognition motif
- tap, tip-associated protein
- trex complex, transcription and export complex
- yfp, yellow fluorescent protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. L. Williams
- *Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester M60 1QD, U.K
| | - James R. Boyne
- †School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Delyth J. Goodwin
- †School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Louise Roaden
- *Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester M60 1QD, U.K
| | - Guillaume M. Hautbergue
- *Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester M60 1QD, U.K
| | - Stuart A. Wilson
- *Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester M60 1QD, U.K
| | - Adrian Whitehouse
- †School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- ‡Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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Piek E, Van Dinther M, Parks WT, Sallee JM, Böttinger EP, Roberts AB, Ten Dijke P. RLP, a novel Ras-like protein, is an immediate-early transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) target gene that negatively regulates transcriptional activity induced by TGF-beta. Biochem J 2004; 383:187-99. [PMID: 15239668 PMCID: PMC1134058 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have described previously the use of microarray technology to identify novel target genes of TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) signalling in mouse embryo fibroblasts deficient in Smad2 or Smad3 [Yang, Piek, Zavadil, Liang, Xie, Heyer, Pavlidis, Kucherlapati, Roberts and Böttinger (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 10269-10274]. Among the TGF-beta target genes identified, a novel gene with sequence homology to members of the Ras superfamily was identified, which we have designated as RLP (Ras-like protein). RLP is a Smad3-dependent immediate-early TGF-beta target gene, its expression being induced within 45 min. Bone morphogenetic proteins also induce expression of RLP, whereas epidermal growth factor and phorbol ester PMA suppress TGF-beta-induced expression of RLP. Northern-blot analysis revealed that RLP was strongly expressed in heart, brain and kidney, and below the detection level in spleen and skeletal muscles. At the protein level, RLP is approx. 30% homologous with members of the Ras superfamily, particularly in domains characteristic for small GTPases. However, compared with prototypic Ras, RLP contains a modified P-loop, lacks the consensus G2 loop and the C-terminal prenylation site and harbours amino acid substitutions at positions that render prototypic Ras oncogenic. However, RLP does not have transforming activity, does not affect phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and is unable to bind GTP or GDP. RLP was found to associate with certain subtypes of the TGF-beta receptor family, raising the possibility that RLP plays a role in TGF-beta signal transduction. Although RLP did not interact with Smads and did not affect TGF-beta receptor-induced Smad2 phosphorylation, it inhibited TGF-beta-induced transcriptional reporter activation, suggesting that it is a novel negative regulator of TGF-beta signalling.
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Key Words
- gtpase
- ras
- sorting nexin
- transcriptional regulation
- transforming growth factor-β
- bmp, bone morphogenetic protein
- chx, cycloheximide
- dmem, dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- egf, epidermal growth factor
- egfr, egf receptor
- erk, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- fast-1, forkhead activin signal transducer-1
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- gap, gtpase-activating protein
- gst, glutathione s-transferase
- ha, haemagglutinin
- jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mef, mouse embryo fibroblast
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- pdgfrβ, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β
- rlp, ras-like protein
- snx, sorting nexin
- tgf-β, transforming growth factor-β
- tβr, tgf-β receptor
- utr, untranslated region
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Piek
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ostroff R, Ettinger A, La H, Rihanek M, Zalman L, Meador J, Patick AK, Worland S, Polisky B. Rapid multiserotype detection of human rhinoviruses on optically coated silicon surfaces. J Clin Virol 2001; 21:105-17. [PMID: 11378491 PMCID: PMC7128216 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(01)00150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2000] [Revised: 12/06/2000] [Accepted: 12/21/2000] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 100 immunologically distinct serotypes of human rhinoviruses (HRV) have been discovered, making detection of surface exposed capsid antigens impractical. However, the non-structural protein 3C protease (3Cpro) is essential for viral replication and is relatively highly conserved among serotypes, making it a potential target for diagnostic testing. The thin film biosensor is an assay platform that can be formatted into a sensitive immunoassay for viral proteins in clinical specimens. The technology utilizes an optically coated silicon surface to convert specific molecular binding events into visual color changes by altering the reflective properties of light through molecular thin films. OBJECTIVE To develop a rapid test for detection of HRV by developing broadly serotype reactive antibodies to 3Cpro and utilizing them in the thin film biosensor format. STUDY DESIGN Polyclonal antibodies to 3Cpro were purified and incorporated into the thin film assay. The in vitro sensitivity, specificity and multiserotype cross-reactivity of the 3Cpro assay were tested. Nasal washes from naturally infected individuals were also tested to verify that 3Cpro was detectable in clinical specimens. RESULTS The 3Cpro assay is a 28-min, non-instrumented room temperature test with a visual limit of detection of 12 pM (picomolar) 3Cpro. In terms of viral titer, as few as 1000 TCID(50) equivalents of HRV2 were detectable. The assay detected 45/52 (87%) of the HRV serotypes tested but showed no cross-reactivity to common respiratory viruses or bacteria. The thin film assay detected 3Cpro in HRV-infected cell culture supernatants coincident with first appearance of cytopathic effect. Data are also presented demonstrating 3Cpro detection from clinical samples collected from HRV-infected individuals. The assay detected 3Cpro in expelled nasal secretions from a symptomatic individual on the first day of illness. In addition, 9/11 (82%) concentrated nasal wash specimens from HRV infected children were positive in the 3Cpro test. CONCLUSION We have described a novel, sensitive thin film biosensor for rapid detection of HRV 3Cpro. This test may be suitable for the point of care setting, where rapid HRV diagnostic test results could contribute to clinical decisions regarding appropriate antibiotic or antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ostroff
- Thermo BioStar, Inc. 6655 Lookout Rd, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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Geller AI, During MJ, Oh YJ, Freese A, O'Malley K. An HSV-1 vector expressing tyrosine hydroxylase causes production and release of L-dopa from cultured rat striatal cells. J Neurochem 1995; 64:487-96. [PMID: 7830040 PMCID: PMC2581875 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64020487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this report we demonstrate that a defective herpes simplex virus type one (HSV-1) vector can express enzymatically active tyrosine hydroxylase in cultured striatal cells that are thereby converted into L-DOPA-producing cells. A human tyrosine hydroxylase cDNA (form II) was inserted into an HSV-1 vector (pHSVth) and packaged into virus particles using an HSV-1 strain 17 mutant in the immediate early 3 gene (either ts K or D30EBA) as helper virus. Cultured fibroblasts were infected with pHSVth and 1 day later tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme activity were observed. The tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme activity directed the production of L-DOPA. pHSVth infection of striatal cells in dissociated cell culture resulted in expression of tyrosine hydroxylase RNA and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Release of L-DOPA and low levels of dopamine were observed from cells in pHSVth-infected striatal cultures. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and release of catecholamines were maintained for at least 1 week after infection.
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Key Words
- tyrosine hydroxylase
- defective herpes simplex virus vector
- striatal neuron
- parkinson’s disease
- gene therapy
- aadc, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
- abc, avidin-biotin complex
- hsv-1, herpes simplex virus type one
- hth-2, human th type ii
- ie, immediate early
- ir, immunoreactivity
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- pbs, phosphate-buffered saline
- pd, parkinson’s disease
- pfu, plaque forming units
- rt, reverse transcription
- th, tyrosine hydroxylase
- ts, temperature sensitive
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Geller
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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Zoltick PW, Leibowitz JL, DeVries JR, Weinstock GM, Weiss SR. A general method for the induction and screening of antisera for cDNA-encoded polypeptides: antibodies specific for a coronavirus putative polymerase-encoding gene. Gene 1989; 85:413-20. [PMID: 2560756 PMCID: PMC7127337 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/1989] [Revised: 06/29/1989] [Accepted: 06/30/1989] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A prokaryotic vector, pGE374, containing the recA and lacZ genes, out-of-frame, was used for the expression of cDNA derived from the putative polymerase-encoding gene of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59). The pGE374/viral recombinant vector generates a tripartite bacterial/viral protein composed of a segment of the RecA protein at the N terminus, the coronaviral sequences in the middle, and an enzymatically active beta-galactosidase at the C terminus. Rabbits immunized with such recombinant proteins generated antibodies to the MHV-A59 portion of the tripartite protein. Because the MHV-A59 polymerase proteins have been difficult to identify during infection, we used a novel method to demonstrate the viral specificity of the antiserum. The viral cDNA was excised from the expression vector, and transferred to a pGem vector, downstream from and in-frame with a portion of the cat gene. This construct contained a bacteriophage RNA polymerase promoter that enabled the cell-free synthesis of a fusion protein that was used to verify that antibodies were generated to the expressed viral DNA. This strategy was shown to successfully result in the specific generation of antibodies to the encoded information of the viral cDNA. Furthermore, this method has general applicability in the generation and characterization of antibodies directed against proteins encoded in cDNAs.
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Key Words
- recombinant dna
- open reading frame vector
- nonstructural viral proteins
- cell-free protein synthesis
- mouse hepatitis virus
- aa, amino acid(s)
- ap, ampicillin
- bp, base pair(s)
- βgal, β-galactosidase
- b/v, bacterial/viral (fusion protein)
- cat, cm acetyl transferase
- cat, gene encoding cat
- cdna, dna complementary to rna
- cm, chloramphenicol
- iptg, isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside
- kb, kilobase(s) or 1000 bp
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- np40, nonidet p40
- nt, nucleotide(s)
- onpg, o-nitrophenyl-d-galactopyranoside
- orf, open reading frame
- page, polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis
- pbs, 0.9% nacl/10mm na · phosphate ph 7.4
- pmsf, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- ripa buffer, 0.1 % sds/1 % np40/400 mm nacl/25 μg pmsf per ml/20 μg aprotinin per ml/10 mm na · phosphate ph 7.4
- sds, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- ts, 10 mm tris ph 7.4/10 mm nacl/1.5 mm mgcl2
- ts/p, ts with 20 μg pmsf/ml
- wt, wild type
- xgal, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactopyranoside
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Zoltick
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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