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Butler J, Hamo CE, Udelson JE, O'Connor C, Sabbah HN, Metra M, Shah SJ, Kitzman DW, Teerlink JR, Bernstein HS, Brooks G, Depre C, DeSouza MM, Dinh W, Donovan M, Frische-Danielson R, Frost RJ, Garza D, Gohring UM, Hellawell J, Hsia J, Ishihara S, Kay-Mugford P, Koglin J, Kozinn M, Larson CJ, Mayo M, Gan LM, Mugnier P, Mushonga S, Roessig L, Russo C, Salsali A, Satler C, Shi V, Ticho B, van der Laan M, Yancy C, Stockbridge N, Gheorghiade M. Reassessing Phase II Heart Failure Clinical Trials: Consensus Recommendations. Circ Heart Fail 2017; 10:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003800. [PMID: 28356300 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing burden and the continued suboptimal outcomes for patients with heart failure underlines the importance of continued research to develop novel therapeutics for this disorder. This can only be accomplished with successful translation of basic science discoveries into direct human application through effective clinical trial design and execution that results in a substantially improved clinical course and outcomes. In this respect, phase II clinical trials play a pivotal role in determining which of the multitude of potential basic science discoveries should move to the large and expansive registration trials in humans. A critical examination of the phase II trials in heart failure reveals multiple shortcomings in their concept, design, execution, and interpretation. To further a dialogue on the challenges and potential for improvement and the role of phase II trials in patients with heart failure, the Food and Drug Administration facilitated a meeting on October 17, 2016, represented by clinicians, researchers, industry members, and regulators. This document summarizes the discussion from this meeting and provides key recommendations for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Butler
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.).
| | - Carine E Hamo
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - James E Udelson
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Christopher O'Connor
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Hani N Sabbah
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Marco Metra
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Dalane W Kitzman
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - John R Teerlink
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Harold S Bernstein
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Gabriel Brooks
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Christophe Depre
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Mary M DeSouza
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Wilfried Dinh
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Mark Donovan
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Regina Frische-Danielson
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Robert J Frost
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Dahlia Garza
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Udo-Michael Gohring
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Jennifer Hellawell
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Judith Hsia
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Shiro Ishihara
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Patricia Kay-Mugford
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Joerg Koglin
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Marc Kozinn
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Christopher J Larson
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Martha Mayo
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Li-Ming Gan
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Pierrre Mugnier
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Sekayi Mushonga
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Lothar Roessig
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Cesare Russo
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Afshin Salsali
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Carol Satler
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Victor Shi
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Barry Ticho
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Michael van der Laan
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Clyde Yancy
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Norman Stockbridge
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
| | - Mihai Gheorghiade
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, Inova Heart & Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.O'C.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (H.N.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Brescia and Civil Hospital, Italy (M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S., C.Y.); Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.W.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.); Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B., J.K.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA (G.B., J.H., C.S.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., M.K.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.M.D., M.D., R.J.F., P.M., S.M., C.R.); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., M.v.d.L.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (R.F.-D., J.H., L.-M.G.); Relypsa Inc., Redwood City, CA (D.G., M.M.); Vifor Pharma, Opfikon, Switzerland (U.-M.G.); Department of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (S.I.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc., East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., V.S.); Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.J.L.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (L.R.); Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.R.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (B.T.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (N.S.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.G.)
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Butler J, Hamo CE, Udelson JE, Pitt B, Yancy C, Shah SJ, Desvigne-Nickens P, Bernstein HS, Clark RL, Depre C, Dinh W, Hamer A, Kay-Mugford P, Kramer F, Lefkowitz M, Lewis K, Maya J, Maybaum S, Patel MJ, Pollack PS, Roessig L, Rotman S, Salsali A, Sims JJ, Senni M, Rosano G, Dunnmon P, Stockbridge N, Anker SD, Zile MR, Gheorghiade M. Exploring New Endpoints for Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2017; 9:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003358. [PMID: 27756791 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiological, clinical, and societal implications of the heart failure (HF) epidemic cannot be overemphasized. Approximately half of all HF patients have HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). HFpEF is largely a syndrome of the elderly, and with aging of the population, the proportion of patients with HFpEF is expected to grow. Currently, there is no drug known to improve mortality or hospitalization risk for these patients. Besides mortality and hospitalization, it is imperative to realize that patients with HFpEF have significant impairment in their functional capacity and their quality of life on a daily basis, underscoring the need for these parameters to ideally be incorporated within a regulatory pathway for drug approval. Although attempts should continue to explore therapies to reduce the risk of mortality or hospitalization for these patients, efforts should also be directed to improve other patient-centric concerns, such as functional capacity and quality of life. To initiate a dialogue about the compelling need for and the challenges in developing such alternative endpoints for patients with HFpEF, the US Food and Drug Administration on November 12, 2015, facilitated a meeting represented by clinicians, academia, industry, and regulatory agencies. This document summarizes the discussion from this meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Butler
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.).
| | - Carine E Hamo
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - James E Udelson
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Bertram Pitt
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Clyde Yancy
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Patrice Desvigne-Nickens
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Harold S Bernstein
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Richard L Clark
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Christophe Depre
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Wilfried Dinh
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Andrew Hamer
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Patricia Kay-Mugford
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Frank Kramer
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Martin Lefkowitz
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Kelly Lewis
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Juan Maya
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Simon Maybaum
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Mahesh J Patel
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Pia S Pollack
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Lothar Roessig
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Sarit Rotman
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Afshin Salsali
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - J Jason Sims
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Michele Senni
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Preston Dunnmon
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Norman Stockbridge
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Stefan D Anker
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Michael R Zile
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
| | - Mihai Gheorghiade
- From the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY (J.B., C.E.H.); Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.E.U.); Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); Division of Cardiology (C.Y., S.J.S.) and Center for Cardiovascular Innovation (M.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.D.-N); Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ (H.S.B.); Medtronic, Mounds View, MN (R.L.C., J.J.S.); Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.D., A.H., J.M.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (W.D., F.K., K.L., L.R., S.R.); Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Germany (W.D.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc, East Hanover, NJ (P.K.-M., M.L., S.M.); Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Disease Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (M.J.P.); AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development, Gaithersburg, MD (P.S.P.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT (A.S.); Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovannni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy (G.R.); Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom (G.R.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (P.D., N.S.); Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany (S.D.A.); and Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston (M.R.Z.)
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