Patil K, Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME, Paik J, Brabb T, O'brien KD, Maggio-Price L, Hsu CC. Effects of Murine Norovirus on Chlamydia pneumoniae-Accelerated Atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) Mice.
Comp Med 2016;
66:188-196. [PMID:
27298243 PMCID:
PMC4907527]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn), a common respiratory pathogen of humans, is associated with human cardiovascular disease and the acceleration of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic animal models. Our laboratory has demonstrated that murine norovirus (MNV), a prevalent infection of laboratory mice, can unpredictably alter atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic Ldlr(-/-) and ApoE(-/-) mice. Given that MNV has a tropism for macrophages and may exacerbate atherogenesis, we investigated whether coinfection with MNV and Cpn might alter macrophage phenotypes in vitro and atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice. In the presence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, coinfection of ApoE(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with MNV and Cpn resulted in significant increases in gene expression of IL6, MCP1, iNOS, and TNFα compared with Cpn-monoinfected BMDM. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that concurrent MNV-Cpn infection might increase plaque lesion size in vivo. As expected, Cpn monoinfection of ApoE(-/-) mice increased mean plaque size by 62% compared with that in uninfected mice. However, MNV did not significantly alter plaque lesion size in MNV-Cpn-coinfected mice compared with Cpn-monoinfected mice. There were no differences in aortic cytokines locally at the site of plaque development or in peritoneal macrophages at 1 wk after infection in MNV-Cpn-coinfected mice compared with Cpn-monoinfected mice. MNV was not detected in the aortic tissue of MNV-infected mice at 1 or 8 wk after infection regardless of Cpn status. These data suggest that MNV infection does not appreciably alter plaque development in Cpn-accelerated atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice.
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