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Gando S, Wada T. Pathomechanisms Underlying Hypoxemia in Two COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Phenotypes: Insights From Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Shock 2022; 57:1-6. [PMID: 34172612 PMCID: PMC8662946 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathomechanisms of hypoxemia and treatment strategies for type H and type L acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have not been elucidated. MAIN TEXT SARS-CoV-2 mainly targets the lungs and blood, leading to ARDS, and systemic thrombosis or bleeding. Angiotensin II-induced coagulopathy, SARS-CoV-2-induced hyperfibrin(ogen)olysis, and pulmonary and/or disseminated intravascular coagulation due to immunothrombosis contribute to COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Type H ARDS is associated with hypoxemia due to diffuse alveolar damage-induced high right-to-left shunts. Immunothrombosis occurs at the site of infection due to innate immune inflammatory and coagulofibrinolytic responses to SARS-CoV-2, resulting in microvascular occlusion with hypoperfusion of the lungs. Lung immunothrombosis in type L ARDS results from neutrophil extracellular traps containing platelets and fibrin in the lung microvasculature, leading to hypoxemia due to impaired blood flow and a high ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) ratio. COVID-19-associated ARDS is more vascular centric than the other types of ARDS. D-dimer levels have been monitored for the progression of microvascular thrombosis in COVID-19 patients. Early anticoagulation therapy in critical patients with high D-dimer levels may improve prognosis, including the prevention and/or alleviation of ARDS. CONCLUSIONS Right-to-left shunts and high VA/Q ratios caused by lung microvascular thrombosis contribute to hypoxemia in type H and L ARDS, respectively. D-dimer monitoring-based anticoagulation therapy may prevent the progression to and/or worsening of ARDS in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Gando
- Acute and Critical Center, Department of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Dong J, Zost SJ, Greaney AJ, Starr TN, Dingens AS, Chen EC, Chen RE, Case JB, Sutton RE, Gilchuk P, Rodriguez J, Armstrong E, Gainza C, Nargi RS, Binshtein E, Xie X, Zhang X, Shi PY, Logue J, Weston S, McGrath ME, Frieman MB, Brady T, Tuffy KM, Bright H, Loo YM, McTamney PM, Esser MT, Carnahan RH, Diamond MS, Bloom JD, Crowe JE. Genetic and structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralization by a two-antibody cocktail. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1233-1244. [PMID: 34548634 PMCID: PMC8543371 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis for immune recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein antigenic sites will inform the development of improved therapeutics. We determined the structures of two human monoclonal antibodies-AZD8895 and AZD1061-which form the basis of the investigational antibody cocktail AZD7442, in complex with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 to define the genetic and structural basis of neutralization. AZD8895 forms an 'aromatic cage' at the heavy/light chain interface using germ line-encoded residues in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) 2 and 3 of the heavy chain and CDRs 1 and 3 of the light chain. These structural features explain why highly similar antibodies (public clonotypes) have been isolated from multiple individuals. AZD1061 has an unusually long LCDR1; the HCDR3 makes interactions with the opposite face of the RBD from that of AZD8895. Using deep mutational scanning and neutralization escape selection experiments, we comprehensively mapped the crucial binding residues of both antibodies and identified positions of concern with regards to virus escape from antibody-mediated neutralization. Both AZD8895 and AZD1061 have strong neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern with antigenic substitutions in the RBD. We conclude that germ line-encoded antibody features enable recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and demonstrate the utility of the cocktail AZD7442 in neutralizing emerging variant viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigenic Variation
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Humans
- Mutation
- Protein Domains
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Dong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allison J Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine C Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jessica Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Erica Armstrong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher Gainza
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tyler Brady
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Tuffy
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Helen Bright
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Mark T Esser
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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3
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Abstract
COVID-19 has been threatening human health since the late 2019, which has significant impact on human health and economy. Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses is important to develop effective treatments for COVID-19 and other coronaviruses-caused diseases. In this work, we applied multi-scale computational approaches to study the electrostatic features of spike (S) proteins for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. From our results, we found thatSARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have similar charge distributions and electrostatic features when binding with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). The energy pH-dependence calculation srevealed that the complex structures of hACE2 and the S proteins of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 are stable at pH values ranging from 7.5 to 9. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed using NAMD to investigate the hydrogen bonds between S proteins and hACE2. From the MD simulations it was found that SARS-CoV-2 has four pairsof essential hydrogenbonds (high occupancy, >80%), while SARS-CoV has three pairs, which indicates the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has relatively more robust binding strategy than SARS-CoVS protein.Four key residues forming essential hydrogen bonds from SARS-CoV-2 are identified, which are potential drug targets for COVID-19 treatments. The findings in this study shed lights on the current and future treatments for COVID-19 and other coronaviruses-caused diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xie
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX
| | - Wenhan Guo
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX
| | | | - Shaolei Teng
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, D.C
| | - Lin Li
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX
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4
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Leyser M, Marques FJP, do Nascimento OJM. POTENTIAL RISK OF BRAIN DAMAGE AND POOR DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES IN CHILDREN PRENATALLY EXPOSED TO SARS-COV-2: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Rev Paul Pediatr 2021; 40:e2020415. [PMID: 34076204 PMCID: PMC8240623 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2022/40/2020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic literature review to analyze existing data on the neurological effects of coronavirus on newborns. DATA sources: We followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P), and searched the PubMed and Embase platforms for the keywords [brain damage OR pregnancy OR developmental outcomes] and [coronavirus OR SARS-CoV-2 OR SARS-CoV OR MERS-CoV] between January 1, 2000 and June 1, 2020. DATA synthesis: Twenty-three reports described the course of pregnant women exposed to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV during the gestational period, eight to SARS-CoV-2, eight to SARS-CoV, and seven to MERS-CoV. No data were found on abnormalities in brain development or on a direct link between the virus and neurological abnormalities in the human embryo, fetus, or children. Spontaneous miscarriage, stillbirth, and termination of pregnancy were some complications connected with SARS/MERS-CoV infection. SARS-CoV-2 is not currently associated with complications in the gestational period. CONCLUSIONS The literature has no data associating exposure to coronavirus during pregnancy with brain malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, despite the lack of reports, monitoring the development of children exposed to SARS-CoV-2 is essential given the risk of complications in pregnant women and the potential neuroinvasive and neurotropic properties found in previous strains.
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5
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Chen CZ, Xu M, Pradhan M, Gorshkov K, Petersen JD, Straus MR, Zhu W, Shinn P, Guo H, Shen M, Klumpp-Thomas C, Michael SG, Zimmerberg J, Zheng W, Whittaker GR. Identifying SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitors through Drug Repurposing Screens of SARS-S and MERS-S Pseudotyped Particles. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1165-1175. [PMID: 33330839 PMCID: PMC7586456 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While vaccine development will hopefully quell the global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, small molecule drugs that can effectively control SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed. Here, inhibitors of spike (S) mediated cell entry were identified in a high throughput screen of an approved drugs library with SARS-S and MERS-S pseudotyped particle entry assays. We discovered six compounds (cepharanthine, abemaciclib, osimertinib, trimipramine, colforsin, and ingenol) to be broad spectrum inhibitors for spike-mediated entry. This work could contribute to the development of effective treatments against the initial stage of viral infection and provide mechanistic information that might aid the design of new drug combinations for clinical trials for COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Z. Chen
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Miao Xu
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Manisha Pradhan
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kirill Gorshkov
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Petersen
- Section
on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Marco R. Straus
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Paul Shinn
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Hui Guo
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Min Shen
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Samuel G. Michael
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section
on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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6
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Graham JB, Swarts JL, Leist SR, Schäfer A, Menachery VD, Gralinski LE, Jeng S, Miller DR, Mooney MA, McWeeney SK, Ferris MT, de Villena FPM, Heise MT, Baric RS, Lund JM. Baseline T cell immune phenotypes predict virologic and disease control upon SARS-CoV infection. bioRxiv 2020:2020.09.21.306837. [PMID: 32995791 PMCID: PMC7523117 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.21.306837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed that infection with SARS-CoV-2 can result in a wide range of clinical outcomes in humans, from asymptomatic or mild disease to severe disease that can require mechanical ventilation. An incomplete understanding of immune correlates of protection represents a major barrier to the design of vaccines and therapeutic approaches to prevent infection or limit disease. This deficit is largely due to the lack of prospectively collected, pre-infection samples from indiviuals that go on to become infected with SARS-CoV-2. Here, we utilized data from a screen of genetically diverse mice from the Collaborative Cross (CC) infected with SARS-CoV to determine whether circulating baseline T cell signatures are associated with a lack of viral control and severe disease upon infection. SARS-CoV infection of CC mice results in a variety of viral load trajectories and disease outcomes. Further, early control of virus in the lung correlates with an increased abundance of activated CD4 and CD8 T cells and regulatory T cells prior to infections across strains. A basal propensity of T cells to express IFNg and IL17 over TNFa also correlated with early viral control. Overall, a dysregulated, pro-inflammatory signature of circulating T cells at baseline was associated with severe disease upon infection. While future studies of human samples prior to infection with SARS-CoV-2 are required, our studies in mice with SARS-CoV serve as proof of concept that circulating T cell signatures at baseline can predict clinical and virologic outcomes upon SARS-CoV infection. Identification of basal immune predictors in humans could allow for identification of individuals at highest risk of severe clinical and virologic outcomes upon infection, who may thus most benefit from available clinical interventions to restrict infection and disease. SUMMARY We used a screen of genetically diverse mice from the Collaborative Cross infected with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV in combination with comprehensive pre-infection immunophenotyping to identify baseline circulating immune correlates of severe virologic and clinical outcomes upon SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Graham
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jessica L. Swarts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Sarah R. Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Center, Galveston, TX
| | - Lisa E. Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sophia Jeng
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Darla R. Miller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael A. Mooney
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Shannon K. McWeeney
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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7
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Banchini F, Vallisa D, Maniscalco P, Capelli P. Iron overload and Hepcidin overexpression could play a key role in COVID infection, and may explain vulnerability in elderly, diabetics, and obese patients. Acta Biomed 2020; 91:e2020013. [PMID: 32921750 PMCID: PMC7716981 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i3.9826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID epidemic hit like a tsunami worldwide. At the time of its arrival in Italy, available literary data were meager, and most of them concerned its epidemiology. World Health Organization proposed guidelines in march 2020, a strategy of treatment has been developed, and a significant number of subsequent articles have been published to understand, prevent, and cure COVID patients. METHODS From the observation of two patients, we performed a careful analysis of scientific literature to unearth the relation between COVID infection, clinical manifestations as pneumonia and thrombosis, and to find out why it frequently affects obese, diabetics, and elderly patients. RESULTS The analysis shows that hepcidin could represent one of such correlating factors. Hepcidin is most elevated in older age, in non-insulin diabetics patients and in obese people. It is the final target therapy of many medicaments frequently used. Viral disease, and in particular SARS-CoV19, could induce activation of the hepcidin pathway, which in turn is responsible for an increase in the iron load. Excess of iron can lead to cell death by ferroptosis and release into the bloodstream, such as free iron, which in turn has toxic and pro-coagulative effects. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of hepcidin and iron overload might play a crucial role in COVID infection, becoming potential targets for treatment. Hepcidin could also be considered as a biomarker to measure the effectiveness of our treatments and the restoration of iron homeostasis the final intent. (www.actabiomedica.it).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Banchini
- Department of General Surgery, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Daniele Vallisa
- Department of Hematology , Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Pietro Maniscalco
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Patrizio Capelli
- Department of General Surgery, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy.
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8
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Zost SJ, Gilchuk P, Chen RE, Case JB, Reidy JX, Trivette A, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Suryadevara N, Chen EC, Binshtein E, Shrihari S, Ostrowski M, Chu HY, Didier JE, MacRenaris KW, Jones T, Day S, Myers L, Eun-Hyung Lee F, Nguyen DC, Sanz I, Martinez DR, Rothlauf PW, Bloyet LM, Whelan SPJ, Baric RS, Thackray LB, Diamond MS, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE. Rapid isolation and profiling of a diverse panel of human monoclonal antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nat Med 2020; 26:1422-1427. [PMID: 32651581 PMCID: PMC8194108 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are a principal determinant of immunity for most RNA viruses and have promise to reduce infection or disease during major epidemics. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic with millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths to date1,2. In response, we used a rapid antibody discovery platform to isolate hundreds of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. We stratify these mAbs into five major classes on the basis of their reactivity to subdomains of S protein as well as their cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV. Many of these mAbs inhibit infection of authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus, with most neutralizing mAbs recognizing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S. This work defines sites of vulnerability on SARS-CoV-2 S and demonstrates the speed and robustness of advanced antibody discovery platforms.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Humans
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph X Reidy
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Elaine C Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Taylor Jones
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel Day
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Luke Myers
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Doan C Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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9
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Reese J, Unni D, Callahan TJ, Cappelletti L, Ravanmehr V, Carbon S, Fontana T, Blau H, Matentzoglu N, Harris NL, Munoz-Torres MC, Robinson PN, Joachimiak MP, Mungall CJ. KG-COVID-19: a framework to produce customized knowledge graphs for COVID-19 response. bioRxiv 2020:2020.08.17.254839. [PMID: 32839776 PMCID: PMC7444288 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.17.254839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Integrated, up-to-date data about SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is crucial for the ongoing response to the COVID-19 pandemic by the biomedical research community. While rich biological knowledge exists for SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV), integrating this knowledge is difficult and time consuming, since much of it is in siloed databases or in textual format. Furthermore, the data required by the research community varies drastically for different tasks - the optimal data for a machine learning task, for example, is much different from the data used to populate a browsable user interface for clinicians. To address these challenges, we created KG-COVID-19, a flexible framework that ingests and integrates biomedical data to produce knowledge graphs (KGs) for COVID-19 response. This KG framework can also be applied to other problems in which siloed biomedical data must be quickly integrated for different research applications, including future pandemics. BIGGER PICTURE An effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic relies on integration of many different types of data available about SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. KG-COVID-19 is a framework for producing knowledge graphs that can be customized for downstream applications including machine learning tasks, hypothesis-based querying, and browsable user interface to enable researchers to explore COVID-19 data and discover relationships.
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10
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Kostoff RN, Briggs MB, Porter AL, Aschner M, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. [Editorial] COVID‑19: Post‑lockdown guidelines. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:463-466. [PMID: 32626934 PMCID: PMC7307834 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since March, 2020, in response to the COVID‑19 pandemic, many countries have been on lockdown (at different levels of severity), restricting many activities and businesses that involve gatherings of large numbers of people in close proximity. Currently (early June, 2020), countries across the globe are in different stages of easing lockdown restrictions. Public policies for behaviors and actions during this transition period vary widely across countries and within country jurisdictions. The present editorial will address potential policies that could minimize resurgence of the present pandemic (the 'second‑wave') and reduce the likelihood and severity of similar future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N. Kostoff
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA 20155
| | | | - Alan L. Porter
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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11
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Zost SJ, Gilchuk P, Case JB, Binshtein E, Chen RE, Nkolola JP, Schäfer A, Reidy JX, Trivette A, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Suryadevara N, Martinez DR, Williamson LE, Chen EC, Jones T, Day S, Myers L, Hassan AO, Kafai NM, Winkler ES, Fox JM, Shrihari S, Mueller BK, Meiler J, Chandrashekar A, Mercado NB, Steinhardt JJ, Ren K, Loo YM, Kallewaard NL, McCune BT, Keeler SP, Holtzman MJ, Barouch DH, Gralinski LE, Baric RS, Thackray LB, Diamond MS, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE. Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Nature 2020; 584:443-449. [PMID: 32668443 PMCID: PMC7584396 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 196.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a major threat to global health1 and the medical countermeasures available so far are limited2,3. Moreover, we currently lack a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-24. Here we analyse a large panel of human monoclonal antibodies that target the spike (S) glycoprotein5, and identify several that exhibit potent neutralizing activity and fully block the receptor-binding domain of the S protein (SRBD) from interacting with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Using competition-binding, structural and functional studies, we show that the monoclonal antibodies can be clustered into classes that recognize distinct epitopes on the SRBD, as well as distinct conformational states of the S trimer. Two potently neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, which recognize non-overlapping sites, bound simultaneously to the S protein and neutralized wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus in a synergistic manner. In two mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, passive transfer of COV2-2196, COV2-2130 or a combination of both of these antibodies protected mice from weight loss and reduced the viral burden and levels of inflammation in the lungs. In addition, passive transfer of either of two of the most potent ACE2-blocking monoclonal antibodies (COV2-2196 or COV2-2381) as monotherapy protected rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results identify protective epitopes on the SRBD and provide a structure-based framework for rational vaccine design and the selection of robust immunotherapeutic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Binding, Competitive
- COVID-19
- Cell Line
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Cross Reactions
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/chemistry
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph P Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph X Reidy
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elaine C Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Taylor Jones
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel Day
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Luke Myers
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Leipzig University Medical School, Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noe B Mercado
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James J Steinhardt
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kuishu Ren
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L Kallewaard
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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12
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Konda M, Dodda B, Konala VM, Naramala S, Adapa S. Potential Zoonotic Origins of SARS-CoV-2 and Insights for Preventing Future Pandemics Through One Health Approach. Cureus 2020. [PMID: 32760632 DOI: 10.7759/2fcureus.8932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease that has resulted in a global pandemic and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Zoonotic diseases are infections that are transmitted from animals to humans. COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 most likely originated in bats and transmitted to humans through a possible intermediate host. Based on published research so far, pangolins are considered the most likely intermediate hosts. Further studies are needed on different wild animal species, including pangolins that are sold at the same wet market or similar wet markets before concluding pangolins as definitive intermediate hosts. SARS-CoV-2 is capable of reverse zoonosis as well. Additional research is needed to understand the pathogenicity of the virus, especially in companion animals, modes of transmission, incubation period, contagious period, and zoonotic potential. Interdisciplinary one health approach handles these mosaic issues of emerging threats by integrating professionals from multiple disciplines like human medicine, veterinary medicine, environmental health, and social sciences. Given that the future outbreak of zoonotic diseases is inevitable, importance must be given for swift identification of the pathogen, source, and transmission methods. Countries should invest in identifying the hot spots for the origin of zoonotic diseases, enhance diagnostic capabilities, and rapid containment measures at local, regional, and national levels. The threat posed by emerging infectious diseases in modern-days also needs combined efforts internationally where a single discipline or nation cannot handle the burden alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balasunder Dodda
- Veterinary Medicine, Holiday Park Animal Hospital, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Venu Madhav Konala
- Hematology and Oncology, Ashland Bellefonte Cancer Center, Ashland, USA
- Hematology and Oncology, King's Daughters Medical Center, Ashland, USA
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13
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Konda M, Dodda B, Konala VM, Naramala S, Adapa S. Potential Zoonotic Origins of SARS-CoV-2 and Insights for Preventing Future Pandemics Through One Health Approach. Cureus 2020; 12:e8932. [PMID: 32760632 PMCID: PMC7392364 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease that has resulted in a global pandemic and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Zoonotic diseases are infections that are transmitted from animals to humans. COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 most likely originated in bats and transmitted to humans through a possible intermediate host. Based on published research so far, pangolins are considered the most likely intermediate hosts. Further studies are needed on different wild animal species, including pangolins that are sold at the same wet market or similar wet markets before concluding pangolins as definitive intermediate hosts. SARS-CoV-2 is capable of reverse zoonosis as well. Additional research is needed to understand the pathogenicity of the virus, especially in companion animals, modes of transmission, incubation period, contagious period, and zoonotic potential. Interdisciplinary one health approach handles these mosaic issues of emerging threats by integrating professionals from multiple disciplines like human medicine, veterinary medicine, environmental health, and social sciences. Given that the future outbreak of zoonotic diseases is inevitable, importance must be given for swift identification of the pathogen, source, and transmission methods. Countries should invest in identifying the hot spots for the origin of zoonotic diseases, enhance diagnostic capabilities, and rapid containment measures at local, regional, and national levels. The threat posed by emerging infectious diseases in modern-days also needs combined efforts internationally where a single discipline or nation cannot handle the burden alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balasunder Dodda
- Veterinary Medicine, Holiday Park Animal Hospital, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Venu Madhav Konala
- Hematology and Oncology, Ashland Bellefonte Cancer Center, Ashland, USA
- Hematology and Oncology, King's Daughters Medical Center, Ashland, USA
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14
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Baldotto C, Gelatti A, Accioly A, Mathias C, Mascarenhas E, Carvalho H, Faroni L, Araújo LH, Zukin M, Gadia R, Terra RM, Haddad R, de Lima VC, de Castro-Júnior G. Lung Cancer and the COVID-19 pandemic: Recommendations from the Brazilian Thoracic Oncology Group. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e2060. [PMID: 32578829 PMCID: PMC7297526 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New cases of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continue to rise worldwide following the declaration of a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The current pandemic has completely altered the workflow of health services worldwide. However, even during this critical period, patients with other diseases, like cancer, need to be properly treated. A few reports have shown that mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 is higher in elderly patients and those with other active comorbidities, including cancer. Patients with lung cancer are at risk of pulmonary complications from COVID-19, and as such, the risk/benefit ratio of local and systemic anticancer treatment has to be considered. For each patient, several factors, including age, comorbidities, and immunosuppression, as well as the number of hospital visits for treatment, can influence this risk. The number of cases is rising exponentially in Brazil, and it is important to consider the local characteristics when approaching the pandemic. In this regard, the Brazilian Thoracic Oncology Group has developed recommendations to guide decisions in lung cancer treatment during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Due to the scarcity of relevant data, discussions based on disease stage, evaluation of surgical treatment, radiotherapy techniques, systemic therapy, follow-up, and supportive care were carried out, and specific suggestions issued. All recommendations seek to reduce contagion risk by decreasing the number of medical visits and hospitalization, and in the case of immunosuppression, by adapting treatment schemes when possible. This statement should be adjusted according to the reality of each service, and can be revised as new data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Baldotto
- Oncologia, Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Ana Gelatti
- Grupo Brasileiro de Oncologia Toracica, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | | | | | - Eldsamira Mascarenhas
- Grupo Brasileiro de Oncologia Toracica, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
- Oncologia D’Or, Salvador, BA, BR
| | - Heloisa Carvalho
- Radioterapia, Instituto de Radiologia (INRAD), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Hospital Sirio Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Lilian Faroni
- Oncologia, Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Luiz Henrique Araújo
- Instituto Nacional do Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
- Instituto COI de Educacao e Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Mauro Zukin
- Grupo Brasileiro de Oncologia Toracica, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
- Grupo de Oncologia D’Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Rafael Gadia
- Sociedade Brasileira de Radioterapia, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Ricardo Mingarini Terra
- Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Toracica, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Rui Haddad
- Grupo Brasileiro de Oncologia Toracica, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
- Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Toracica, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Academia Nacional de Medicina, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Vladmir Cordeiro de Lima
- Grupo Brasileiro de Oncologia Toracica, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
- Oncologia Medica, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Gilberto de Castro-Júnior
- Grupo Brasileiro de Oncologia Toracica, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
- Hospital Sirio Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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15
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Docea AO, Tsatsakis A, Albulescu D, Cristea O, Zlatian O, Vinceti M, Moschos SA, Tsoukalas D, Goumenou M, Drakoulis N, Dumanov JM, Tutelyan VA, Onischenko GG, Aschner M, Spandidos DA, Calina D. A new threat from an old enemy: Re‑emergence of coronavirus (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1631-1643. [PMID: 32236624 PMCID: PMC7169834 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The new outbreak of coronavirus from December 2019 has brought attention to an old viral enemy and has raised concerns as to the ability of current protection measures and the healthcare system to handle such a threat. It has been known since the 1960s that coronaviruses can cause respiratory infections in humans; however, their epidemic potential was understood only during the past two decades. In the present review, we address current knowledge on coronaviruses from a short history to epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation of the disease, as well as treatment and prevention strategies. Although a great amount of research and efforts have been made worldwide to prevent further outbreaks of coronavirus‑associated disease, the spread and lethality of the 2019 outbreak (COVID‑19) is proving to be higher than previous epidemics on account of international travel density and immune naivety of the population. Only strong, joint and coordinated efforts of worldwide healthcare systems, researchers, and pharmaceutical companies and receptive national leaders will succeed in suppressing an outbreak of this scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow
- The State Education Institution of Higher Professional Training, The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University under Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Oana Cristea
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Zlatian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sterghios A. Moschos
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University
- PulmoBioMed Ltd., Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Metabolomic Medicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens
| | - Marina Goumenou
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Josef M. Dumanov
- Mycological Institute US EU, Subclinical Research Group, Sparta, NJ 07871, USA
| | - Victor A. Tutelyan
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennadii G. Onischenko
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow
- The State Education Institution of Higher Professional Training, The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University under Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- The State Education Institution of Higher Professional Training, The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University under Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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16
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Abstract
A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) recently emerged and is rapidly spreading in humans, causing COVID-191,2. A key to tackling this pandemic is to understand the receptor recognition mechanism of the virus, which regulates its infectivity, pathogenesis and host range. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV recognize the same receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-in humans3,4. Here we determined the crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (engineered to facilitate crystallization) in complex with ACE2. In comparison with the SARS-CoV RBD, an ACE2-binding ridge in SARS-CoV-2 RBD has a more compact conformation; moreover, several residue changes in the SARS-CoV-2 RBD stabilize two virus-binding hotspots at the RBD-ACE2 interface. These structural features of SARS-CoV-2 RBD increase its ACE2-binding affinity. Additionally, we show that RaTG13, a bat coronavirus that is closely related to SARS-CoV-2, also uses human ACE2 as its receptor. The differences among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and RaTG13 in ACE2 recognition shed light on the potential animal-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This study provides guidance for intervention strategies that target receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Betacoronavirus/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19
- China/epidemiology
- Chiroptera/virology
- Coronavirus/chemistry
- Coronavirus/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/transmission
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Crystallization
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Disease Reservoirs/virology
- Eutheria/virology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/transmission
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains
- Protein Stability
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/chemistry
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Zoonoses/epidemiology
- Zoonoses/transmission
- Zoonoses/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Gang Ye
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yushun Wan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Chuming Luo
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Qibin Geng
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ashley Auerbach
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
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17
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2/novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a new strain that has recently been confirmed in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China, and spreads to more than 165 countries of the world including India. The virus infection leads to 245,922 confirmed cases and 10,048 deaths worldwide as of March 20, 2020. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are lethal zoonotic viruses, highly pathogenic in nature, and responsible for diseases ranging from common cold to severe illness such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans for the past 15 years. Considering the severity of the current and previous outbreaks, no approved antiviral agent or effective vaccines are present for the prevention and treatment of infection during the epidemics. Although, various molecules have been shown to be effective against coronaviruses both in vitro and in vivo, but the antiviral activities of these molecules are not well established in humans. Therefore, this chapter is planned to provide information about available treatment and preventive measures for the coronavirus infections during outbreaks. This chapter also discusses the possible role of supportive therapy, repurposing drugs, and complementary and alternative medicines for the management of coronaviruses including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra K. Saxena
- grid.411275.40000 0004 0645 6578Centre for Advanced Research, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
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18
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Abstract
Members of the family Coronaviridae are large, enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses. They are the largest known RNA viruses, with genomes ranging from 25 to 32 kb and virions of 118–140 nm in diameter. The family is divided into two subfamilies, the Coronavirinae and the Torovirinae. They can be distinguished on the basis of their nucleocapsids as the toroviruses have unique doughnut-shaped nucleocapsids. Virions are roughly spherical and are notable for the large spike (S) glycoprotein that extends from the virus envelope. Current taxonomy places the family in the order Nidovirales. Within the subfamily Coronavirinae are four genera, the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and deltacoronaviruses. All family members share the same unique strategy for mRNA synthesis whereby the polymerase complex jumps or moves from one region of the template to a more distant region. The need for the polymerase complex to dissociate from the template may explain the high rate of RNA recombination that occurs during genome replication. Both the coronaviruses and toroviruses are enteric and respiratory tract pathogens, usually associated with only mild disease (or inapparent infection). However the human severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus cause severe respiratory diseases.
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19
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Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. Coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs and upper respiratory disease in chickens to potentially lethal human respiratory infections. Here we provide a brief introduction to coronaviruses discussing their replication and pathogenicity, and current prevention and treatment strategies. We also discuss the outbreaks of the highly pathogenic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the recently identified Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jane Maier
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Bickerton
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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20
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Josset L, Tchitchek N, Gralinski LE, Ferris MT, Eisfeld AJ, Green RR, Thomas MJ, Tisoncik-Go J, Schroth GP, Kawaoka Y, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Baric RS, Heise MT, Peng X, Katze MG. Annotation of long non-coding RNAs expressed in collaborative cross founder mice in response to respiratory virus infection reveals a new class of interferon-stimulated transcripts. RNA Biol 2014; 11:875-90. [PMID: 24922324 PMCID: PMC4179962 DOI: 10.4161/rna.29442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of respiratory virus infection is determined by a complex interplay of viral and host factors. Some potentially important host factors for the antiviral response, whose functions remain largely unexplored, are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Here we systematically inferred the regulatory functions of host lncRNAs in response to influenza A virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) based on their similarity in expression with genes of known function. We performed total RNA-Seq on viral-infected lungs from eight mouse strains, yielding a large data set of transcriptional responses. Overall 5,329 lncRNAs were differentially expressed after infection. Most of the lncRNAs were co-expressed with coding genes in modules enriched in genes associated with lung homeostasis pathways or immune response processes. Each lncRNA was further individually annotated using a rank-based method, enabling us to associate 5,295 lncRNAs to at least one gene set and to predict their potential cis effects. We validated the lncRNAs predicted to be interferon-stimulated by profiling mouse responses after interferon-α treatment. Altogether, these results provide a broad categorization of potential lncRNA functions and identify subsets of lncRNAs with likely key roles in respiratory virus pathogenesis. These data are fully accessible through the MOuse NOn-Code Lung interactive database (MONOCLdb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Josset
- Department of Microbiology; School of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
- Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research; Portland, OR USA
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Department of Microbiology; School of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
- Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research; Portland, OR USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research; Portland, OR USA
- Department of Epidemiology; University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research; Portland, OR USA
- Department of Genetics; University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Amie J Eisfeld
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; Influenza Research Institute; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI USA
| | - Richard R Green
- Department of Microbiology; School of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
- Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research; Portland, OR USA
| | - Matthew J Thomas
- Department of Microbiology; School of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
- Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research; Portland, OR USA
| | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Department of Microbiology; School of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
- Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research; Portland, OR USA
| | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; Influenza Research Institute; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI USA
| | | | - Ralph S Baric
- Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research; Portland, OR USA
- Department of Epidemiology; University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Mark T Heise
- Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research; Portland, OR USA
- Department of Genetics; University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Xinxia Peng
- Department of Microbiology; School of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
- Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research; Portland, OR USA
| | - Michael G Katze
- Department of Microbiology; School of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
- Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research; Portland, OR USA
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21
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Sharmin R, Islam ABMMK. A highly conserved WDYPKCDRA epitope in the RNA directed RNA polymerase of human coronaviruses can be used as epitope-based universal vaccine design. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15:161. [PMID: 24884408 PMCID: PMC4041900 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronaviruses are the diverse group of RNA virus. From 1960, six strains of human coronaviruses have emerged that includes SARS-CoV and the recent infection by deadly MERS-CoV which is now going to cause another outbreak. Prevention of these viruses is urgent and a universal vaccine for all strain could be a promising solution in this circumstance. In this study we aimed to design an epitope based vaccine against all strain of human coronavirus. RESULTS Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) approach was employed among spike (S), membrane (M), enveloped (E) and nucleocapsid (N) protein and replicase polyprotein 1ab to identify which one is highly conserve in all coronaviruses strains. Next, we use various in silico tools to predict consensus immunogenic and conserved peptide. We found that conserved region is present only in the RNA directed RNA polymerase protein. In this protein we identified one epitope WDYPKCDRA is highly immunogenic and 100% conserved among all available human coronavirus strains. CONCLUSIONS Here we suggest in vivo study of our identified novel peptide antigen in RNA directed RNA polymerase protein for universal vaccine--which may be the way to prevent all human coronavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refat Sharmin
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Science Complex Building, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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22
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Park JY, Kim JH, Kwon JM, Kwon HJ, Jeong HJ, Kim YM, Kim D, Lee WS, Ryu YB. Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3730-7. [PMID: 23647823 PMCID: PMC7126891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) plays an important role in viral replication. In this study, we performed a biological evaluation on nine phlorotannins isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava. The nine isolated phlorotannins (1-9), except phloroglucinol (1), possessed SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitory activities in a dose-dependently and competitive manner. Of these phlorotannins (1-9), two eckol groups with a diphenyl ether linked dieckol (8) showed the most potent SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) trans/cis-cleavage inhibitory effects (IC(50)s = 2.7 and 68.1 μM, respectively). This is the first report of a (8) phlorotannin chemotype significantly blocking the cleavage of SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) in a cell-based assay with no toxicity. Furthermore, dieckol (8) exhibited a high association rate in the SPR sensorgram and formed extremely strong hydrogen bonds to the catalytic dyad (Cys145 and His41) of the SARS-CoV 3CL(pro).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Park
- Infection Control Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
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23
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Adedeji AO, Singh K, Sarafianos SG. Structural and biochemical basis for the difference in the helicase activity of two different constructs of SARS-CoV helicase. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2012; 58:114-121. [PMID: 23273200 PMCID: PMC3612351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The non—structural protein 13 (nsp13) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS—CoV) is a helicase that separates double—stranded RNA or DNA with a 5'—3' polarity, using the energy of nucleotide hydrolysis. We have previously determined the minimal mechanism of helicase function by nsp13 where we demonstrated that the enzyme unwinds nucleic acid in discrete steps of 9.3 base—pairs each with a catalytic rate of 30 steps per second. In that study we used different constructs of nsp13 (GST and H6 constructs). GST—nsp13 showed much more efficient nucleic acid unwinding than the H6—tagged counterpart. At 0.1 second, more than 50% of the ATP is hydrolyzed by GST—nsp13 compared to less than 5% ATP hydrolysis by H6—nsp13. Interestingly, the two constructs have the same binding affinity for nucleic acids. We, therefore propose that the difference in the catalytic efficiency of these two constructs is due to the interference of ATP binding by the histidine tag at the amino—terminus of nsp13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O. Adedeji
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kamalendra Singh
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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24
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Park JY, Kim JH, Kim YM, Jeong HJ, Kim DW, Park KH, Kwon HJ, Park SJ, Lee WS, Ryu YB. Tanshinones as selective and slow-binding inhibitors for SARS-CoV cysteine proteases. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5928-35. [PMID: 22884354 PMCID: PMC7127169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the search for anti-SARS-CoV, tanshinones derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza were found to be specific and selective inhibitors for the SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) and PL(pro), viral cysteine proteases. A literature search for studies involving the seven isolated tanshinone hits showed that at present, none have been identified as coronaviral protease inhibitors. We have identified that all of the isolated tanshinones are good inhibitors of both cysteine proteases. However, their activity was slightly affected by subtle changes in structure and targeting enzymes. All isolated compounds (1-7) act as time dependent inhibitors of PL(pro), but no improved inhibition was observed following preincubation with the 3CL(pro). In a detail kinetic mechanism study, all of the tanshinones except rosmariquinone (7) were identified as noncompetitive enzyme isomerization inhibitors. However, rosmariquinone (7) showed a different kinetic mechanism through mixed-type simple reversible slow-binding inhibition. Furthermore, tanshinone I (5) exhibited the most potent nanomolar level inhibitory activity toward deubiquitinating (IC(50)=0.7 μM). Additionally, the inhibition is selective because these compounds do not exert significant inhibitory effects against other proteases including chymotrysin, papain, and HIV protease. These findings provide potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV viral infection and replication.
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Key Words
- ic50, the inhibitor concentration leading to 50% activity loss
- ki, inhibition constant
- kiapp, apparent ki
- k, rate constant
- vmax, maximum velocity
- km, michaelis-menten constant
- kobs, apparent first-order rate constant for the transition from vi to vs
- vi, initial velocity
- vs, steady-state rate
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- cov, coronavirus
- tanshinone
- sars-cov
- 3clpro
- plpro
- slow-binding inhibitor
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Park
- Infection Control Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, KRIBB, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hoon Kim
- Infection Control Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, KRIBB, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Kim
- Infection Control Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, KRIBB, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jae Jeong
- Infection Control Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, KRIBB, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Wook Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Program, IALS), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Program, IALS), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kwon
- Infection Control Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, KRIBB, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Infection Control Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, KRIBB, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Song Lee
- Infection Control Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, KRIBB, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bae Ryu
- Infection Control Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, KRIBB, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
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25
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Zhang S, Zhong N, Ren X, Jin C, Xia B. 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments of SARS-CoV main protease N-terminal domain. Biomol NMR Assign 2011; 5:143-5. [PMID: 21181312 PMCID: PMC7091140 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-010-9287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The main protease (M(pro)) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) plays an essential role in the extensive proteolytic processing of the viral polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab), and it is an important target for anti-SARS drug development. SARS-CoV M(pro) is composed of a catalytic N-terminal domain and an α-helical C-terminal domain linked by a long loop. Even though the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV M(pro) adopts a similar chymotrypsin-like fold as that of piconavirus 3C protease, the extra C-terminal domain is required for SARS-CoV M(pro) to be enzymatically active. Here, we reported the NMR assignments of the SARS-CoV M(pro) N-terminal domain alone, which are essential for its solution structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhong
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobai Ren
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changwen Jin
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
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26
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Gouilh MA, Puechmaille SJ, Gonzalez JP, Teeling E, Kittayapong P, Manuguerra JC. SARS-Coronavirus ancestor's foot-prints in South-East Asian bat colonies and the refuge theory. Infect Genet Evol 2011; 11:1690-702. [PMID: 21763784 PMCID: PMC7106191 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the great challenges in the ecology of infectious diseases is to understand what drives the emergence of new pathogens including the relationship between viruses and their hosts. In the case of the emergence of SevereAcute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), several studies have shown coronavirus diversity in bats as well as the existence of SARS-CoV infection in apparently healthy bats, suggesting that bats may be a crucial host in the genesis of this disease. To elucidate the biogeographic origin of SARS-CoV and investigate the role that bats played in its emergence, we amplified coronavirus sequences from bat species captured throughout Thailand and assessed the phylogenetic relationships to each other and to other published coronavirus sequences. To this end, RdRp sequence of Coronavirinae was targeted by RT-PCR in non-invasive samples from bats collected in Thailand. Two new coronaviruses were detected in two bat species: one Betacoronavirus in Hipposideros larvatus and one Alphacoronavirus in Hipposiderosarmiger. Interestingly, these viruses from South-East Asia are related to those previously detected in Africa (Betacoronavirus-b) or in Europe (Alphacoronavirus & Betacoronavirus-b). These findings illuminate the origin and the evolutionary history of the SARS-CoV group found in bats by pushing forward the hypothesis of a Betacoronavirus spill-over from Hipposideridae to Rhinolophidae and then from Rhinolophidae to civets and Human. All reported Betacoronaviruses-b (SARS-CoV group) of Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae respectively cluster in two groups despite their broad geographic distribution and the sympatry of their hosts, which is in favor of an ancient and genetically independent evolution of Betacoronavirus-b clusters in these families. Moreover, despite its probable pathogenicity, we found that a Betacoronavirus-b can persistently infect a medium-sized hipposiderid bat colony. These findings illustrate the importance of the host phylogeny and the host/pathogen ecological interactions in the description and the understanding of pathogen emergence. The host's phylogeny, biogeography and behaviour, combined with already described roles of pathogen plasticity and anthropic changes are likely to be co-factors of disease emergence. Elucidating the common ancestor of Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae is key to understanding the evolutionary history of actual betacoronaviruses and therefore to get an insight of the deep origin of SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Institut Pasteur, CIBU, Department Infection and Epidemiology, 75724 Paris, France
- Center of Excellence for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Mahidol University at Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | | | - Emma Teeling
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pattamaporn Kittayapong
- Center of Excellence for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Mahidol University at Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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27
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Stammler SN, Cao S, Chen SJ, Giedroc DP. A conserved RNA pseudoknot in a putative molecular switch domain of the 3'-untranslated region of coronaviruses is only marginally stable. RNA 2011; 17:1747-59. [PMID: 21799029 PMCID: PMC3162339 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2816711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the group 2 coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) genome contains a predicted bulged stem-loop (designated P0ab), a conserved cis-acting pseudoknot (PK), and a more distal stem-loop (designated P2). Base-pairing to create the pseudoknot-forming stem (P1(pk)) is mutually exclusive with formation of stem P0a at the base of the bulged stem-loop; as a result, the two structures cannot be present simultaneously. Herein, we use thermodynamic methods to evaluate the ability of individual subdomains of the 3' UTR to adopt a pseudoknotted conformation. We find that an RNA capable of forming only the predicted PK (58 nt; 3' nucleotides 241-185) adopts the P2 stem-loop with little evidence for P1(pk) pairing in 0.1 M KCl and the absence of Mg(2+); as Mg(2+) or 1 M KCl is added, a new thermal unfolding transition is induced and assignable to P1(pk) pairing. The P1(pk) helix is only marginally stable, ΔG(25) ≈ 1.2 ± 0.3 kcal/mol (5.0 mM Mg(2+), 100 mM K(+)), and unfolded at 37°C. Similar findings characterize an RNA 5' extended through the P0b helix only (89 nt; 294-185). In contrast, an RNA capable of forming either the P0a helix or the pseudoknot (97 nt; 301-185) forms no P1(pk) helix. Thermal unfolding simulations are fully consistent with these experimental findings. These data reveal that the PK forms weakly and only when the competing double-hairpin structure cannot form; in the UTR RNA, the double hairpin is the predominant conformer under all solution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. Stammler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA
| | - Song Cao
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - David P. Giedroc
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
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Li Q, Zhao Z, Zhou D, Chen Y, Hong W, Cao L, Yang J, Zhang Y, Shi W, Cao Z, Wu Y, Yan H, Li W. Virucidal activity of a scorpion venom peptide variant mucroporin-M1 against measles, SARS-CoV and influenza H5N1 viruses. Peptides 2011; 32:1518-25. [PMID: 21620914 PMCID: PMC7115635 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of SARS-CoV, influenza A (H5N1, H1N1) and measles viruses in recent years have raised serious concerns about the measures available to control emerging and re-emerging infectious viral diseases. Effective antiviral agents are lacking that specifically target RNA viruses such as measles, SARS-CoV and influenza H5N1 viruses, and available vaccinations have demonstrated variable efficacy. Therefore, the development of novel antiviral agents is needed to close the vaccination gap and silence outbreaks. We previously identified mucroporin, a cationic host defense peptide from scorpion venom, which can effectively inhibit standard bacteria. The optimized mucroporin-M1 can inhibit gram-positive bacteria at low concentrations and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. In this investigation, we further tested mucroporin and the optimized mucroporin-M1 for their antiviral activity. Surprisingly, we found that the antiviral activities of mucroporin-M1 against measles, SARS-CoV and influenza H5N1 viruses were notably increased with an EC₅₀ of 7.15 μg/ml (3.52 μM) and a CC₅₀ of 70.46 μg/ml (34.70 μM) against measles virus, an EC₅₀ of 14.46 μg/ml (7.12 μM) against SARS-CoV and an EC₅₀ of 2.10 μg/ml (1.03 μM) against H5N1, while the original peptide mucroporin showed no antiviral activity against any of these three viruses. The inhibition model could be via a direct interaction with the virus envelope, thereby decreasing the infectivity of virus. This report provides evidence that host defense peptides from scorpion venom can be modified for antiviral activity by rational design and represents a practical approach for developing broad-spectrum antiviral agents, especially against RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Dihan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author at: Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China. Tel.: +86 27 87197103; fax: +86 27 87197103.
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 27 68752831; fax: +86 27 68756746.
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29
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Ramajayam R, Tan KP, Liu HG, Liang PH. Synthesis and evaluation of pyrazolone compounds as SARS-coronavirus 3C-like protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7849-54. [PMID: 20947359 PMCID: PMC7127448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrazolone compounds as possible SARS-CoV 3CL protease inhibitors were designed, synthesized, and evaluated by in vitro protease assay using fluorogenic substrate peptide in which several showed potent inhibition against the 3CL protease. Interestingly, one of the inhibitors was also active against 3C protease from coxsackievirus B3. These inhibitors could be potentially developed into anti-coronaviral and anti-picornaviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ramajayam
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kian-Pin Tan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hun-Ge Liu
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Liang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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30
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Ramajayam R, Tan KP, Liu HG, Liang PH. Synthesis, docking studies, and evaluation of pyrimidines as inhibitors of SARS-CoV 3CL protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3569-72. [PMID: 20494577 PMCID: PMC7126861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-(benzylthio)-6-oxo-4-phenyl-1,6-dihydropyrimidine as SARS-CoV 3CL protease inhibitors were developed and their potency was evaluated by in vitro protease inhibitory assays. Two candidates had encouraging results for the development of new anti-SARS compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramajayam
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang S, Zhong N, Xue F, Kang X, Ren X, Chen J, Jin C, Lou Z, Xia B. Three-dimensional domain swapping as a mechanism to lock the active conformation in a super-active octamer of SARS-CoV main protease. Protein Cell 2010; 1:371-383. [PMID: 21203949 PMCID: PMC4875095 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of viral polyproteins is indispensible for the lifecycle of coronaviruses. The main protease (M(pro)) of SARS-CoV is an attractive target for anti-SARS drug development as it is essential for the polyprotein processing. M(pro) is initially produced as part of viral polyproteins and it is matured by autocleavage. Here, we report that, with the addition of an N-terminal extension peptide, M(pro) can form a domain-swapped dimer. After complete removal of the extension peptide from the dimer, the mature M(pro) self-assembles into a novel super-active octamer (AO-M(pro)). The crystal structure of AO-M(pro) adopts a novel fold with four domain-swapped dimers packing into four active units with nearly identical conformation to that of the previously reported M(pro) active dimer, and 3D domain swapping serves as a mechanism to lock the active conformation due to entanglement of polypeptide chains. Compared with the previously well characterized form of M(pro), in equilibrium between inactive monomer and active dimer, the stable AO-M(pro) exhibits much higher proteolytic activity at low concentration. As all eight active sites are bound with inhibitors, the polyvalent nature of the interaction between AO-M(pro) and its polyprotein substrates with multiple cleavage sites, would make AO-M(pro) functionally much more superior than the M(pro) active dimer for polyprotein processing. Thus, during the initial period of SARS-CoV infection, this novel active form AOM(pro) should play a major role in cleaving polyproteins as the protein level is extremely low. The discovery of AOM(pro) provides new insights about the functional mechanism of M(pro) and its maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Nan Zhong
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Fei Xue
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xue Kang
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xiaobai Ren
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Changwen Jin
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Bin Xia
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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Li S, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Bartlam M, Li X, Rao Z. New nsp8 isoform suggests mechanism for tuning viral RNA synthesis. Protein Cell 2010; 1:198-204. [PMID: 21203988 PMCID: PMC4875168 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection, the activity of the replication/transcription complexes (RTC) quickly peaks at 6 hours post infection (h.p.i) and then diminishes significantly in the late post-infection stages. This "down-up-down" regulation of RNA synthesis distinguishes different viral stages: primary translation, genome replication, and finally viron assembly. Regarding the nsp8 as the primase in RNA synthesis, we confirmed that the proteolysis product of the primase (nsp8) contains the globular domain (nsp8C), and indentified the resectioning site that is notably conserved in all the three groups of coronavirus. We subsequently crystallized the complex of SARS-CoV nsp8C and nsp7, and the 3-D structure of this domain revealed its capability to interfuse into the hexadecamer super-complex. This specific proteolysis may indicate one possible mechanism by which coronaviruses to switch from viral infection to genome replication and viral assembly stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Qi Zhao
- grid.12527.330000000106623178Structural Biology Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yinjie Zhang
- grid.216938.70000000098787032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- grid.12527.330000000106623178Structural Biology Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Mark Bartlam
- grid.216938.70000000098787032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Xuemei Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Zihe Rao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.12527.330000000106623178Structural Biology Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China ,grid.216938.70000000098787032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
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Day CW, Baric R, Cai SX, Frieman M, Kumaki Y, Morrey JD, Smee DF, Barnard DL. A new mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV as a lethal model for evaluating antiviral agents in vitro and in vivo. Virology 2009; 395:210-22. [PMID: 19853271 PMCID: PMC2787736 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a highly lethal emerging disease caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV. New lethal animal models for SARS were needed to facilitate antiviral research. We adapted and characterized a new strain of SARS-CoV (strain v2163) that was highly lethal in 5- to 6-week-old BALB/c mice. It had nine mutations affecting 10 amino acid residues. Strain v2163 increased IL-1alpha, IL-6, MIP-1alpha, MCP-1, and RANTES in mice, and high IL-6 expression correlated with mortality. The infection largely mimicked human disease, but lung pathology lacked hyaline membrane formation. In vitro efficacy against v2163 was shown with known inhibitors of SARS-CoV replication. In v2163-infected mice, Ampligen was fully protective, stinging nettle lectin (UDA) was partially protective, ribavirin was disputable and possibly exacerbated disease, and EP128533 was inactive. Ribavirin, UDA, and Ampligen decreased IL-6 expression. Strain v2163 provided a valuable model for anti-SARS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Day
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, UMC 5600, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
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McReynolds S, Jiang S, Rong L, Caffrey M. Dynamics of SARS-coronavirus HR2 domain in the prefusion and transition states. J Magn Reson 2009; 201:218-221. [PMID: 19819173 PMCID: PMC2794128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The envelope glycoproteins S1 and S2 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) mediate viral entry by conformational change from a prefusion state to a postfusion state that enables fusion of the viral and target membranes. In this work we present the characterization of the dynamic properties of the SARS-CoV S2-HR2 domain (residues 1141-1193 of S) in the prefusion and newly discovered transition states by NMR (15)N relaxation studies. The dynamic properties of the different states, which are stabilized under different experimental conditions, extend the current model of viral membrane fusion and give insight into the design of structure-based antagonists of SARS-CoV in particular, as well as other enveloped viruses such as HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna McReynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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35
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Zheng N, Xia R, Yang C, Yin B, Li Y, Duan C, Liang L, Guo H, Xie Q. Boosted expression of the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein in tobacco and its immunogenicity in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:5001-7. [PMID: 19523911 PMCID: PMC7115566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines produced in plant systems are safe and economical; however, the extensive application of plant-based vaccines is mainly hindered by low expression levels of heterologous proteins in plant systems. Here, we demonstrated that the post-transcriptional gene silencing suppressor p19 protein from tomato bushy stunt virus substantially enhanced the transient expression of recombinant SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (rN) protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. The rN protein in the agrobacteria-infiltrated plant leaf accumulated up to a concentration of 79 microg per g fresh leaf weight at 3 days post infiltration. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally vaccinated with pre-treated plant extract emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. The rN protein-specific IgG in the mouse sera attained a titer about 1:1,800 following three doses of immunization, which suggested effective B-cell maturation and differentiation in mice. Antibodies of the subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a were abundantly present in the mouse sera. During vaccination of rN protein, the expression of IFN-gamma and IL-10 was evidently up-regulated in splenocytes at different time points, while the expression of IL-2 and IL-4 was not. Up to now, this is the first study that plant-expressed recombinant SARS-CoV N protein can induce strong humoral and cellular responses in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage
- Freund's Adjuvant/pharmacology
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/isolation & purification
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Tombusvirus/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuoyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ran Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cuiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bojiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chengguo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Liming Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huishan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
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Lee C, Lee JM, Lee NR, Jin BS, Jang KJ, Kim DE, Jeong YJ, Chong Y. Aryl diketoacids (ADK) selectively inhibit duplex DNA-unwinding activity of SARS coronavirus NTPase/helicase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1636-8. [PMID: 19233643 PMCID: PMC7127030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As anti-HCV aryl diketoacids (ADK) are good metal chelators, we anticipated that ADKs might serve as potential inhibitors of SARS CoV (SCV) NTPase/helicase (Hel) by mimicking the binding modes of the bismuth complexes which effectively competes for the Zn(2+) ion binding sites in SCV Hel thereby disrupting and inhibiting both the NTPase and helicase activities. Phosphate release assay and FRET-based assay of the ADK analogues showed that the ADKs selectively inhibit the duplex DNA-unwinding activity without significant impact on the helicase ATPase activity. Also, antiviral activities of the ADKs were shown dependent upon the substituent. Taken together, these results suggest that there might be ADK-specific binding site in the SCV Hel, which warrants further investigations with diverse ADKs to provide valuable insights into rational design of specific SCV Hel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaewoon Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Moo Lee
- Department of Bio and Nanochemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Ra Lee
- Department of Bio and Nanochemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Suk Jin
- Department of Bio and Nanochemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Jin Jang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Joo Jeong
- Department of Bio and Nanochemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Youhoon Chong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Imbert I, Snijder EJ, Dimitrova M, Guillemot JC, Lécine P, Canard B. The SARS-Coronavirus PLnc domain of nsp3 as a replication/transcription scaffolding protein. Virus Res 2008; 133:136-48. [PMID: 18255185 PMCID: PMC7114086 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many genetic and mechanistic features distinguish the coronavirus replication machinery from that encoded by most other RNA viruses. The coronavirus replication/transcription complex is an assembly of viral and, most probably, cellular proteins that mediate the synthesis of both the unusually large (approximately 30 kb) RNA genome and an extensive set of subgenomic mRNAs. The viral components of the complex are encoded by the giant replicase gene, which is expressed in the form of two polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab) that are processed into 16 cleavage products (nonstructural proteins 1-16). Using the combination of yeast two-hybrid screening and GST pull-down assays, we have now analyzed all potential interactions between SARS-Coronavirus nonstructural proteins, which may contribute to the structure and/or function of the viral replication/transcription complex. We demonstrate the existence of a complex network of interactions involving all 16 nonstructural proteins. Our results both confirmed previously described associations and identified novel heterodimerizations. The interaction map thus provides a sum of the interactions that may occur at some point during coronavirus RNA synthesis and provides a framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Imbert
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Luminy-Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC P4-26, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- INSERM U748, Institut de Virologie, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Claude Guillemot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Luminy-Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Patrick Lécine
- Inserm, U599, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille F-13009, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France
- Univ Méditerranée, F-13007 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Luminy-Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 491 82 86 44; fax: +33 491 82 86 46.
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Bhatnagar PK, Das D, Suresh MR. Sequential affinity purification of peroxidase tagged bispecific anti- SARS-CoV antibodies on phenylboronic acid agarose. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 863:235-41. [PMID: 18258500 PMCID: PMC2678934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid hybridomas (quadromas) are derived by fusing at least two hybridomas, each producing a different antibody of predefined specificity. The resulting cell secretes not only the immunoglobulins of both parents but also hybrid molecules manifesting the binding characteristics of the individual fusion partners. Purification of the desired bispecific immunoprobe with high specific activity from a mixture of bispecific and monospecific monoclonal antibodies requires special strategies. Using a dual, sequential affinity chromatography (Protein-G chromatography followed by m-aminophenyleboronic acid agarose column), we have purified bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsMAb) as a preformed HRPO (Horseradish Peroxidase) complex (BsMAb-HRPO). The quadroma culture supernatant was initially processed on a Protein-G column to isolate all the species of immunoglobulins. This pre-enriched fraction was subsequently passed through the aminophenyleboronic acid column super saturated with HRPO. The column matrix has the ability to bind to proteins such as HRPO with vicinal diols. The enzyme loaded column captures the desired bispecific anti-SARS-CoVxanti-HRPO species with the elimination of the monospecific anti-SARS-CoV MAb to result in a high specific activity diagnostic probe. The presence of anti-HRPO MAb is an acceptable impurity as it will not bind to the target SARS-CoV NP antigen and will get washed out during the ELISA procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin K. Bhatnagar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2N8
| | - Dipankar Das
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2N8
| | - Mavanur R. Suresh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2N8
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) contains a spike (S) protein that binds to a receptor molecule (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ACE2), induces membrane fusion, and serves as a neutralizing epitope. To study the functions of the S protein, we describe here the generation of SARS-CoV S protein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotype using a VSVdeltaG*/GFP system in which the G gene is replaced by the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene (VSV-SARS-CoV-St19/GFP). Partial deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of SARS-CoV S protein (SARS-CoV-St19) allowed efficient incorporation into the VSV particle that enabled the generation of a high titer of pseudotype virus. Neutralization assay with anti-SARS-CoV antibody revealed that VSV-SARS-St19/GFP pseudotype infection is mediated by SARS-CoV S protein. The VSVdeltaaG*/SEAP system, which secretes alkaline phosphatase instead of GFP, was also generated as a VSV pseudotype having SARS-CoV S protein (VSV-SARS-CoV-St19/SEAP). This system enabled high-throughput analysis of SARS-CoV S protein-mediated cell entry by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity. Thus, VSV pseudotyped with SARS-CoV S protein is useful for developing a rapid detection system for neutralizing antibody specific for SARS-CoV infection as well as studying the S-mediated cell entry of SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Cavanagh
- Div. Molecular Biology, Compton Laboratory, Institute Animal Health, Newbury, Berks., RG20 7NN United Kingdom
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Shang G, Biggerstaff BJ, Yang B, Shao C, Farrugia A. Theoretically estimated risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission through blood transfusion during an epidemic in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China in 2003. Transfus Apher Sci 2007; 37:233-40. [PMID: 18036985 PMCID: PMC7106443 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly recognized infectious disease that caused an outbreak in south China in 2003. The cause of SARS was identified as a novel coronavirus (CoV). The existence of asymptomatic seroconvertors and the detection of the SARS-CoV RNA in plasma during the course of infection all suggest that SARS could, as least theoretically, be transmitted by transfusion. An estimate of the risk of SARS transmission through blood transfusion will contribute to decisions concerning blood safety monitoring and may be useful in the design of strategies to decrease the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Case onset dates from the 2003 Shenzhen SARS epidemic and investigational results from Taiwan on viremia in humans are used to estimate the number of cases that were viremic throughout the epidemic. Estimates of the asymptomatic-to-clinically confirmed SARS-CoV infection ratio, the proportion of asymptomatic infections reported in a seroprevalence survey in Hongkong, and the population size of Shenzhen are used to infer the SARS-CoV transfusion-transmission risk. Statistical resampling methods are used. RESULTS Based on data from Shenzhen, Hongkong and Taiwan, the maximum and mean risk (per million) of SARS-CoV transmission from donors in Shenzhen were estimated as 23.57 (95% CI: 6.83-47.69) and 14.11 (95% CI: 11.00-17.22), respectively. The estimated risk peaked on April 02, 2003. CONCLUSIONS Although there are currently no confirmed reports of the transmission of SARS-CoV from asymptomatic individuals, recent research data indicate that transfusion-transmitted SARS-CoV is at least theoretically possible. Although the risk is low, with its rapid spread of the disease, appearance of alarmingly high infectivity and high fatality rate, public health authorities need to consider strategies for blood donor recruitment and virus inactivation during an epidemic to further ensure blood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Shang
- Shenzhen Blood Center, Meigang Street, Nigang West Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Brad J. Biggerstaff
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522-2087, USA
| | - Baocheng Yang
- Shenzhen Blood Center, Meigang Street, Nigang West Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaopeng Shao
- Shenzhen Blood Center, Meigang Street, Nigang West Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Albert Farrugia
- Blood and Tissue Unit, Therapeutic Goods Administration, P.O. Box 100, ACT 2606, Australia
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Chatterjee A, Johnson MA, Serrano P, Pedrini B, Wüthrich K. NMR assignment of the domain 513-651 from the SARS-CoV nonstructural protein nsp3. Biomol NMR Assign 2007; 1:191-194. [PMID: 19636862 PMCID: PMC7090708 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-007-9052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sequence-specific NMR assignments of an internal domain of the protein nsp3, nsp3(513-651), which is a part of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) replicase polyprotein, have been determined, using triple-resonance NMR experiments with the uniformly [(13)C,(15)N]-labeled protein. The complete assignments (>99%) provide the basis for the ongoing three-dimensional structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., MB-44, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Margaret A. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., MB-44, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Pedro Serrano
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., MB-44, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Bill Pedrini
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., MB-44, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Kurt Wüthrich
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., MB-44, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., MB-44, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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Abstract
In general, a whole virion serves as a simple vaccine antigen and often essential material for the analysis of immune responses against virus infection. However, to work with highly contagious pathogens, it is necessary to take precautions against laboratory-acquired infection. We have learned many lessons from the recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In order to develop an effective vaccine and diagnostic tools, we prepared UV-inactivated SARS coronavirus on a large scale under the strict Biosafety Level 3 (BSL3) regulation. Our protocol for large-scale preparation of UV-inactivated SARS-CoV including virus expansion, titration, inactivation, and ultracentrifugation is applicable to any newly emerging virus we might encounter in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Cavanagh
- Div. Molecular Biology, Compton Laboratory, Institute Animal Health, Newbury, Berks., RG20 7NN United Kingdom
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Khan S, Ng ML, Tan YJ. Expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein and the assembly of coronavirus-like particles in the baculovirus expression system. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 379:35-50. [PMID: 17502669 PMCID: PMC7120620 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-393-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus expression system was used to generate a recombinant baculovirus capable of expressing the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV) 3a protein. Using the same expression system, two structural proteins, membrane (M) and envelope (E), were co-expressed to form SARS-CoV virus-like particles (VLPs) within an insect cell. Expression of viral proteins was confirmed by Western blot analysis and the formation of VLPs was studied by transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehaam Khan
- Collaborative Antiviral Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
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Abstract
One of our long-term interests is to explore the immunogenic sugar moieties that are important for “self-” and “nonself” discrimination and host immune responses. We have established a highthroughput platform of carbohydrate microarrays to facilitate these investigations. Using this technology, carbohydrate-containing macromolecules of distinct structural configurations, including polysaccharides, natural glycoconjugates, and mono- and oligosaccharides coupled to lipid, polyacrylamide, and protein carriers, have been tested for microarray construction without further chemical modification. Here, we discuss issues related to the establishment of this technology and areas that are highly promising for its application. We also provide an example to illustrate that the carbohydrate microarray is a discovery tool; it is particularly useful for identifying immunological sugar moieties, including differentially expressed complex carbohydrates of cancer cells and stem cells as well as sugar signatures of previously unrecognized microbial pathogens.
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45
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Liu M, Gu C, Wu J, Zhu Y. Amino acids 1 to 422 of the spike protein of SARS associated coronavirus are required for induction of cyclooxygenase-2. Virus Genes 2006; 33:309-17. [PMID: 16991002 PMCID: PMC7088811 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-0070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been identified as SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). To evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in the viral infection, in this study, we investigated the role of SARS-CoV Spike (S) protein in the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Expression of COX-2 stimulated by the S protein was verified by RT-PCR and western blot assay. To explore the relationship between S and COX-2, we constructed a series of plasmids containing truncated N-terminal fragments of the SARS-CoV S gene (designated from Sa to Si), which encoded truncated S proteins, and investigated whether these truncated proteins could induce effective expression of COX-2 in 293T cells. Our results showed that S(d) that encoded a truncated S protein with 422 amino acid residues (from 1 to 422 aa), a part of 672 amino-acid S1 subunit is crucial for the induction of COX-2 expression. Immunofluorescence examinations also give the evidence that these N terminal 422 amino acids of the S protein were also required for the correct localization of the protein. We also compared S protein sequences of SARS-CoV isolated during the SARS break with that from palm civets, a possible source of SARS-CoV found in humans. S protein residues (344, 360), which mutated in the epitome from palm civet to human being were characterized in 3D modeling of 252-375 amino acid fragment. Collectively, these results indicate that S protein of SARS-CoV induces the expression of COX-2 and an N-terminal fragment of the Spike protein is crucial for the induction. Our finding may provide clue for the induction of inflammation by SARS-CoV and cast insight into the severity of the SARS epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 P. R. China
| | - Chunfang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 P. R. China
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Qi C, Duan JZ, Wang ZH, Chen YY, Zhang PH, Zhan L, Yan XY, Cao WC, Jin G. Investigation of interaction between two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and SARS virus using biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry. Biomed Microdevices 2006; 8:247-53. [PMID: 16718402 PMCID: PMC7087585 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-006-8305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Two neutralizing human scFv, b1 and h12 were identified initially using ELISA,employing highly purified virus as the coating antigen. The biosensor technique based on imaging ellipsometry was employed directly to detect two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and serial serum samples from 10 SARS patients and 12 volunteers who had not SARS. Further, the kinetic process of interaction between the antibodies and SARS-CoV was studied using the real-time function of the biosensor. The biosensor is consistent with ELISA that the antibody h12 showed a higher affinity in encountering the virus than antibody b1. The affinity of antibody b1 and antibody h12 was 9.5 x 10(6) M(-1) and 1.36 x 10(7) M(- 1), respectively. As a label free method, the biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry proved to be a more competent mechanism for measuring serum samples from SARS patients and the affinity between these antibodies and the SARS coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Qi
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #15, Bei-si-huan West Rd., Beijing, 100080 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19, Yu-quan Rd, Shi-jing-shan District, Beijing, 100049 P.R. China
| | - Jin-Zhu Duan
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #15, Da-tun Rd., Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Zhan-Hui Wang
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #15, Bei-si-huan West Rd., Beijing, 100080 China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #15, Bei-si-huan West Rd., Beijing, 100080 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19, Yu-quan Rd, Shi-jing-shan District, Beijing, 100049 P.R. China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, The Academy of Military Medical Sciences, #27 Taiping Rd., Beijing, 10085 China
| | - Lin Zhan
- Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, The Academy of Military Medical Sciences, #27 Taiping Rd., Beijing, 10085 China
| | - Xi-Yun Yan
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #15, Da-tun Rd., Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, The Academy of Military Medical Sciences, #27 Taiping Rd., Beijing, 10085 China
| | - Gang Jin
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #15, Bei-si-huan West Rd., Beijing, 100080 China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #15, Da-tun Rd., Beijing, 100101 China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) induced cell apoptosis and its structural proteins may play a role in this process. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the structural proteins M and N of SARS-CoV induce apoptosis. STUDY DESIGN We investigated human pulmonary fibroblast (HPF) cells, were transfected with plasmids containing the M or N gene, by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), Hoechst 33342 staining for nuclei, and observation of morphology. RESULTS We found that in the absence of serum about 16.34% of cells transfected by pcDNA3.1-M and 21.72% of N-transfected cells showed typical apoptotic characteristics, significantly different from mock-transfected cells (only 6.23%, p<0.01). Furthermore, the cells that were co-transfected with M and N proteins showed more obvious phenomena of cell death (about 36.03%). There was a statistical significance between M-transfected cells and co-transfected cells (p<0.01), and a remarkable difference between N-transfected cells and co-transfected cells (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results show that M and N proteins of SARS-CoV can induce apoptosis of HPF cells. Co-transfection of M and N enhances the induction of apoptosis by M or N alone, which also suggests that the structural proteins of SARS-CoV may play an important role not only in the process of invasion but also in the pathogenetic process in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Qun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China
| | - Jing-Pian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China
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Barnard DL, Day CW, Bailey K, Heiner M, Montgomery R, Lauridsen L, Winslow S, Hoopes J, Li JKK, Lee J, Carson DA, Cottam HB, Sidwell RW. Enhancement of the infectivity of SARS-CoV in BALB/c mice by IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, including ribavirin. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:53-63. [PMID: 16621037 PMCID: PMC7114261 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Because of the conflicting data concerning the SARS-CoV inhibitory efficacy of ribavirin, an inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase inhibitor, studies were done to evaluate the efficacy of ribavirin and other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (5-ethynyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR), mizoribine, and mycophenolic acid) in preventing viral replication in the lungs of BALB/c mice, a replication model for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections (Subbarao, K., McAuliffe, J., Vogel, L., Fahle, G., Fischer, S., Tatti, K., Packard, M., Shieh, W.J., Zaki, S., Murphy, B., 2004. Prior infection and passive transfer of neutralizing antibody prevent replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in the respiratory tract of mice. J. Virol. 78, 3572-3577). Ribavirin given at 75 mg/kg 4 h prior to virus exposure and then given twice daily for 3 days beginning at day 0 was found to increase virus lung titers and extend the length of time that virus could be detected in the lungs of mice. Other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors administered near maximum tolerated doses using the same dosing regimen as for ribavirin were found to slightly enhance virus replication in the lungs. In addition, ribavirin treatment seemed also to promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines 4 days after cessation of treatment, although after 3 days of treatment ribavirin inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production in infected mice, significantly reducing the levels of the cytokines IL-1alpha, interleukin-5 (IL-5), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These findings suggest that ribavirin may actually contribute to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV by prolonging and/or enhancing viral replication in the lungs. By not inhibiting viral replication in the lungs of infected mice, ribavirin treatment may have provided a continual source of stimulation for the inflammatory response thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the infection. Our data do not support the use of ribavirin or other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors for treating SARS infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Barnard
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, 84322-5600, USA.
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Malet H, Dalle K, Brémond N, Tocque F, Blangy S, Campanacci V, Coutard B, Grisel S, Lichière J, Lantez V, Cambillau C, Canard B, Egloff MP. Expression, purification and crystallization of the SARS-CoV macro domain. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:405-8. [PMID: 16582497 PMCID: PMC2222557 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106009274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Macro domains or X domains are found as modules of multidomain proteins, but can also constitute a protein on their own. Recently, biochemical and structural studies of cellular macro domains have been performed, showing that they are active as ADP-ribose-1''-phosphatases. Macro domains are also present in a number of positive-stranded RNA viruses, but their precise function in viral replication is still unknown. The major human pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) encodes 16 non-structural proteins (nsps), one of which (nsp3) encompasses a macro domain. The SARS-CoV nsp3 gene region corresponding to amino acids 182-355 has been cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. The crystals belong to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 37.5, b = 55.6, c = 108.9 angstroms, beta = 91.4 degrees, and the asymmetric unit contains either two or three molecules. Both native and selenomethionine-labelled crystals diffract to 1.8 angstroms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Malet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Karen Dalle
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Nicolas Brémond
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Fabienne Tocque
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Stéphanie Blangy
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Valérie Campanacci
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Bruno Coutard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Julie Lichière
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Violaine Lantez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Egloff
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098-Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 9, France
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50
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Castilletti C, Bordi L, Lalle E, Rozera G, Poccia F, Agrati C, Abbate I, Capobianchi MR. Coordinate induction of IFN-alpha and -gamma by SARS-CoV also in the absence of virus replication. Virology 2005; 341:163-9. [PMID: 16095648 PMCID: PMC7111739 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infection caused by a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV, characterized by an over-exuberant immune response with lung lymphomononuclear cells infiltration and proliferation that may account for tissue damage more than the direct effect of viral replication. This study is aimed at investigating the capability of SARS-CoV to activate IFN-alpha and -gamma expression in lymphomonocytes (PBMC) from healthy donors, evaluating whether viral replication is necessary for this activation. RESULTS SARS-CoV virus is able to induce both IFN-alpha and -gamma mRNA accumulation and protein release in a dose-dependent manner, MOI 10 being the most effective. The time course curve indicated that IFN-alpha mRNA induction peaked at 24 h.p.i,. whereas IFN-gamma mRNA was still increasing at 48 h.p.i. Released IFN (both types) reached a plateau after 24-48 h.p.i. and remained rather stable over a 5-day period. A transient peak of negative strand viral RNA was detected after 1-2 days of infection, but neither infectious virus progeny yield nor newly produced viral genomic RNA could be evidenced in infected cultures, even after prolonged observation time (up to 13 days). Cocultivation of PBMC with fixed SARS-CoV-infected Vero cells was even more efficient than exposure to live virus in eliciting IFN-alpha and -gamma induction. A combination of IFN-alpha and -gamma strongly inhibited SARS-CoV replication in Vero cells, while the single cytokines were much less effective. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that SARS-CoV is able to induce in normal PBMC a coordinate induction of IFN-alpha and -gamma gene expression. Virus replication is not necessary for IFN induction since efficient IFN expression could be obtained also by the cocultivation of normal PBMC with fixed SARS-CoV-infected cells. Concomitant activation of IFN-alpha and -gamma gene expression by SARS-CoV in vivo may be relevant for the pathogenesis of the disease, both for the possible involvement in immunomediated damage of the tissues and for the strong inhibition of SARS-CoV replication as a result of combined cytokine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Licia Bordi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lalle
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Rozera
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Poccia
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, INMI “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, INMI “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Abbate
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R. Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
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