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Hemann EA, Knoll ML, Wilkins CR, Subra C, Green R, García-Sastre A, Thomas PG, Trautmann L, Ireton RC, Loo YM, Gale M. A Small Molecule RIG-I Agonist Serves as an Adjuvant to Induce Broad Multifaceted Influenza Virus Vaccine Immunity. J Immunol 2023; 210:1247-1256. [PMID: 36939421 PMCID: PMC10149148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is essential for activating host cell innate immunity to regulate the immune response against many RNA viruses. We previously identified that a small molecule compound, KIN1148, led to the activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and served to enhance protection against influenza A virus (IAV) A/California/04/2009 infection. We have now determined direct binding of KIN1148 to RIG-I to drive expression of IFN regulatory factor 3 and NF-κB target genes, including specific immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines. Intriguingly, KIN1148 does not lead to ATPase activity or compete with ATP for binding but activates RIG-I to induce antiviral gene expression programs distinct from type I IFN treatment. When administered in combination with a vaccine against IAV, KIN1148 induces both neutralizing Ab and IAV-specific T cell responses compared with vaccination alone, which induces comparatively poor responses. This robust KIN1148-adjuvanted immune response protects mice from lethal A/California/04/2009 and H5N1 IAV challenge. Importantly, KIN1148 also augments human CD8+ T cell activation. Thus, we have identified a small molecule RIG-I agonist that serves as an effective adjuvant in inducing noncanonical RIG-I activation for induction of innate immune programs that enhance adaptive immune protection of antiviral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Hemann
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan L. Knoll
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Courtney R. Wilkins
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caroline Subra
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, and the U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, and the U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Renee C. Ireton
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Dippel A, Gallegos A, Aleti V, Barnes A, Chen X, Christian E, Delmar J, Du Q, Esfandiary R, Farmer E, Garcia A, Li Q, Lin J, Liu W, Machiesky L, Mody N, Parupudi A, Prophet M, Rickert K, Rosenthal K, Ren S, Shandilya H, Varkey R, Wons K, Wu Y, Loo YM, Esser MT, Kallewaard NL, Rajan S, Damschroder M, Xu W, Kaplan G. Developability profiling of a panel of Fc engineered SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. MAbs 2023; 15:2152526. [PMID: 36476037 PMCID: PMC9733695 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2152526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat the COVID-19 pandemic, potential therapies have been developed and moved into clinical trials at an unprecedented pace. Some of the most promising therapies are neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. In order to maximize the therapeutic effectiveness of such neutralizing antibodies, Fc engineering to modulate effector functions and to extend half-life is desirable. However, it is critical that Fc engineering does not negatively impact the developability properties of the antibodies, as these properties play a key role in ensuring rapid development, successful manufacturing, and improved overall chances of clinical success. In this study, we describe the biophysical characterization of a panel of Fc engineered ("TM-YTE") SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, the same Fc modifications as those found in AstraZeneca's Evusheld (AZD7442; tixagevimab and cilgavimab), in which the TM modification (L234F/L235E/P331S) reduce binding to FcγR and C1q and the YTE modification (M252Y/S254T/T256E) extends serum half-life. We have previously shown that combining both the TM and YTE Fc modifications can reduce the thermal stability of the CH2 domain and possibly lead to developability challenges. Here we show, using a diverse panel of TM-YTE SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, that despite lowering the thermal stability of the Fc CH2 domain, the TM-YTE platform does not have any inherent developability liabilities and shows an in vivo pharmacokinetic profile in human FcRn transgenic mice similar to the well-characterized YTE platform. The TM-YTE is therefore a developable, effector function reduced, half-life extended antibody platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dippel
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Austin Gallegos
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Vineela Aleti
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Arnita Barnes
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoru Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Jared Delmar
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Qun Du
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Erika Farmer
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Garcia
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Hansoh Bio, Rockville, MD, USA,Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jia Lin
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Weiyi Liu
- Pfizer, La Jolla, CA, USA,Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - LeeAnn Machiesky
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Neil Mody
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Arun Parupudi
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Meagan Prophet
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Keith Rickert
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Song Ren
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Reena Varkey
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Wons
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yuling Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mark T. Esser
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L. Kallewaard
- Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sarav Rajan
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Weichen Xu
- Biopharmaceutical Development, MacroGenics, Rockville, MD, USA,Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Gilad Kaplan
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA,CONTACT Gilad Kaplan AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD20878
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3
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Loo YM, Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, McTamney PM, Roque R, Moreau AM, Bakken R, Stefan CP, Koehler JW, Delp KL, Coyne SR, Kane CD, Dye JM, Cai Y, Esser MT. 1143. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Activity of AZD7442 (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) in SARS-CoV-2 Hamster Challenge Models. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022. [PMCID: PMC9752730 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac492.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background AZD7442—a combination of 2 human, extended–half-life, SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (tixagevimab/cilgavimab)—has received US Food and Drug Administration emergency use authorization for COVID-19 prevention in immunocompromised individuals. We evaluated the effect of AZD7442 in prevention and treatment settings in Syrian hamsters challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Methods Hamsters received intraperitoneal isotype control mAb (2 mg) or AZD7442 (0.002–2 mg) 1 day before intranasal (IN) SARS-CoV-2 challenge (USA-WA1/2020; 1x105 plaque-forming units) in prevention; OR control mAb (5 mg) or AZD7442 (0.5–5 mg) 1 day after IN SARS-CoV-2 challenge in treatment. The impact of AZD7442 on lung viral RNA and pathology and AZD7442 serum levels was assessed on Days 3 and 7 post infection. Body weight was recorded daily through Day 7. Results With AZD7442 prevention, lower lung viral loads were observed compared to controls; at Day 3 post infection, lowest infectious virus titer and viral subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) levels were seen with doses ≥0.2 mg AZD7442. Concomitantly, increased serum levels of AZD7442 were observed. By Day 7, infectious virus titer and sgmRNA fell below the level of detection (LOD) at all doses tested. Moreover, AZD7442 at doses ≥0.2 mg protected hamsters from weight loss versus controls. Lung pathology scores (scale: 0 [normal] to 25 [most severe]) were generally dose dependent, with mean scores of < 2 for AZD7442 versus 10 for controls, indicating less SARS-CoV-2–induced inflammation and alveolar damage in hamsters given AZD7442. Lower AZD7442 doses were associated with mean pathology scores similar to controls. With AZD7442 treatment, infectious virus titers were below the LOD at Day 3 post infection and at Day 7 for sgmRNA, for all doses tested. Mean lung pathology score was <2 for AZD7442 versus 12 for controls. AZD7442 doses ≥0.5 mg protected against weight loss relative to controls.
![]() Conclusion In a SARS-CoV-2 challenge model, AZD7442 administered as prevention or treatment led to significantly lower lung viral loads and improved lung pathology, without weight loss. There was also no evidence that AZD7442 mediated antibody-dependent enhancement of disease or infection. Disclosures Yueh-Ming Loo, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds Patrick M. McTamney, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee Richard Roque, B.S., AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds Yingyun Cai, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds Mark T. Esser, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | | | | | - Alicia M Moreau
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Russell Bakken
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Christopher P Stefan
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey W Koehler
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Korey L Delp
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Susan R Coyne
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Christopher D Kane
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
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4
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Nkolola JP, Yu J, Wan H, Chang A, McMahan K, Anioke T, Jacob-Dolan C, Powers O, Ye T, Chandrashekar A, Sellers D, Barrett J, Loo YM, Esser MT, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE, Barouch DH. A bivalent SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody combination does not affect the immunogenicity of a vector-based COVID-19 vaccine in macaques. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabo6160. [PMID: 35857623 PMCID: PMC9348747 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo6160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) offer a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given suboptimal global vaccination rates, waning immunity in vaccinated individuals, and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, the use of mAbs for COVID-19 prevention may increase and may need to be administered together with vaccines in certain settings. However, it is unknown whether administration of mAbs will affect the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Using an adenovirus vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, we show that simultaneous administration of the vaccine with SARS-CoV-2 mAbs does not diminish vaccine-induced humoral or cellular immunity in cynomolgus macaques. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 mAbs and viral vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can be administered together without loss of potency of either product. Additional studies will be required to evaluate coadministration of mAbs with other vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Nkolola
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Huahua Wan
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tochi Anioke
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Olivia Powers
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tianyi Ye
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Sellers
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Julia Barrett
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Mark T. Esser
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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5
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Case JB, Mackin S, Errico JM, Chong Z, Madden EA, Whitener B, Guarino B, Schmid MA, Rosenthal K, Ren K, Dang HV, Snell G, Jung A, Droit L, Handley SA, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y, Crowe JE, Fremont DH, Virgin HW, Loo YM, Esser MT, Purcell LA, Corti D, Diamond MS. Resilience of S309 and AZD7442 monoclonal antibody treatments against infection by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage strains. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3824. [PMID: 35780162 PMCID: PMC9250508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Omicron variant strains encode large numbers of changes in the spike protein compared to historical SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Although in vitro studies have suggested that several monoclonal antibody therapies lose neutralizing activity against Omicron variants, the effects in vivo remain largely unknown. Here, we report on the protective efficacy against three SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage strains (BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2) of two monoclonal antibody therapeutics (S309 [Vir Biotechnology] monotherapy and AZD7442 [AstraZeneca] combination), which correspond to ones used to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans. Despite losses in neutralization potency in cell culture, S309 or AZD7442 treatments reduced BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2 lung infection in susceptible mice that express human ACE2 (K18-hACE2) in prophylactic and therapeutic settings. Correlation analyses between in vitro neutralizing activity and reductions in viral burden in K18-hACE2 or human FcγR transgenic mice suggest that S309 and AZD7442 have different mechanisms of protection against Omicron variants, with S309 utilizing Fc effector function interactions and AZD7442 acting principally by direct neutralization. Our data in mice demonstrate the resilience of S309 and AZD7442 mAbs against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant strains and provide insight into the relationship between loss of antibody neutralization potency and retained protection in vivo. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern are less susceptible to therapeutic neutralizing antibodies, given mutations in the surface glycoprotein S. Here, Case et al. show that therapeutic antibodies S309 and AZD7442 reduce lung infection with SARSCoV-2 Omicron lineages in humanized mouse model despite the loss of neutralizing potency in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhenlu Chong
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emily A Madden
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Schmid
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kuishu Ren
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ha V Dang
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ana Jung
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mark T Esser
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA. .,Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Loo YM, McTamney PM, Arends RH, Abram ME, Aksyuk AA, Diallo S, Flores DJ, Kelly EJ, Ren K, Roque R, Rosenthal K, Streicher K, Tuffy KM, Bond NJ, Cornwell O, Bouquet J, Cheng LI, Dunyak J, Huang Y, Rosenbaum AI, Pilla Reddy V, Andersen H, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE, Kuehne AI, Herbert AS, Dye JM, Bright H, Kallewaard NL, Pangalos MN, Esser MT. The SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody combination, AZD7442, is protective in nonhuman primates and has an extended half-life in humans. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabl8124. [PMID: 35076282 PMCID: PMC8939769 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl8124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines, there remains a need for more prevention and treatment options for individuals remaining at risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the viral spike protein have potential to both prevent and treat COVID-19 and reduce the risk of severe disease and death. Here, we describe AZD7442, a combination of two mAbs, AZD8895 (tixagevimab) and AZD1061 (cilgavimab), that simultaneously bind to distinct, nonoverlapping epitopes on the spike protein receptor binding domain to neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Initially isolated from individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, the two mAbs were designed to extend their half-lives and reduce effector functions. The AZD7442 mAbs individually prevent the spike protein from binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, blocking virus cell entry, and neutralize all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In a nonhuman primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, prophylactic AZD7442 administration prevented infection, whereas therapeutic administration accelerated virus clearance from the lung. In an ongoing phase 1 study in healthy participants (NCT04507256), a 300-mg intramuscular injection of AZD7442 provided SARS-CoV-2 serum geometric mean neutralizing titers greater than 10-fold above those of convalescent serum for at least 3 months, which remained threefold above those of convalescent serum at 9 months after AZD7442 administration. About 1 to 2% of serum AZD7442 was detected in nasal mucosa, a site of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Extrapolation of the time course of serum AZD7442 concentration suggests AZD7442 may provide up to 12 months of protection and benefit individuals at high-risk of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Ming Loo
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Patrick M McTamney
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Rosalinda H Arends
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Michael E Abram
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Anastasia A Aksyuk
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Seme Diallo
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Daniel J Flores
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Kuishu Ren
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Richard Roque
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Katie Streicher
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Kevin M Tuffy
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bond
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Owen Cornwell
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Jerome Bouquet
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lily I Cheng
- Oncology Safety Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - James Dunyak
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Anton I Rosenbaum
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Venkatesh Pilla Reddy
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | - Robert H Carnahan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | - John M Dye
- USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Helen Bright
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Nicole L Kallewaard
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Mark T Esser
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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7
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Dong J, Zost SJ, Greaney AJ, Starr TN, Dingens AS, Chen EC, Chen RE, Case JB, Sutton RE, Gilchuk P, Rodriguez J, Armstrong E, Gainza C, Nargi RS, Binshtein E, Xie X, Zhang X, Shi PY, Logue J, Weston S, McGrath ME, Frieman MB, Brady T, Tuffy KM, Bright H, Loo YM, McTamney PM, Esser MT, Carnahan RH, Diamond MS, Bloom JD, Crowe JE. Genetic and structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralization by a two-antibody cocktail. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1233-1244. [PMID: 34548634 PMCID: PMC8543371 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis for immune recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein antigenic sites will inform the development of improved therapeutics. We determined the structures of two human monoclonal antibodies-AZD8895 and AZD1061-which form the basis of the investigational antibody cocktail AZD7442, in complex with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 to define the genetic and structural basis of neutralization. AZD8895 forms an 'aromatic cage' at the heavy/light chain interface using germ line-encoded residues in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) 2 and 3 of the heavy chain and CDRs 1 and 3 of the light chain. These structural features explain why highly similar antibodies (public clonotypes) have been isolated from multiple individuals. AZD1061 has an unusually long LCDR1; the HCDR3 makes interactions with the opposite face of the RBD from that of AZD8895. Using deep mutational scanning and neutralization escape selection experiments, we comprehensively mapped the crucial binding residues of both antibodies and identified positions of concern with regards to virus escape from antibody-mediated neutralization. Both AZD8895 and AZD1061 have strong neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern with antigenic substitutions in the RBD. We conclude that germ line-encoded antibody features enable recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and demonstrate the utility of the cocktail AZD7442 in neutralizing emerging variant viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigenic Variation
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Humans
- Mutation
- Protein Domains
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Dong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allison J Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine C Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jessica Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Erica Armstrong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher Gainza
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tyler Brady
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Tuffy
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Helen Bright
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Mark T Esser
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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8
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Dong J, Zost S, Greaney A, Starr TN, Dingens AS, Chen EC, Chen R, Case B, Sutton R, Gilchuk P, Rodriguez J, Armstrong E, Gainza C, Nargi R, Binshtein E, Xie X, Zhang X, Shi PY, Logue J, Weston S, McGrath M, Frieman M, Brady T, Tuffy K, Bright H, Loo YM, McvTamney P, Esser M, Carnahan R, Diamond M, Bloom J, Crowe JE. Genetic and structural basis for recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by a two-antibody cocktail. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33532768 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.27.428529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to an urgent need to understand the molecular basis for immune recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein antigenic sites. To define the genetic and structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, we determined the structures of two human monoclonal antibodies COV2-2196 and COV2-21301, which form the basis of the investigational antibody cocktail AZD7442, in complex with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. COV2-2196 forms an 'aromatic cage' at the heavy/light chain interface using germline-encoded residues in complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 2 and 3 of the heavy chain and CDRs 1 and 3 of the light chain. These structural features explain why highly similar antibodies (public clonotypes) have been isolated from multiple individuals1-4. The structure of COV2-2130 reveals that an unusually long LCDR1 and HCDR3 make interactions with the opposite face of the RBD from that of COV2-2196. Using deep mutational scanning and neutralization escape selection experiments, we comprehensively mapped the critical residues of both antibodies and identified positions of concern for possible viral escape. Nonetheless, both COV2-2196 and COV2130 showed strong neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 strain with recent variations of concern including E484K, N501Y, and D614G substitutions. These studies reveal germline-encoded antibody features enabling recognition of the RBD and demonstrate the activity of a cocktail like AZD7442 in preventing escape from emerging variant viruses.
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9
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Zost SJ, Gilchuk P, Case JB, Binshtein E, Chen RE, Nkolola JP, Schäfer A, Reidy JX, Trivette A, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Suryadevara N, Martinez DR, Williamson LE, Chen EC, Jones T, Day S, Myers L, Hassan AO, Kafai NM, Winkler ES, Fox JM, Shrihari S, Mueller BK, Meiler J, Chandrashekar A, Mercado NB, Steinhardt JJ, Ren K, Loo YM, Kallewaard NL, McCune BT, Keeler SP, Holtzman MJ, Barouch DH, Gralinski LE, Baric RS, Thackray LB, Diamond MS, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE. Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Nature 2020; 584:443-449. [PMID: 32668443 PMCID: PMC7584396 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 196.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a major threat to global health1 and the medical countermeasures available so far are limited2,3. Moreover, we currently lack a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-24. Here we analyse a large panel of human monoclonal antibodies that target the spike (S) glycoprotein5, and identify several that exhibit potent neutralizing activity and fully block the receptor-binding domain of the S protein (SRBD) from interacting with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Using competition-binding, structural and functional studies, we show that the monoclonal antibodies can be clustered into classes that recognize distinct epitopes on the SRBD, as well as distinct conformational states of the S trimer. Two potently neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, which recognize non-overlapping sites, bound simultaneously to the S protein and neutralized wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus in a synergistic manner. In two mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, passive transfer of COV2-2196, COV2-2130 or a combination of both of these antibodies protected mice from weight loss and reduced the viral burden and levels of inflammation in the lungs. In addition, passive transfer of either of two of the most potent ACE2-blocking monoclonal antibodies (COV2-2196 or COV2-2381) as monotherapy protected rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results identify protective epitopes on the SRBD and provide a structure-based framework for rational vaccine design and the selection of robust immunotherapeutic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Binding, Competitive
- COVID-19
- Cell Line
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Cross Reactions
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/chemistry
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph P Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph X Reidy
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elaine C Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Taylor Jones
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel Day
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Luke Myers
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Leipzig University Medical School, Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noe B Mercado
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James J Steinhardt
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kuishu Ren
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L Kallewaard
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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10
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Zost SJ, Gilchuk P, Case JB, Binshtein E, Chen RE, Reidy JX, Trivette A, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Suryadevara N, Williamson LE, Chen EC, Jones T, Day S, Myers L, Hassan AO, Kafai NM, Winkler ES, Fox JM, Steinhardt JJ, Ren K, Loo YM, Kallewaard NL, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Gralinski LE, Baric RS, Thackray LB, Diamond MS, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE. Potently neutralizing human antibodies that block SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding and protect animals. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32511409 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.22.111005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a major threat to global health for which there are only limited medical countermeasures, and we lack a thorough understanding of mechanisms of humoral immunity 1,2 . From a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike (S) glycoprotein isolated from the B cells of infected subjects, we identified several mAbs that exhibited potent neutralizing activity with IC 50 values as low as 0.9 or 15 ng/mL in pseudovirus or wild-type ( wt ) SARS-CoV-2 neutralization tests, respectively. The most potent mAbs fully block the receptor-binding domain of S (S RBD ) from interacting with human ACE2. Competition-binding, structural, and functional studies allowed clustering of the mAbs into defined classes recognizing distinct epitopes within major antigenic sites on the S RBD . Electron microscopy studies revealed that these mAbs recognize distinct conformational states of trimeric S protein. Potent neutralizing mAbs recognizing unique sites, COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, bound simultaneously to S and synergistically neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. In two murine models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, passive transfer of either COV2-2916 or COV2-2130 alone or a combination of both mAbs protected mice from severe weight loss and reduced viral burden and inflammation in the lung. These results identify protective epitopes on the S RBD and provide a structure-based framework for rational vaccine design and the selection of robust immunotherapeutic cocktails.
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11
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Pattabhi S, Knoll ML, Gale M, Loo YM. DHX15 Is a Coreceptor for RLR Signaling That Promotes Antiviral Defense Against RNA Virus Infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:331-346. [PMID: 31090472 PMCID: PMC6590726 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA helicases play an important role in the response to microbial infection. Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and members of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family of helicases function as cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) whose actions are essential for recognition of RNA viruses. RIG-I association with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within viral RNA leads to its activation and signaling via the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) adapter protein. This interaction mediates downstream signaling events that drive the innate immune response to virus infection. Here we identify the DEAH-box RNA helicase DHX15 as a RLR binding partner and signaling cofactor. In human cells, DHX15 is required for virus-induced RLR signaling of innate immune gene expression. Knockdown of DHX15 increased susceptibility to infection by RNA viruses of diverse genera, including Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Picornaviridae. DHX15 associates with RIG-I caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) through its amino terminus, in which the complex is recruited to MAVS on virus infection. Importantly, although DHX15 cannot substitute for RIG-I in innate immune signaling, DHX15 selectively binds PAMP RNA to promote RIG-I ATP hydrolysis and signaling activation in response to viral RNA. Our results define DHX15 as a coreceptor required for RLR innate immune responses to control RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Pattabhi
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Megan L. Knoll
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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12
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Daniels BP, Kofman SB, Smith JR, Norris GT, Snyder AG, Kolb JP, Gao X, Locasale JW, Martinez J, Gale M, Loo YM, Oberst A. The Nucleotide Sensor ZBP1 and Kinase RIPK3 Induce the Enzyme IRG1 to Promote an Antiviral Metabolic State in Neurons. Immunity 2019; 50:64-76.e4. [PMID: 30635240 PMCID: PMC6342485 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As long-lived post-mitotic cells, neurons employ unique strategies to resist pathogen infection while preserving cellular function. Here, using a murine model of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, we identified an innate immune pathway that restricts ZIKV replication in neurons and is required for survival upon ZIKV infection of the central nervous system (CNS). We found that neuronal ZIKV infection activated the nucleotide sensor ZBP1 and the kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3, core components of virus-induced necroptotic cell death signaling. However, activation of this pathway in ZIKV-infected neurons did not induce cell death. Rather, RIPK signaling restricted viral replication by altering cellular metabolism via upregulation of the enzyme IRG1 and production of the metabolite itaconate. Itaconate inhibited the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, generating a metabolic state in neurons that suppresses replication of viral genomes. These findings demonstrate an immunometabolic mechanism of viral restriction during neuroinvasive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Daniels
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sigal B Kofman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julian R Smith
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Norris
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Annelise G Snyder
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joseph P Kolb
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27703, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27703, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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13
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Chow KT, Driscoll C, Loo YM, Knoll M, Gale M. IRF5 regulates unique subset of genes in dendritic cells during West Nile virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:411-425. [PMID: 30457675 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma0318-136rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) signaling is critical for triggering innate immune activation and the expression of immune response genes, including genes that impart restriction against virus replication. RIG-I-like receptors and TLRs are PRRs that signal immune activation and drive the expression of antiviral genes and the production of type I IFN leading to induction of IFN-stimulated genes, in part through the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors. Previous studies with West Nile virus (WNV) showed that IRF3 and IRF7 regulate IFN expression in fibroblasts and neurons, whereas macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) retained the ability to induce IFN-β in the absence of IRF3 and IRF7 in a manner implicating IRF5 in PRR signaling actions. Here we assessed the contribution of IRF5 to immune gene induction in response to WNV infection in DCs. We examined IRF5-dependent gene expression and found that loss of IRF5 in mice resulted in modest and subtle changes in the expression of WNV-regulated genes. Anti-IRF5 chromatin immunoprecipitation with next-generation sequencing of genomic DNA coupled with mRNA analysis revealed unique IRF5 binding motifs within the mouse genome that are distinct from the canonical IRF binding motif and that link with IRF5-target gene expression. Using integrative bioinformatics analyses, we identified new IRF5 primary target genes in DCs in response to virus infection. This study provides novel insights into the distinct and unique innate immune and immune gene regulatory program directed by IRF5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan T Chow
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Connor Driscoll
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan Knoll
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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14
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Chow KT, Wilkins C, Narita M, Green R, Knoll M, Loo YM, Gale M. Differential and Overlapping Immune Programs Regulated by IRF3 and IRF5 in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. J Immunol 2018; 201:3036-3050. [PMID: 30297339 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We examined the signaling pathways and cell type-specific responses of IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 5, an immune-regulatory transcription factor. We show that the protein kinases IKKα, IKKβ, IKKε, and TANK-binding kinase 1 each confer IRF5 phosphorylation/dimerization, thus extending the family of IRF5 activator kinases. Among primary human immune cell subsets, we found that IRF5 is most abundant in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Flow cytometric cell imaging revealed that IRF5 is specifically activated by endosomal TLR signaling. Comparative analyses revealed that IRF3 is activated in pDCs uniquely through RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling. Transcriptomic analyses of pDCs show that the partitioning of TLR7/IRF5 and RLR/IRF3 pathways confers differential gene expression and immune cytokine production in pDCs, linking IRF5 with immune regulatory and proinflammatory gene expression. Thus, TLR7/IRF5 and RLR-IRF3 partitioning serves to polarize pDC response outcome. Strategies to differentially engage IRF signaling pathways should be considered in the design of immunotherapeutic approaches to modulate or polarize the immune response for specific outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan T Chow
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; and
| | - Courtney Wilkins
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Miwako Narita
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata Prefecture 950-2181, Japan
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Megan Knoll
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
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15
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Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) survey intra- and extracellular spaces for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within microbial products of infection. Recognition and binding to cognate PAMP ligand by specific PRRs initiates signaling cascades that culminate in a coordinated intracellular innate immune response designed to control infection. In particular, our immune system has evolved specialized PRRs to discriminate viral nucleic acid from host. These are critical sensors of viral RNA to trigger innate immunity in the vertebrate host. Different families of PRRs of virus infection have been defined and reveal a diversity of PAMP specificity for wide viral pathogen coverage to recognize and extinguish virus infection. In this review, we discuss recent insights in pathogen recognition by the RIG-I-like receptors, related RNA helicases, Toll-like receptors, and other RNA sensor PRRs, to present emerging themes in innate immune signaling during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan T Chow
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , ,
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , ,
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , ,
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16
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Probst P, Grigg JB, Wang M, Muñoz E, Loo YM, Ireton RC, Gale M, Iadonato SP, Bedard KM. A small-molecule IRF3 agonist functions as an influenza vaccine adjuvant by modulating the antiviral immune response. Vaccine 2017; 35:1964-1971. [PMID: 28279563 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are essential to drive a protective immune response in cases where vaccine antigens are weakly immunogenic, where vaccine antigen is limited, or where an increase in potency is needed for a specific population, such as the elderly. To discover novel vaccine adjuvants, we used a high-throughput screen (HTS) designed to identify small-molecule agonists of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway leading to interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation. RLRs are a group of cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors that are essential for the recognition of viral nucleic acids during infection. Upon binding of viral nucleic acid ligands, the RLRs become activated and signal to transcription factors, including IRF3, to initiate an innate immune transcriptional program to control virus infection. Among our HTS hits were a series of benzothiazole compounds from which we designed the lead analog, KIN1148. KIN1148 induced dose-dependent IRF3 nuclear translocation and specific activation of IRF3-responsive promoters. Prime-boost immunization of mice with a suboptimal dose of a monovalent pandemic influenza split virus H1N1 A/California/07/2009 vaccine plus KIN1148 protected against a lethal challenge with mouse-adapted influenza virus (A/California/04/2009) and induced an influenza virus-specific IL-10 and Th2 response by T cells derived from lung and lung-draining lymph nodes. Prime-boost immunization with vaccine plus KIN1148, but not prime immunization alone, induced antibodies capable of inhibiting influenza virus hemagglutinin and neutralizing viral infectivity. Nevertheless, a single immunization with vaccine plus KIN1148 provided increased protection over vaccine alone and reduced viral load in the lungs after challenge. These findings suggest that protection was at least partially mediated by a cellular immune component and that the induction of Th2 and immunoregulatory cytokines by a KIN1148-adjuvanted vaccine may be particularly beneficial for ameliorating the immunopathogenesis that is associated with influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Probst
- Kineta, Inc., 219 Terry Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John B Grigg
- Kineta, Inc., 219 Terry Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Myra Wang
- Kineta, Inc., 219 Terry Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ernesto Muñoz
- Kineta, Inc., 219 Terry Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Renee C Ireton
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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17
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Daniels BP, Snyder AG, Olsen TM, Orozco S, Oguin TH, Tait SWG, Martinez J, Gale M, Loo YM, Oberst A. RIPK3 Restricts Viral Pathogenesis via Cell Death-Independent Neuroinflammation. Cell 2017; 169:301-313.e11. [PMID: 28366204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) is an activator of necroptotic cell death, but recent work has implicated additional roles for RIPK3 in inflammatory signaling independent of cell death. However, while necroptosis has been shown to contribute to antiviral immunity, death-independent roles for RIPK3 in host defense have not been demonstrated. Using a mouse model of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, we show that RIPK3 restricts WNV pathogenesis independently of cell death. Ripk3-/- mice exhibited enhanced mortality compared to wild-type (WT) controls, while mice lacking the necroptotic effector MLKL, or both MLKL and caspase-8, were unaffected. The enhanced susceptibility of Ripk3-/- mice arose from suppressed neuronal chemokine expression and decreased central nervous system (CNS) recruitment of T lymphocytes and inflammatory myeloid cells, while peripheral immunity remained intact. These data identify pleiotropic functions for RIPK3 in the restriction of viral pathogenesis and implicate RIPK3 as a key coordinator of immune responses within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Daniels
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Annelise G Snyder
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tayla M Olsen
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Susana Orozco
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas H Oguin
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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18
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Hong M, Schwerk J, Lim C, Kell A, Jarret A, Pangallo J, Loo YM, Liu S, Hagedorn CH, Gale M, Savan R. Interferon lambda 4 expression is suppressed by the host during viral infection. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2539-2552. [PMID: 27799623 PMCID: PMC5110018 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) lambdas are critical antiviral effectors in hepatic and mucosal infections. Although IFNλ1, IFNλ2, and IFNλ3 act antiviral, genetic association studies have shown that expression of the recently discovered IFNL4 is detrimental to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection through a yet unknown mechanism. Intriguingly, human IFNL4 harbors a genetic variant that introduces a premature stop codon. We performed a molecular and biochemical characterization of IFNλ4 to determine its role and regulation of expression. We found that IFNλ4 exhibits similar antiviral activity to IFNλ3 without negatively affecting antiviral IFN activity or cell survival. We show that humans deploy several mechanisms to limit expression of functional IFNλ4 through noncoding splice variants and nonfunctional protein isoforms. Furthermore, protein-coding IFNL4 mRNA are not loaded onto polyribosomes and lack a strong polyadenylation signal, resulting in poor translation efficiency. This study provides mechanistic evidence that humans suppress IFNλ4 expression, suggesting that immune function is dependent on other IFNL family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- MeeAe Hong
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Johannes Schwerk
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Chrissie Lim
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Alison Kell
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Abigail Jarret
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Joseph Pangallo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Shuanghu Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Curt H Hagedorn
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205
- Genetics Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ram Savan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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19
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Probst P, Grigg JB, Hemann EA, Loo YM, Knoll ML, Ireton R, Gale MJ, Iadonato SP, Bedard KM. Small molecule agonists of IRF3 activation function as influenza vaccine adjuvants by modulating the humoral and cellular anti-viral immune response. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.76.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have identified a panel of small molecule immunomodulators that activate IRF3 and induce innate immune signaling to drive an antigen-specific protective immune response against viral infections. Our lead adjuvant candidate, KIN1148, binds to retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and induces RIG-I signaling to drive IRF3 activation. Studies using the H1N1 influenza virus challenge model demonstrate that immunization with monovalent influenza split vaccine (SV) and KIN1148 is dose sparing and protects mice against a lethal H1N1 A/California/04/2009 challenge. The SV-H1N1/KIN1148 adjuvant system induces functional antibodies neutralizing viral infectivity and inhibiting influenza hemagglutinin-mediated blood agglutination. SV-H1N1/KIN1148 prime/boost immunizations mediate a strong influenza-specific Th2 response and enhance the production of the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 by lung and draining lymph-node-derived T cells from challenged mice. In addition, prime immunization with SV-H1N1/KIN1148 alone provides protection against a 10xLD50 H1N1 challenge by reducing the viral load in the lungs of infected mice. Passive transfer experiments suggest that the protection after prime immunization is at least partially mediated by a cellular immune component. In summary, the KIN1148 split vaccine adjuvant system controls influenza virus infection by boosting the production of functional antibodies, reducing viral load, and inducing a Th2-type immune response. The induction of Th2 and immunoregulatory cytokines by KIN1148-adjuvanted SV might be beneficial to ameliorate the immunopathogenesis of an immune response to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in infected individuals.
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20
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Daniels B, Loo YM, Gale M, Oberst A. RIPK3 restricts West Nile virus neuropathogenesis independently of programmed necrosis. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.217.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Programmed necrosis coordinated by receptor-interacting kinase-3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) is known to contribute to host immune responses to viral infections. However, the role of these proteins in host immunity during flavivirus infection remains poorly understood. Using a mouse model of West Nile virus encephalitis, we show that RIPK3 is required for the restriction of West Nile virus pathogenesis, independently of its role in programmed necrosis. While Ripk3−/− mice exhibited accelerated and enhanced mortality compared to WT controls, survival and clinical scores in mice lacking the executioner protein MLKL were unaffected. Moreover, cell death following WNV infection in primary cultures of myeloid and neuronal cells was unchanged in both Ripk3−/− and Mlkl−/− cultures. The enhanced susceptibility of Ripk3−/− mice arose, instead, from a failure to control infection within the central nervous system (CNS). While peripheral adaptive immune responses to WNV remained intact, Ripk3−/− mice exhibited decreased recruitment of inflammatory myeloid cells and lymphocytes to the CNS, despite higher CNS viral loads. RIP3 suppressed CNS viral burden via both CNS-intrinsic and –extrinsic mechanisms, as viral titers in the brain and spinal cord were higher in Ripk3−/− mice compared to controls following both subcutaneous and intracranial inoculation with WNV. Together, these data identify new roles for RIPK3 in the restriction of viral pathogenesis, and implicate RIPK3 as a key regulator of antiviral immunity within the CNS.
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21
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Hemann EA, Grigg JB, Wilkins CR, Knoll M, Iadonato SP, Bedard K, Probst P, Loo YM, Gale M. A small-molecule RIG-I agonist functions to enhance vaccine protection against influenza A virus infection. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.76.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Viral sensing by RIG-I and downstream activation of antiviral defenses along with the induction of innate immune cytokines is essential from protection against influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We have identified a novel, small-molecule RIG-I agonist, KIN1148, which binds and activates RIG-I to signal the activation of IRF3 and the innate immune response. We are developing this molecule as an adjuvant to enhance vaccination against pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) IAV. Ex vivo treatment of dendritic cells with KIN1148 leads to their activation and maturation. We determined the ability of KIN1148 to enhance suboptimal IAV vaccine responses in vivo. Administration of KIN1148 leads enhanced protection during high dose pH1N1 infection following a single, intramuscular administration of KIN1148 with IAV vaccine. This increase in protection is accompanied by a significant reduction in virus titers, as well as lung pathology. Analysis of the immune response induced following vaccination with KIN1148 as well as challenge demonstrates an increase in chemoattractant cytokines, germinal center B cells, IAV-specific antibodies, and IAV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells compared to vaccination alone, indicating the induction of a broad anti-IAV immune response. Together these results demonstrate that prophylactic drug targeting of the RIG-I pathway with a small molecule enhances vaccine protection and highlight the potential of KIN1148 to enhancing vaccines against RNA virus infection.
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22
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Loo YM, Wilkins CR, Pattabhi S, Knoll ML, Kaiser S, Mire CE, Grigg J, Hemann EA, Probst P, Posakony J, Ireton RC, Geisbert TW, Bedard KM, Iadonato SP, Gale M. RIG-ging the host innate immune response for vaccine adjuvant and antiviral therapy. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.76.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) is essential for directing and priming the host immune response against many RNA viruses. A diverse small molecule library was used in a cell-based screening approach to identify drug-like compounds that could target the RIG-I signaling pathway and induce downstream IRF3 to drive innate antiviral immunity. We identified small molecule compounds that activate IRF3 to induce discrete subsets of innate immune and antiviral genes. We identified a class of hydroxyquinoline compounds that induce IRF3 activation and innate immunity of cultured cells to decrease viral RNA load and infectious virus production, thereby controlling infection by viruses of the families Flaviviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Arenaviridae and Paramyxoviridae. In addition, we identified a second class of benzo-bisthiazole compounds that directly engage and activate RIG-I to promote downstream IRF3 signaling and the expression of innate immune genes, cytokines and chemokines. Importantly, these compounds serve potent immune adjuvant functions to promote the maturation of dendritic cells to enhance antigen presentation and T cell activation. When administered to mice in combination with influenza A virus or West Nile virus vaccine, this compound conferred adjuvant activity to facilitate vaccine-mediated protection of mice from lethal virus challenge under conditions of otherwise suboptimal vaccine dose. Thus, we have identified novel small molecule RIG-I agonists that activate the innate immune response. Our studies reveal the strong potential of developing small molecule RIG-I agonists as broad-spectrum antiviral agents to control RNA virus infection and as adjuvants to potentiate vaccine immunity.
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23
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24
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Nellimarla S, Baid K, Loo YM, Gale M, Bowdish DME, Mossman KL. Class A Scavenger Receptor-Mediated Double-Stranded RNA Internalization Is Independent of Innate Antiviral Signaling and Does Not Require Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity. J Immunol 2015; 195:3858-65. [PMID: 26363049 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
dsRNA is a potent trigger of innate immune signaling, eliciting effects within virally infected cells and after release from dying cells. Given its inherent stability, extracellular dsRNA induces both local and systemic effects. Although the class A scavenger receptors (SR-As) mediate dsRNA entry, it is unknown whether they contribute to signaling beyond ligand internalization. In this study, we investigated whether SR-As contribute to innate immune signaling independent of the classic TLR and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptor (RLR) pathways. We generated a stable A549 human epithelial cell line with inducible expression of the hepatitis C virus protease NS3/4A, which efficiently cleaves TRIF and IFN-β promoter stimulator 1, adaptors for TLR3 and the RLRs, respectively. Cells expressing NS3/4A and TLR3/MyD88/IFN-β promoter stimulator 1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts completely lacked antiviral activity to extracellular dsRNA relative to control cells, suggesting that SR-As do not possess signaling capacity independent of TLR3 or the RLRs. Previous studies implicated PI3K signaling in SR-A-mediated activities and in downstream production of type I IFN. We found that SR-A-mediated dsRNA internalization occurs independent of PI3K activation, whereas downstream signaling leading to IFN production was partially dependent on PI3K activity. Overall, these findings suggest that SR-A-mediated dsRNA internalization is independent of innate antiviral signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nellimarla
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Kaushal Baid
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
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25
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Thomas S, Huang A, Loo YM, Wilkins C, McMillan A, Gale M. Mitochondrial antiviral signaling molecule-mediated mitochondrial calcium regulates CD8 T cell function during acute virus infection (VIR6P.1163). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.149.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
MAVS is a crucial adaptor molecule through which RIG-I-like receptors (RLR)s signal to mediate downstream innate antiviral and inflammatory responses. However a role for MAVS in directly programming adaptive immunity has not been defined. Here we identified a cell-intrinsic role for MAVS in programming CD8 T cells following virus infection. We utilized a mouse model of acute Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection to define the actions of adoptively transferred WT or MAVS deficient CD8 T cells. Lack of MAVS lead to defects in CD8 T cell expansion as well as function as measured by cytokine and cytotoxic T cell effector molecule production but these parameters were not deficient in double knockout mice lacking the RLRs MDA5 and RIG-I. We identified defects in total cytoplasmic calcium, mitochondrial calcium as well as mitochondrial membrane potential in MAVS-/- CD8 T cells in vivo. We found that the inflammatory conditions of LCMV -induced cell proliferation place a metabolic load on CD8 T cells and their mitochondria such that the absence of MAVS lead to defects in mitochondrial calcium independently of the RLRs. Importantly, the MAVS defect associated with defective nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) activation and consequently decreased IL-2 production. Our study assigns a cell-intrinsic role for MAVS in regulating adaptive immunity following viral infection by means of regulating mitochondrial calcium and thereby affecting T cell fitness.
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Chakrabarti A, Banerjee S, Franchi L, Loo YM, Gale M, Núñez G, Silverman RH. RNase L activates the NLRP3 inflammasome during viral infections. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:466-77. [PMID: 25816776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome assembles in response to danger signals, triggering self-cleavage of procaspase-1 and production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Although virus infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, the underlying events remain incompletely understood. We report that virus activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome involves the 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase(OAS)/RNase L system, a component of the interferon-induced antiviral response that senses double-stranded RNA and activates endoribonuclease RNase L to cleave viral and cellular RNAs. The absence of RNase L reduces IL-1β production in influenza A virus-infected mice. RNA cleavage products generated by RNase L enhance IL-1β production but require the presence of 2',3'-cyclic phosphorylated termini characteristic of RNase L activity. Additionally, these cleavage products stimulate NLRP3 complex formation with the DExD/H-box helicase, DHX33, and mitochondrial adaptor protein, MAVS, which are each required for effective NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Thus, RNA cleavage events catalyzed by RNase L are required for optimal inflammasome activation during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chakrabarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shuvojit Banerjee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Luigi Franchi
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert H Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Loo YM, Wilkins CR, Dong R, Pattabhi S, Wang ML, Muñoz EJ, Fowler KW, Grigg JB, Ireton RC, Iadonato SP, Bedard KM, Gale M. 118. Cytokine 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Thomas S, Huang A, Loo YM, Ramos H, McMillan A. Cell intrinsic role for MAVS in regulating CD8 T cell fitness during acute virus infection (P6113). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.173.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mitochondrial antiviral Signaling molecule (MAVS) has been described in it’s role as an adaptor molecule that links viral RNA sensing by RIG-I-like receptors (RLR)s to type I IFN and inflammatory cytokine production. However it’s role in adaptive immune responses to viruses is not well defined. Using an adoptive cell transfer system we examined the requirement for MAVS directly in CD8 T cells during adaptive responses following acute Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Here, we found that MAVS plays an RLR-independent role in determining CD8 effector T cell fitness. MAVS-deficient cells were deficient in virus-induced expansion and cytokine production. This deficiency correlated with altered cell size and granularity, differential mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced levels of steady-state intracellular calcium. We found cytokine production deficiencies were acute at earlier stages of CD8 cell expansion, suggesting that the requirement for MAVS is most critical when cellular need for mitochondrial metabolism is maximal. These results suggest that MAVS is required for metabolic support of CD8 effector cell expansion during acute virus infection. Our study therefore assigns a novel metabolic role to MAVS in adaptive CD8 T cell energetics. Defining the function of MAVS in enhancing T cell metabolism therefore has implications for vaccine strategies that aim to increase the quality and quality of the CD8 T cell response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Thomas
- 1Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Albert Huang
- 1Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Lee HC, Headley MB, Loo YM, Berlin A, Gale M, Debley JS, Lukacs NW, Ziegler SF. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is induced by respiratory syncytial virus-infected airway epithelial cells and promotes a type 2 response to infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1187-1196.e5. [PMID: 22981788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infection, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus, has been linked to respiratory disease in pediatric patients, including severe acute bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbation. OBJECTIVE The study examined the role of the epithelial-derived cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the response to RSV infection. METHODS Infection of human airway epithelial cells was used to examine TSLP induction after RSV infection. Air-liquid interface cultures from healthy children and children with asthma were also tested for TSLP production after infection. Finally, a mouse model was used to directly test the role of TSLP signaling in the response to RSV infection. RESULTS Infection of airway epithelial cells with RSV led to the production of TSLP via activation of an innate signaling pathway that involved retinoic acid induced gene I, interferon promoter-stimulating factor 1, and nuclear factor-κB. Consistent with this observation, airway epithelial cells from asthmatic children a produced significantly greater levels of TSLP after RSV infection than cells from healthy children. In mouse models, RSV-induced TSLP expression was found to be critical for the development of immunopathology. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that RSV can use an innate antiviral signaling pathway to drive a potentially nonproductive immune response and has important implications for the role of TSLP in viral immune responses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chon Lee
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Schnell G, Loo YM, Marcotrigiano J, Gale M. Uridine composition of the poly-U/UC tract of HCV RNA defines non-self recognition by RIG-I. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002839. [PMID: 22912574 PMCID: PMC3410852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection of mammalian cells triggers the innate immune response through non-self recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in viral nucleic acid. Accurate PAMP discrimination is essential to avoid self recognition that can generate autoimmunity, and therefore should be facilitated by the presence of multiple motifs in a PAMP that mark it as non-self. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA is recognized as non-self by RIG-I through the presence of a 5'-triphosphate (5'-ppp) on the viral RNA in association with a 3' poly-U/UC tract. Here we define the HCV PAMP and the criteria for RIG-I non-self discrimination of HCV by examining the RNA structure-function attributes that impart PAMP function to the poly-U/UC tract. We found that the 34 nucleotide poly-uridine "core" of this sequence tract was essential for RIG-I activation, and that interspersed ribocytosine nucleotides between poly-U sequences in the RNA were required to achieve optimal RIG-I signal induction. 5'-ppp poly-U/UC RNA variants that stimulated strong RIG-I activation efficiently bound purified RIG-I protein in vitro, and RNA interaction with both the repressor domain and helicase domain of RIG-I was required to activate signaling. When appended to 5'-ppp RNA that lacks PAMP activity, the poly-U/UC U-core sequence conferred non-self recognition of the RNA and innate immune signaling by RIG-I. Importantly, HCV poly-U/UC RNA variants that strongly activated RIG-I signaling triggered potent anti-HCV responses in vitro and hepatic innate immune responses in vivo using a mouse model of PAMP signaling. These studies define a multi-motif PAMP signature of non-self recognition by RIG-I that incorporates a 5'-ppp with poly-uridine sequence composition and length. This HCV PAMP motif drives potent RIG-I signaling to induce the innate immune response to infection. Our studies define a basis of non-self discrimination by RIG-I and offer insights into the antiviral therapeutic potential of targeted RIG-I signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretja Schnell
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joseph Marcotrigiano
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Liu HM, Loo YM, Horner SM, Zornetzer GA, Katze MG, Gale M. The mitochondrial targeting chaperone 14-3-3ε regulates a RIG-I translocon that mediates membrane association and innate antiviral immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:528-37. [PMID: 22607805 PMCID: PMC3358705 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RIG-I is a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor that initiates immune responses against RNA viruses. Upon viral RNA recognition, antiviral signaling requires RIG-I redistribution from the cytosol to membranes where it binds the adaptor protein, MAVS. Here we identify the mitochondrial targeting chaperone protein, 14-3-3ε, as a RIG-I-binding partner and essential component of a translocation complex or "translocon" containing RIG-I, 14-3-3ε, and the TRIM25 ubiquitin ligase. The RIG-I translocon directs RIG-I redistribution from the cytosol to membranes where it mediates MAVS-dependent innate immune signaling during acute RNA virus infection. 14-3-3ε is essential for the stable interaction of RIG-I with TRIM25, which facilitates RIG-I ubiquitination and initiation of innate immunity against hepatitis C virus and other pathogenic RNA viruses. Our results define 14-3-3ε as a key component of a RIG-I translocon required for innate antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Minyi Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7950, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7950, USA
| | - Stacy M. Horner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7950, USA
| | | | - Michael G. Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7950, USA
- Washington Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7950, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7950, USA
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Gall A, Treuting P, Elkon KB, Loo YM, Gale M, Barber GN, Stetson DB. Autoimmunity initiates in nonhematopoietic cells and progresses via lymphocytes in an interferon-dependent autoimmune disease. Immunity 2012; 36:120-31. [PMID: 22284419 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response initiated by detection of nucleic acids is important for antiviral defense but is also associated with specific autoimmune diseases. Mutations in the human 3' repair exonuclease 1 (Trex1) gene cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), an IFN-associated autoimmune disease. However, the source of the type I IFN response and the precise mechanisms of disease in AGS remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Trex1 is an essential negative regulator of the STING-dependent antiviral response. We used an in vivo reporter of IFN activity in Trex1-deficient mice to localize the initiation of disease to nonhematopoietic cells. These IFNs drove T cell-mediated inflammation and an autoantibody response that targeted abundant, tissue-restricted autoantigens. However, B cells contributed to mortality independently of T cell-mediated tissue damage. These findings reveal a stepwise progression of autoimmune disease in Trex1-deficient mice, with implications for the treatment of AGS and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alevtina Gall
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, 98195, USA
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Abstract
Escape from antagonism by hepatitis C and related viruses has repeatedly evolved in antiviral factor MAVS via convergent evolution, revealing an ancient history of previous viral encounters in primates. The ability to mount an interferon response on sensing viral infection is a critical component of mammalian innate immunity. Several viruses directly antagonize viral sensing pathways to block activation of the host immune response. Here, we show that recurrent viral antagonism has shaped the evolution of the host protein MAVS—a crucial component of the viral-sensing pathway in primates. From sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of MAVS from 21 simian primates, we found that MAVS has evolved under strong positive selection. We focused on how this positive selection has shaped MAVS' susceptibility to Hepatitis C virus (HCV). We functionally tested MAVS proteins from diverse primate species for their ability to resist antagonism by HCV, which uses its protease NS3/4A to cleave human MAVS. We found that MAVS from multiple primates are resistant to inhibition by the HCV protease. This resistance maps to single changes within the protease cleavage site in MAVS, which protect MAVS from getting cleaved by the HCV protease. Remarkably, most of these changes have been independently acquired at a single residue 506 that evolved under positive selection. We show that “escape” mutations lower affinity of the NS3 protease for MAVS and allow it to better restrict HCV replication. We further show that NS3 proteases from all other primate hepaciviruses, including the highly divergent GBV-A and GBV-C viruses, are functionally similar to HCV. We conclude that convergent evolution at residue 506 in multiple primates has resulted in escape from antagonism by hepaciviruses. Our study provides a model whereby insights into the ancient history of viral infections in primates can be gained using extant host and virus genes. Our analyses also provide a means by which primates might clear infections by extant hepaciviruses like HCV. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic liver disease and is estimated to infect 170 million people worldwide. HCV is able to establish a persistent infection in part by inhibiting the innate immune response. It does so by using its protease, NS3, to cleave the host's antiviral factor MAVS, which normally activates the interferon response. Using an assay that measures MAVS activity, we found that multiple primate species contain a version of MAVS that is resistant to HCV antagonism. Surprisingly, most of these primates have independently converged on changes in the same amino acid residue of MAVS to escape cleavage by the HCV protease. We found that the HCV protease has lower binding affinity for these resistant MAVS variants, which consequently are more effective at restricting HCV infection. Using a combination of phylogenetic and functional analyses of proteases from other HCV-related viruses, we infer that ancestral primates were likely exposed to and adapted to HCV-like viruses. One consequence of this adaptation is that changes that have given rise to extant MAVS variants may now provide protection from modern-day viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulik R. Patel
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stacy M. Horner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Harmit S. Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Polyak SJ, Morishima C, Scott JD, Gastaminza P, Cox A, de Araújo ESA, Higgs MR, Loo YM, Golden-Mason L, Lindenbach BD, Baumert TF, Randall G, Gale M. A summary of the 18th International Symposium on Hepatitis C Virus and Related Viruses. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:e1-5. [PMID: 22185796 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Loo YM, Bedard K, Wang M, Muramatsu MK, Proll S, Green R, Ireton RC, Katze MG, Iadonato SP, Gale M. CS06-3. Identification of RLR-activating compounds as novel antiviral therapeutics or vaccine adjuvants. Cytokine 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 play a major role in pathogen sensing of RNA virus infection to initiate and modulate antiviral immunity. The RLRs detect viral RNA ligands or processed self RNA in the cytoplasm to trigger innate immunity and inflammation and to impart gene expression that serves to control infection. Importantly, RLRs cooperate in signaling crosstalk networks with Toll-like receptors and other factors to impart innate immunity and to modulate the adaptive immune response. RLR regulation occurs at a variety of levels ranging from autoregulation to ligand and cofactor interactions and posttranslational modifications. Abberant RLR signaling or dysregulation of RLR expression is now implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases. Understanding the processes of RLR signaling and response will provide insights to guide RLR-targeted therapeutics for antiviral and immune-modifying applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7650, USA
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Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the treatment ofp-nitrophenol (PNP) as a sole organic carbon source using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with the addition of adsorbent. Two types of adsorbents, namely powdered activated carbon (PAC) and pyrolysed rice husk (PRH) were used in this study. Two identical SBRs, each with a working volume of 10 L, were operated with fill, react, settle, draw and idle periods in the ratio of 2:8:1:0.75:0.25 for a cycle time of 12 h. The results showed that, without the addition of adsorbent, increasing the influent PNP concentration to 200 mg/L resulted in the deterioration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and PNP removal efficiency in the SBRs. Improvement in the performance of the SBR was observed with the addition of PAC. When the dosage of 1.0 g PAC/cycle was applied, COD removal of 95% and almost complete removal of PNP were achieved at the influent PNP concentration of 300 mg/L. The kinetic study showed that the rates of COD and PNP removal can be described by the first-order kinetics. The enhancement of performance in the PAC-supplemented SBR was postulated to be due to the initial adsorption of PNP by the freshly added and the bioregenerated PAC, thus reducing the inhibition on the microorganisms. The PRH was found to be ineffective because of its relatively low adsorption capacity for PNP, compared with that of PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Loo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195-7650, USA
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Loo YM, Gale M. 350 Defining the biology of IPS-1 in innate immunity. Cytokine 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Saito T, Hirai R, Loo YM, Owen D, Johnson CL, Sinha SC, Akira S, Fujita T, Gale M. Regulation of innate antiviral defenses through a shared repressor domain in RIG-I and LGP2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:582-7. [PMID: 17190814 PMCID: PMC1766428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606699104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I is an RNA helicase containing caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs). RNA binding and signaling by RIG-I are implicated in pathogen recognition and triggering of IFN-alpha/beta immune defenses that impact cell permissiveness for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Here we evaluated the processes that control RIG-I signaling. RNA binding studies and analysis of cells lacking RIG-I, or the related MDA5 protein, demonstrated that RIG-I, but not MDA5, efficiently binds to secondary structured HCV RNA to confer induction of IFN-beta expression. We also found that LGP2, a helicase related to RIG-I and MDA5 but lacking CARDs and functioning as a negative regulator of host defense, binds HCV RNA. In resting cells, RIG-I is maintained as a monomer in an autoinhibited state, but during virus infection and RNA binding it undergoes a conformation shift that promotes self-association and CARD interactions with the IPS-1 adaptor protein to signal IFN regulatory factor 3- and NF-kappaB-responsive genes. This reaction is governed by an internal repressor domain (RD) that controls RIG-I multimerization and IPS-1 interaction. Deletion of the RIG-I RD resulted in constitutive signaling to the IFN-beta promoter, whereas RD expression alone prevented signaling and increased cellular permissiveness to HCV. We identified an analogous RD within LGP2 that interacts in trans with RIG-I to ablate self-association and signaling. Thus, RIG-I is a cytoplasmic sensor of HCV and is governed by RD interactions that are shared with LGP2 as an on/off switch controlling innate defenses. Modulation of RIG-I/LGP2 interaction dynamics may have therapeutic implications for immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reiko Hirai
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; and
| | | | | | | | - Sangita C. Sinha
- Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9048
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; and
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Abstract
The type I interferons (IFN) are cytokines produced by mammalian cells in response to virus infection or other stressors. IFNs exert antiviral function by binding to the IFNalpha/beta receptors on the cell surface, with the major effect of triggering the JAK-STAT signaling cascade and inducing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes. The resulting innate antiviral response is a first line of immune defense against virus infection. Recent studies demonstrate that many viruses, including hepatitis C virus, direct processes to control the host response to infection. We provide a review of the virus/host processes involved in IFN signaling and regulation of innate immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357650, 1959 N.E. Pacific, Seattle, WA 98195-7650, USA
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Mibayashi M, Martínez-Sobrido L, Loo YM, Cárdenas WB, Gale M, García-Sastre A. Inhibition of retinoic acid-inducible gene I-mediated induction of beta interferon by the NS1 protein of influenza A virus. J Virol 2007; 81:514-24. [PMID: 17079289 PMCID: PMC1797471 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01265-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible gene I product (RIG-I) has been identified as a cellular sensor of RNA virus infection resulting in beta interferon (IFN-beta) induction. However, many viruses are known to encode viral products that inhibit IFN-beta production. In the case of influenza A virus, the viral nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) prevents the induction of the IFN-beta promoter by inhibiting the activation of transcription factors, including IRF-3, involved in IFN-beta transcriptional activation. The inhibitory properties of NS1 appear to be due at least in part to its binding to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), resulting in the sequestration of this viral mediator of RIG-I activation. However, the precise effects of NS1 on the RIG-I-mediated induction of IFN-beta have not been characterized. We now report that the NS1 of influenza A virus interacts with RIG-I and inhibits the RIG-I-mediated induction of IFN-beta. This inhibition was apparent even when a mutant RIG-I that is constitutively activated (in the absence of dsRNA) was used to trigger IFN-beta production. Coexpression of RIG-I, its downstream signaling partner, IPS-1, and NS1 resulted in increased levels of RIG-I and NS1 within an IPS-1-rich, solubilization-resistant fraction after cell lysis. These results suggest that RIG-I, IPS-1, and NS1 become part of the same complex. Consistent with this idea, NS1 was also found to inhibit IFN-beta promoter activation by IPS-1 overexpression. Our results indicate that, in addition to sequestering dsRNA, the NS1 of influenza A virus binds to RIG-I and inhibits downstream activation of IRF-3, preventing the transcriptional induction of IFN-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mibayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Chien Y, Kim S, Bumeister R, Loo YM, Kwon SW, Johnson CL, Balakireva MG, Romeo Y, Kopelovich L, Gale M, Yeaman C, Camonis JH, Zhao Y, White MA. RalB GTPase-mediated activation of the IkappaB family kinase TBK1 couples innate immune signaling to tumor cell survival. Cell 2006; 127:157-70. [PMID: 17018283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The monomeric RalGTPases, RalA and RalB are recognized as components of a regulatory framework supporting tumorigenic transformation. Specifically, RalB is required to suppress apoptotic checkpoint activation, the mechanistic basis of which is unknown. Reported effector proteins of RalB include the Sec5 component of the exocyst, an octameric protein complex implicated in tethering of vesicles to membranes. Surprisingly, we find that the RalB/Sec5 effector complex directly recruits and activates the atypical IkappaB kinase family member TBK1. In cancer cells, constitutive engagement of this pathway, via chronic RalB activation, restricts initiation of apoptotic programs typically engaged in the context of oncogenic stress. Although dispensable for survival in a nontumorigenic context, this pathway helps mount an innate immune response to virus exposure. These observations define the mechanistic contribution of RalGTPases to cancer cell survival and reveal the RalB/Sec5 effector complex as a component of TBK1-dependent innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Chien
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Cárdenas WB, Loo YM, Gale M, Hartman AL, Kimberlin CR, Martínez-Sobrido L, Saphire EO, Basler CF. Ebola virus VP35 protein binds double-stranded RNA and inhibits alpha/beta interferon production induced by RIG-I signaling. J Virol 2006; 80:5168-78. [PMID: 16698997 PMCID: PMC1472134 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02199-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) VP35 protein blocks the virus-induced phosphorylation and activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), a transcription factor critical for the induction of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) expression. However, the mechanism(s) by which this blockage occurs remains incompletely defined. We now provide evidence that VP35 possesses double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding activity. Specifically, VP35 bound to poly(rI) . poly(rC)-coated Sepharose beads but not control beads. In contrast, two VP35 point mutants, R312A and K309A, were found to be greatly impaired in their dsRNA-binding activity. Competition assays showed that VP35 interacted specifically with poly(rI) . poly(rC), poly(rA) . poly(rU), or in vitro-transcribed dsRNAs derived from EBOV sequences, and not with single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs) or double-stranded DNA. We then screened wild-type and mutant VP35s for their ability to target different components of the signaling pathways that activate IRF-3. These experiments indicate that VP35 blocks activation of IRF-3 induced by overexpression of RIG-I, a cellular helicase recently implicated in the activation of IRF-3 by either virus or dsRNA. Interestingly, the VP35 mutants impaired for dsRNA binding have a decreased but measurable IFN antagonist activity in these assays. Additionally, wild-type and dsRNA-binding-mutant VP35s were found to have equivalent abilities to inhibit activation of the IFN-beta promoter induced by overexpression of IPS-1, a recently identified signaling molecule downstream of RIG-I, or by overexpression of the IRF-3 kinases IKKepsilon and TBK-1. These data support the hypothesis that dsRNA binding may contribute to VP35 IFN antagonist function. However, additional mechanisms of inhibition, at a point proximal to the IRF-3 kinases, most likely also exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washington B Cárdenas
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Loo YM, Owen DM, Li K, Erickson AK, Johnson CL, Fish PM, Carney DS, Wang T, Ishida H, Yoneyama M, Fujita T, Saito T, Lee WM, Hagedorn CH, Lau DTY, Weinman SA, Lemon SM, Gale M. Viral and therapeutic control of IFN-beta promoter stimulator 1 during hepatitis C virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6001-6. [PMID: 16585524 PMCID: PMC1458687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601523103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral signaling through retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and its adaptor protein, IFN promoter-stimulator 1 (IPS-1), activates IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) and the host IFN-alpha/beta response that limits virus infection. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease cleaves IPS-1 to block RIG-I signaling, but how this regulation controls the host response to HCV is not known. Moreover, endogenous IPS-1 cleavage has not been demonstrated in the context of HCV infection in vitro or in vivo. Here, we show that HCV infection transiently induces RIG-I- and IPS-1-dependent IRF-3 activation. This host response limits HCV production and constrains cellular permissiveness to infection. However, HCV disrupts this response early in infection by NS3/4A cleavage of IPS-1 at C508, releasing IPS-1 from the mitochondrial membrane. Cleavage results in subcellular redistribution of IPS-1 and loss of interaction with RIG-I, thereby preventing downstream activation of IRF-3 and IFN-beta induction. Liver tissues from chronically infected patients similarly demonstrate subcellular redistribution of IPS-1 in infected hepatocytes and IPS-1 cleavage associated with a lack of ISG15 expression and conjugation of target proteins in vivo. Importantly, small-molecule inhibitors of NS3/4A prevent cleavage and restore RIG-I signaling of IFN-beta induction. Our results suggest a dynamic model in which early activation of IRF-3 and induction of antiviral genes are reversed by IPS-1 proteolysis and abrogation of RIG-I signaling as NS3/4A accumulates in newly infected cells. HCV protease inhibitors effectively prevent IPS-1 proteolysis, suggesting they may be capable of restoring this innate host response in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kui Li
- Center for Hepatitis Research and
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | - Ting Wang
- Center for Hepatitis Research and
- Neurosciences and Cell Biology, and
| | - Hisashi Ishida
- Center for Hepatitis Research and
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and
| | | | - William M. Lee
- Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Curt H. Hagedorn
- **Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Daryl T.-Y. Lau
- Center for Hepatitis Research and
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Steven A. Weinman
- Center for Hepatitis Research and
- Neurosciences and Cell Biology, and
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Center for Hepatitis Research and
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Michael Gale
- Departments of *Microbiology and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9048. E-mail:
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Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Matsumoto K, Imaizumi T, Miyagishi M, Taira K, Foy E, Loo YM, Gale M, Akira S, Yonehara S, Kato A, Fujita T. Shared and unique functions of the DExD/H-box helicases RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 in antiviral innate immunity. J Immunol 2005; 175:2851-8. [PMID: 16116171 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1221] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cellular protein retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) senses intracellular viral infection and triggers a signal for innate antiviral responses including the production of type I IFN. RIG-I contains a domain that belongs to a DExD/H-box helicase family and exhibits an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD) homology. There are three genes encoding RIG-I-related proteins in human and mouse genomes. Melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5), which consists of CARD and a helicase domain, functions as a positive regulator, similarly to RIG-I. Both proteins sense viral RNA with a helicase domain and transmit a signal downstream by CARD; thus, these proteins share overlapping functions. Another protein, LGP2, lacks the CARD homology and functions as a negative regulator by interfering with the recognition of viral RNA by RIG-I and MDA5. The nonstructural protein 3/4A protein of hepatitis C virus blocks the signaling by RIG-I and MDA5; however, the V protein of the Sendai virus selectively abrogates the MDA5 function. These results highlight ingenious mechanisms for initiating antiviral innate immune responses and the action of virus-encoded inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Antiviral Innate Immunity Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, Honkomagome, Tokyo, Japan
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Sumpter R, Loo YM, Foy E, Li K, Yoneyama M, Fujita T, Lemon SM, Gale M. Regulating intracellular antiviral defense and permissiveness to hepatitis C virus RNA replication through a cellular RNA helicase, RIG-I. J Virol 2005; 79:2689-99. [PMID: 15708988 PMCID: PMC548482 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2689-2699.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-responsive signaling pathways that induce alpha/beta interferon production and engage intracellular immune defenses influence the outcome of many viral infections. The processes that trigger these defenses and their effect upon host permissiveness for specific viral pathogens are not well understood. We show that structured hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic RNA activates interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), thereby inducing interferon in cultured cells. This response is absent in cells selected for permissiveness for HCV RNA replication. Studies including genetic complementation revealed that permissiveness is due to mutational inactivation of RIG-I, an interferon-inducible cellular DExD/H box RNA helicase. Its helicase domain binds HCV RNA and transduces the activation signal for IRF3 by its caspase recruiting domain homolog. RIG-I is thus a pathogen receptor that regulates cellular permissiveness to HCV replication and, as an interferon-responsive gene, may play a key role in interferon-based therapies for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Sumpter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA
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50
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Foy E, Li K, Sumpter R, Loo YM, Johnson CL, Wang C, Fish PM, Yoneyama M, Fujita T, Lemon SM, Gale M. Control of antiviral defenses through hepatitis C virus disruption of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2986-91. [PMID: 15710892 PMCID: PMC549461 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0408707102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen that infects 170 million people. A hallmark of HCV is its ability to establish persistent infections reflecting the evasion of host immunity and interference with alpha/beta-IFN innate immune defenses. We demonstrate that disruption of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling by the viral NS3/4A protease contributes to the ability of HCV to control innate antiviral defenses. RIG-I was essential for virus or HCV RNA-induced signaling to the IFN-beta promoter in human hepatoma cells. This signaling was disrupted by the protease activity of NS3/4A, which ablates RIG-I signaling of downstream IFN regulatory factor 3 and NF-kappaB activation, attenuating expression of host antiviral defense genes and interrupting an IFN amplification loop that otherwise suppresses HCV replication. Treatment of cells with an active site inhibitor of the NS3/4A protease relieved this suppression and restored intracellular antiviral defenses. Thus, NS3/4A control of RIG-I supports HCV persistence by preventing IFN regulatory factor 3 and NF-kappaB activation. Our results demonstrate that these processes are amenable to restoration through pharmacologic inhibition of viral protease function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Foy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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