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Francque SM, Bedossa P, Ratziu V, Anstee QM, Bugianesi E, Sanyal AJ, Loomba R, Harrison SA, Balabanska R, Mateva L, Lanthier N, Alkhouri N, Moreno C, Schattenberg JM, Stefanova-Petrova D, Vonghia L, Rouzier R, Guillaume M, Hodge A, Romero-Gómez M, Huot-Marchand P, Baudin M, Richard MP, Abitbol JL, Broqua P, Junien JL, Abdelmalek MF. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Pan-PPAR Agonist Lanifibranor in NASH. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:1547-1558. [PMID: 34670042 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2036205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an unmet clinical need. Lanifibranor is a pan-PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) agonist that modulates key metabolic, inflammatory, and fibrogenic pathways in the pathogenesis of NASH. METHODS In this phase 2b, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, patients with noncirrhotic, highly active NASH were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive 1200 mg or 800 mg of lanifibranor or placebo once daily for 24 weeks. The primary end point was a decrease of at least 2 points in the SAF-A score (the activity part of the Steatosis, Activity, Fibrosis [SAF] scoring system that incorporates scores for ballooning and inflammation) without worsening of fibrosis; SAF-A scores range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating more-severe disease activity. Secondary end points included resolution of NASH and regression of fibrosis. RESULTS A total of 247 patients underwent randomization, of whom 103 (42%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus and 188 (76%) had significant (moderate) or advanced fibrosis. The percentage of patients who had a decrease of at least 2 points in the SAF-A score without worsening of fibrosis was significantly higher among those who received the 1200-mg dose, but not among those who received the 800-mg dose, of lanifibranor than among those who received placebo (1200-mg dose vs. placebo, 55% vs. 33%, P = 0.007; 800-mg dose vs. placebo, 48% vs. 33%, P = 0.07). The results favored both the 1200-mg and 800-mg doses of lanifibranor over placebo for resolution of NASH without worsening of fibrosis (49% and 39%, respectively, vs. 22%), improvement in fibrosis stage of at least 1 without worsening of NASH (48% and 34%, respectively, vs. 29%), and resolution of NASH plus improvement in fibrosis stage of at least 1 (35% and 25%, respectively, vs. 9%). Liver enzyme levels decreased and the levels of the majority of lipid, inflammatory, and fibrosis biomarkers improved in the lanifibranor groups. The dropout rate for adverse events was less than 5% and was similar across the trial groups. Diarrhea, nausea, peripheral edema, anemia, and weight gain occurred more frequently with lanifibranor than with placebo. CONCLUSIONS In this phase 2b trial involving patients with active NASH, the percentage of patients who had a decrease of at least 2 points in the SAF-A score without worsening of fibrosis was significantly higher with the 1200-mg dose of lanifibranor than with placebo. These findings support further assessment of lanifibranor in phase 3 trials. (Funded by Inventiva Pharma; NATIVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03008070.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven M Francque
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Pierre Bedossa
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Vlad Ratziu
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Rohit Loomba
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Stephen A Harrison
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Rozalina Balabanska
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Lyudmila Mateva
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Nicolas Lanthier
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Naim Alkhouri
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Christophe Moreno
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Diana Stefanova-Petrova
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Luisa Vonghia
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Régine Rouzier
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Maeva Guillaume
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Alexander Hodge
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Philippe Huot-Marchand
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Martine Baudin
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Marie-Paule Richard
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Jean-Louis Abitbol
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Pierre Broqua
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Jean-Louis Junien
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
| | - Manal F Abdelmalek
- From Antwerp University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (S.M.F., L.V.), and Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (N.L.) and Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (C.M.), Brussels - all in Belgium; the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (P. Bedossa, Q.M.A.); Pitie-Salpétriêre Hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris (V.R.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse (M.G.), and Inventiva Pharma, Daix (P.H.-M., M.B., M.-P.R., J.-L.A., P. Broqua, J.-L.J.) - all in France; the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (E.B.); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.J.S.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (R.L.); Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX (S.A.H.); Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital (R.B.), University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski," Medical University-Sofia (L.M.), and Diagnostic Consultation Center Alexandrovska (D.S.-P.) - all in Sofia, Bulgaria; Arizona Liver Health, Phoenix (N.A.); Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (J.M.S.); Cap Research, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius (R.R.); Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia (A.H.); Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain (M.R.-G.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.F.A.)
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