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LeSaint KT, Yin S, Sharma A, Avery BA, McCurdy CR, Waksman JC. Acute Renal Insufficiency Associated With Consumption of Hydrocodone- and Morphine-Adulterated Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa). J Emerg Med 2022; 63:e28-e30. [PMID: 35940982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), an evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia, contains alkaloids that cause both stimulant and opioid-like effects. In the United States, its use continues to grow. Kratom products, however, are unregulated and nonstandardized, and reports of adulteration have been described previously. CASE REPORT A 21-year-old African-American woman with a history of occasional headaches and self-treatment with internet-purchased kratom presented to the emergency department with the chief symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and left flank pain. Laboratory tests showed a markedly elevated serum creatinine of 4.25 mg/dL (reference range 0.6-1.2 mg/dL) and proteinuria. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis was unrevealing. A standard urine screen for drugs of abuse was positive for opiates. A confirmatory testing revealed the presence of hydrocodone and morphine in the urine. Hydrocodone, morphine, and mitragynine were identified in a sample of kratom leaves provided by the patient. The patient's renal function improved with supportive care and normalized 1 month post discharge after kratom discontinuation. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Despite widespread use, relatively little is known about kratom's adverse effects, particularly regarding its potential to cause renal insufficiency. This case illustrates the vital importance of recognizing that adulteration of unregulated products is certainly a possibility and clinicians may continue to see a rise in adverse effects, given kratom's increasing popularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy T LeSaint
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Drug and Poison Information Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Javier C Waksman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Kamble SH, Berthold EC, King TI, Raju Kanumuri SR, Popa R, Herting JR, León F, Sharma A, McMahon LR, Avery BA, McCurdy CR. Pharmacokinetics of Eleven Kratom Alkaloids Following an Oral Dose of Either Traditional or Commercial Kratom Products in Rats. J Nat Prod 2021; 84:1104-1112. [PMID: 33620222 PMCID: PMC8694001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa Korth., is being widely consumed in the United States for pain management and the reduction of opioid withdrawal symptoms. The central nervous system (CNS) active alkaloids of kratom, including mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and numerous additional compounds, are believed to derive their effects through opioid receptor activity. There is no literature describing the systemic exposure of many of these alkaloids after the consumption of kratom. Therefore, we have developed and validated a bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantitation of 11 kratom alkaloids (mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, corynantheidine, speciogynine, speciociliatine, paynantheine, corynoxine, corynoxine-B, mitraphylline, ajmalicine, and isospeciofoline) in rat plasma. The validated method was used to analyze oral pharmacokinetic study samples of lyophilized kratom tea (LKT) and a marketed product, OPMS liquid shot, in rats. Among the 11 alkaloids, only mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, speciociliatine, and corynantheidine showed systemic exposure 8 h postdose, and the dose-normalized systemic exposure of these four alkaloids was higher (1.6-2.4-fold) following the administration of the commercial OPMS liquid. Paynantheine and speciogynine levels were quantifiable up to 1 h postdose, whereas none of the other alkaloids were detected. In summary, the method was successfully applied to quantify the exposure of individual kratom alkaloids after an oral dose of traditional or commercial products. This information will contribute to understanding the role of each alkaloid in the overall pharmacology of kratom and elucidating the pharmacokinetic differences between traditional and commercial kratom products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Erin C Berthold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Tamara I King
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Raluca Popa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Julius R Herting
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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3
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Berthold EC, Yang R, Sharma A, Kamble SH, Kanumuri SR, King TI, Popa R, Freeman JH, Brym ZT, Avery BA, McCurdy CR. Regulatory sampling of industrial hemp plant samples (Cannabis sativa L.) using UPLC-MS/MS method for detection and quantification of twelve cannabinoids. J Cannabis Res 2020; 2:42. [PMID: 33526142 PMCID: PMC7819288 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-020-00050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2018, the Farm Bill mandated the United States Department of Agriculture to develop regulations governing the cultivation, processing, and marketing of industrial hemp. Industrial hemp is defined as Cannabis sativa L. with a total Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC) content ≤0.3%. Therefore, for hemp to become an agricultural commodity, it is important to regulate production by developing standard methods for sampling and testing of the plant material. Methods An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical method for the quantification of twelve cannabinoids was developed. The method was applied to a regulatory sampling trial of three hemp varieties cultivated for cannabidiol (CBD) production. Two samples were taken from 28 plants with one sample being flower only while the other was a composite sample that included flowers, leaves, and stems. Results The assay method was validated for specificity, range, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery in accordance with all applicable standards for analytical methods. The results of the regulatory study indicated a significant decrease in the concentration of total Δ-9-THC and total CBD of 0.09% and 1.32%, respectively, between a flower only and a composite sample. Conclusions There are many factors that may influence reported total Δ-9-THC content in industrial hemp. A robust analytical method was developed to analyze hemp samples in a trial regulatory study. The results indicate that the way hemp is sampled and analyzed may influence the legality of a crop, which could have negative economic and legal consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Berthold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Siva R Kanumuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tamara I King
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Raluca Popa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joshua H Freeman
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, USA
| | - Zachary T Brym
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Berthold EC, Kamble SH, Raju KS, King TI, Popa R, Sharma A, León F, Avery BA, McMahon LR, McCurdy CR. Preclinical pharmacokinetic study of speciociliatine, a kratom alkaloid, in rats using an UPLC-MS/MS method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113778. [PMID: 33277117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Speciociliatine is a minor indole alkaloid found in kratom, a southeast Asian medicinal plant, used for centuries to increase energy, enhance mood, and mitigate pain and opioid dependence. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to quantify speciociliatine in rat plasma. The quantitation range was 3-600 ng/mL. The validated method was applied to a preclinical pharmacokinetic study in male Sprague-Dawley rats after 2.5 mg/kg intravenous (I.V.) and 20 mg/kg oral (P.O.) dosing. The plasma was analyzed to obtain concentration-time profiles and results were subjected to non-compartmental analysis to determine pharmacokinetic parameters including volume of distribution (6.2 ± 2.3 L/kg I.V.), clearance (0.7 ± 0.2 L/hr/kg), and absolute oral bioavailability (20.7 %). Speciociliatine had higher systemic exposure and lower clearance compared to the other kratom alkaloids mitragynine and corynantheidine. The speciociliatine pharmacokinetic parameters described here will help to better understand the overall effects reported with kratom product use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Berthold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kanumuri S Raju
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tamara I King
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Raluca Popa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Wilson LL, Harris HM, Eans SO, Brice-Tutt AC, Cirino TJ, Stacy HM, Simons CA, León F, Sharma A, Boyer EW, Avery BA, McLaughlin JP, McCurdy CR. Lyophilized Kratom Tea as a Therapeutic Option for Opioid Dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 216:108310. [PMID: 33017752 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Made as a tea, the Thai traditional drug "kratom" reportedly possesses pharmacological actions that include both a coca-like stimulant effect and opium-like depressant effect. Kratom has been used as a substitute for opium in physically-dependent subjects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antinociception, somatic and physical dependence produced by kratom tea, and then assess if the tea ameliorated withdrawal in opioid physically-dependent subjects. METHODS Lyophilized kratom tea (LKT) was evaluated in C57BL/6J and opioid receptor knockout mice after oral administration. Antinociceptive activity was measured in the 55 °C warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. Potential locomotor impairment, respiratory depression and locomotor hyperlocomotion, and place preference induced by oral LKT were assessed in the rotarod, Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System, and conditioned place preference assays, respectively. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal was used to determine potential physical dependence in mice repeatedly treated with saline or escalating doses of morphine or LKT, and LKT amelioration of morphine withdrawal. Data were analyzed using one- and two-way ANOVA. RESULTS Oral administration of LKT resulted in dose-dependent antinociception (≥1 g/kg, p.o.) absent in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and reduced in mice lacking the kappa-opioid receptor. These doses of LKT did not alter coordinated locomotion or induce conditioned place preference, and only briefly reduced respiration. Repeated administration of LKT did not produce physical dependence, but significantly decreased naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in morphine dependent mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirms the MOR agonist activity and therapeutic effect of LKT for the treatment of pain and opioid physical dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Wilson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hannah M Harris
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shainnel O Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ariana C Brice-Tutt
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas J Cirino
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Heather M Stacy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chloe A Simons
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Edward W Boyer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Maxwell EA, King TI, Kamble SH, Raju KSR, Berthold EC, León F, Avery BA, McMahon LR, McCurdy CR, Sharma A. Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Mitragynine in Beagle Dogs. Planta Med 2020; 86:1278-1285. [PMID: 32693425 PMCID: PMC7907416 DOI: 10.1055/a-1212-5475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitragynine is the most abundant psychoactive alkaloid derived from the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a tropical plant indigenous to regions of Southeast Asia. Mitragynine displays a moderate affinity to opioid receptors, and kratom is often self-prescribed to treat pain and/or opioid addiction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of mitragynine in the dog. Single dose oral (5 mg/kg) and intravenous (0.1 mg/kg) pharmacokinetic studies of mitragynine were performed in female beagle dogs. The plasma concentrations of mitragynine were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer, and the pharmacokinetic properties were analyzed using non-compartmental analysis. Following intravenous administration, mitragynine showed a large volume of distribution (Vd, 6.3 ± 0.6 L/kg) and high clearance (Cl, 1.8 ± 0.4 L/h/kg). Following oral mitragynine dosing, first peak plasma (Cmax, 278.0 ± 47.4 ng/mL) concentrations were observed within 0.5 h. A potent mu-opioid receptor agonist and active metabolite of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, was also observed with a Cmax of 31.5 ± 3.3 ng/mL and a Tmax of 1.7 ± 0.6 h in orally dosed dogs while its plasma concentrations were below the lower limit of quantification (1 ng/mL) for the intravenous study. The absolute oral bioavailability of mitragynine was 69.6%. Administration of mitragynine was well tolerated, although mild sedation and anxiolytic effects were observed. These results provide the first detailed pharmacokinetic information for mitragynine in a non-rodent species (the dog) and therefore also provide significant information for allometric scaling and dose predictions when designing clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Maxwell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tamara I. King
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shyam H. Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kanumuri Siva Rama Raju
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erin C. Berthold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie A. Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lance R. McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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7
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Kamble SH, León F, King TI, Berthold EC, Lopera-Londoño C, Siva Rama Raju K, Hampson AJ, Sharma A, Avery BA, McMahon LR, McCurdy CR. Metabolism of a Kratom Alkaloid Metabolite in Human Plasma Increases Its Opioid Potency and Efficacy. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1063-1068. [PMID: 33344889 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kratom is widely consumed in the United States for self-treatment of pain and opioid withdrawal symptoms. Mitragynine is the most abundant alkaloid in kratom and is a μ-opioid receptor agonist. 7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-HMG) is a mitragynine metabolite that is a more potent and efficacious opioid than its parent mitragynine. 7-HMG contributes to mitragynine's antinociceptive effects in mice, but evidence suggests it may also have a higher abuse potential. This in vitro study demonstrates that 7-HMG is stable in rodent and monkey plasma but is unstable in human plasma. Surprisingly, in human plasma 7-HMG is converted to mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, an opioid that is even more potent than either mitragynine or 7-HMG. This novel metabolite is formed in human plasma to a much greater extent than in the preclinical species tested (mouse, rat, dog, and cynomolgus monkey) and due to its μ-opioid potency may substantially contribute to the pharmacology of kratom in humans to a greater extent than in other tested species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States
| | - Tamara I King
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States
| | - Erin C Berthold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States
| | - Carolina Lopera-Londoño
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States
| | - Kanumuri Siva Rama Raju
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States
| | - Aidan J Hampson
- Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-7011, United States
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8
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Intagliata S, Sharma A, King TI, Mesangeau C, Seminerio M, Chin FT, Wilson LL, Matsumoto RR, McLaughlin JP, Avery BA, McCurdy CR. Discovery of a Highly Selective Sigma-2 Receptor Ligand, 1-(4-(6,7-Dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)butyl)-3-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one (CM398), with Drug-Like Properties and Antinociceptive Effects In Vivo. AAPS J 2020; 22:94. [PMID: 32691179 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sigma-2 receptor has been cloned and identified as Tmem97, which is a transmembrane protein involved in intracellular Ca2+ regulation and cholesterol homeostasis. Since its discovery, the sigma-2 receptor has been an extremely controversial target, and many efforts have been made to elucidate the functional role of this receptor during physiological and pathological conditions. Recently, this receptor has been proposed as a potential target to treat neuropathic pain due to the ability of sigma-2 receptor agonists to relieve mechanical hyperalgesia in mice model of chronic pain. In the present work, we developed a highly selective sigma-2 receptor ligand (sigma-1/sigma-2 selectivity ratio > 1000), 1-(4-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)butyl)-3-methyl-1H- benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one (CM398), with an encouraging in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile in rodents. In particular, radioligand binding studies demonstrated that CM398 had preferential affinity for sigma-2 receptor compared with sigma-1 receptor and at least four other neurotransmitter receptors sites, including the norepinephrine transporter. Following oral administration, CM398 showed rapid absorption and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) occurred within 10 min of dosing. Moreover, the compound showed adequate, absolute oral bioavailability of 29.0%. Finally, CM398 showed promising anti-inflammatory analgesic effects in the formalin model of inflammatory pain in mice. The results collected in this study provide more evidence that selective sigma-2 receptor ligands can be useful tools in the development of novel pain therapeutics and altogether, these data suggest that CM398 is a suitable lead candidate for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Intagliata
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Tamara I King
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Christophe Mesangeau
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Michael Seminerio
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Lisa L Wilson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Rae R Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA.,Dean's Office, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA. .,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
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Intagliata S, Agha H, Kopajtic TA, Katz JL, Kamble SH, Sharma A, Avery BA, McCurdy CR. Exploring 1-adamantanamine as an alternative amine moiety for metabolically labile azepane ring in newly synthesized benzo[ d]thiazol-2(3 H)one σ receptor ligands. Med Chem Res 2020; 29:1697-1706. [PMID: 33584084 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work we report the structure-activity relationships, binding properties, and metabolic stability studies of a series of benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)one as sigma receptors (σRs) ligands. Specifically, to improve the metabolic stability of the cyclic amine fragment of our lead compound (SN56), the metabolically unstable azepane ring was replaced with a 1-adatamantamine moiety. Within the synthesized analogs, compound 12 had low nanomolar affinity for the σ1R (K i = 7.2 nM) and moderate preference (61-fold) over the σ2R. In vitro metabolic stability studies showed a slight improvement of the metabolic stability for 7-12, even though an extensive metabolism in rat liver microsomes is being observed. Furthermore, metabolic soft spot identification of 12 suggested that the N-methyl group of the adamantyl moiety is a major site of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Intagliata
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Hebaalla Agha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Theresa A Kopajtic
- Psychobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jonathan L Katz
- Psychobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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10
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Hong WC, Sharma A, Hiranita T, Avery BA, McCurdy CR. Potential biochemical mechanisms of the dual sigma‐1 and dopamine transporter ligand CM699. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Singh D, Yeou Chear NJ, Narayanan S, Leon F, Sharma A, McCurdy CR, Avery BA, Balasingam V. Patterns and reasons for kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use among current and former opioid poly-drug users. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 249:112462. [PMID: 31816368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a native medicinal plant of Southeast Asia widely reported to be used to reduce opioid dependence and mitigate withdrawal symptoms. There is also evidence to suggest that opioid poly-drug users were using kratom to abstain from opioids. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the patterns and reasons for kratom use among current and former opioid poly-drug users in Malaysia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 204 opioid poly-drug users (142 current users vs. 62 former users) with current kratom use history were enrolled into this cross-sectional study. A validated UPLC-MS/MS method was used to evaluate the alkaloid content of a kratom street sample. RESULTS Results from Chi-square analysis showed that there were no significant differences in demographic characteristics between current and former opioid poly-drug users except with respect to marital status. Current users had higher odds of being single (OR: 2.2: 95%CI: 1.21-4.11; p < 0.009). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the duration (OR: 1.1: 0.62-2.03; p < 0.708), daily quantity (OR: 1.5: 0.85-2.82; p < 0.154) or frequency of kratom use between current and former opioid poly-drug users (OR: 1.1: 0.62-2.06; p < 0.680). While both current and former opioid users reported using kratom to ameliorate opioid withdrawal, current users had significantly higher likelihood of using kratom for that purpose (OR: 5.4: 95%CI: 2.81-10.18; p < 0.0001). In contrast, former opioid users were more likely to be using kratom for its euphoric (mood elevating) effects (OR: 1.9: 95%CI: 1.04-3.50; p < 0.035). Results from the UPLC-MS/MS analysis indicated the major alkaloids present in the representative kratom street sample (of approximately 300 mL of brewed kratom) were mitragynine, followed by paynantheine, speciociliatine and speciogynine, as well as low levels of 7-hydroxymitragynine. CONCLUSIONS Both current and former opioid poly-drug users regularly used kratom (three glasses or about 900 mL daily or the equivalent of 170.19 mg of mitragynine) to overcome opioid poly-drug use problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Singh
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | | | - Suresh Narayanan
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Francisco Leon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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12
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Kamble SH, Sharma A, King TI, Berthold EC, León F, Meyer PKL, Kanumuri SRR, McMahon LR, McCurdy CR, Avery BA. Exploration of cytochrome P450 inhibition mediated drug-drug interaction potential of kratom alkaloids. Toxicol Lett 2020; 319:148-154. [PMID: 31707106 PMCID: PMC7902086 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition of major kratom alkaloids: mitragynine (MTG), speciogynine (SPG), speciocilliatine (SPC), corynantheidine (COR), 7-hydroxymitragynine (7HMG) and paynantheine (PAY) was evaluated using human liver microsomes (HLMs) to understand their drug-drug interaction potential. CYP450 isoform-specific substrates of CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4/5 were incubated in HLMs with or without alkaloids. Preliminary CYP450 inhibition (IC50) data were generated for each of these isoforms. In addition, the type of inhibition and estimation of the inhibition constants (Ki) of MTG and COR were determined. Among the tested alkaloids, MTG and COR were potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 (IC50, 2.2 and 4.2 μM, respectively). Both MTG and COR exhibited competitive inhibition of CYP2D6 activity and the Ki were found to be 1.1 and 2.8 μM, respectively. SPG and PAY showed moderate inhibition of CYP2D6 activity. Additionally, moderate inhibitory effects by SPC, MTG, and SPG were observed on CYP2C19 activity. Interestingly, inhibition of only midazolam hydroxylase CYP3A4/5 activity by COR, PAY, and MTG was observed while no inhibitory effect was observed when testosterone was used as a probe substrate. In conclusion, MTG and COR may lead to clinically significant adverse drug interactions upon coadministration of drugs that are substantially metabolized by CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tamara I King
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erin C Berthold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P Katharina L Meyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Obeng S, Kamble SH, Reeves ME, Restrepo LF, Patel A, Behnke M, Chear NJY, Ramanathan S, Sharma A, León F, Hiranita T, Avery BA, McMahon LR, McCurdy CR. Investigation of the Adrenergic and Opioid Binding Affinities, Metabolic Stability, Plasma Protein Binding Properties, and Functional Effects of Selected Indole-Based Kratom Alkaloids. J Med Chem 2019; 63:433-439. [PMID: 31834797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selected indole-based kratom alkaloids were evaluated for their opioid and adrenergic receptor binding and functional effects, in vivo antinociceptive effects, plasma protein binding, and metabolic stability. Mitragynine, the major alkaloid in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), had higher affinity at opioid receptors than at adrenergic receptors while the vice versa was observed for corynantheidine. The observed polypharmacology of kratom alkaloids may support its utilization to treat opioid use disorder and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Obeng
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Morgan E Reeves
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Luis F Restrepo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Avi Patel
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Mira Behnke
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Nelson J-Y Chear
- Centre for Drug Research , Universiti Sains Malaysia , 11800 Minden , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Surash Ramanathan
- Centre for Drug Research , Universiti Sains Malaysia , 11800 Minden , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
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14
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King TI, Roewekamp AC, Sharma A, Harrison S, Mesangeau C, Mottinelli M, Kamble SH, McCurdy CR, Avery BA. Bioanalytical method development and validation of MES207, a neuropeptide FF receptor antagonist, and its application in preclinical pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1134-1135:121875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Hiranita T, Leon F, Felix JS, Restrepo LF, Reeves ME, Pennington AE, Obeng S, Avery BA, McCurdy CR, McMahon LR, Wilkerson JL. The effects of mitragynine and morphine on schedule-controlled responding and antinociception in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2725-2734. [PMID: 31098655 PMCID: PMC6697625 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) may hold promise as both an analgesic and treatment for opioid use disorder. Mitragynine, its primary alkaloid constituent, is an opioid receptor ligand. However, the extent to which the in vivo effects of mitragynine are mediated by opioid receptors, or whether mitragynine interacts with other opioid agonists, is not fully established. OBJECTIVES The effects of mitragynine and the prototypical opioid agonist morphine were compared for their capacity to decrease operant responding for food delivery, and to increase response latency to a thermal stimulus. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats responded under a multiple cycle fixed ratio 10 schedule of food delivery and were tested on a hot plate (52 °C) immediately after each cycle. Morphine and mitragynine were administered alone, in combination with each other, and in combination with the opioid antagonist naltrexone. RESULTS Morphine and mitragynine dose-dependently decreased schedule-controlled responding; the ED50 values were 7.3 and 31.5 mg/kg, respectively. Both drugs increased thermal antinociception; the ED50 value for morphine was 18.3. Further, doses of naltrexone that antagonized morphine did not antagonize mitragynine. Mitragynine (17.8 mg/kg) did not alter the rate-decreasing or antinociceptive effects of morphine. CONCLUSIONS The antinociceptive effects of mitragynine and morphine occur at doses larger than those that disrupt learned behavior. Opioid receptors do not appear to mediate the disruptive effects of mitragynine on learned behavior. Mitragynine had lesser antinociceptive effects than morphine, and these did not appear to be mediated by opioid receptors. The pharmacology of mitragynine includes a substantial non-opioid mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hiranita
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100487, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Francisco Leon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jasmine S Felix
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100487, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Luis F Restrepo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100487, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Morgan E Reeves
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100487, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna E Pennington
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100487, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samuel Obeng
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100487, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100487, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100487, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Prozialeck WC, Avery BA, Boyer EW, Grundmann O, Henningfield JE, Kruegel AC, McMahon LR, McCurdy CR, Swogger MT, Veltri CA, Singh D. Kratom policy: The challenge of balancing therapeutic potential with public safety. Int J Drug Policy 2019; 70:70-77. [PMID: 31103778 PMCID: PMC7881941 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tree-like plant indigenous to Southeast Asia. Its leaves, and the teas brewed from them have long been used by people in that region to stave off fatigue and to manage pain and opioid withdrawal. Evidence suggests kratom is being increasingly used by people in the United States and Europe for the self-management of opioid withdrawal and treatment of pain. Recent studies have confirmed that kratom and its chemical constituents have potentially useful pharmacological actions. However, there have also been increasing numbers of reports of adverse effects resulting from use of kratom products. In August 2016, the US Drug Enforcement Administration announced plans to classify kratom and its mitragynine constituents as Schedule I Controlled Substances, a move that triggered a massive response from pro-kratom advocates. The debate regarding the risks, and benefits and safety of kratom continues to intensify. Kratom proponents tout kratom as a safer and less addictive alternative to opioids for the management of pain and opioid addiction. The anti-kratom faction argues that kratom, itself, is a dangerous and addictive drug that ought to be banned. Given the widespread use of kratom and the extensive media attention it is receiving, it is important for physicians, scientists and policy makers to be knowledgeable about the subject. The purpose of this commentary is to update readers about recent developments and controversies in this rapidly evolving area. All of the authors are engaged in various aspects of kratom research and it is our intention to provide a fair and balanced overview that can form the basis for informed decisions on kratom policy. Our conclusions from these analyses are: (a) User reports and results of preclinical studies in animals strongly suggest that kratom and its main constituent alkaloid, mitragynine may have useful activity in alleviating pain and managing symptoms of opioid withdrawal, even though well-controlled clinical trials have yet to be done. (b) Even though kratom lacks many of the toxicities of classic opioids, there are legitimate concerns about the safety and lack of quality control of purported "kratom" products that are being sold in the US. (c) The issues regarding the safety and efficacy of kratom and its mitragynine constituent can only be resolved by additional research. Classification of the Mitragyna alkaloids as Schedule I controlled substances would substantially impede this important research on kratom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter C Prozialeck
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Edward W Boyer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Oliver Grundmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Jack E Henningfield
- Research, Health Policy and Abuse, Liability, Pinney Associates And Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Andrew C Kruegel
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Marc T Swogger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY 14682, USA.
| | - Charles A Veltri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
| | - Darshan Singh
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia.
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17
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Sharma A, Kamble SH, León F, Chear NJY, King TI, Berthold EC, Ramanathan S, McCurdy CR, Avery BA. Simultaneous quantification of ten key Kratom alkaloids in Mitragyna speciosa leaf extracts and commercial products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1162-1171. [PMID: 30997725 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a psychoactive plant popular in the United States for the self-treatment of pain and opioid addiction. For standardization and quality control of raw and commercial kratom products, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of ten key alkaloids, namely: corynantheidine, corynoxine, corynoxine B, 7-hydroxymitragynine, isocorynantheidine, mitragynine, mitraphylline, paynantheine, speciociliatine, and speciogynine. Chromatographic separation of diastereomers, or alkaloids sharing same ion transitions, was achieved on an Acquity BEH C18 column with a gradient elution using a mobile phase containing acetonitrile and aqueous ammonium acetate buffer (10mM, pH 3.5). The developed method was linear over a concentration range of 1-200 ng/mL for each alkaloid. The total analysis time per sample was 22.5 minutes. The analytical method was validated for accuracy, precision, robustness, and stability. After successful validation, the method was applied for the quantification of kratom alkaloids in alkaloid-rich fractions, ethanolic extracts, lyophilized teas, and commercial products. Mitragynine (0.7%-38.7% w/w), paynantheine (0.3%-12.8% w/w), speciociliatine (0.4%-12.3% w/w), and speciogynine (0.1%-5.3% w/w) were the major alkaloids in the analyzed kratom products/extracts. Minor kratom alkaloids (corynantheidine, corynoxine, corynoxine B, 7-hydroxymitragynine, isocorynantheidine) were also quantified (0.01%-2.8% w/w) in the analyzed products; however mitraphylline was below the lower limit of quantification in all analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nelson J-Y Chear
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Tamara I King
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erin C Berthold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Surash Ramanathan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Avery BA, Boddu SP, Sharma A, Furr EB, Leon F, Cutler SJ, McCurdy CR. Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Mitragynine after Oral Administration of Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) Leaf Extracts in Rats. Planta Med 2019; 85:340-346. [PMID: 30452072 DOI: 10.1055/a-0770-3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) has been examined for its opioid activity, especially for the treatment of opioid withdrawal and pain. Mitragynine, the most abundant alkaloid in kratom, is thought to be the major psychoactive alkaloid. An HPLC method was developed for the quantification of mitragynine in kratom leaf extracts. In addition, a multiple reaction mode based UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of mitragynine in rat plasma. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed by comparing a single intravenous dose of mitragynine (5 mg/kg, mitragynine hydrochloride) to a single oral dose of mitragynine (20 mg/kg, mitragynine hydrochloride), lyophilized kratom tea, and the organic fraction of the lyophilized kratom tea at an equivalent mitragynine dose of 20 mg/kg in rats. After intravenous administration, mitragynine exhibited a biexponential decrease in the concentration-time profile, indicating the fast distribution of mitragynine from the systemic circulation or central compartment to the peripheral compartments. Mitragynine hydrochloride, lyophilized kratom tea, and the lyophilized kratom tea organic fraction were dosed orally and the absolute oral bioavailability of mitragynine in rats was found to be 1.5- and 1.8-fold higher than that of mitragynine dosed alone. The results provide evidence that an equivalent oral dose of the traditional preparation (lyophilized kratom tea) and formulated/manufactured products (organic fraction) of kratom leaves provide better systemic exposure of mitragynine than that of mitragynine dosed alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA (present affiliation)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Sai P Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA (present affiliation)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Edward B Furr
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Francisco Leon
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA (present affiliation)
| | - Stephen J Cutler
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA (present affiliation)
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA (present affiliation)
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19
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Bashyal B, Desai P, Rao KV, Hamann MT, Avery BA, Reed JK, Avery MA. Terpenes from Eunicea Laciniata and Plexaurella Nutans. Journal of Chemical Research 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823406776330729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new 7,8–epoxydolabella–3(E)–12(18)–diene (1), diterpenoid together with three known compounds were isolated from a Honduras gorgonian Eunicea laciniata. The relative stereochemistry of 1 was established by spectroscopic studies and the antiprotozoal and antimicrobial activities of dolabellane diterpenoids 2–4 are reported. Three known cadinane type sesquiterpenes were also isolated from Honduras gorgonian Plexaurella nutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bashyal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Prashant Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Karumanchi V. Rao
- Department of Pharmacognosy and National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mark T. Hamann
- Department of Pharmacognosy and National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Bonnie A. Avery
- Department pf Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - John K. Reed
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Avery
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
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20
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Wang M, Ferreira RB, Law ME, Davis BJ, Yaaghubi E, Ghilardi AF, Sharma A, Avery BA, Rodriguez E, Chiang CW, Narayan S, Heldermon CD, Castellano RK, Law BK. A novel proteotoxic combination therapy for EGFR+ and HER2+ cancers. Oncogene 2019; 38:4264-4282. [PMID: 30718919 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While HER2 and EGFR are overexpressed in breast cancers and multiple other types of tumors, the use of EGFR and/or HER2 inhibitors have failed to cure many cancer patients, largely because cancers acquire resistance to HER2/EGFR-specific drugs. Cancers that overexpress the HER-family proteins EGFR, HER2, and HER3 are uniquely sensitive to agents that disrupt HER2 and EGFR protein folding. We previously showed that disruption of disulfide bond formation by Disulfide Disrupting Agents (DDAs) kills HER2/EGFR overexpressing cells through multiple mechanisms. Herein, we show that interference with proline isomerization in HER2/EGFR overexpressing cells also induces cancer cell death. The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase inhibitor Cyclosporine A (CsA) selectively kills EGFR+ or HER2+ breast cancer cells in vitro by activating caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways. Further, CsA synergizes with the DDA tcyDTDO to kill HER2/EGFR overexpressing cells in vitro and the two agents cooperate to kill HER2+ tumors in vivo. There is a critical need for novel strategies to target HER2+ and EGFR+ cancers that are resistant to currently available mechanism-based agents. Drugs that target HER2/EGFR protein folding, including DDAs and CsA, have the potential to kill cancers that overexpress EGFR or HER2 through the induction of proteostatic synthetic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Renan B Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Mary E Law
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Bradley J Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Elham Yaaghubi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Amanda F Ghilardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Edgardo Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Chi-Wu Chiang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Center for Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,UF-Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Coy D Heldermon
- UF-Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ronald K Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,UF-Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Brian K Law
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,UF-Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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21
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Kamble SH, Sharma A, King TI, León F, McCurdy CR, Avery BA. Metabolite profiling and identification of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of mitragynine, the major alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom). Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1279-1288. [PMID: 30547698 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1552819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1. Mitragynine is the major indole-based alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom). Decoctions (teas) of the plant leaves have been used traditionally for cough, diarrhoea, pain, hypertension and for the treatment of opioid addiction. In the West, kratom has become increasingly utilized for mood elevation, pain treatment and as a means of self-treating opioid addiction. 2. Metabolic pathways of mitragynine were identified in human liver microsomes (HLM) and S9 fractions. A total of thirteen metabolites were identified, four oxidative metabolites and a metabolite formed by demethylation at the 9-methoxy group were the major metabolites of mitragynine. 3. The cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of mitragynine were identified using selective chemical inhibitors of HLM and recombinant cytochrome P450. The metabolism of mitragynine was predominantly carried out through the CYP3A4 with minor contributions by CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. The formation of five oxidative metabolites (Met2, Met4, Met6, Met8 and Met11) was catalyzed by the CYP3A4. 4. In summary, mitragynine was extensively metabolized in HLM primarily to O-demethylated and mono-oxidative metabolites. The CYP3A4 enzyme plays a predominant role in the metabolic clearance of mitragynine and also in the formation of 7-hydroxymitragynine (Met2), a known active minor alkaloid identified in the leaf material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam H Kamble
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Tamara I King
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Francisco León
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | | | - Bonnie A Avery
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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22
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Shen B, Park JH, Hjørnevik T, Cipriano PW, Yoon D, Gulaka PK, Holly D, Behera D, Avery BA, Gambhir SS, McCurdy CR, Biswal S, Chin FT. Radiosynthesis and First-In-Human PET/MRI Evaluation with Clinical-Grade [ 18F]FTC-146. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:779-786. [PMID: 28280965 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sigma-1 receptors (S1Rs) play an important role in many neurological disorders. Simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with S1R radioligands may provide valuable information for diagnosing and guiding treatment for these diseases. Our previously reported S1R radioligand, [18F]FTC-146, demonstrated high affinity for the S1R (K i = 0.0025 nM) and excellent selectivity for the S1R over the sigma-2 receptor (S2Rs; K i = 364 nM) across several species (from mouse to non-human primate). Herein, we report the clinical-grade radiochemistry filed with exploratory Investigational New Drug (eIND) and first-in-human PET/MRI evaluation of [18F]FTC-146. PROCEDURES [18F]FTC-146 is prepared via a direct [18F] fluoride nucleophilic radiolabeling reaction and formulated in 0.9 % NaCl containing no more than 10 % ethanol through sterile filtration. Quality control (QC) was performed based on USP 823 before doses were released for clinical use. The safety and whole body biodistribution of [18F]FTC-146 were evaluated using a simultaneous PET/MR scanner in two representative healthy human subjects. RESULTS [18F]FTC-146 was synthesized with a radiochemical yield of 3.3 ± 0.7 % and specific radioactivity of 8.3 ± 3.3 Ci/μmol (n = 10, decay corrected to EOB). Both radiochemical and chemical purities were >95 %; the prepared doses were stable for 4 h at ambient temperature. All QC test results met specified clinical criteria. The in vivo PET/MRI investigations showed that [18F]FTC-146 rapidly crossed the blood brain barrier and accumulated in S1R-rich regions of the brain. There were also radioactivity distributed in the peripheral organs, i.e., the lungs, spleen, pancreas, and thyroid. Furthermore, insignificant uptake of [18F]FTC-146 was observed in cortical bone and muscle. CONCLUSION A reliable and automated radiosynthesis for providing routine clinical-grade [18F]FTC-146 for human studies was established in a modified GE TRACERlab FXFN. PET/MRI demonstrated the initial tracer biodistribution in humans, and clinical studies investigating different S1R-related diseases are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, PS049, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Jun Hyung Park
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, PS049, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Trine Hjørnevik
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, PS049, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The Norwegian Medical Cyclotron Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter W Cipriano
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, PS049, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Daehyun Yoon
- Radiological Sciences Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Praveen K Gulaka
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, PS049, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Dawn Holly
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, PS049, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Deepak Behera
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, PS049, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, P1-27, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, PS049, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sandip Biswal
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive S-068B, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, PS049, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA.
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23
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Wang Y, Eans SO, Stacy HM, Narayanapillai SC, Sharma A, Fujioka N, Haddad L, McLaughlin J, Avery BA, Xing C. A stable isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry method of major kavalactones and its applications. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197940. [PMID: 29795658 PMCID: PMC5993114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kava is regaining its popularity with detailed characterizations warranted. We developed an ultraperformance liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for major kavalactones (kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin and desmethoxyyangonin) with excellent selectivity and specificity. The method has been validated for different matrices following the Food and Drug Administration guidance of analytical procedures and methods validation. The scope of this method has been demonstrated by quantifying these kavalactones in two kava products, characterizing their tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics in mice, and detecting their presence in human urines and plasmas upon kava intake. As expected, the abundances of these kavalactones differed significantly in kava products. All of them exhibited a large volume of distribution with extensive tissue affinity and adequate mean residence time (MRT) in mice. This method also successfully quantified these kavalactones in human body fluids upon kava consumption at the recommended human dose. This UPLC-MS/MS method therefore can be used to characterize kava products and its pharmacokinetics in animals and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shainnel O. Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Stacy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sreekanth C. Narayanapillai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Naomi Fujioka
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Linda Haddad
- Department of Family Community and Health System Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jay McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bonnie A. Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Avery BA, Vuppala PK, Jamalapuram S, Sharma A, Mesangeau C, Chin FT, McCurdy CR. Quantification of highly selective sigma-1 receptor antagonist CM304 using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1236-1242. [PMID: 28039926 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for quantification of CM304, a novel and highly selective sigma-1 receptor antagonist that has recently entered into human clinical trials. A structural analogue of CM304, SN56, was used as the internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Acquity UPLC™ BEH C18 (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 50 mm) column using a mobile phase [water:methanol (0.1%v/v formic acid; 50:50, %v/v)] at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Mass spectrometric detection was performed in the positive ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using m/z transitions of 337 > 238 for CM304 and 319 > 220 for the IS. The method was found to be linear and reproducible with a regression coefficient consistently >0.99 for the calibration range of 3 to 3000 ng/mL. The extraction recovery ranged from 91.5 to 98.4% from spiked (7.5, 300 and 2526 ng/mL) plasma quality control samples. The precision (%RSD; 1.1 to 2.9%) and accuracy (%RE; -1.9 to 1.8%) were within acceptable limit. The validated method was successfully applied to a single dose oral and intravenous (I.V.) pharmacokinetic study of CM304 in rats. Following I.V. administration, the compound exhibited adequate exposure along with high extravascular distribution and insignificant amount of extra hepatic metabolism. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Pradeep K Vuppala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Seshulatha Jamalapuram
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Christophe Mesangeau
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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25
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Lydecker AG, Sharma A, McCurdy CR, Avery BA, Babu KM, Boyer EW. Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine. J Med Toxicol 2016; 12:341-349. [PMID: 27752985 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a plant native to Southeast Asia, has been used for centuries for its stimulant and opium-like effects. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, exclusive to M. speciosa, are the alkaloids primary responsible for Kratom's biologic and psychoactive profile, and likely contribute to its problematic use. We purchased several commercially available Kratom analogs for analysis and through our results, present evidence of probable adulteration with the highly potent and addictive plant alkaloid, 7-hydroxymitragynine. METHODS A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in methanol extract of marketed Kratom supplements. RESULTS We found multiple commercial Kratom products to have concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine that are substantially higher than those found in raw M. speciosa leaves. CONCLUSIONS We have found multiple packaged commercial Kratom products likely to contain artificially elevated concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine, the alkaloid responsible for M. speciosa's concerning mechanistic and side effect profile. This study describes a unique form of product adulteration, which stresses the importance of increased dietary supplement oversight of Kratom-containing supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia G Lydecker
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 104A Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 417 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 104A Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 417 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Kavita M Babu
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Edward W Boyer
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
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26
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James ML, Shen B, Nielsen CH, Behera D, Buckmaster CL, Mesangeau C, Zavaleta C, Vuppala PK, Jamalapuram S, Avery BA, Lyons DM, McCurdy CR, Biswal S, Gambhir SS, Chin FT. Evaluation of σ-1 receptor radioligand 18F-FTC-146 in rats and squirrel monkeys using PET. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:147-53. [PMID: 24337599 PMCID: PMC4170105 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The noninvasive imaging of σ-1 receptors (S1Rs) could provide insight into their role in different diseases and lead to novel diagnostic/treatment strategies. The main objective of this study was to assess the S1R radiotracer (18)F-FTC-146 in rats. Preliminary squirrel monkey imaging and human serum/liver microsome studies were performed to gain information about the potential of (18)F-FTC-146 for eventual clinical translation. METHODS The distribution and stability of (18)F-FTC-146 in rats were assessed via PET/CT, autoradiography, γ counting, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Preliminary PET/MRI of squirrel monkey brain was conducted along with HPLC assessment of (18)F-FTC-146 stability in monkey plasma and human serum. RESULTS Biodistribution studies showed that (18)F-FTC-146 accumulated in S1R-rich rat organs, including the lungs, pancreas, spleen, and brain. Pretreatment with known S1R compounds, haloperidol, or BD1047, before radioligand administration, significantly attenuated (18)F-FTC-146 accumulation in all rat brain regions by approximately 85% (P < 0.001), suggesting radiotracer specificity for S1Rs. Similarly, PET/CT and autoradiography results demonstrated accumulation of (18)F-FTC-146 in rat brain regions known to contain S1Rs and that this uptake could be blocked by BD1047 pretreatment. Ex vivo analysis of (18)F-FTC-146 in the brain showed that only intact radiotracer was present at 15, 30, and 60 min, whereas rapid metabolism of residual (18)F-FTC-146 was observed in rat plasma. Preliminary monkey PET/MRI studies demonstrated specific accumulation of (18)F-FTC-146 in the brain (mainly in cortical structures, cerebellum, and vermis) that could be attenuated by pretreatment with haloperidol. HPLC of monkey plasma suggested radioligand metabolism, whereas (18)F-FTC-146 appeared to be stable in human serum. Finally, liver microsome studies revealed that (18)F-FTC-146 has a longer half-life in human microsomes, compared with rodents. CONCLUSION Together, these results indicate that (18)F-FTC-146 is a promising tool for visualizing S1Rs in preclinical studies and that it has potential for mapping these sites in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. James
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Bin Shen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Carsten H. Nielsen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging and Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Deepak Behera
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Christophe Mesangeau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Cristina Zavaleta
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Pradeep K. Vuppala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | | | - Bonnie A. Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - David M. Lyons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Sandip Biswal
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Frederick T. Chin
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Vuppala PK, Jamalapuram S, Furr EB, McCurdy CR, Avery BA. Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of 7-hydroxymitragynine, a μ-opioid agonist, in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1726-32. [PMID: 23893615 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to determine the concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine in rat plasma. Following a single-step liquid-liquid extraction of plasma samples using chloroform, 7-hydroxymitragynine and the internal standard (tryptoline) were separated on an Acquity UPLC(TM) BEH C18 (1.7 µm, 2.1 × 50 mm) column using an isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% acetic acid in water and 0.1% acetic acid in acetonitrile (10:90, v/v). The run time was 2.5 min. The analysis was carried out under the multiple reaction-monitoring mode using positive electrospray ionization. Protonated ions [M + H](+) and their respective product ions were monitored at the following transitions: 415 → 190 for 7-hydroxymitragynine and 173 → 144 for the internal standard. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 10-4000 ng/mL (r(2) = 0.999) with a lower limit of quantification of 10 ng/mL. The extraction recoveries ranged from 62.0 to 67.3% at concentrations of 20, 600 and 3200 ng/mL). Intra- and inter-day assay precisions (relative standard deviation) were <15% and the accuracy was within 96.5-104.0%. This validated method was successfully applied to quantify 7-hydroxymitragynine in rat plasma following intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Vuppala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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Jamalapuram S, Vuppala PK, Abdelazeem AH, McCurdy CR, Avery BA. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of AZ66, a sigma receptor ligand, in rat plasma and its application to in vivo pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1034-40. [PMID: 23558564 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine abuse continues as a major problem in the USA owing to its powerful psychological addictive properties. AZ66, 3-[4-(4-cyclohexylpiperazine-1-yl)pentyl]-6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazole-2(3H)-one, an optimized sigma receptor ligand, is a promising therapeutic agent against methamphetamine. To study the in vivo pharmacokinetics of this novel sigma receptor ligand in rats, a sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method was developed in rat plasma and validated. The developed method requires a small volume of plasma (100 μL) and a simple liquid-liquid extraction. The chromatographic separations were achieved in 3.3 min using an Acquity UPLC BEH Shield RP18 column. The mass spectrophotometric detection was carried out using a Waters Micromass Quattro MicroTM triple-quadrupole system. Multiple reaction monitoring was used for the quantitation with transitions m/z 406 → m/z 181 for AZ66 and m/z 448 → m/z 285 for aripiprazole. The method was validated over a concentration range of 1-3500 ng/mL and the lower limit of quantitation was determined to be 1 ng/mL. Validation of the assay demonstrated that the developed UPLC/MS/MS method was sensitive, accurate and selective for the determination of AZ66 in rat plasma. The present method has been successfully applied to an i.v. pharmacokinetic study in Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshulatha Jamalapuram
- The University of Mississippi, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
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29
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James ML, Shen B, Zavaleta CL, Nielsen CH, Mesangeau C, Vuppala PK, Chan C, Avery BA, Fishback JA, Matsumoto RR, Gambhir SS, McCurdy CR, Chin FT. New positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand for imaging σ-1 receptors in living subjects. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8272-8282. [PMID: 22853801 PMCID: PMC4106900 DOI: 10.1021/jm300371c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
σ-1 receptor (S1R) radioligands have the potential to detect and monitor various neurological diseases. Herein we report the synthesis, radiofluorination, and evaluation of a new S1R ligand 6-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(2-(azepan-1-yl)ethyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-one ([(18)F]FTC-146, [(18)F]13). [(18)F]13 was synthesized by nucleophilic fluorination, affording a product with >99% radiochemical purity (RCP) and specific activity (SA) of 2.6 ± 1.2 Ci/μmol (n = 13) at end of synthesis (EOS). Positron emission tomography (PET) and ex vivo autoradiography studies of [(18)F]13 in mice showed high uptake of the radioligand in S1R rich regions of the brain. Pretreatment with 1 mg/kg haloperidol (2), nonradioactive 13, or BD1047 (18) reduced the binding of [(18)F]13 in the brain at 60 min by 80%, 82%, and 81%, respectively, suggesting that [(18)F]13 accumulation in mouse brain represents specific binding to S1Rs. These results indicate that [(18)F]13 is a promising candidate radiotracer for further evaluation as a tool for studying S1Rs in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. James
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Bin Shen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Cristina L. Zavaleta
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Carsten H. Nielsen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto CA 94305-5484, USA
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging & Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christophe Mesangeau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Pradeep K. Vuppala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Carmel Chan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Bonnie A. Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - James A. Fishback
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV 26506-9500, USA
| | - Rae R. Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV 26506-9500, USA
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Frederick T. Chin
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto CA 94305-5484, USA
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Jamalapuram S, Vuppala PK, Mesangeau C, McCurdy CR, Avery BA. Determination of a highly selective mixed-affinity sigma receptor ligand, in rat plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 891-892:1-6. [PMID: 22406103 PMCID: PMC3992999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A selective, rapid and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) method was developed and validated to quantitate a highly selective mixed-affinity sigma receptor ligand, CM156 (3-(4-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl)benzo[d] thiazole-2(3H)-thione), in rat plasma. CM156 and the internal standard (aripiprazole) were extracted from plasma samples by a single step liquid-liquid extraction using chloroform. The analysis was carried out on an ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH HILIC column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm×50 mm) with isocratic elution at flow rate of 0.2 mL/min using 10mM ammonium formate in 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (10:90) as the mobile phase. The detection of the analyte was performed on a mass spectrometer operated in selected ion recording (SIR) mode with positive electrospray ionization (ESI). The validated analytical method resulted in a run time of 4 min and the retention times observed were 2.6±0.1 and 2.1±0.1 min for CM156 and the IS, respectively. The calibration curve exhibited excellent linearity over a concentration range of 5-4000 ng/mL with the lower limit of quantification of 5 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision values were below 15% and accuracy ranged from -6.5% to 5.0%. The mean recovery of CM156 from plasma was 96.8%. The validated method was applied to a pilot intravenous pharmacokinetic study in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshulatha Jamalapuram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Pradeep K. Vuppala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Christophe Mesangeau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Bonnie A. Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Seminerio MJ, Robson MJ, Abdelazeem AH, Mesangeau C, Jamalapuram S, Avery BA, McCurdy CR, Matsumoto RR. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a novel sigma receptor ligand with improved metabolic stability and antagonistic effects against methamphetamine. AAPS J 2012; 14:43-51. [PMID: 22183188 PMCID: PMC3291180 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine interacts with sigma receptors at physiologically relevant concentrations suggesting a potential site for pharmacologic intervention. In the present study, a previous sigma receptor ligand, CM156, was optimized for metabolic stability, and the lead analog was evaluated against the behavioral effects of methamphetamine. Radioligand binding studies demonstrated that the lead analog, AZ66, displayed high nanomolar affinity for both sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors (2.4 ± 0.63 and 0.51 ± 0.15, respectively). In addition, AZ66 had preferential affinity for sigma receptors compared to seven other sites and a significantly longer half-life than its predecessor, CM156, in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment of male, Swiss Webster mice with intraperitoneal (10-20 mg/kg) or oral (20-30 mg/kg) dosing of AZ66 significantly attenuated the acute locomotor stimulatory effects of methamphetamine. Additionally, AZ66 (10-20 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the expression and development of behavioral sensitization induced by repeated methamphetamine administration. Taken together, these data indicate that sigma receptors can be targeted to mitigate the acute and subchronic behavioral effects of methamphetamine and AZ66 represents a viable lead compound in the development of novel therapeutics against methamphetamine-induced behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Seminerio
- />Department Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 9500, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 USA
| | - Matthew J. Robson
- />Department Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 9500, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 USA
| | - Ahmed H. Abdelazeem
- />Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677 USA
| | - Christophe Mesangeau
- />Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677 USA
| | - Seshulatha Jamalapuram
- />Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677 USA
| | - Bonnie A. Avery
- />Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677 USA
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- />Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677 USA
| | - Rae R. Matsumoto
- />Department Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 9500, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 USA
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32
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Pabbisetty D, Illendula A, Muraleedharan K, Chittiboyina AG, Williamson JS, Avery MA, Avery BA. Determination of antimalarial compound, ARB-89 (7β-hydroxy-artemisinin carbamate) in rat serum by UPLC/MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 889-890:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Vuppala PK, Boddu SP, Furr EB, McCurdy CR, Avery BA. Simple, Sensitive, High-Throughput Method for the Quantification of Mitragynine in Rat Plasma Using UPLC-MS and Its Application to an Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Study. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Kaushal N, Robson MJ, Vinnakota H, Narayanan S, Avery BA, McCurdy CR, Matsumoto RR. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 6-acetyl-3-(4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one (SN79), a cocaine antagonist, in rodents. AAPS J 2011; 13:336-46. [PMID: 21494909 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine interacts with monoamine transporters and sigma (σ) receptors, providing logical targets for medication development. In the present study, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies were conducted to characterize SN79, a novel compound which was evaluated for cocaine antagonist actions. Radioligand binding studies showed that SN79 had a nanomolar affinity for σ receptors and a notable affinity for 5-HT(2) receptors, and monoamine transporters. It did not inhibit major cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9*1, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, suggesting a low propensity for potential drug-drug interactions. Oral administration of SN79 reached peak in vivo concentrations after 1.5 h and exhibited a half-life of just over 7.5 h in male, Sprague-Dawley rats. Behavioral studies conducted in male, Swiss Webster mice, intraperitoneal or oral dosing with SN79 prior to a convulsive or locomotor stimulant dose of cocaine led to a significant attenuation of cocaine-induced convulsions and locomotor activity. However, SN79 produced sedation and motor incoordination on its own at higher doses, to which animals became tolerant with repeated administration. SN79 also significantly attenuated the development and expression of the sensitized response to repeated cocaine exposures. The ability of SN79 to significantly attenuate the acute and subchronic effects of cocaine provides a promising compound lead to the development of an effective pharmacotherapy against cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kaushal
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, USA
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35
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Boddu SP, Yamsani MR, Potharaju S, Veeraraghavan S, Rajak S, Kuma SVVS, Avery BA, Repka MA, Varanasi VSKK. Influence of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in Wistar rats upon single and multiple dosage regimens. Pharmazie 2009; 64:525-531. [PMID: 19746842 PMCID: PMC6052858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Drug efflux by intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is recognized as a significant biochemical barrier affecting oral absorption for a number of drugs apart from the cytochrome P450 3A enzyme. Various conflicting reports have been published regarding the effects of grapefruit juice (GFJ) on P-gp mediated drug efflux, in which GFJ has been shown to have no effect, as an inhibitor effect or activation of the enzyme. Therefore the present study's objective was to provide clarification of previous findings, adopting a two-way approach, involving both single dose and multiple dosage regimens. Diltiazem (DTZ) 15 mg/kg was administered concomitantly with 5 ml/kg of GFJ to one group (n = 6) of male Wistar rats and another group (n = 6) of animals were provided distilled water with DTZ (the control). A third group of rats was administered GFJ orally for six days and on seventh day GFJ and DTZ were administered concomitantly. The Cmax and AUC of DTZ were decreased significantly in the presence of multiple dose treatment of GFJ. These data were also decreased in presence of simultaneous treatment of single dose GFJ. In vitro metabolism studies and gut sac experiments were conducted in order to understand the mechanism involved. In the liver S9 fraction prepared from the rats treated with multiple doses of GFJ, DTZ metabolism was significantly increased compared to the control. Furthermore, the amount of drug transported from the duodenum was reduced in GFJ treated rats compared to that of the control (1581.0 +/- 7.8 nM vs 1084.81 +/- 6.1 nM, respectively). Grapefruit juice was also reported to inhibit the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP), an influx transporter thus reducing the blood levels of OATP substrates which was evident from the in vitro studies. The amount of drug transported from the duodenum was reduced in the presence of pravastatin, a specific OATP inhibitor (1581.0 +/- 7.8 nM to 1265.0 +/- 5.5 nM). Oral single dose exposure to GFJ showed no effect on P-gp, whereas multiple dose administration of GFJ resulted in increased levels of P-gp expression and decreased levels of OATP, thus showing a varied effect on intestinal absorption, and therefore overcoming the inhibition of DTZ metabolism in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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36
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Shah F, Zhang SQ, Kandhari SP, Mukherjee P, Chittiboyina A, Avery MA, Avery BA. In vitro erythrocytic uptake studies of artemisinin and selected derivatives using LC–MS and 2D-QSAR analysis of uptake in parasitized erythrocytes. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5325-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Zhang SQ, Vinnakota H, Jung JC, Carvalho P, Chittiboyina AG, Avery MA, Avery BA. Determination of a novel epothilone D analog (AV-EPO-106) in human plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:302-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Content analysis and stability studies were performed for the commercial products of St. John's wort. Six marketed formulations were analyzed for their hypericin and pseudohypericin content. These products were standardized to contain 0.3% hypericin. Results revealed total hypericin as 7.72-38.57% of the labeled claim with varying concentrations of pseudohypericin. Stability studies were carried out under three different storage conditions: 1) 25+/-2 degrees C, 60+/-5%RH for six months, 2) 40+/-2 degrees C, 75+/-5%RH for six months, and 3) 50 degrees C for one month. Tablet formulations were also analyzed for their hardness and friability. Stability studies revealed significant decrease in the content of the marker compounds with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA.
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Zhang SQ, Chittiboyina AG, Kulkarni SJ, Avery MA, Avery BA. LC Determination of a Novel Synthetic Thiazolidinedione (BP-1107) in Rat Plasma and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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40
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Tumuluri VS, Kemper MS, Lewis IR, Prodduturi S, Majumdar S, Avery BA, Repka MA. Off-line and on-line measurements of drug-loaded hot-melt extruded films using Raman spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2008; 357:77-84. [PMID: 18316165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the use of Raman spectroscopy for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of an active ingredient in hot-melt extruded film formulations. Clotrimazole and ketoprofen were used as the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the subject formulations. Films were prepared with contents varying from 1 to 20% of the respective API. Raman spectroscopy was used to quantify these APIs, both off-line and on-line. The spectral data were also used to ascertain the physical status of these APIs in the formulations. For off-line analysis, the films were cut into small rectangles, and the amount of the API was measured using a fiber optic probe equipped with a non-contact optic (NCO). For on-line analysis, real-time measurements were accomplished by fixing the probe over the extruded film for continuous data collection. Raman spectroscopy can be a convenient alternative to HPLC and other techniques currently employed for the quantification of the API in these formulations. Because Raman is also sensitive to changes in crystallinity, employment of the technique provided additional information to deduce the crystalline status of the API. The results reported in this paper suggest the suitability of Raman for PAT applications because of the on-line capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat S Tumuluri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677, USA
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Zhu S, Li L, Thornton C, Carvalho P, Avery BA, Willett KL. Simultaneous determination of benzo[a]pyrene and eight of its metabolites in Fundulus heteroclitus bile using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 863:141-9. [PMID: 18255360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and fast method was developed to quantitate the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and eight of its oxidized metabolites by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupling with mass spectrometry (MS). The UPLC method, using an acetonitrile:water gradient as a mobile phase, provided baseline separation of the BaP metabolites including three BaP diones. Linearity of detection was in the range of 0.2-5.0ng/microL, and limits of detection (LOD) were lower than 0.01ng/microL for BaP and all of the metabolites except BaP tetrol. In order to test this method in environmentally relevant samples, we exposed the small fish Fundulus heteroclitus to BaP and quantitated biliary BaP metabolites. Extraction recovery of all compounds varied from 65.4+/-21.3% to 92.4+/-3.0%. In exposed fish bile, the BaP diones, BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol, and 3-hydroxy BaP metabolites predominated, existing mainly as glucuronic acid conjugates. This UPLC-MS method will be useful for further defining the roles of cytochrome P450s with both in vivo and in vitro models in the understanding of the mechanisms of metabolic activation and detoxification of BaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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42
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Li L, Pabbisetty D, Carvalho P, Avery MA, Avery BA. Analysis of CoQ10 in rat serum by ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry after oral administration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 46:137-42. [PMID: 18054195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A UPLC-MS method for determining Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) levels in rat serum was developed. CoQ(10) was quantitatively extracted into 2-propanol using a fast extraction procedure. The separation of CoQ(10) was performed on a Waters Acquity UPLCtrade mark BEH C(18) column (1.7 microm, 1.0 mm x 50 mm) with the mobile phase containing acetonitrile, 2-propanol, and formic acid (90:10:0.1) over 5 min. The sensitivity of this method allows for the quantitation of 50 ng/mL CoQ(10) in serum (S/N=10). The linearity of this method was found to be from 50 to 20,000 ng/mL. The precision was less than 10% (intra- and inter-day), and the average extraction recovery was between 90 and 105%. This procedure provides a precise, sensitive and direct assay method for the determination of CoQ(10) in rat serum after oral administration. This method could be applied to further pharmacokinetic studies of CoQ(10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Tumuluri VS, Kemper MS, Sheri A, Choi SR, Lewis IR, Avery MA, Avery BA. Use of Raman Spectroscopy to Characterize Hydrogenation Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/op0600355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkat S. Tumuluri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A., Kaiser Optical Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A
| | - Mark S. Kemper
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A., Kaiser Optical Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A
| | - Anjaneyulu Sheri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A., Kaiser Optical Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A
| | - Seoung-Ryoung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A., Kaiser Optical Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A
| | - Ian R. Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A., Kaiser Optical Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A
| | - Mitchell A. Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A., Kaiser Optical Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A
| | - Bonnie A. Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A., Kaiser Optical Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, U.S.A
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Dutta AK, Avery BA, Wyandt CM. Development and validation of a stability-indicating reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method for NPC 1161C, a novel 8-aminoquinoline anti-malarial drug. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1110:35-45. [PMID: 16483584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
NPC 1161C (+/-8-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)amino-5-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline succinate]) is a novel investigational antimalarial drug of interest for its in vivo oral potency, activity against blood and tissue stage parasites, favorable toxicity profile, long duration of action, and utility in both prophylaxis and treatment models. The pharmaceutical development of NPC 1161C warranted the availability of an assay for the detection and quantification of the drug and its separation from the impurities and degradation products. A simple and rapid stability-indicating reversed-phase HPLC method was developed and validated according to ICH guidelines. The method was found to be linear, precise and accurate. It also proved to be selective in the presence of impurities and degradation products during forced degradation studies. The method was found to be robust by factorial experimental design and was well within the recommended parameters of system suitability testing. Degradants of the drug during stress studies were also identified using high resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Burk O, Arnold KA, Nussler AK, Schaeffeler E, Efimova E, Avery BA, Avery MA, Fromm MF, Eichelbaum M. Antimalarial Artemisinin Drugs Induce Cytochrome P450 and MDR1 Expression by Activation of Xenosensors Pregnane X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 67:1954-65. [PMID: 15761118 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.009019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin drugs are of utmost importance in the treatment of malaria, because they represent the sole class of therapeutically used antimalarial drugs to which malaria parasites have not yet developed resistance. The major disadvantage of these medicines is the comparatively high recrudescence rate, which has been attributed to the remarkable decrease of artemisinin plasma concentrations during multiple dosing. Autoinduction of CYP2B6-mediated metabolism has been implicated as the underlying mechanism. So far, the molecular mechanism of induction by artemisinin has not been resolved. Because the xenosensors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) have been shown to mediate induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, we investigated the hypothesis that artemisinin induces cytochrome P450 expression by activating PXR and/or CAR. By combining in vitro transfection methods and quantitative analyses of gene expression in cell lines and primary human hepatocytes, we here show that artemisinin drugs activate human PXR as well as human and mouse CAR and induce the expression of CYP2B6, CYP3A4, and MDR1 in primary human hepatocytes and in the human intestinal cell line LS174T. Furthermore, we demonstrate that artemisinin acts as a ligand of both nuclear receptors, because it modulates the interaction of the receptors with coregulators. In conclusion, activation of PXR and CAR and especially the resulting induction of CYP3A4 and MDR1 demonstrate that artemisinin has a higher risk of potential drug interactions than anticipated previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Burk
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstrasse 112, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Tumuluri SVS, Prodduturi S, Crowley MM, Stodghill SP, McGinity JW, Repka MA, Avery BA. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy for the quantitation of a drug in hot-melt extruded films. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2004; 30:505-11. [PMID: 15244086 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120037481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to demonstrate the utility of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for quantitative analysis of a model drug in hot-melt extruded film formulations. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) films with clotrimazole (CT) as a model drug were prepared by hot-melt extrusion (HME) incorporating drug concentrations ranging from 0-20% and analyzed using a Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectrophotometer in the reflectance mode, High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was the reference method used for this study. The NIR calibration model derived for CT was composed of 21 frequency ranges that were correlated to the values quantified using the HPLC reference method. The NIR method developed resulted in an assayed CT amount in the film matrix to be within 3.5% of the quantity determined by the reference method. These studies clearly demonstrate that NIRS is a powerful method for the quantitation of active drug substances contained in films produced by HME and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Venkata S Tumuluri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, USA
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Illapakurthy AC, Sabnis YA, Avery BA, Avery MA, Wyandt CM. Interaction of artemisinin and its related compounds with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in solution state: experimental and molecular-modeling studies. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:649-55. [PMID: 12587126 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) was investigated as a possible solubilizer for a series of poorly water-soluble antimalarial drugs. The solubilities of artemisinin, artether, dihydroartemisinin, and 10-deoxoartemisinin in HPBCD solutions were studied. The phase-solubility profile of these drugs in HPBCD solutions, in the concentration range studied, can be classified as type A(L) or soluble 1:1 complexes. The solubilities of artemisinin, artether, dihydroartemisinin, and 10-deoxoartemisinin in 20% w/v solutions of HPBCD are 4.5, 1.3, 6.0, and 5.2 mg/mL, respectively. The stability constants of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, artether, and 10-deoxoartemisinin complexes with HPBCD are 475, 405, 327, and 146 M(-1), respectively. Three different docking methods, SYBYL DOCK, FlexiDock, and DOCK 4.0.1 were evaluated to further understand the complexation modes and applicability of the docking programs for the modeling of inclusion complexes. The results showed that DOCK 4.0.1 offers a better correlation in terms of orientation of molecules inside the cyclodextrin cavity and also in terms of docking scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok C Illapakurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to characterize the partitioning of artemisinin into both uninfected and Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (RBCs). The partitioning of [(14)C](+)-artemisinin into RBCs was studied at four different hematocrit levels and eight time periods. At the optimum time of 2 h, the partitioning process was investigated with eight different drug concentrations ranging from 0.88 to 3.52 microM at 37 and 4 degrees C. The effect of the presence of unlabeled artemisinin on the partitioning of the same concentration of [(14)C]artemisinin was studied. About 35 to 40% of the drug was seen to partition into uninfected RBCs at a hematocrit of 33%, irrespective of the incubation period or the drug concentration used. In contrast, infected RBCs showed an increase in partitioning of the drug with time until saturation was achieved at 1 h. While the partitioning of artemisinin into parasitized RBCs at 37 degrees C was found to be significantly higher than that in nonparasitized RBCs, at 4 degrees C both parasitized and nonparasitized RBCs showed identical partitioning of the drug. The partitioning of [(14)C]artemisinin into parasitized RBCs was completely inhibited in the presence of the same concentration of unlabeled artemisinin. However, no such effect was observed in nonparasitized cells, and no evidence suggesting that binding of the drug in parasitized RBCs is reversible was found. The partitioning of artemisinin into parasitized RBCs was found to be rapid, saturable, temperature dependent, irreversible, and subject to competitive inhibition with unlabeled artemisinin. The results obtained suggest the involvement of carrier mediation in the partitioning of artemisinin across the parasitized RBC membrane. In contrast, simple passive diffusion of artemisinin was seen in nonparasitized RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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Avery BA, Venkatesh KK, Avery MA. Rapid determination of artemisinin and related analogues using high-performance liquid chromatography and an evaporative light scattering detector. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1999; 730:71-80. [PMID: 10437674 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin and its analogues are a class of compounds of current interest in the treatment of drug-resistant malaria. These antimalarials are preferentially taken up into malaria infected erythrocytes as compared to uninfected erythrocytes, a fact that may represent an important parameter in drug potency. Numerous methods for the analysis of specific artemisinin analogues have been developed, but most are not widely adaptable to a large range of analogues. In this paper we describe a high-performance liquid chromatographic method developed and validated for artemisinin and several analogues of artemisinin using a readily available evaporative light scattering detector. This quantitation method was found to be straight forward, rapid, inexpensive and reproducible. Standard calibration curves constructed for six artemisinin compounds were linear with the detection limit determined between 6 and 60 ng. The intra- and inter-day accuracy were found to be 2.75% and 4.15%, respectively with less than 3% variation in precision. The validated assay was applied to a mixture of artemisinin derivatives, where they were easily separated and quantitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, 38677, USA
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