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Manvich DF, Petko AK, Branco RC, Foster SL, Porter-Stransky KA, Stout KA, Newman AH, Miller GW, Paladini CA, Weinshenker D. Selective D 2 and D 3 receptor antagonists oppositely modulate cocaine responses in mice via distinct postsynaptic mechanisms in nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1445-1455. [PMID: 30879021 PMCID: PMC6785094 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) has emerged as a promising pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of several diseases including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and substance use disorders. However, studies investigating the D3R's precise role in dopamine neurotransmission or how it may be exploited to modulate responses to drugs of abuse have produced contrasting results, in part because most D3R-targeted compounds often also interact with D2 receptors (D2R). To resolve this issue, we set out to systematically characterize and compare the consequences of selective D2R or D3R antagonists on the behavioral-stimulant properties of cocaine in mice, and to identify putative neurobiological mechanisms underlying their behavior-modifying effects. Pretreatment with the selective D2R antagonist L-741,626 attenuated, while pretreatment with the selective D3R antagonist PG01037 enhanced, the locomotor-activating effects of both acute cocaine administration as well as sensitization following repeated cocaine dosing. While both antagonists potentiated cocaine-induced increases in presynaptic dopamine release, we report for the first time that D3R blockade uniquely facilitated dopamine-mediated excitation of D1-expressing medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens. Collectively, our results demonstrate that selective D3R antagonism potentiates the behavioral-stimulant effects of cocaine in mice, an effect that is in direct opposition to that produced by selective D2R antagonism or nonselective D2-like receptor antagonists, and is likely mediated by facilitating D1-mediated excitation in the nucleus accumbens. These findings provide novel insights into the neuropharmacological actions of D3R antagonists on mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission and their potential utility as pharmacotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Manvich
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Alyssa K Petko
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Rachel C Branco
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Stephanie L Foster
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kirsten A Porter-Stransky
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Kristen A Stout
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Amy H Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Carlos A Paladini
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Benneyworth MA, Hearing MC, Asp AJ, Madayag A, Ingebretson AE, Schmidt CE, Silvis KA, Larson EB, Ebner SR, Thomas MJ. Synaptic Depotentiation and mGluR5 Activity in the Nucleus Accumbens Drive Cocaine-Primed Reinstatement of Place Preference. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4785-4796. [PMID: 30948476 PMCID: PMC6561685 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3020-17.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological processes that incite drug craving and drive relapse has the potential to help target efforts to treat addiction. The NAc serves as a critical substrate for reward and motivated behavior, in part due to alterations in excitatory synaptic strength within cortical-accumbens pathways. The present studies investigated a causal link between cocaine-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference and rapid reductions of cocaine-dependent increases in NAc shell synaptic strength in male mice. Cocaine-conditioned place preference behavior and ex vivo whole-cell electrophysiology showed that cocaine-primed reinstatement and synaptic depotentiation were disrupted by inhibiting AMPAR internalization via intra-NAc shell infusion of a Tat-GluA23Y peptide. Furthermore, reinstatement was driven by an mGluR5-dependent reduction in AMPAR signaling. Intra-NAc shell infusion of the mGluR5 antagonist MTEP blocked cocaine-primed reinstatement and corresponding depotentiation, whereas infusion of the mGluR5 agonist CHPG itself promoted reinstatement and depotentiated synaptic strength in the NAc shell. Optogenetic examination of circuit-specific plasticity showed that inhibition of infralimbic cortical input to the NAc shell blocked cocaine-primed reinstatement, whereas low-frequency stimulation (10 Hz) of this pathway in the absence of cocaine triggered a reduction in synaptic strength akin to that observed with cocaine, and was sufficient to promote reinstatement in the absence of a cocaine challenge. These data support a model in which mGluR5-mediated reduction in GluA2-containing AMPARs at NAc shell synapses receiving input from the infralimbic cortex is a critical factor in triggering reinstatement of cocaine-primed conditioned approach behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT These studies identified a sequence of neural events whereby reexposure to cocaine activates a signaling cascade that alters synaptic strength in the NAc shell and triggers a behavioral response driven by a drug-associated memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Benneyworth
- Department of Neuroscience
- Mouse Behavior Core, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
| | - Matthew C Hearing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
| | | | - Aric Madayag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
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Marckel JA, Wetzel HN, Amlal S, Amlal H, Norman AB. A Recombinant Humanized Anticocaine Monoclonal Antibody Alters the Urinary Clearance of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:184-188. [PMID: 30578276 PMCID: PMC6367686 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A recombinant humanized anticocaine monoclonal antibody, h2E2, has shown potential in the preclinical phases for the treatment of cocaine abuse. The standard tests for cocaine usage are the detection of benzoylecgonine (BE) and cocaine in the urine. This includes workplace drug screens as well as in clinical trials for potential treatments of cocaine abuse. By sequestering cocaine into the plasma compartment, h2E2 prevents cocaine from entering the brain. Due to the altered disposition of cocaine in the presence of h2E2, we investigated the effects of h2E2 on cocaine and metabolite levels in the urine of rats to clarify the use of BE as an endpoint measurement for effectiveness in future clinical trials. The urine concentrations of cocaine and metabolites were considerably altered in the presence of h2E2. After a single injection of h2E2 (120 mg/kg) and cocaine hydrochloride (0.56 mg/kg), the concentration of cocaine and BE excreted into the urine of rats decreased by 92% and 91%, respectively, from vehicle controls. Due to the significant decrease in urinary excretion, BE is not an appropriate indicator of cocaine usage in the presence of h2E2. Another endpoint measurement must be selected for the measurement of cocaine usage in the upcoming clinical trials of h2E2. In contrast to the effects on cocaine and BE urinary excretion, there was a 3-fold increase in ecgonine methyl ester (EME) in the presence of h2E2. Therefore, we conclude that EME is a more appropriate measurement of cocaine intake in the presence of h2E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Marckel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology (J.A.M., H.N.W., A.B.N.) and Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (S.A., H.A.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Hanna N Wetzel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology (J.A.M., H.N.W., A.B.N.) and Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (S.A., H.A.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sihame Amlal
- Departments of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology (J.A.M., H.N.W., A.B.N.) and Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (S.A., H.A.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Hassane Amlal
- Departments of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology (J.A.M., H.N.W., A.B.N.) and Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (S.A., H.A.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew B Norman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology (J.A.M., H.N.W., A.B.N.) and Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (S.A., H.A.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Singh PK, Lutfy K. Nicotine pretreatment reduced cocaine-induced CPP and its reinstatement in a sex- and dose-related manner in adult C57BL/6J mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 159:84-89. [PMID: 28735686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous preclinical studies have shown that nicotine pretreatment during adolescence increases the reinforcing actions of cocaine. However, little is known about the effect of prior nicotine administration on cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and its reinstatement in adult mice. Besides, little information is available regarding the role of sex in this cross-talk between nicotine and cocaine. Thus, we examined if nicotine administration during adulthood would differentially alter cocaine-induced CPP, its extinction and reinstatement in male versus female mice and if the dose of nicotine was important in this regard. To this end, mice were pretreated with saline or nicotine (0.25 or 1mg/kg; twice daily for seven days) and then tested for place preference before and after single and repeated conditioning with cocaine (15mg/kg). Mice were then exposed to extinction training and tested for reinstatement of CPP. Our results showed that male and female mice pretreated with saline and conditioned with cocaine each exhibited a robust CPP after a single cocaine conditioning. However, this response was blunted in mice pretreated with the lower but not higher dose of nicotine. Female mice pretreated with the lower dose nicotine also failed to show CPP after repeated conditioning. Reinstatement of cocaine-induced CPP was also blunted in these mice compared to their respective controls. Together, these results suggest that nicotine administration during adulthood exerts differential effects on cocaine-induced CPP and its reinstatement in male and female mice and the dose of nicotine is important in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prableen K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Kabirullah Lutfy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States.
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Contarino A, Kitchener P, Vallée M, Papaleo F, Piazza PV. CRF 1 receptor-deficiency increases cocaine reward. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:41-48. [PMID: 28137450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulant drugs produce reward but also activate stress-responsive systems. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the related hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress-responsive systems are activated by stimulant drugs. However, their role in stimulant drug-induced reward remains poorly understood. Herein, we report that CRF1 receptor-deficient (CRF1-/-), but not wild-type, mice show conditioned place preference (CPP) responses to a relatively low cocaine dose (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Conversely, wild-type, but not CRF1-/-, mice display CPP responses to a relatively high cocaine dose (20 mg/kg, i.p.), indicating that CRF1 receptor-deficiency alters the rewarding effects of cocaine. Acute pharmacological antagonism of the CRF1 receptor by antalarmin also eliminates cocaine reward. Nevertheless, CRF1-/- mice display higher stereotypy responses to cocaine than wild-type mice. Despite the very low plasma corticosterone concentration, CRF1-/- mice show higher nuclear glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels in the brain region of the hippocampus than wild-type mice. Full rescue of wild-type-like corticosterone and GR circadian rhythm and level in CRF1-/- mice by exogenous corticosterone does not affect CRF1 receptor-dependent cocaine reward but induces stereotypy responses to cocaine. These results indicate a critical role for the CRF1 receptor in cocaine reward, independently of the closely related HPA axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Contarino
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Pierre Kitchener
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Monique Vallée
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Pier-Vincenzo Piazza
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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6
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Galaj E, Harding W, Ranaldi R. Dopamine D1 and D3 receptor interactions in cocaine reward and seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3881-3890. [PMID: 27582181 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Animal research has demonstrated a role of dopamine D1 and D3 receptors in cocaine reward and seeking. PURPOSE AND METHODS Here, we investigated the potential interaction of these two dopamine receptors in cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking, cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP), and cocaine self-administration in rats. RESULTS The co-administration of a D3 receptor antagonist, NGB 2904 and a D1 partial agonist, SKF 77434, of doses which when administered individually produced no significant effects, prior to reinstatement or CPP tests significantly reduced lever pressing and time spent in the cocaine-paired environment, suggesting synergistic effects of the combined compounds on cocaine seeking. When given to rats self-administering cocaine under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement doses of NGB 2904 which were ineffective alone significantly enhanced the break point-reducing effects of SKF 77434. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the combined treatment with a D1 receptor partial agonist and D3 receptor antagonist produces robust decreases in cocaine seeking and reward. This suggests an interaction between dopamine D1 and D3 receptors in cocaine-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galaj
- Neuropsychology Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - W Harding
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - R Ranaldi
- Neuropsychology Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.
- Psychology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.
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7
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Calleja‐Conde J, Echeverry‐Alzate V, Giné E, Bühler K, Nadal R, Maldonado R, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Gual A, López‐Moreno JA. Nalmefene is effective at reducing alcohol seeking, treating alcohol-cocaine interactions and reducing alcohol-induced histone deacetylases gene expression in blood. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2490-505. [PMID: 27238566 PMCID: PMC4959953 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The opioid antagonist nalmefene (selincro®) was approved for alcohol-related disorders by the European Medicines Agency in 2013. However, there have been no studies regarding the effectiveness of nalmefene when alcohol is used in combination with cocaine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using operant alcohol self-administration in Wistar rats and qRT-PCR, we evaluated (i) the dose-response curve for s.c. and p.o. nalmefene; (ii) the effects of nalmefene with increasing concentrations of alcohol; (iii) the efficacy of nalmefene on cocaine-potentiated alcohol responding; and (iv) the gene expression profiles of histone deacetylases (Hdac1-11) in peripheral blood in vivo and in the prefrontal cortex, heart, liver and kidney post mortem. KEY RESULTS S.c. (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg·kg(-1) ) and p.o. (10, 20, 40 mg·kg(-1) ) nalmefene dose-dependently reduced alcohol-reinforced responding by up to 50.3%. This effect of nalmefene was not dependent on alcohol concentration (10, 15, 20%). Cocaine potentiated alcohol responding by approximately 40% and nalmefene (0.05 mg·kg(-1) ) reversed this effect of cocaine. Alcohol increased Hdac gene expression in blood and nalmefene prevented the increases in Hdacs 3, 8, 5, 7, 9, 6 and 10. In the other tissues, alcohol and nalmefene either did not alter the gene expression of Hdacs, as in the prefrontal cortex, or a tissue-Hdac-specific effect was observed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Nalmefene might be effective as a treatment for alcohol-dependent patients who also use cocaine. Also, the expression of Hdacs in peripheral blood might be useful as a biomarker of alcohol use and drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Calleja‐Conde
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Campus de SomosaguasComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Victor Echeverry‐Alzate
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Campus de SomosaguasComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Elena Giné
- Department of Cellular Biology, School of MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Kora‐Mareen Bühler
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Campus de SomosaguasComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Roser Nadal
- Psychobiology Unit, School of PsychologyInstitut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la SalutUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Campus de SomosaguasComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
- Instituto IBIMA de Málaga, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud MentalHospital Regional UniversitarioMálagaSpain
| | - Antoni Gual
- Addictions Unit, Department of PsychiatryClinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital ClínicBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jose Antonio López‐Moreno
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Campus de SomosaguasComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
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Eubanks LM, Ellis BA, Cai X, Schlosburg JE, Janda KD. A human recombinant monoclonal antibody to cocaine: Preparation, characterization and behavioral studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4664-4666. [PMID: 25205191 PMCID: PMC4185020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse remains prevalent worldwide and continues to be a major health concern; nonetheless, there is no effective therapy. Immunopharmacotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment strategy by which anti-cocaine antibodies bind to the drug blunting its effects. Previous passive immunization studies using our human monoclonal antibody, GNCgzk, resulted in protection against cocaine overdose and acute toxicity. To further realize the clinical potential of this antibody, a recombinant IgG form of the antibody has been produced in mammalian cells. This antibody displayed a high binding affinity for cocaine (low nanomolar) in line with the superior attributes of the GNCgzk antibody and reduced cocaine-induced ataxia in a cocaine overdose model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beverly A Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joel E Schlosburg
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Committee on Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Worm Institute of Medical Research (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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9
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Moreno E, Moreno-Delgado D, Navarro G, Hoffmann HM, Fuentes S, Rosell-Vilar S, Gasperini P, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Medrano M, Mallol J, Cortés A, Casadó V, Lluís C, Ferré S, Ortiz J, Canela E, McCormick PJ. Cocaine disrupts histamine H3 receptor modulation of dopamine D1 receptor signaling: σ1-D1-H3 receptor complexes as key targets for reducing cocaine's effects. J Neurosci 2014; 34:3545-58. [PMID: 24599455 PMCID: PMC3942573 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4147-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The general effects of cocaine are not well understood at the molecular level. What is known is that the dopamine D1 receptor plays an important role. Here we show that a key mechanism may be cocaine's blockade of the histamine H3 receptor-mediated inhibition of D1 receptor function. This blockade requires the σ1 receptor and occurs upon cocaine binding to σ1-D1-H3 receptor complexes. The cocaine-mediated disruption leaves an uninhibited D1 receptor that activates Gs, freely recruits β-arrestin, increases p-ERK 1/2 levels, and induces cell death when over activated. Using in vitro assays with transfected cells and in ex vivo experiments using both rats acutely treated or self-administered with cocaine along with mice depleted of σ1 receptor, we show that blockade of σ1 receptor by an antagonist restores the protective H3 receptor-mediated brake on D1 receptor signaling and prevents the cell death from elevated D1 receptor signaling. These findings suggest that a combination therapy of σ1R antagonists with H3 receptor agonists could serve to reduce some effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - David Moreno-Delgado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Hanne M. Hoffmann
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Silvia Fuentes
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Santi Rosell-Vilar
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Paola Gasperini
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Mar Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Mireia Medrano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Josefa Mallol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Antoni Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Carme Lluís
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Sergi Ferré
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, and
| | - Jordi Ortiz
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enric Canela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Peter J. McCormick
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7TJ
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10
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Harper DN. Attenuation of the disruptive effects of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and cocaine on delayed matching-to-sample performance with D1 versus D2 antagonists. Addict Biol 2013; 18:912-20. [PMID: 21995578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that acute exposure to (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces qualitatively similar effects on recognition task performance as other stimulant-type drugs. The current study examined whether there was a similar neurochemical basis to these memory effects by examining the effects of a D1 receptor antagonist (SCH23390) and D2 antagonist (eticlopride) on MDMA- or cocaine-induced impairments in delayed matching-to-sample performance in rats. At low doses it was shown that eticlopride was ineffective in antagonizing either MDMA or cocaine's effects, and at higher doses exacerbated their effects. In contrast, the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 was only able to significantly attenuate the disruption caused by MDMA, but not cocaine's effects. Therefore, although present evidence suggests that the effect of acute MDMA on memory-task performance may be related to its effects at D1 receptor sites, there may be differences between MDMA and cocaine in the precise neurochemical pathways involved despite their having similar cognitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Harper
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
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11
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Mello NK, Fivel PA, Kohut SJ. Effects of chronic buspirone treatment on nicotine and concurrent nicotine+cocaine self-administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1264-75. [PMID: 23337868 PMCID: PMC3656370 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence and cocaine abuse are major public health problems, and most cocaine abusers also smoke cigarettes. An ideal pharmacotherapy would reduce both cigarette smoking and cocaine abuse. Buspirone (Buspar) is a clinically available, non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic medication that acts on serotonin and dopamine systems. In preclinical studies, it reduced cocaine self-administration following both acute and chronic treatment in rhesus monkeys. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of chronic buspirone treatment on self-administration of intravenous (IV) nicotine and IV nicotine+cocaine combinations. Five cocaine-experienced adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to self-administer nicotine or nicotine+cocaine combinations, and food pellets (1 g) during four 1-h daily sessions under a second-order schedule of reinforcement (FR 2 (VR16:S)). Each nicotine+cocaine combination maintained significantly higher levels of drug self-administration than nicotine or cocaine alone (P<0.05-0.001). Buspirone (0.032-0.56 mg/kg/h) was administered IV through one lumen of a double-lumen catheter every 20 min for 23 h each day, for 7-10 consecutive days. Each 7-10-day sequence of buspirone treatment was followed by saline-control treatment for at least 3 days until food- and drug-maintained responding returned to baseline. Buspirone dose-dependently reduced responding maintained by nicotine alone (0.001-0.1 mg/kg/inj; P<0.01) and by nicotine (0.001 or 0.0032 mg/kg/inj)+cocaine combinations (0.0032 mg/kg/inj; P<0.05-0.001) with no significant effects on food-maintained responding. We conclude that buspirone selectively attenuates the reinforcing effects of nicotine alone and nicotine+cocaine polydrug combinations in a nonhuman primate model of drug self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Mello
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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12
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Gao Y, Geng L, Orson F, Kinsey B, Kosten TR, Shen X, Brimijoin S. Effects of anti-cocaine vaccine and viral gene transfer of cocaine hydrolase in mice on cocaine toxicity including motor strength and liver damage. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:208-11. [PMID: 22935511 PMCID: PMC3537841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In developing an vivo drug-interception therapy to treat cocaine abuse and hinder relapse into drug seeking provoked by re-encounter with cocaine, two promising agents are: (1) a cocaine hydrolase enzyme (CocH) derived from human butyrylcholinesterase and delivered by gene transfer; (2) an anti-cocaine antibody elicited by vaccination. Recent behavioral experiments showed that antibody and enzyme work in a complementary fashion to reduce cocaine-stimulated locomotor activity in rats and mice. Our present goal was to test protection against liver damage and muscle weakness in mice challenged with massive doses of cocaine at or near the LD50 level (100-120 mg/kg, i.p.). We found that, when the interceptor proteins were combined at doses that were only modestly protective in isolation (enzyme, 1mg/kg; antibody, 8 mg/kg), they provided complete protection of liver tissue and motor function. When the enzyme levels were ~400-fold higher, after in vivo transduction by adeno-associated viral vector, similar protection was observed from CocH alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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13
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Mello NK, Fivel PA, Kohut SJ, Bergman J. Effects of chronic buspirone treatment on cocaine self-administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:455-67. [PMID: 23072835 PMCID: PMC3547196 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse and dependence is a major public health problem that continues to challenge medication-based treatment. Buspirone (Buspar) is a clinically available, non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic medication that acts on both serotonin and dopamine systems. In recent preclinical studies, acute buspirone treatment reduced cocaine self-administration at doses that did not also decrease food-reinforced behavior in rhesus monkeys (Bergman et al, 2012). The present study evaluated the effectiveness of chronic buspirone treatment on self-administration of cocaine and food. Five adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to self-administer cocaine and food during four 1-h daily sessions under a second-order schedule of reinforcement (FR2 [VR 16:S]). Buspirone (0.32 and 0.56 mg/kg/h) was administered intravenously through one lumen of a double-lumen catheter every 20 min for 23 h each day for 7-10 consecutive days. Each buspirone treatment period was followed by saline control treatment until drug- and food-maintained responding returned to baseline levels. Buspirone significantly reduced responding maintained by cocaine, and shifted the dose-effect curve downwards. Buspirone had minimal effects on food-maintained responding. In cocaine discrimination studies, buspirone (0.1-0.32 mg/kg, IM) did not antagonize the discriminative stimulus and rate-altering effects of cocaine in four of six monkeys. These findings indicate that buspirone selectively attenuates the reinforcing effects of cocaine in a nonhuman primate model of cocaine self-administration, and has variable effects on cocaine discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Mello
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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14
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Schindler CW, Justinova Z, Lafleur D, Woods D, Roschke V, Hallak H, Sklair-Tavron L, Redhi GH, Yasar S, Bergman J, Goldberg SR. Modification of pharmacokinetic and abuse-related effects of cocaine by human-derived cocaine hydrolase in monkeys. Addict Biol 2013; 18:30-9. [PMID: 22264200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although substantial research effort has focused on developing pharmacological treatments for cocaine abuse, no effective medications have been developed. Recent studies show that enzymes that metabolize cocaine in the periphery, forestalling its entry into the brain, can prevent cocaine toxicity and its behavioral effects in rodents. Here we report on effects of one such enzyme (Albu-CocH) on the pharmacokinetic and behavioral effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys. Albu-CocH was developed from successive mutations of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and has 1000-fold greater catalytic activity against cocaine than naturally occurring BChE. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that Albu-CocH (5 mg/kg) had a half-life of 56.6 hours in squirrel monkeys. In these studies, plasma levels of cocaine following i.v. 1 mg/kg cocaine were reduced 2 hours after administration of Albu-CocH, whereas plasma levels of the cocaine metabolite ecgonine methyl ester were increased. These effects were still evident 72 hours following Albu-CocH administration. In behavioral experiments in monkeys, pre-treatment with 5 mg/kg Albu-CocH dramatically decreased self-administration of a reinforcing dose of i.v. cocaine (30 µg/kg/injection) for over 24 hours. Pre-treatment with 5 mg/kg Albu-CocH also attenuated the reinstatement of extinguished cocaine self-administration by an i.v. priming injection of cocaine (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg) and, in separate studies, attenuated the discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine. The ability of Albu-CocH to attenuate the abuse-related effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys indicates that further investigation of BChE mutants as potential treatment for cocaine abuse and toxicity is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Schindler
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Sørensen G, Jensen M, Weikop P, Dencker D, Christiansen SH, Loland CJ, Bengtsen CH, Petersen JH, Fink-Jensen A, Wörtwein G, Woldbye DPD. Neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor antagonism attenuates cocaine-induced effects in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 222:565-77. [PMID: 22367168 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several studies suggest a role for neuropeptide Y (NPY) in addiction to drugs of abuse, including cocaine. However, the NPY receptors mediating addiction-related effects remain to be determined. OBJECTIVES To explore the potential role of Y5 NPY receptors in cocaine-induced behavioural effects. METHODS The Y5 antagonist L-152,804 and Y5-knockout (Y5-KO) mice were tested in two models of cocaine addiction-related behaviour: acute self-administration and cocaine-induced hyperactivity. We also studied effects of Y5 receptor antagonism on cocaine-induced c-fos expression and extracellular dopamine with microdialysis as well as dopamine transporter-mediated uptake of dopamine in vitro. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine whether dopamine neurons express Y5-like immunoreactivity. RESULTS In self-administration, L-152,804 prominently decreased nose-poking for the peak dose of cocaine and shifted the dose-response curve for cocaine downward. Y5-KO mice also showed modestly attenuated self-administration. Cocaine-induced hyperactivity was attenuated by L-152,804 and in Y5-KO mice. Cocaine failed to increase c-fos expression in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of L-152,804-treated mice, indicating that the Y5 antagonist could act by influencing neural activity in these regions. Accordingly, the cocaine-induced increase in accumbal extracellular dopamine was attenuated by L-152,804 and in Y5-KO mice, suggesting that Y5 antagonism influences cocaine-induced behaviour by regulating dopamine. Consistent with this concept, dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area appeared to contain Y5 receptors. In contrast, neither L-152,804 nor NPY influenced dopamine transporter-mediated dopamine uptake. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicate that Y5 antagonism may attenuate cocaine-induced behavioural effects, suggesting that Y5 receptors could be a potential therapeutic target in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Sørensen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen & Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Hobson BD, Merritt KE, Bachtell RK. Stimulation of adenosine receptors in the nucleus accumbens reverses the expression of cocaine sensitization and cross-sensitization to dopamine D2 receptors in rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1172-81. [PMID: 22749927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors co-localize with dopamine receptors on medium spiny nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons where they antagonize dopamine receptor activity. It remains unclear whether adenosine receptor stimulation in the NAc restores cocaine-induced enhancements in dopamine receptor sensitivity. The goal of these studies was to determine whether stimulating A(1) or A(2A) receptors in the NAc reduces the expression of cocaine sensitization. Rats were sensitized with 7 daily treatments of cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.). Following one-week withdrawal, the effects of intra-NAc microinjections of the adenosine kinase inhibitor (ABT-702), the adenosine deaminase inhibitor (deoxycoformycin; DCF), the specific A(1) receptor agonist (CPA) and the specific A(2A) receptor agonist (CGS 21680) were tested on the behavioral expression of cocaine sensitization. The results indicate that intra-NAc pretreatment of ABT-702 and DCF dose-dependently blocked the expression of cocaine sensitization while having no effects on acute cocaine sensitivity, suggesting that upregulation of endogenous adenosine in the accumbens is sufficient to non-selectively stimulate adenosine receptors and reverse the expression of cocaine sensitization. Intra-NAc treatment of CPA significantly inhibited the expression of cocaine sensitization, which was reversed by both A(1) and A(2A) receptor antagonism. Intra-NAc treatment of CGS 21680 also significantly inhibited the expression of cocaine sensitization, which was selectively reversed by A(2A), but not A(1), receptor antagonism. Finally, CGS 21680 also inhibited the expression of quinpirole cross-sensitization. Together, these findings suggest that adenosine receptor stimulation in the NAc is sufficient to reverse the behavioral expression of cocaine sensitization and that A(2A) receptors blunt cocaine-induced sensitization of postsynaptic D(2) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hobson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
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17
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Jamalapuram S, Vuppala PK, Mesangeau C, McCurdy CR, Avery BA. Determination of a highly selective mixed-affinity sigma receptor ligand, in rat plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 891-892:1-6. [PMID: 22406103 PMCID: PMC3992999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A selective, rapid and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) method was developed and validated to quantitate a highly selective mixed-affinity sigma receptor ligand, CM156 (3-(4-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl)benzo[d] thiazole-2(3H)-thione), in rat plasma. CM156 and the internal standard (aripiprazole) were extracted from plasma samples by a single step liquid-liquid extraction using chloroform. The analysis was carried out on an ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH HILIC column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm×50 mm) with isocratic elution at flow rate of 0.2 mL/min using 10mM ammonium formate in 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (10:90) as the mobile phase. The detection of the analyte was performed on a mass spectrometer operated in selected ion recording (SIR) mode with positive electrospray ionization (ESI). The validated analytical method resulted in a run time of 4 min and the retention times observed were 2.6±0.1 and 2.1±0.1 min for CM156 and the IS, respectively. The calibration curve exhibited excellent linearity over a concentration range of 5-4000 ng/mL with the lower limit of quantification of 5 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision values were below 15% and accuracy ranged from -6.5% to 5.0%. The mean recovery of CM156 from plasma was 96.8%. The validated method was applied to a pilot intravenous pharmacokinetic study in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshulatha Jamalapuram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Pradeep K. Vuppala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Christophe Mesangeau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Bonnie A. Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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18
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Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine-threonine kinase that controls global protein synthesis, in part, by modulating translation initiation, a rate-limiting step for many mRNAs. Previous studies implicate mTOR in regulating stimulant-induced sensitization and antidepressive-like behavior in rodents, as well as drug craving in abstinent heroin addicts. To determine if signaling downstream of mTOR is affected by repeated cocaine administration in reward-associated brain regions, and if inhibition of mTOR alters cocaine-induced behavioral plasticity, C57BL/6J mice received four intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 15 mg/kg cocaine and levels of phosphorylated P70S6 kinase and ribosomal S6 protein-two translational regulators directly downstream of mTOR-were analyzed by immunoblotting across several brain regions. Cocaine place preference and locomotor sensitization were elicited by four pairings of cocaine with a distinct environment and the effects of mTOR inhibition were assessed by pre-treating the mice with 10 mg/kg rapamycin, 1 hour prior to: (1) each saline/cocaine conditioning session; (2) a post-conditioning test; or (3) a test for locomotor sensitization conducted at 3 weeks withdrawal. While systemic pre-treatment with 10 mg/kg rapamycin during conditioning failed to alter the development of a cocaine place preference or locomotor sensitization, pre-treatment prior to the post-conditioning test attenuated the expression of the place preference. Additionally, rapamycin pre-treatment prior to a cocaine challenge 3 weeks post-conditioning blocked the expression of the sensitized locomotor response. These findings suggest a role for mTOR activity, and perhaps translational control, in the expression of cocaine-induced place preference and locomotor sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Bailey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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19
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Baker D, Deats S, Boor P, Pruitt J, Pagán OR. Minimal structural requirements of alkyl γ-lactones capable of antagonizing the cocaine-induced motility decrease in planarians. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:174-9. [PMID: 21878350 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the natural cyclic lactone, parthenolide, and related analogs prevent the expression of behavioral effects induced by cocaine in planarians and that parthenolide's γ-lactone ring is required for this effect. In the present work, we tested a series of alkyl γ-lactones with varying chain length (1-8 carbons) to determine their ability to antagonize the planarian motility decrease induced by 200 μM cocaine. Alkyl lactones with up to a 4-carbon alkyl chain did not affect planarian motility or antagonized the cocaine-induced motility decrease; only the compound γ-nonalactone (a γ-lactone with a 5-carbon chain) was able to prevent the cocaine-induced behavioral patterns, while alkyl lactones with longer carbon chains failed to prevent the cocaine-induced effects. Thus, we conclude that the optimal structural features of this family of compounds to antagonize cocaine's effect in this experimental system is a γ-lactone ring with at a 5-carbon long functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Baker
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383-2112, USA
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20
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Fritz M, Klement S, El Rawas R, Saria A, Zernig G. Sigma1 receptor antagonist BD1047 enhances reversal of conditioned place preference from cocaine to social interaction. Pharmacology 2010; 87:45-8. [PMID: 21196793 DOI: 10.1159/000322534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that only four 15-min social interaction episodes with a male adult conspecific reversed cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) even despite continuing CPP training with cocaine. In the present study, we investigated if BD1047, a sigma1 receptor antagonist that has been shown to inhibit the expression of cocaine CPP, is able to enhance this effect. BD1047, given as a 10-min pretreatment, dose-dependently (ED50 of 0.0036 mg/kg i.p.) decreased the time spent in the previously cocaine-associated compartment in favour of the time spent in the compartment in which a single social interaction had taken place. Our findings indicate that sigma1 blockade may be used therapeutically to enhance treatment adherence in social interaction-based rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fritz
- Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Anier K, Malinovskaja K, Aonurm-Helm A, Zharkovsky A, Kalda A. DNA methylation regulates cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:2450-61. [PMID: 20720536 PMCID: PMC3055323 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral sensitization produced by repeated cocaine treatment represents the neural adaptations underlying some of the features of addiction in humans. Cocaine administrations induce neural adaptations through regulation of gene expression. Several studies suggest that epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, are the critical regulators of gene expression in the adult central nervous system. DNA methylation is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and consequent promoter region hypermethylation is associated with transcriptional silencing. In this study a potential role for DNA methylation in a cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization model in mice was explored. We report that acute cocaine treatment caused an upregulation of DNMT3A and DNMT3B gene expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation, DNA bisulfite modification, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we observed that cocaine treatment resulted in DNA hypermethylation and increased binding of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) at the protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit (PP1c) promoter. These changes are associated with transcriptional downregulation of PP1c in NAc. In contrast, acute and repeated cocaine administrations induced hypomethylation and decreased binding of MeCP2 at the fosB promoter, and these are associated with transcriptional upregulation of fosB in NAc. We also found that pharmacological inhibition of DNMT by zebularine treatment decreased cocaine-induced DNA hypermethylation at the PP1c promoter and attenuated PP1c mRNA downregulation in NAc. Finally, zebularine and cocaine co-treatment delayed the development of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. Together, these results suggest that dynamic changes of DNA methylation may be an important gene regulation mechanism underlying cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Anier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Anu Aonurm-Helm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Anti Kalda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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22
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Shabani S, Foster R, Gubner N, Phillips TJ, Mark GP. Muscarinic type 2 receptors in the lateral dorsal tegmental area modulate cocaine and food seeking behavior in rats. Neuroscience 2010; 170:559-69. [PMID: 20667466 PMCID: PMC2936824 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic input from the lateral dorsal tegmental area (LDTg) modulates the dopamine cells of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and plays an important role in cocaine taking. Specific pharmacological agents that block or stimulate muscarinic receptors in the LDTg change acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the VTA. Furthermore, manipulations of cholinergic input in the VTA can change cocaine taking. In the current study, the ACh output from the LDTg was attenuated by treatment with the selective muscarinic type 2 (M2) autoreceptor agonist oxotremorine.sesquifumarate (OxoSQ). We hypothesized that OxoSQ would reduce the motivation of rats to self-administer both natural and drug rewards. Animals were tested on progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement for food pellets and cocaine. On test days, animals on food and on cocaine schedules were bilaterally microinjected prior to the test. Rats received either LDTg OxoSQ infusions or LDTg artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) infusions in a within-subjects design. In addition, infusions were delivered into a dorsal brain area above the LDTg as an anatomical control region. OxoSQ microinjection in the LDTg, compared to aCSF, significantly reduced both the number of self-administered pellets and cocaine infusions during the initial half of the session; this reduction was dose-dependent. OxoSQ microinjections into the area just dorsal to the LDTg had no significant effect on self-administration of food pellets or cocaine. Animals were also tested in locomotor activity chambers for motor effects following the above microinjections. Locomotor activity was mildly increased by OxoSQ microinjection into the LDTg during the initial half of the session. Overall, these data suggest that LDTg cholinergic neurons play an important role in modifying the reinforcing value of natural and drug rewards. These effects cannot be attributed to significant alterations of locomotor behavior and are likely accomplished through LDTg muscarinic autoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shabani
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 97239-3098, Phone: 503 220 8262 x 56673, Fax: 503 721 1029
| | - R Foster
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 97239-3098
| | - N Gubner
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 97239-3098
| | - TJ Phillips
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 97239-3098
- VA Medical Center, Portland VA Medical Center (VAMC), R&D 32, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239
| | - GP Mark
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 97239-3098, Phone: 503 494 2680
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Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most commonly used substances of abuse. The use of beta-blockers in cocaine induced acute coronary syndrome has long been a matter of debate. While it is widely believed that beta-blockers are contraindicated in cocaine toxicity, there appears to be some recognizable role for certain beta-blockers in ameliorating the cardiovascular as well as central nervous system effects of cocaine. This article explores the role of beta-blockers in the management of cocaine toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Damodaran
- Department of Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo, Erie County Medical Center, 462 Grider Street, Buffalo, New York 14215, USA.
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Peng XQ, Ashby CR, Spiller K, Li X, Li J, Thomasson N, Millan MJ, Mocaër E, Muńoz C, Gardner EL, Xi ZX. The preferential dopamine D3 receptor antagonist S33138 inhibits cocaine reward and cocaine-triggered relapse to drug-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56:752-60. [PMID: 19136017 PMCID: PMC3726045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that selective dopamine (DA) D3 receptor antagonists are effective in a number of animal models of drug addiction, but not in intravenous drug self-administration, suggesting a limited ability to modify drug reward. In the present study, we evaluated the actions ofS33138, a novel partially selective D3 receptor antagonist, in animal models relevant to drug addiction. S33138, at doses of 0.156 or 0.625 mg/kg (i.p.), attenuated cocaine-enhanced brain-stimulation reward (BSR), and the highest dose tested (2.5 mg/kg) produced a significant aversive-like rightward shift in BSR rate-frequency reward functions. Further, S33138 produced biphasic effects on cocaine self-administration, i.e., a moderate dose (2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) increased, while a higher dose (5 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited, cocaine self-administration. The increase in cocaine self-administration likely reflects a compensatory response to a partial reduction in drug reward after S33138. In addition, S33138 (0.156-2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) also dose-dependently inhibited cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. The reduction in cocaine-enhanced BSR and cocaine-triggered reinstatement produced by lower effective doses (e.g., 0.156 or 0.625 mg/kg) of 533138 is unlikely due to impaired locomotion, as lower effective doses of S33138 decreased neither Ymax levels in the BSR paradigm, rotarod performance, nor locomotion. However, the higher doses (2.5 or 5 mg/kg) of S33138 also significantly inhibited sucrose self-administration and rotarod performance, suggesting non-D3 receptor-mediated effects on non-drug reward and locomotion. These data suggest that lower doses of S33138 interacting essentially with D3 receptors have pharmacotherapeutic potential in treatment of cocaine addiction, while higher doses occupying D2 receptors may influence locomotion and non-drug reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Peng
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Charles R. Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John’s University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Krista Spiller
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jie Li
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nitza Thomasson
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 92615 Courbevoie, France
| | - Mark J. Millan
- Psychopharmacology Department, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Elisabeth Mocaër
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 92615 Courbevoie, France
| | - Carmen Muńoz
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 92615 Courbevoie, France
| | - Eliot L. Gardner
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Carey RJ, Damianopoulos EN, Shanahan AB. Cocaine conditioning: reversal by autoreceptor dose levels of 8-OHDPAT. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 91:447-52. [PMID: 18804487 PMCID: PMC2716395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the contribution of serotonergic effects of cocaine to Pavlovian conditioning of cocaine locomotor stimulant effects, two experiments were conducted in which groups of rats (N=10) received cocaine treatments (10 mg/kg) paired or unpaired to placement in an open-field environment. Initially, a cocaine conditioned locomotion stimulant effect was established. Next, additional Coc-P and Coc-UP pairings were carried out in conjunction with pretreatment injections of the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OHDPAT (0.01, 0.025 and 0.05 mg/kg) or saline. In experiment 1, the Coc-P group which received the saline pretreatment again exhibited conditioning but in the 8-OHDPAT pretreatment Coc-P group conditioning was eliminated. In the second experiment, the protocol of the first experiment was repeated but expanded in the post-conditioning phase to include an 8-OHDPAT plus the 5-HT1A antagonist pretreatment Coc-P group. As in the first experiment, the 8-OHDPAT pretreatment Coc-P group did not exhibit a cocaine conditioned locomotion stimulant effect; whereas, the saline pretreatment Coc-P and the 8-OHDPAT plus WAY-100635 pretreatment Coc-P groups did exhibit the cocaine conditioned locomotion stimulant effect. These findings are consistent with an important role for serotonin in the maintenance of cocaine Pavlovian conditioned effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Research Service (151), VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Kotlinska J, Pachuta A, Silberring J. Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) reduces the expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and cocaine-induced sensitization in animals. Peptides 2008; 29:933-9. [PMID: 18295932 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous brain opioid system is believed to play an important role in mediating reward mechanisms. Opioid innervation is high in many limbic regions and reinforcing actions of many drugs of abuse, including cocaine, are thought to be mediated via endogenous opioid system. The aim of the present study was to indicate whether the anti-opioid peptide, neuropeptide FF (NPFF; FLFQPQRF-NH2) was able to modify the rewarding effect of cocaine (5 mg/kg) measured in the expression of conditioned place preference (CPP) test in rats and the expression of sensitization to hyperlocomotor effect of cocaine (10 mg/kg) in mice. Our results indicate that NPFF (5, 10, and 20 nmol) given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) inhibited the expression of cocaine-induced CPP at the dose of 10 nmol (P<0.01) and 20 nmol (P<0.001). Moreover, NPFF inhibited the expression of cocaine-induced sensitization to its hyperlocomotor effect at the dose of 20 nmol (P<0.05) and acute hyperlocomotor effect of cocaine at doses of 5 nmol (P<0.01), 10 nmol (P<0.01), and 20 nmol (P<0.05). Our study suggests that NPFF may participate in a rewarding effect of cocaine measured in the CPP paradigm. On the other hand, our experiments indicate that NPFF is involved in the mechanism of expression of sensitization to cocaine hyperlocomotion but this effect seems to be non-specific because NPFF also inhibited the acute hyperlocomotor effect of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kotlinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University School, Staszica 4, 20-081 Lublin, Poland.
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Cheng RK, Ali YM, Meck WH. Ketamine “unlocks” the reduced clock-speed effects of cocaine following extended training: Evidence for dopamine–glutamate interactions in timing and time perception. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 88:149-59. [PMID: 17513138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the clock-speed modulating effects of acute cocaine administration in groups of male rats that received different amounts of baseline training on a 36-s peak-interval procedure prior to initial drug injection. After injection of cocaine (10, 15, or 20mg/kg, ip), rats that had received a minimal amount of training (e.g., <or=30 sessions) prior to drug administration displayed a horizontal leftward shift in their timing functions indicating that the speed of the internal clock was increased. In contrast, rats that had received an extended amount of training (e.g., >or=180 sessions) prior to cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip) administration did not produce this "classic" curve-shift effect, but instead displayed a general disruption of temporal control following drug administration. Importantly, when co-administered with a behaviorally ineffective dose of ketamine (10mg/kg, ip) the ability of cocaine to modulate clock speed in rats receiving extended training was restored. A glutamate "lock/unlock" hypothesis is used to explain the observed dopamine-glutamate interactions as a function of timing behaviors becoming learned habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Kuang Cheng
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 572 Research Drive, Genome Sciences Research Building II, Box 91050, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Xi ZX, Yang Z, Li SJ, Li X, Dillon C, Peng XQ, Spiller K, Gardner EL. Levo-tetrahydropalmatine inhibits cocaine's rewarding effects: experiments with self-administration and brain-stimulation reward in rats. Neuropharmacology 2007; 53:771-82. [PMID: 17888459 PMCID: PMC2965413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It was recently reported that levo-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP), a dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptor antagonist purified from the Chinese herb Stephanie, appears to be effective in attenuating cocaine self-administration, cocaine-triggered reinstatement and cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in preclinical animal models. The present study was designed to contrast l-THP's effects on cocaine self-administration under fixed-ratio (FR) and progressive-ratio (PR) reinforcement, and to study l-THP's effects on cocaine-enhanced brain stimulation reward (BSR). Systemic administration of l-THP produced dose-dependent, biphasic effects, i.e., low-to-moderate doses (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) increased, while a high dose (20 mg/kg) inhibited cocaine self-administration behavior under FR2 reinforcement. The increased cocaine self-administration is likely a compensatory response to a reduction in cocaine's rewarding effects, because the same low doses of l-THP dose-dependently attenuated cocaine self-administration under PR reinforcement and also attenuated cocaine-enhanced BSR. These attenuations of PR cocaine self-administration and cocaine-enhanced BSR are unlikely due to l-THP-induced sedation or locomotor inhibition, because only 10 mg/kg, but not 1-3 mg/kg, of l-THP inhibited locomotion, sucrose self-administration and asymptotic operant performance in the BSR paradigm. In vivo microdialysis demonstrated that l-THP slightly elevates extracellular nucleus accumbens DA by itself, but dose-dependently potentiates cocaine-augmented DA, suggesting that a postsynaptic, rather than presynaptic, DA receptor antagonism underlies l-THP's actions on cocaine reward. Together, the present data, combined with previous findings, support the potential use of l-THP for treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Xiong Xi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zheng Yang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Jiang Li
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Dillon
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Peng
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krista Spiller
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eliot L. Gardner
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Benturquia N, Le Guen S, Canestrelli C, Lagente V, Apiou G, Roques BP, Noble F. Specific blockade of morphine- and cocaine-induced reinforcing effects in conditioned place preference by nitrous oxide in mice. Neuroscience 2007; 149:477-86. [PMID: 17905521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N(2)O), a pharmacological active gas and an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors, has been reported to be effective in the treatment of alcohol and tobacco withdrawal syndrome. However, the neurobiological bases of N(2)O effects are unknown. The aim of the present studies was to examine the effect of N(2)O on acquisition and expression of morphine- (10 mg/kg; s.c.) and cocaine- (20 mg/kg; i.p.) induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice. Unbiased place conditioning method was used. Mice were exposed to N(2)O during the conditioning phase (acquisition of CPP) or during postconditioning phase (expression of CPP). The same protocol was used to evaluate the impact of N(2)O on locomotor activity, two-trial recognition task (memory), spontaneous alternation, sucrose consumption (anhedonic state), forced swim (depressive state) and elevated O-maze tests (anxiety state). In all these tests, mice were treated with morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) the first day, the following day mice were given saline. This sequence alternated during the next 4 days. Control animals received saline every day. The behavior of animals was evaluated on day 8. N(2)O did not induce CPP but impaired the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP and blocked the expression of cocaine- and morphine-induced CPP. The effects of the gas were long lasting and persist 4 days following the exposure. Moreover no behavioral modifications in tests usually used to investigated emotional state as compared with control mice were observed in animals exposed to N(2)O, ruling out an effect of this gas on attention, anxiety, depression, locomotion and anhedonia. These studies raise the possibility that N(2)O could have a clinical benefit in the management of morphine and cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Benturquia
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 avenue de l'Observatoir, Paris F-75006, France.
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Noble F, Sanchez M, Lowenstein W. Interest for delivery of cocaethylene in a sustained release emulsion vs saline evaluated on behavioral sensitization in naive and cocaine-sensitized mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 193:415-21. [PMID: 17476479 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Repeated administration of psychostimulant elicits behavioral sensitization, characterized by an augmented locomotor response to a subsequent challenge injection. This sensitization is paralleled by neural adaptations. Evidences suggest that the rate at which drugs of abuse are delivered to the brain play a key role in this plasticity. Cocaethylene is a pharmacologically active homolog of cocaine, known to have a pharmacokinetic profile different to that of cocaine. OBJECTIVES Utilizing locomotor sensitization, we evaluated the consequences of the administration of cocaethylene in a rapid- and slow-onset formulation, in naïve and cocaine-sensitized mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the development of sensitization after repeated administration of cocaine and cocaethylene and the effects of cocaethylene in animals previously exposed to cocaine. Cocaethylene was dissolved in two vehicles (saline and emulsion). RESULTS As observed with cocaine, chronic cocaethylene treatment in saline induced a behavioral sensitization, while in a sustained release emulsion, no behavioral sensitization was observed. Moreover, the expression of the sensitized behavior observed in cocaine-treated mice was reduced or totally abolished after cocaethylene administration in saline and emulsion, respectively. Interestingly, administration of cocaine in mice chronically treated with cocaethylene in saline induced an increase in locomotor activity as compared to control animals. In contrast, no difference was observed after the administration of cocaine in animals chronically treated with cocaethylene in emulsion or control group. CONCLUSIONS Cocaethylene in a sustained release emulsion blocked locomotor sensitization. These results suggest that cocaethylene, in a specific galenic preparation, such as gum, may be an efficacious harm-reduction alternative to cocaine users.
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Mills K, Ansah T, Ali S, Mukherjee S, Shockley D. Augmented behavioral response and enhanced synaptosomal calcium transport induced by repeated cocaine administration are decreased by calcium channel blockers. Life Sci 2007; 81:600-8. [PMID: 17689567 PMCID: PMC2765982 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that calcium influx via L-type calcium channels is necessary for psychostimulant-induced behavioral sensitization. In addition, chronic amphetamine upregulates subtype Cav1.2-containing L-type calcium channels. In the present studies, we assessed the effect of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) on cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and determined whether the functional activity of L-type calcium channels is altered after repeated cocaine administration. Rats were administered daily intraperitoneal injections of either flunarizine (40 mg/kg), diltiazem (40 mg/kg) or cocaine (20 mg/kg) and the combination of the CCBs and cocaine for 30 days. Motor activities were monitored on Day 1, and every 6th day during the 30-day treatment period. Daily cocaine administration produced increased locomotor activity. Maximal augmentation of behavioral response to repeated cocaine administration was observed on Day 18. Flunarizine pretreatment abolished the augmented behavioral response to repeated cocaine administration while diltiazem was less effective. Measurement of tissue monoamine levels on Day 18 revealed cocaine-induced increases in DA and 5-HT in the nucleus accumbens. By contrast to behavioral response, diltiazem was more effective in attenuating increases in monoamine levels than flunarizine. Cocaine administration for 18 days produced increases in calcium uptake in synaptosomes prepared from the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex. Increases in calcium uptake were abolished by flunarizine and diltiazem pretreatment. Taken together, the augmented cocaine-induced behavioral response on Day 18 may be due to increased calcium uptake in the nucleus accumbens leading to increased dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) release. Flunarizine and diltiazem attenuated the behavioral response by decreasing calcium uptake and decreasing neurochemical release.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mills
- Department of Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
| | - T.A. Ansah
- Department of Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, Tel: 615 327 6295, Fax: 615 327 6632, (T.A. Ansah)
| | - S.F. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, 3900 NCTR Drive, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-9502, USA
| | - S. Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
| | - D.C. Shockley
- Department of Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
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Cantilena LR, Cherstniakova SA, Saviolakis G, Kahn R, Elkashef A, Rose L, Vocci F. Prevalence of abnormal liver-associated enzymes in cocaine experienced adults versus healthy volunteers during phase 1 clinical trials. Contemp Clin Trials 2007; 28:695-704. [PMID: 17544338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The frequency and nature of elevation of liver-associated enzymes (LAE) are important safety endpoints in Phase 1 clinical trials of new anti-cocaine agents, yet very little information is available on the prevalence of abnormal LAE in cocaine experienced adults. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the alterations of liver-associated enzymes (LAE) aspartate- (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), and bilirubin in healthy "normal" (HN) and cocaine experienced (actively using cocaine preadmission (CE)) adults participating in long term inpatient clinical trials. We examined LAE values collected from 3 inpatient Phase 1 trials of anti-cocaine agents. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the significance of various factors on LAE alterations. Gender, baseline BMI, treatment did not demonstrate significant group differences in LAE levels. CE study volunteers were found to have significantly higher AST and ALT values than HN volunteers (P<0.05) during their respective inpatient stays. 94.1% of the 17 subjects with abnormal LAE were CE, and 37.5% of these CE received placebo. In conclusion, despite normal baseline values, most subjects demonstrated an increase in the ALT level even on placebo. For CE subjects, differences (Delta ALT and Delta AST) between baseline and the maximum observed values were significantly higher than that observed for HN subjects. The potential to obscure important signals for hepatotoxicity during Phase 1 research may be higher in the CE study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis R Cantilena
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
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Chen Q, Lee TH, Wetsel WC, Sun QA, Liu Y, Davidson C, Xiong X, Ellinwood EH, Zhang X. Reversal of cocaine sensitization-induced behavioral sensitization normalizes GAD67 and GABAA receptor alpha2 subunit expression, and PKC zeta activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:733-8. [PMID: 17382295 PMCID: PMC1924471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown in rats that cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization can be reversed by a 5-day treatment with ondansetron given 3.5 h after daily pergolide injections. In this study we further investigated the molecular/neurochemical alterations underlying cocaine sensitization and pergolide/ondansetron-mediated reversal. Results revealed that glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD(65)/GAD(67)) is higher abundant in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) than that in the caudate and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), while GABA(A) receptor alpha2 subunit level in the NAc shell is less abundant than that in the NAc core, mPFC and caudate. Cocaine sensitization led to (1) a decrease in GAD(67) expression, an increase in total protein kinase C (PKC) zeta subtype and phosphorylated PKC zeta/lambda levels in the NAc core; (2) a decrease in GAD(67) and GABA(A) receptor alpha2 subunit expression, and an increase in phosphorylated PKC zeta/lambda levels in the NAc shell; (3) an increase in GAD(67) expression in the caudate. Importantly, pergolide/ondansetron treatment reversed these alterations. These results suggest that reversal of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization is associated with reversal of region-specific changes in GABA function and PKC activity in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke university Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tong H. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke university Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William C. Wetsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke university Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke university Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qi-An Sun
- Department of Medicine, Duke university Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yingmiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, Duke university Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Colin Davidson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke university Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xueying Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke university Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Everett H. Ellinwood
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke university Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke university Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiuwu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke university Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- * Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Xiuwu Zhang, Box 3870, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Office: (919)–668–1630, fax: (919)–681–8369,
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D'Addario C, Di Benedetto M, Candeletti S, Romualdi P. The kappa-opioid receptor agonist U-69593 prevents cocaine-induced phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr(34) in the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2007; 73:34-9. [PMID: 17499634 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein) is a potent endogenous inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1, which plays an important role in dopaminergic transmission. A large body of evidence supports the key role of DARPP-32-dependent signalling in mediating the actions of multiple drugs of abuse, including cocaine, which, when acutely administered, increases the Thr(34) phosphorylation of DARPP-32 in the striatal and cortical areas. In this study, we have examined the contribution of the kappa opioid system to the regulation of DARPP-32 phosphorylation at Thr(34), following acute cocaine administration, in selected rat brain areas. Results showed that a single injection of cocaine induces a significant increase in DARPP-32 phosphorylation at Thr(34) in the hippocampus, caudate putamen and prefrontal cortex. In addition, pretreatment with the kappa opioid receptor agonist U-69593 prevented cocaine effects in all the investigated areas. These data could be considered consistent with the ability of kappa opioid agonists to attenuate many behavioural and neurochemical effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Addario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, Bologna 40126, Italy
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35
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Fujiwara A, Wakasa Y, Hironaka N, Sasaki M, Iino M, Yanagita T. Effects of ifenprodil on the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 2007; 27:29-33. [PMID: 17393777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ifenprodil is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist which prefers NR2B-containing NMDA receptors to NR2A-containing NMDA receptors. It has been reported that ifenprodil suppresses morphine-induced place preference in mice. In this study, the effects of ifenprodil on the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine were examined in rhesus monkeys. Five monkeys were trained to discriminate cocaine at 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg im from saline using a standard two-lever drug-discrimination paradigm under a fixed-ratio schedule of food reinforcement. A single dose of cocaine (0.06-0.5 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in cocaine-appropriate response, and training doses produced 100% cocaine-lever response in each monkey. Pretreatment with ifenprodil (1 or 2 mg/kg, i.v.) blocked the cocaine-appropriate response when low doses of cocaine were used. The results suggest that NR2B-containing NMDA receptor-mediated mechanisms modulate the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys.
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Abstract
Exposure to cocaine induces selective behavioral and molecular adaptations. In rodents, acute cocaine induces increased locomotor activity, whereas prolonged drug exposure results in behavioral locomotor sensitization, which is thought to be a consequence of drug-induced neuroadaptive changes. Recent attention has been given to compounds activating GABA(B) receptors as potential antiaddictive therapies. In particular, the principle of allosteric positive GABA(B) receptor modulators is very promising in this respect, as positive modulators lack the sedative and muscle relaxant properties of full GABA(B) receptor agonists such as baclofen. Here, we investigated the effects of systemic application of the GABA(B) receptor-positive modulator GS39783 (N,N'-dicyclopentyl-2-methylsulfanyl-5-nitro-pyrimidine-4, 6-diamine) in animals treated with acute and chronic cocaine administration. Both GS39783 and baclofen dose dependently attenuated acute cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion. Furthermore, both compounds also efficiently blocked cocaine-induced Fos induction in the striatal complex. In chronic studies, GS39783 induced a modest attenuation of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Chronic cocaine induces the accumulation of the transcription factor deltaFosB and upregulates cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) and dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32). GS39783 blocked the induction/activation of DARPP-32 and CREB in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum and partially inhibited deltaFosB accumulation in the dorsal striatum. In summary, our data provide evidence that GS39783 attenuates the acute behavioral effects of cocaine exposure in rodents and in addition prevents the induction of selective long-term adaptive changes in dopaminergic signaling pathways. Further investigation of GABA(B) receptor-positive modulation as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cocaine dependence and possibly other drugs of abuse is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John F. Cryan
- *Corresponding authors: JF Cryan & K Kaupmann, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Pharma AG; CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland; please address correspondence to KK () or JFC ()
| | - Klemens Kaupmann
- *Corresponding authors: JF Cryan & K Kaupmann, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Pharma AG; CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland; please address correspondence to KK () or JFC ()
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Zhang X, Lee TH, Davidson C, Lazarus C, Wetsel WC, Ellinwood EH. Reversal of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and associated phosphorylation of the NR2B and GluR1 subunits of the NMDA and AMPA receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:377-87. [PMID: 16794574 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abusers remain vulnerable to drug craving and relapse for many years after abstinence is achieved. We have recently shown that ondansetron (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) given 3.5 h after each daily cocaine injection reverses previously established behavioral sensitization. The purpose of the present investigation was two-fold. First, as cocaine cannot be used as therapy, we examined whether pergolide (a D1/D2 receptor agonist with reduced abuse potential) and ondansetron could reverse behavioral sensitization. Second, we investigated whether these behavioral changes were associated with parallel alterations in expression levels and/or phosphorylation changes in the NR2B and GluR1 subunits of the respective NMDA and AMPA receptors. Rats were injected for 5 consecutive days with cocaine or saline followed by 9 days of withdrawal. Starting on withdrawal day 10, animals were given vehicle, pergolide/saline, or pergolide/ondansetron for 5 consecutive days. Following a second 9-day period of withdrawal, all animals were challenged with cocaine for assessment of behavioral sensitization and tissues were collected on the following day for Western blot. Sensitization was associated with increased NR2B expression in the accumbens (NAc) shell and decreased Tyr1472 phosphorylation in the NAc core, as well as increased Ser845 phosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit in prefrontal cortex, NAc core, and shell. Pergolide/ondansetron treatment, but not pergolide alone, consistently reversed both the behavioral sensitization and the associated changes in the NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits. To the extent that sensitization plays a role in chronic cocaine abuse, a combination of these clinically available drugs may be useful in treatment of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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38
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Matsumoto RR, Pouw B, Mack AL, Daniels A, Coop A. Effects of UMB24 and (+/-)-SM 21, putative sigma2-preferring antagonists, on behavioral toxic and stimulant effects of cocaine in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 86:86-91. [PMID: 17241657 PMCID: PMC1892169 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have demonstrated that antagonism of sigma1 receptors attenuates the convulsive, lethal, locomotor stimulatory and rewarding actions of cocaine in mice. In contrast, the contribution of sigma2 receptors is unclear because experimental tools to selectively target this subtype are unavailable. To begin addressing this need, we characterized UMB24 (1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(2-pyridyl)-piperazine) and (+/-)-SM 21 (3alpha-tropanyl-2-(4-chorophenoxy)butyrate) in receptor binding and behavioral studies. Receptor binding studies confirmed that UMB24 and (+/-)-SM 21 display preferential affinity for sigma2 over sigma1 receptors. In behavioral studies, pretreatment of Swiss Webster mice with UMB24 or (+/-)-SM 21 significantly attenuated cocaine-induced convulsions and locomotor activity, but not lethality. When administered alone, (+/-)-SM 21 produced no significant effects compared to control injections of saline, but UMB24 had locomotor depressant actions. Together, the data suggest that sigma2 receptor antagonists have the potential to attenuate some of the behavioral effects of cocaine, and further development of more selective, high affinity ligands are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae R Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
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Abstract
This study tested the time course of the discriminative stimulus effects of inhibitors of monoamine oxidase alone or in combination with cocaine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate cocaine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) from saline using a two-lever choice methodology. The nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors tranylcypromine (0.01-5 mg/kg) and phenelzine (1-25 mg/kg), the monoamine oxidase-A selective compound clorgyline (1-25 mg/kg), and the monoamine oxidase-B selective compounds pargyline (0.005-50 mg/kg) and selegiline (1-25 mg/kg) were tested for substitution 15 min or 24 h following administration, and in combination with 10 mg/kg of cocaine 24 and 48 h after administration. At 15 min, selegiline fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine, whereas all other compounds partially substituted. At 24 h, substitution of cocaine was diminished for all compounds except phenelzine, which produced a greater amount of substitution at 24 h than at 15 min. When cocaine was administered 24 h after clorgyline, selegiline, pargyline, and phenelzine, cocaine-appropriate responding was attenuated at intermediate doses of these drugs, whereas the highest doses did not alter cocaine-lever responding. All compounds except selegiline substantially decreased response rate and produced various adverse effects. At 48 h, the effects of all compounds except phenelzine were markedly reduced. Selectivity for monoamine oxidase-A or monoamine oxidase-B did not predict the ability to substitute for or attenuate the subjective effects of cocaine. These findings suggest that monoamine oxidase inhibitors can modulate the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine for at least 24 h, and may be useful for treatment of cocaine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Gatch
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699, USA.
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Penetar DM, Looby AR, Su Z, Lundahl LH, Erös-Sarnyai M, McNeil JF, Lukas SE. Benztropine pretreatment does not affect responses to acute cocaine administration in human volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2006; 21:549-59. [PMID: 17080501 DOI: 10.1002/hup.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benztropine (Cogentin ) was evaluated for its ability to block cocaine's physiological and subjective effects in humans. In healthy, recreational users of cocaine, placebo, or benztropine (1, 2, and 4 mg orally) was given 2 hr before subjects self-administered 0.9 mg/kg of cocaine intranasally. Measurements were made for 2 hr following cocaine administration, and plasma cocaine and cocaine metabolites were assayed. Cocaine produced typical increases in heart rate and alterations in self-reports measured by visual analog scales (VAS). Benztropine alone did not produce changes on any of these measures. Responses to cocaine with and without benztropine pretreatment were similar: benztropine did not change cocaine's effects. This study of one of the tropane-ring analogs that is approved for human use suggests this compound does not alter cocaine-induced effects, but just as importantly, does not produce any adverse behavioral or physiological effects. The exact therapeutic application of benztropine as a possible adjunct treatment for cocaine abuse in humans require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Penetar
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School MA 02478, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Although drug-induced adaptations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) may contribute to several core aspects of addictive behaviors, it is not clear yet whether drugs of abuse elicit changes in synaptic plasticity at the PFC excitatory synapses. Here we report that, following repeated cocaine administration (15 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal injection for 5 consecutive days) with a 3-day withdrawal, excitatory synapses to layer V pyramidal neurons in rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) become highly sensitive to the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) by repeated correlated presynaptic and postsynaptic activity. This promoted LTP induction is caused by cocaine-induced reduction of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptor-mediated inhibition of mPFC pyramidal neurons. In contrast, in slices from rats treated with saline or a single dose of cocaine, the same LTP induction protocol did not induce significant LTP unless the blockade of GABA(A) receptors. Blockade of the D1-like receptors specifically prevented the cocaine-induced enhancement of LTP. Repeated cocaine exposure reduced the GABA(A) receptor-mediated synaptic currents in mPFC pyramidal neurons. Biotinylation experiments revealed a significant reduction of surface GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit expression in mPFC slices from repeated cocaine-treated rats. These findings support an important role for cocaine-induced enhancement of synaptic plasticity in the PFC in the development of drug-associated behavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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42
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Norman AB, Tabet MR, Norman MK, Buesing WR, Pesce AJ, Ball WJ. A chimeric human/murine anticocaine monoclonal antibody inhibits the distribution of cocaine to the brain in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:145-53. [PMID: 17023573 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominantly human sequence, high-affinity anticocaine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2E2 was cleared slowly from mouse blood by a first-order process with an elimination t(1/2) of 8.1 days. Infused 2E2 also produced a dramatic dose-dependent increase in plasma cocaine concentrations and a concomitant decrease in the brain cocaine concentrations produced by an i.v. injection of cocaine HCl (0.56 mg/kg). At the highest dose of 2E2 tested (3:1, mAb/drug), cocaine was not detectable in the brain. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that the normal disappearance of cocaine from plasma was described by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with distribution t(1/2alpha) and terminal elimination t(1/2beta) values of 1.9 and 26.1 min, respectively. In the presence of an equimolar dose of mAb 2E2, there was a 26-fold increase in the area under the plasma cocaine concentration-time curve (AUC) relative to the AUC in the absence of 2E2. Consequently, 2E2 decreased the volume of distribution of cocaine from 6.0 to 0.20 l/kg, which approximated that of 2E2 (0.28 l/kg). However, cocaine was still rapidly cleared from plasma, and its elimination was now described by a single-compartment model with an elimination t(1/2) of 17 min. Importantly, 2E2 also produced a 4.5-fold (78%) decrease in the cocaine AUC in the brain. Therefore, the effect of 2E2 on plasma and brain cocaine concentrations was predominantly caused by a change in the distribution of cocaine with negligible effects on its rate of clearance. These data support the concept of immunotherapy for drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Norman
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA.
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Cooper ZD, Narasimhan D, Sunahara RK, Mierzejewski P, Jutkiewicz EM, Larsen NA, Wilson IA, Landry DW, Woods JH. Rapid and robust protection against cocaine-induced lethality in rats by the bacterial cocaine esterase. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:1885-91. [PMID: 16968810 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.025999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no approved means to prevent the toxic actions of cocaine. Cocaine esterase (CocE) is found in a rhodococcal strain of bacteria that grows in the rhizosphere soil around the coca plant and has been found to hydrolyze cocaine in vitro. The esteratic activity of CocE (0.1-1.0 mg, i.v.) was characterized and confirmed in vivo by assessing its ability to prevent cocaine-induced convulsions and lethality in the rat. The therapeutic efficiency of the enzyme was demonstrated by the increasing dose of cocaine (100-1000 mg/kg, i.p.) required to produce toxic effects after a single intravenous injection of CocE. The enzyme demonstrated rapid kinetics for cocaine degradation in rat and human serum. Two catalytically inactive mutants of CocE (S117A or Y44F) failed to protect rats from the toxic effects of cocaine, confirming the protective effects are due to hydrolytic activity. However, butyrylcholinesterase, an endogenous cocaine-hydrolyzing enzyme, was inactive (1.3-13 mg, i.v.) in this rat toxicity procedure. Furthermore, CocE did not block the lethality of WIN-35065-2 (560 mg/kg, i.p.), a cocaine analog that lacks the benzoyl ester moiety targeted by CocE. This characterization of CocE provides preliminary evidence that the enzyme could serve as a suitable antidote to cocaine toxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziva D Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1301 MSRB III, 1150 West Med Cntr Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA
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44
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Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Filip M, Michaluk J, Romańska I, Przegaliński E, Vetulani J. An endogenous neuroprotectant substance, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1MeTIQ), prevents the behavioral and neurochemical effects of cocaine reinstatement in drug-dependent rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:307-17. [PMID: 16897599 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse disorder is induced by a variety of substances and results from their interaction with the brain reward system. It is characterized by a high frequency of relapse, usually associated with to craving. In this study we investigated the effects of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, an endogenous compound with antidopaminergic and neuroprotective activity, on cocaine-induced reinstatement in cocaine-dependent, self-administering rats. 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (50 mg/kg i.p.) completely inhibited the expression of reinstatement of cocaine self-administration and accompanying neurochemical changes induced by a single priming cocaine dose (10 mg/kg i.p.). The priming cocaine dose inhibited dopamine metabolism in the structures containing nerve endings (frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and striatum) but not in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. A behaviorally active dose of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline administered 30 min before a priming dose of cocaine significantly increased the dopamine concentration in the limbic structures, and strongly inhibited dopamine metabolism in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Cocaine also inhibited noradrenaline and serotonin metabolism, and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline abolished the inhibition in noradrenaline metabolism, while it intensified the inhibition of serotonin metabolism. Our results strongly support the view that 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, an endogenous compound, has considerable potential as a drug for combating substance abuse disease through the attenuation of craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracov, Poland.
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45
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Abstract
In a previous study, we showed that the positive subjective effects of cocaine were higher during the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The purpose of the present study was to determine if exogenously administered progesterone during the follicular phase in females would attenuate the response to cocaine compared to the normal follicular phase, thus making the response to cocaine similar to the luteal phase. To address the role of sex differences, males were also administered exogenous progesterone during one inpatient stay. In all, 11 female and 10 male non-treatment-seeking cocaine smokers participated. Females had three inpatient stays: one during a normal follicular phase, one during a normal luteal phase, and one during a follicular phase when exogenous progesterone was administered. Males had two inpatient stays: one when exogenous progesterone was administered and the other when placebo was administered. During each inpatient admission, there were four smoked cocaine administration sessions: participants were administered six doses of cocaine (0, 6, 12, or 25 mg cocaine base) at 14 min intervals. Smoked cocaine increased heart rate, blood pressure and several subjective effects such as 'good drug effect' and 'drug quality' cluster scores. Administration of progesterone during the follicular phase in women attenuated the positive subjective effects of cocaine, whereas only minimal changes were observed in men. These results indicate that progesterone modulates the response to cocaine in women and suggests that fluctuations in endogenous progesterone levels account for some of the sex differences observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette M Evans
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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46
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Hrafnkelsdottir K, Valgeirsson J, Gizurarson S. Induction of protective and specific antibodies against cocaine by intranasal immunisation using a glyceride adjuvant. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 28:1038-42. [PMID: 15930741 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate an intranasal cocaine vaccine containing the mucosal adjuvant macrogol-6-glycerol capylocaprate (RhinoVax). Cocaine-KLH conjugate was prepared and administered in two formulations. Ten mice were immunised intranasally using RhinoVax as adjuvant and ten subcutaneously using aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant. A negative control group (n=10) received unconjugated KLH with RhinoVax intranasally. Specific cocaine antibodies in serum were measured following primary and booster immunisation. Relative antibody responses in serum indicated that the immunisation was successful. Animals were then challenged with cocaine either intranasally or intraperitoneally with subsequent measurement of drug distribution into the serum, brain and olfactory bulb. The cocaine-immunised groups revealed significantly lower cocaine levels in the brain compared to the negative control group. The inhibition of cocaine distribution to the brain in the intranasal immunised group was comparable to that of the subcutaneous immunised group. This was unexpected because the cocaine specific antibody levels in serum were fivefold lower in the intranasal immunised group. However, the presence of mucosal cocaine specific antibodies after intranasal immunisation could play an important role in hindering direct access of cocaine into the brain via the olfactory bulb.
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47
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Chen YH, Lin CH, Lin PL, Tsai MC. Cocaine elicits action potential bursts in a central snail neuron: The role of delayed rectifying K+ current. Neuroscience 2006; 138:257-80. [PMID: 16377093 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cocaine were studied in an identifiable RP4 neuron of the African snail, Achatina fulica Ferussac, using the two-electrode voltage-clamp method. The RP4 neuron generated spontaneous action potentials and bath application of cocaine (0.3-1 mM) reversibly elicited action potential bursts of the central RP4 neuron in a concentration-dependent manner. The action potential bursts were not blocked when neurons were immersed in high-Mg(2+)solution, Ca(2+)-free solution, nor after continuous perfusion with atropine, d-tubocurarine, propranolol, prazosin, haloperidol, or sulpiride. Similarly, the action potential bursts were not abolished by pretreatment with N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride, (9S,10S,12R)-2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-oxo-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3',2',1'-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][1,6]benzodiazocine-10-carboxylic acid hexyl ester or anisomycin. Injection of hyperpolarizing current at an intensity of greater than 2 nA effectively suppressed the cocaine-elicited action potential bursts and no postsynaptic potentials were observed under these conditions. These results suggest that the generation of action potential bursts elicited by cocaine was not due to (1) the synaptic effects of neurotransmitters, (2) the cholinergic, adrenergic or dopaminergic receptors of the excitable membrane, or (3) the cAMP second messengers and new protein synthesis of the RP4 neuron. Notably, the induction of action potential bursts was blocked by pretreatment with 1-[6-[((17beta)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5[10]-trien-17-yl)amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione. Voltage-clamp studies conducted on the RP4 neuron revealed that cocaine at 0.3 mM decreased (1) the Ca(2+) current, (2) the delayed rectifying K(+) current, (3) the fast-inactivating K(+) current and (4) the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) current, but had no remarkable effects on the Na(+) current. Perfusion with Ca(2+)-free solution, which may abolish the Ca(2+) current and Ca(2+)-activated K(+) current, did not cause any bursts of action potentials in control RP4 neurons. Application of 4-aminopyridine, an inhibitor of fast-inactivating K(+) current, and paxilline, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) current, failed to elicit action potential bursts, whereas tetraethylammonium chloride, a blocker of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) current and delayed rectifying K(+) current, and tacrine, an inhibitor of delayed rectifying K(+) current, successfully elicited action potential bursts. Further, while 1-[6-[((17beta)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5[10]-trien-17-yl)amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione did not affect the delayed rectifying K(+) current of the RP4 neuron, 1-[6-[((17beta)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5[10]-trien-17-yl)amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione decreased the inhibitory effect of cocaine on the delayed rectifying K(+) current. It is concluded that cocaine elicits action potential bursts in the central snail RP4 neuron and that the effect is closely related to the inhibitory effects on the delayed rectifying K(+) current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Chen
- Department of Nursing, Yuan-Pei University of Science and Technology, No.306, Yuan-Pei Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Nakamura S, Ago Y, Hayashi A, Itoh S, Kakuda M, Hashimoto H, Baba A, Matsuda T. Modification of cocaine-induced behavioral and neurochemical effects by serotonin1A receptor agonist/antagonist in mice. Synapse 2006; 60:479-84. [PMID: 16952156 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Administration of cocaine causes a locomotor stimulant effect and increases extracellular levels of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the brains of rodents. Previous studies show that 5-HT1A receptor agonist and antagonist modify the cocaine-induced behavioral and neurochemical effects in the rats. However, the role of the 5-HT system on the effects of cocaine has not been studied in the prefrontal cortex. The present study examined in ddY-strain male mice the effects of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist osemozotan and the receptor antagonist WAY100635 on cocaine-induced locomotor stimulant effect and increases in extracellular levels of 5-HT and DA in the prefrontal cortex. The cocaine-induced locomotor stimulant effect was attenuated by osemozotan and enhanced by WAY100635. The cocaine-induced increase in extracellular levels of 5-HT was attenuated by osemozotan, and enhanced by WAY100635. The cocaine-induced increase in extracellular levels of DA was enhanced by osemozotan, but not affected by WAY100635. These results suggest that the prefrontal 5-HT system plays a pivotal role in the locomotor stimulant effect of cocaine in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Nakamura
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Pan Y, Gao D, Yang W, Cho H, Yang G, Tai HH, Zhan CG. Computational redesign of human butyrylcholinesterase for anticocaine medication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16656-61. [PMID: 16275916 PMCID: PMC1283827 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507332102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics was used to simulate the transition state for the first chemical reaction step (TS1) of cocaine hydrolysis catalyzed by human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and its mutants. The simulated results demonstrate that the overall hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl oxygen of (-)-cocaine benzoyl ester and the oxyanion hole of BChE in the TS1 structure for (-)-cocaine hydrolysis catalyzed by A199S/S287G/A328W/Y332G BChE should be significantly stronger than that in the TS1 structure for (-)-cocaine hydrolysis catalyzed by the WT BChE and other simulated BChE mutants. Thus, the transition-state simulations predict that A199S/S287G/A328W/Y332G mutant of BChE should have a significantly lower energy barrier for the reaction process and, therefore, a significantly higher catalytic efficiency for (-)-cocaine hydrolysis. The theoretical prediction has been confirmed by wet experimental tests showing an approximately (456 +/- 41)-fold improved catalytic efficiency of A199S/S287G/A328W/Y332G BChE against (-)-cocaine. This is a unique study to design an enzyme mutant based on transitionstate simulation. The designed BChE mutant has the highest catalytic efficiency against cocaine of all of the reported BChE mutants, demonstrating that the unique design approach based on transition-state simulation is promising for rational enzyme redesign and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Abstract
There is a large unmet medical need for cocaine addiction treatments. Studies have indicated that the dopamine transporter (DAT) is the primary biological target of cocaine, and most drugs that have DAT affinity have behavioral effects like those of cocaine. However, analogs of benztropine have high DAT affinity and behavioral effects that show varying degrees of similarity to cocaine. We now report the discovery that a benztropine analog, JHW007, with high affinity for the DAT does not have cocaine-like behavioral effects and antagonizes the effects of cocaine. JHW007 occupied the DAT in vivo more slowly than did cocaine and had not reached an apparent plateau up to 270 min after injection. The in vivo binding of cocaine to the DAT suggested rate of DAT occupancy as an important contributor to its behavioral effects, and the slow association with the DAT may provide an explanation for JHW007 being relatively devoid of cocaine-like behavioral effects. The antagonism of cocaine suggests that DAT ligands with reduced cocaine-like activity can function as cocaine antagonists and suggests JHW007 as a lead for discovery of cocaine-abuse pharmacotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev I Desai
- Psychobiology, Medications Discovery Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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