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Lauschke VM, Zhou Y, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Novel genetic and epigenetic factors of importance for inter-individual differences in drug disposition, response and toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 197:122-152. [PMID: 30677473 PMCID: PMC6527860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Individuals differ substantially in their response to pharmacological treatment. Personalized medicine aspires to embrace these inter-individual differences and customize therapy by taking a wealth of patient-specific data into account. Pharmacogenomic constitutes a cornerstone of personalized medicine that provides therapeutic guidance based on the genomic profile of a given patient. Pharmacogenomics already has applications in the clinics, particularly in oncology, whereas future development in this area is needed in order to establish pharmacogenomic biomarkers as useful clinical tools. In this review we present an updated overview of current and emerging pharmacogenomic biomarkers in different therapeutic areas and critically discuss their potential to transform clinical care. Furthermore, we discuss opportunities of technological, methodological and institutional advances to improve biomarker discovery. We also summarize recent progress in our understanding of epigenetic effects on drug disposition and response, including a discussion of the only few pharmacogenomic biomarkers implemented into routine care. We anticipate, in part due to exciting rapid developments in Next Generation Sequencing technologies, machine learning methods and national biobanks, that the field will make great advances in the upcoming years towards unlocking the full potential of genomic data.
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Key Words
- 5cac, 5- carboxylcytosine
- 5fc, 5- formylcytosine
- 5hmc, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
- abc-hss, abacavir hypersensitivity syndrome.
- all, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- cat, catalase
- cftr, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- chip, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- cnvs, copy number variations
- cpic, clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium
- dhr, drug hypersensitivity reactions
- dihs, drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome.
- dili, drug-induced liver injury
- dnmts, dna methyltransferases
- dpwg, dutch pharmacogenetics working group
- dress, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
- eqtl, quantitative trait locus
- gpcr, g-protein coupled receptor
- gst, glutathione-s-transferase
- hdacs, histone deacetylases
- maf, minor allele frequencies
- mpe, maculopapular exanthema
- ms, multiple sclerosis
- pm, poor metabolism
- oxbs-seq, oxidative bisulfite sequencing
- prc2, polycomb repressive complex 2
- ptms, posttranslational modifications
- ra, retinoic acid
- scar, severe cutaneous adverse reaction
- sjs, stevens-johnson syndrome
- snvs, single nucleotide variations
- tab-seq, tet-assisted bisulfite sequencing
- ten, toxic epidermal necrolysis
- um, ultrarapid metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Gastric diseases cause considerable worldwide burden. However, the stomach is still poorly understood in terms of the molecular-cellular processes that govern its development and homeostasis. In particular, the complex relationship between the differentiated cell types located within the stomach and the stem and progenitor cells that give rise to them is significantly understudied relative to other organs. In this review, we will highlight the current state of the literature relating to specification of gastric cell lineages from embryogenesis to adulthood. Special emphasis is placed on substantial gaps in knowledge about stomach specification that we think should be tackled to advance the field. For example, it has long been assumed that adult gastric units have a granule-free stem cell that gives rise to all differentiated lineages. Here we will point out that there are also other models that fit all extant data, such as long-lived lineage-committed progenitors that might serve as a source of new cells during homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer G. Willet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jason C. Mills, MD, PhD, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8124, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. fax: (314) 362-7487.Washington University School of MedicineBox 8124, 660 South Euclid AvenueSt. LouisMissouri 63110
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Kilic S, Kulualp K. Efficacy of Several Therapeutic Agents in a Murine Model of Dry Eye Syndrome. Comp Med 2016; 66:112-118. [PMID: 27053565 PMCID: PMC4825960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we used 56 female BALB/c mice with induced dry eye syndrome to evaluate the therapeutic effects of formal saline (FS), sodium hyaluronate (SH), diclofenac sodium (DS), olopatadine (OP), retinoic acid (RA), fluoromethanole (FML), cyclosporine A (CsA), and doxycycline hyclate (DH). All subjects were kept in an evaporative 'dry eye cabinet' for the assessment of blink rate, tear production, tear break-up time, and impression cytology prior to (baseline) and during weeks 2, 4, and 6 of the study. The right eyes of all subjects were treated topically with 5 μL of the test agent twice daily during weeks 2 through 6. Impression cytology and tear break-up time differed between time points in all groups and differed between groups at weeks 4 and 6. Blink rate differed by time point only in the FS, FML, and DH groups. Tear production according to the phenol red cotton thread test differed by time point for all groups except RA, CsA, and DH and differed between groups only at week 6. Among the compounds tested in the present study, DS and CsA were the most effective therapeutic agents in our mouse model of dry eye syndrome; these agents likely exert their therapeutic effect through their antiinflammatory activity.
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Key Words
- csa, cyclosporine a
- des, dry eye syndrome
- dh, doxycycline hyclate
- ds, diclofenac sodium
- fml, fluoromethanole
- fs, formal saline
- op, olopatadine
- ra, retinoic acid
- sh, sodium hyaluronate
- tbut, tear break up-time
- ptf, precorneal tear film
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Affiliation(s)
- Servet Kilic
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Kadri Kulualp
- Vocational School of Health Services, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey.
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Hatori M, Shimozawa N, Yasmin L, Suemori H, Nakatsuji N, Ogura A, Yagami KI, Sankai T. Role of retinoic acid and fibroblast growth factor 2 in neural differentiation from cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) embryonic stem cells. Comp Med 2014; 64:140-147. [PMID: 24674590 PMCID: PMC3997293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid is a widely used factor in both mouse and human embryonic stem cells. It suppresses differentiation to mesoderm and enhances differentiation to ectoderm. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is widely used to induce differentiation to neurons in mice, yet in primates, including humans, it maintains embryonic stem cells in the undifferentiated state. In this study, we established an FGF2 low-dose-dependent embryonic stem cell line from cynomolgus monkeys and then analyzed neural differentiation in cultures supplemented with retinoic acid and FGF2. When only retinoic acid was added to culture, neurons differentiated from FGF2 low-dose-dependent embryonic stem cells. When both retinoic acid and FGF2 were added, neurons and astrocytes differentiated from the same embryonic stem cell line. Thus, retinoic acid promotes the differentiation from embryonic stem cells to neuroectoderm. Although FGF2 seems to promote self-renewal in stem cells, its effects on the differentiation of stem cells are influenced by the presence or absence of supplemental retinoic acid.
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Key Words
- eb, embryoid body
- es, embryonic stem
- esm, embryonic stem cell medium
- fgf, fibroblast growth factor
- gfap, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- lif, leukemia inhibitory factor
- mbp, myelin basic protein
- ra, retinoic acid
- ssea, stage-specific embryonic antigen
- tra, tumor-related antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Hatori
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Shimozawa
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Lubna Yasmin
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Suemori
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Nakatsuji
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yagami
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sankai
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Worthington JJ, Czajkowska BI, Melton AC, Travis MA. Intestinal dendritic cells specialize to activate transforming growth factor-β and induce Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via integrin αvβ8. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1802-12. [PMID: 21723222 PMCID: PMC3507624 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal immune system is tightly regulated to prevent responses against the many nonpathogenic antigens in the gut. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a cytokine that maintains intestinal homeostasis, in part by inducing Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppress immune responses. TGF-β is expressed at high levels in the gastrointestinal tract as a latent complex that must be activated. However, the pathways that control TGF-β activation in the intestine are poorly defined. We investigated the cellular and molecular pathways that control activation of TGF-β and induction of Foxp3(+) Tregs in the intestines of mice to maintain immune homeostasis. METHODS Subsets of intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) were examined for their capacity to activate TGF-β and induce Foxp3(+) Tregs in vitro. Mice were fed oral antigen, and induction of Foxp3(+) Tregs was measured. RESULTS A tolerogenic subset of intestinal DCs that express CD103 were specialized to activate latent TGF-β, and induced Foxp3(+) Tregs independently of the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid. The integrin αvβ8, which activates TGF-β, was significantly up-regulated on CD103(+) intestinal DCs. DCs that lack expression of integrin αvβ8 had reduced ability to activate latent TGF-β and induce Foxp3(+) Tregs in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS CD103(+) intestinal DCs promote a tolerogenic environment in the intestines of mice via integrin αvβ8-mediated activation of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Worthington
- Manchester Immunology Group and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Beata I. Czajkowska
- Manchester Immunology Group and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Melton
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark A. Travis
- Manchester Immunology Group and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Dr Mark A. Travis, PhD, Manchester Immunology Group and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, 4.012 AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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Sánchez-Molina S, Oliva J, García-Vargas S, Valls E, Rojas J, Martínez-Balbás M. The histone acetyltransferases CBP/p300 are degraded in NIH 3T3 cells by activation of Ras signalling pathway. Biochem J 2006; 398:215-24. [PMID: 16704373 PMCID: PMC1550303 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The CBP [CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein)-binding protein]/p300 acetyltransferases function as transcriptional co-activators and play critical roles in cell differentiation and proliferation. Accumulating evidence shows that alterations of the CBP/p300 protein levels are linked to human tumours. In the present study, we show that the levels of the CBP/p300 co-activators are decreased dramatically by continuous PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) and Ras signalling pathway activation in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. This effect occurs by reducing the expression levels of the CBP/p300 genes. In addition, CBP and p300 are degraded by the 26 S proteasome pathway leading to an overall decrease in the levels of the CBP/p300 proteins. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Mdm2 (murine double minute 2), in the presence of active H-Ras or N-Ras, induces CBP/p300 degradation in NIH 3T3 cells. These findings support a novel mechanism for modulating other signalling transduction pathways that require these common co-activators.
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Key Words
- acetylation
- camp-response-element-binding-protein-binding protein/p300 (cbp/p300)
- histone acetyltransferase activity (hat activity)
- murine double minute 2 (mdm2)
- nih 3t3 cell
- ras pathway
- alln, n-acetyl-l-leucyl-l-leucylnorleucinal
- creb, camp-response-element-binding protein
- cbp, creb-binding protein
- cs, calf serum
- dapi, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- erk, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- gds, guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator
- gst, glutathione s-transferase
- ha, haemagglutinin
- hat, histone acetyltransferase
- hdac, histone deacetylase
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mdm2, murine double minute 2
- mek, mapk/erk kinase
- p/caf, p300/cbp-associated factor
- pdgf, platelet-derived growth factor
- pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- ra, retinoic acid
- ral-bd, ral-binding domain
- rts, rubinstein–taybi syndrome
- sirna, small interfering rna
- tafii, tata-box-binding-protein-associated factor
- tgase, transglutaminase
- tk, thymidine kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sánchez-Molina
- *Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CID, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Parc Cientific de Barcelona (PCB), Josep Samitier 1–5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Oliva
- †Unidad de Biología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana García-Vargas
- †Unidad de Biología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Valls
- *Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CID, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Parc Cientific de Barcelona (PCB), Josep Samitier 1–5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Rojas
- †Unidad de Biología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marian A. Martínez-Balbás
- *Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CID, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Parc Cientific de Barcelona (PCB), Josep Samitier 1–5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Beattie J, Allan GJ, Lochrie JD, Flint DJ. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5): a critical member of the IGF axis. Biochem J 2006; 395:1-19. [PMID: 16526944 PMCID: PMC1409685 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The six members of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein family (IGFBP-1-6) are important components of the IGF (insulin-like growth factor) axis. In this capacity, they serve to regulate the activity of both IGF-I and -II polypeptide growth factors. The IGFBPs are able to enhance or inhibit the activity of IGFs in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. One of these proteins, IGFBP-5, also has an important role in controlling cell survival, differentiation and apoptosis. In this review, we report on the structural and functional features of the protein which are important for these effects. We also examine the regulation of IGFBP-5 expression and comment on its potential role in tumour biology, with special reference to work with breast cancer cells.
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Key Words
- extracellular matrix (ecm)
- glycosaminoglycan
- insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i)
- insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (igfbp-5)
- mammary gland
- proteolysis
- adam, adisintegrin and metalloprotease
- ap-2, activator protein 2
- cat, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
- cbp-4, c-terminus of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (residues 151–232)
- c/ebp, ccaat/enhancer-binding protein
- ecm, extracellular matrix
- er, oestrogen receptor
- erk1/2, extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2
- fhl-2, four-and-a-half lim domain 2
- gag, glycosaminoglycan
- gh, growth hormone
- igf, insulin-like growth factor
- igfbp, igf-binding protein
- igf-ir, igf-i receptor
- igf-iir, igf-ii receptor
- ir, insulin receptor
- irs, ir substrate
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- nbp-4, n-terminus of igfbp-4 (residues 3–82)
- oe2, oestradiol
- op-1, osteogenic protein-1
- opn, osteopontin
- pai-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- papp, pregnancy-associated plasma protease
- pge2, prostaglandin e2
- psmc, porcine smooth-muscle cell
- ra, retinoic acid
- rassf1c, isoform c of the ras association family 1 protein group
- rt, reverse transcription
- spr, surface plasmon resonance
- tpa, tissue plasminogen activator
- tsp-1, thrombospondin-1
- vn, vitronectin
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Affiliation(s)
- James Beattie
- Hannah Research Institute, Ayr KA6 5HL, Scotland, UK.
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Kaida A, Ariumi Y, Baba K, Matsubae M, Takao T, Shimotohno K. Identification of a novel p300-specific-associating protein, PRS1 (phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase subunit 1). Biochem J 2005; 391:239-47. [PMID: 15943588 PMCID: PMC1276921 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CBP [CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein)-binding protein] and p300 play critical roles in transcriptional co-activation, cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Multiple transcription factors associate with CBP/p300. With the exception of the SYT oncoprotein, no proteins have been identified that specifically associate with p300, but not CBP. In the present study, we isolated a novel p300-associated protein for which no interaction with CBP was observed by GST (glutathione S-transferase) pull-down assay using Jurkat cell lysates metabolically labelled with [35S]methionine. This protein bound the KIX (kinase-inducible) domain of p300. Following resolution by two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis, we identified the KIX-domain-bound protein by MS analysis as PRS1 (phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase subunit 1), a protein essential for nucleoside biosynthesis. This is the first report to demonstrate the existence of a p300 KIX-domain-specific-interacting protein that does not interact with CBP. Thus p300 may play a role in the regulation of DNA synthesis through interactions with PRS1.
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Key Words
- cbp [creb (camp-response-element-binding protein)-binding protein]
- kix (kinase-inducible) domain
- p300
- prs1 (phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase subunit 1)
- c/h, cysteine/histidine-rich
- cbp, creb (camp-response-element-binding protein)-binding protein
- d188e etc., asp188→glu etc.
- dapi, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- dbd, dna binding domain
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- gst, glutathione s-transferase
- hat, histone acetyltransferase
- kix, kinase-inducible
- maldi, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
- mekk1, mapk (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase kinase 1
- prpp, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate
- prs1, prpp synthetase subunit 1
- ra, retinoic acid
- 2d, two-dimensional
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kaida
- *Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ariumi
- *Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keiko Baba
- *Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masami Matsubae
- †Research Center of Structural and Functional Proteomics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Takao
- †Research Center of Structural and Functional Proteomics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- *Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Rouget R, Vigneault F, Codio C, Rochette C, Paradis I, Drouin R, Simard L. Characterization of the survival motor neuron (SMN) promoter provides evidence for complex combinatorial regulation in undifferentiated and differentiated P19 cells. Biochem J 2005; 385:433-43. [PMID: 15361068 PMCID: PMC1134714 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There exist two SMN (survival motor neuron) genes in humans, the result of a 500 kb duplication in chromosome 5q13. Deletions/mutations in the SMN1 gene are responsible for childhood spinal muscular atrophy, an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder. While the SMN1 and SMN2 genes are not functionally equivalent, up-regulation of the SMN2 gene represents an important therapeutic target. Consequently, we exploited in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches to characterize the core human and mouse promoters in undifferentiated and differentiated P19 cells. Phylogenetic comparison revealed four highly conserved regions that contained a number of cis-elements, only some of which were shown to activate/repress SMN promoter activity. Interestingly, the effect of two Sp1 cis-elements varied depending on the state of P19 cells and was only observed in combination with a neighbouring Ets cis-element. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay and in vivo DNA footprinting provided evidence for DNA-protein interactions involving Sp, NF-IL6 and Ets cis-elements, whereas transient transfection experiments revealed complex interactions involving these recognition sites. SMN promoter activity was strongly regulated by an NF-IL6 response element and this regulation was potentiated by a downstream Ets element. In vivo results suggested that the NF-IL6 response must function either via a protein-tethered transactivation mechanism or a transcription factor binding an upstream element. Our results provide strong evidence for complex combinatorial regulation and suggest that the composition or state of the basal transcription complex binding to the SMN promoter is different between undifferentiated and differentiated P19 cells.
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Key Words
- cellular differentiation
- p19 cell
- sp1 and ets cis-elements
- spinal muscular atrophy
- survival motor neuron gene
- transcriptional regulation
- ahr, aromatic hydrocarbon receptor
- c/ebp, ccaat/enhancer-binding protein
- cr, conserved region
- dms, dimethylsulphate
- ec cells, embryonal carcinoma cells
- ehmn, embryonic hybrid motor neuron
- emsa, electrophoretic mobility-shift assay
- il-6, interleukin-6
- lmpcr, ligation-mediated pcr
- nf1, nuclear factor-1
- p19ra, p19 cells treated with retinoic acid
- ra, retinoic acid
- rlu, relative luciferase unit
- sma, spinal muscular atrophy
- smn, survival motor neuron
- tf, transcription factor
- tis, transcription initiation site
- uvc, ultraviolet c
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Rouget
- *Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - François Vigneault
- †Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Circé Codio
- *Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Camille Rochette
- *Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Isabelle Paradis
- †Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Régen Drouin
- †Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Louise R. Simard
- *Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3T 1C5
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