1
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Stefan SM, Rafehi M. Medicinal polypharmacology-a scientific glossary of terminology and concepts. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1419110. [PMID: 39092220 PMCID: PMC11292611 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1419110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Medicinal polypharmacology is one answer to the complex reality of multifactorial human diseases that are often unresponsive to single-targeted treatment. It is an admittance that intrinsic feedback mechanisms, crosstalk, and disease networks necessitate drugs with broad modes-of-action and multitarget affinities. Medicinal polypharmacology grew to be an independent research field within the last two decades and stretches from basic drug development to clinical research. It has developed its own terminology embedded in general terms of pharmaceutical drug discovery and development at the intersection of medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and clinical pharmacology. A clear and precise language of critical terms and a thorough understanding of underlying concepts is imperative; however, no comprehensive work exists to this date that could support researchers in this and adjacent research fields. In order to explore novel options, establish interdisciplinary collaborations, and generate high-quality research outputs, the present work provides a first-in-field glossary to clarify the numerous terms that have originated from various individual disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Marcel Stefan
- Medicinal Chemistry and Systems Polypharmacology, Medical Systems Biology Division, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Muhammad Rafehi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Education, Augsburg University Medicine, Augsburg, Germany
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2
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Dakilah I, Harb A, Abu-Gharbieh E, El-Huneidi W, Taneera J, Hamoudi R, Semreen MH, Bustanji Y. Potential of CDC25 phosphatases in cancer research and treatment: key to precision medicine. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1324001. [PMID: 38313315 PMCID: PMC10834672 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1324001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The global burden of cancer continues to rise, underscoring the urgency of developing more effective and precisely targeted therapies. This comprehensive review explores the confluence of precision medicine and CDC25 phosphatases in the context of cancer research. Precision medicine, alternatively referred to as customized medicine, aims to customize medical interventions by taking into account the genetic, genomic, and epigenetic characteristics of individual patients. The identification of particular genetic and molecular drivers driving cancer helps both diagnostic accuracy and treatment selection. Precision medicine utilizes sophisticated technology such as genome sequencing and bioinformatics to elucidate genetic differences that underlie the proliferation of cancer cells, hence facilitating the development of customized therapeutic interventions. CDC25 phosphatases, which play a crucial role in governing the progression of the cell cycle, have garnered significant attention as potential targets for cancer treatment. The dysregulation of CDC25 is a characteristic feature observed in various types of malignancies, hence classifying them as proto-oncogenes. The proteins in question, which operate as phosphatases, play a role in the activation of Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), so promoting the advancement of the cell cycle. CDC25 inhibitors demonstrate potential as therapeutic drugs for cancer treatment by specifically blocking the activity of CDKs and modulating the cell cycle in malignant cells. In brief, precision medicine presents a potentially fruitful option for augmenting cancer research, diagnosis, and treatment, with an emphasis on individualized care predicated upon patients' genetic and molecular profiles. The review highlights the significance of CDC25 phosphatases in the advancement of cancer and identifies them as promising candidates for therapeutic intervention. This statement underscores the significance of doing thorough molecular profiling in order to uncover the complex molecular characteristics of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem Dakilah
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amani Harb
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eman Abu-Gharbieh
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waseem El-Huneidi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed H Semreen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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3
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Computational Approaches to Enzyme Inhibition by Marine Natural Products in the Search for New Drugs. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020100. [PMID: 36827141 PMCID: PMC9961086 DOI: 10.3390/md21020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploration of biologically relevant chemical space for the discovery of small bioactive molecules present in marine organisms has led not only to important advances in certain therapeutic areas, but also to a better understanding of many life processes. The still largely untapped reservoir of countless metabolites that play biological roles in marine invertebrates and microorganisms opens new avenues and poses new challenges for research. Computational technologies provide the means to (i) organize chemical and biological information in easily searchable and hyperlinked databases and knowledgebases; (ii) carry out cheminformatic analyses on natural products; (iii) mine microbial genomes for known and cryptic biosynthetic pathways; (iv) explore global networks that connect active compounds to their targets (often including enzymes); (v) solve structures of ligands, targets, and their respective complexes using X-ray crystallography and NMR techniques, thus enabling virtual screening and structure-based drug design; and (vi) build molecular models to simulate ligand binding and understand mechanisms of action in atomic detail. Marine natural products are viewed today not only as potential drugs, but also as an invaluable source of chemical inspiration for the development of novel chemotypes to be used in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research.
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Young RJ, Flitsch SL, Grigalunas M, Leeson PD, Quinn RJ, Turner NJ, Waldmann H. The Time and Place for Nature in Drug Discovery. JACS AU 2022; 2:2400-2416. [PMID: 36465532 PMCID: PMC9709949 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The case for a renewed focus on Nature in drug discovery is reviewed; not in terms of natural product screening, but how and why biomimetic molecules, especially those produced by natural processes, should deliver in the age of artificial intelligence and screening of vast collections both in vitro and in silico. The declining natural product-likeness of licensed drugs and the consequent physicochemical implications of this trend in the context of current practices are noted. To arrest these trends, the logic of seeking new bioactive agents with enhanced natural mimicry is considered; notably that molecules constructed by proteins (enzymes) are more likely to interact with other proteins (e.g., targets and transporters), a notion validated by natural products. Nature's finite number of building blocks and their interactions necessarily reduce potential numbers of structures, yet these enable expansion of chemical space with their inherent diversity of physical characteristics, pertinent to property-based design. The feasible variations on natural motifs are considered and expanded to encompass pseudo-natural products, leading to the further logical step of harnessing bioprocessing routes to access them. Together, these offer opportunities for enhancing natural mimicry, thereby bringing innovation to drug synthesis exploiting the characteristics of natural recognition processes. The potential for computational guidance to help identifying binding commonalities in the route map is a logical opportunity to enable the design of tailored molecules, with a focus on "organic/biological" rather than purely "synthetic" structures. The design and synthesis of prototype structures should pay dividends in the disposition and efficacy of the molecules, while inherently enabling greener and more sustainable manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester,
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Grigalunas
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Paul D. Leeson
- Paul
Leeson Consulting Limited, The Malt House, Main Street, Congerstone, Nuneaton, Warwickshire CV13 6LZ, U.K.
| | - Ronald J. Quinn
- Griffith
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester,
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical
University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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5
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Humbeck L, Pretzel J, Spitzer S, Koch O. Discovery of an Unexpected Similarity in Ligand Binding between BRD4 and PPARγ. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1255-1265. [PMID: 34180651 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about interrelationships between different proteins is crucial in fundamental research for the elucidation of protein networks and pathways. Furthermore, it is especially critical in chemical biology to identify further key regulators of a disease and to take advantage of polypharmacology effects. Here, we present a new concept that combines a scaffold-based analysis of bioactivity data with a subsequent screening to identify novel inhibitors for a protein target of interest. The initial scaffold-based analysis revealed a flavone-like scaffold that can be found in ligands of different unrelated proteins indicating a similarity in ligand binding. This similarity was further investigated by testing compounds on bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) that were similar to known ligands of the other identified protein targets. Several new BRD4 inhibitors were identified and proven to be validated hits based on orthogonal assays and X-ray crystallography. The most important discovery was an unexpected relationship between BRD4 and peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Both proteins share binding site similarities near a common hydrophobic subpocket which should allow the design of a polypharmacology-based ligand targeting both proteins. Such dual-BRD4-PPARγ modulators open up new therapeutic opportunities, because both are important drug targets for cancer therapy and many more important diseases. Thereon, a complex structure of sulfasalazine was obtained that involves two bromodomains and could be a potential starting point for the design of a bivalent BRD4 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Humbeck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jette Pretzel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Saskia Spitzer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Koch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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6
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Hayakawa I, Matsumaru N, Sakakura A. Toward the Synthesis of Paspaline-Type Indole-Terpenes: Stereoselective Construction of Core Scaffold with Contiguous Asymmetric Quaternary Carbon Centers. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9802-9810. [PMID: 34231354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The core scaffold of paspaline-type indole-terpenes was synthesized by using the House-Meinwald rearrangement as a key step. Rearrangement of the epoxide methyl group in the precursor with methylaluminum bis(4-bromo-2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide) as a Lewis acid proceeded smoothly to construct contiguous asymmetric quaternary carbon centers by a 1,2-chirality transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Naochika Matsumaru
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akira Sakakura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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7
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Morais PAB, Francisco CS, de Paula H, Ribeiro R, Eloy MA, Javarini CL, Neto ÁC, Júnior VL. Semisynthetic Triazoles as an Approach in the Discovery of Novel Lead Compounds. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210126100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Historically, medicinal chemistry has been concerned with the approach of organic
chemistry for new drug synthesis. Considering the fruitful collections of new molecular entities,
the dedicated efforts for medicinal chemistry are rewarding. Planning and search for new
and applicable pharmacologic therapies involve the altruistic nature of the scientists. Since
the 19th century, notoriously applying isolated and characterized plant-derived compounds in
modern drug discovery and various stages of clinical development highlight its viability and
significance. Natural products influence a broad range of biological processes, covering transcription,
translation, and post-translational modification, being effective modulators of most
basic cellular processes. The research of new chemical entities through “click chemistry”
continuously opens up a map for the remarkable exploration of chemical space towards leading
natural products optimization by structure-activity relationship. Finally, in this review, we expect to gather a
broad knowledge involving triazolic natural product derivatives, synthetic routes, structures, and their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Alves Bezerra Morais
- Centro de Ciencias Exatas, Naturais e da Saude, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29500000, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Carla Santana Francisco
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29075910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Heberth de Paula
- Centro de Ciencias Exatas, Naturais e da Saude, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29500000, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Ribeiro
- Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Agroquimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29500000, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Mariana Alves Eloy
- Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Agroquimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29500000, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Clara Lirian Javarini
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29075910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Cunha Neto
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29075910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Lacerda Júnior
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29075910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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8
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Badarau E, Reddy KHV, Loudet A, Simon C, Trembleau L, Claerhout S, Pair E, Massip S, Breton P, Lesur B, Goldstein S, Fourquez JM, Henlin JM, Ghosez L. Productive Syntheses of Privileged Scaffolds Inspired by the Recognition of a Diels-Alder Pattern Common to Three Classes of Natural Products. Chemistry 2020; 26:15477-15481. [PMID: 32428343 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Identification of a common Diels-Alder pattern in three classes of bioactive natural products led us to study the synthesis and cycloaddition of a new class of cyclic dienes readily available from β,γ-unsaturated lactams. A practical and readily scalable route to the parent p-methoxybenzyl-protected 6- and 7-membered β,γ-unsaturated lactams was developed. These were readily transformed into the corresponding O-silylated dienes, which were reacted with dimethyl and diethyl fumarate to yield stereoselectively highly functionalized bicyclic adducts. These exhibited unexpected and versatile transformations upon acid hydrolysis depending on the nature of the dienophile substituents and the acid catalyst. All reactions have been performed on multigram quantities. These transformations provide a convenient, economical, and easily scalable pathway for the rapid construction of functionally and stereochemically dense privileged scaffolds for the construction of libraries of natural products-inspired molecules of pharmacological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Badarau
- IECB, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, CBMN, 2, rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, CBMN, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bat B14, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - K Harsha Vardhan Reddy
- IECB, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, CBMN, 2, rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Aurore Loudet
- IECB, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, CBMN, 2, rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Charles Simon
- IECB, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, CBMN, 2, rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Laurent Trembleau
- UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Chemistry, G95, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Stijn Claerhout
- IECB, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, CBMN, 2, rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Etienne Pair
- IECB, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, CBMN, 2, rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Stéphane Massip
- IECB, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, CBMN, 2, rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Philippe Breton
- Institut de Recherche Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy Sur Seine, France
| | - Brigitte Lesur
- Institut de Recherche Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy Sur Seine, France
| | - Solo Goldstein
- Institut de Recherche Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy Sur Seine, France
| | - Jean-Marie Fourquez
- Institut de Recherche Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy Sur Seine, France
| | - Jean Michel Henlin
- Institut de Recherche Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy Sur Seine, France
| | - Léon Ghosez
- IECB, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, CBMN, 2, rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France.,UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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9
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Stewart HL, Hanby AR, King TA, Bond AD, Moss TA, Sore HF, Spring DR. An efficient, stereocontrolled and versatile synthetic route to bicyclic partially saturated privileged scaffolds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6818-6821. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02728f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple, high yielding and scalable synthesis for diastereoselective access to privileged fused bicyclic heteroaromatic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas A. King
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Andrew D. Bond
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | | | - Hannah F. Sore
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
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10
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Fundamental physical and chemical concepts behind “drug-likeness” and “natural product-likeness”. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The discovery of a drug is known to be quite cumbersome, both in terms of the microscopic fundamental research behind it and the industrial scale manufacturing process. A major concern in drug discovery is the acceleration of the process and cost reduction. The fact that clinical trials cannot be accelerated, therefore, emphasizes the need to accelerate the strategies for identifying lead compounds at an early stage. We, herein, focus on the definition of what would be regarded as a “drug-like” molecule and a “lead-like” one. In particular, “drug-likeness” is referred to as resemblance to existing drugs, whereas “lead-likeness” is characterized by the similarity with structural and physicochemical properties of a “lead”compound, i.e. a reference compound or a starting point for further drug development. It is now well known that a huge proportion of the drug discovery is inspired or derived from natural products (NPs), which have larger complexity as well as size when compared with synthetic compounds. Therefore, similar definitions of “drug-likeness” and “lead-likeness” cannot be applied for the NP-likeness. Rather, there is the dire need to define and explain NP-likeness in regard to chemical structure. An attempt has been made here to give an overview of the general concepts associated with NP discovery, and to provide the foundational basis for defining a molecule as a “drug”, a “lead” or a “natural compound.”
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12
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Grygorenko OO, Volochnyuk DM, Ryabukhin SV, Judd DB. The Symbiotic Relationship Between Drug Discovery and Organic Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 26:1196-1237. [PMID: 31429510 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
All pharmaceutical products contain organic molecules; the source may be a natural product or a fully synthetic molecule, or a combination of both. Thus, it follows that organic chemistry underpins both existing and upcoming pharmaceutical products. The reverse relationship has also affected organic synthesis, changing its landscape towards increasingly complex targets. This Review article sets out to give a concise appraisal of this symbiotic relationship between organic chemistry and drug discovery, along with a discussion of the design concepts and highlighting key milestones along the journey. In particular, criteria for a high-quality compound library design enabling efficient virtual navigation of chemical space, as well as rise and fall of concepts for its synthetic exploration (such as combinatorial chemistry; diversity-, biology-, lead-, or fragment-oriented syntheses; and DNA-encoded libraries) are critically surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kiev, 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kiev, 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, Kiev, 02660, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V Ryabukhin
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kiev, 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Duncan B Judd
- Awridian Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnelswood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2FX, UK
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13
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Kaitoh K, Nakatsu A, Mori S, Kagechika H, Hashimoto Y, Fujii S. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Nonsteroidal Progesterone Receptor Antagonists Based on Phenylamino-1,3,5-triazine Scaffold. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:566-575. [PMID: 31155562 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report here the development of phenylamino-1,3,5-triazine derivatives as novel nonsteroidal progesterone receptor (PR) antagonists. PR plays key roles in various physiological systems, including the female reproductive system, and PR antagonists are promising candidates for clinical treatment of multiple diseases. By using the phenylamino-1,3,5-triazine scaffold as a template structure, we designed and synthesized a series of 4-cyanophenylamino-1,3,5-triazine derivatives. The synthesized compounds exhibited PR antagonistic activity, and among them, compound 12n was the most potent (IC50 = 0.30 µM); it also showed significant binding affinity to the PR ligand-binding domain. Docking simulation supported the design rationale of the compounds. Our results suggest that the phenylamino-1,3,5-triazine scaffold is a versatile template for development of nonsteroidal PR antagonists and that the developed compounds are promising lead compounds for further structural development of nonsteroidal PR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Kaitoh
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Aki Nakatsu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Shuichi Mori
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | | | - Shinya Fujii
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo.,Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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14
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Ezerski JC, Cheung MS. CATS: A Tool for Clustering the Ensemble of Intrinsically Disordered Peptides on a Flat Energy Landscape. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:11807-11816. [PMID: 30362738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the combinatorial averaged transient structure (CATS) clustering method as a means to cluster protein structure ensembles based on the distributions of protein backbone descriptor coordinates. In our study, we use phi and psi dihedral angle coordinates of the protein backbone as descriptors due to their translational and rotational invariance. The CATS method was developed to produce unique structure ensembles that are typically difficult to obtain from flat energy landscapes using a one-dimensional separation value (e.g., RMSD cutoff). Through the use of higher-dimensional descriptor coordinates, we remedy structure resolution shortcomings of standard clustering algorithms due to large RMSD fluctuations between structures. We compare the performance of CATS to an RMSD-based clustering method GROMOS, which may not be the best choice for IDP clustering since separation quality heavily relies on cutoff values instead of energy landscape minima. We demonstrate the performance of CATS and GROMOS by analyzing the all-atom molecular dynamics trajectories of the Tau/R2(273-284) fragment in solution with TMAO and urea osmolytes from prior studies. Our study reveals that the CATS method produces more unique clusters than the GROMOS method as a result of higher-dimensional distributions of the descriptor coordinates. The cluster centers produced by CATS correspond to local minima in the multidimensional potential mean force, which generates a structure ensemble that adequately samples the energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Ezerski
- Department of Physics , University of Houston , 4800 Calhoun Road , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States.,Center for Theoretical Biological Physics , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Margaret S Cheung
- Department of Physics , University of Houston , 4800 Calhoun Road , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States.,Center for Theoretical Biological Physics , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät Chemie, Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 Dortmund 44221 Germany
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon Ghosez
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie; CBMN UMR 5248 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IPB; 2, rue Robert Escarpit FR-33607 Pessac Cedex France
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17
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Beck KR, Kaserer T, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Virtual screening applications in short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase research. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:157-177. [PMID: 28286207 PMCID: PMC6831487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) enzyme family play fundamental roles in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis as well as in the metabolism of steroids, oxysterols, bile acids, and retinoids in peripheral tissues, thereby controlling the local activation of their cognate receptors. Some of these SDRs are considered as promising therapeutic targets, for example to treat estrogen-/androgen-dependent and corticosteroid-related diseases, whereas others are considered as anti-targets as their inhibition may lead to disturbances of endocrine functions, thereby contributing to the development and progression of diseases. Nevertheless, the physiological functions of about half of all SDR members are still unknown. In this respect, in silico tools are highly valuable in drug discovery for lead molecule identification, in toxicology screenings to facilitate the identification of hazardous chemicals, and in fundamental research for substrate identification and enzyme characterization. Regarding SDRs, computational methods have been employed for a variety of applications including drug discovery, enzyme characterization and substrate identification, as well as identification of potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). This review provides an overview of the efforts undertaken in the field of virtual screening supported identification of bioactive molecules in SDR research. In addition, it presents an outlook and addresses the opportunities and limitations of computational modeling and in vitro validation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Vial ML, Zencak D, Grkovic T, Gorse AD, Mackay-Sim A, Mellick GD, Wood SA, Quinn RJ. A Grand Challenge. 2. Phenotypic Profiling of a Natural Product Library on Parkinson's Patient-Derived Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1982-1989. [PMID: 27447544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the inherent biological relevance of natural products requires a method for the recognition of biological effects that may subsequently lead to the discovery of particular targets. An unbiased multidimensional profiling method was used to examine the activities of natural products on primary cells derived from a Parkinson's disease patient. The biological signature of 482 natural products was examined using multiparametric analysis to investigate known cellular pathways and organelles implicated in Parkinson's disease such as mitochondria, lysosomes, endosomes, apoptosis, and autophagy. By targeting several cell components simultaneously the chance of finding a phenotype was increased. The phenotypes were then clustered using an uncentered correlation. The multidimensional phenotypic screening showed that all natural products, in our screening set, were biologically relevant compounds as determined by an observed phenotypic effect. Multidimensional phenotypic screening can predict the cellular function and subcellular site of activity of new compounds, while the cluster analysis provides correlation with compounds with known mechanisms of action. This study reinforces the value of natural products as biologically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Vial
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Dusan Zencak
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Tanja Grkovic
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Alain-Dominique Gorse
- QFAB Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - George D Mellick
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Stephen A Wood
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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19
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Meyer A, Schinz K, Lang W, Schmid A, Regus S, Rother U. Outcomes and Influence of the Pedal Arch in Below-the-Knee Angioplasty in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease and Critical Limb Ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg 2016; 35:121-9. [PMID: 27238998 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of dialysis patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) still represents a challenge to vascular medicine, whereas the effects of the pedal arch quality in these patients with predominant affection of the infrapopliteal vessels have rarely been evaluated. Therefore, our aim was to analyze the outcomes of infrapopliteal angioplasty in the setting of chronic renal failure (end-stage renal disease) and evaluate the influence of the pedal arch involvement on clinical success. METHODS Prospective follow-up of 32 ERSD patients on hemodialysis (mean age, 72 years) with CLI and consecutive infrapopliteal angioplasty over a 5-year period 2010-2014 was performed. Mean follow-up was 10 months (range, 0-51 months). Statistical end points were defined for amputation-free survival, overall survival, and wound healing. Each patient's pedal arch was classified in 4 categories according to patency on completion angiography and the influence of the pedal arch quality on end points was assessed. RESULTS A total of 44 vessels in 32 ischemic legs were treated. Technical success was achieved in 96% of patients, no major complications were observed. A 30-day mortality rate amounted 6% with no procedure-related deaths. The 1-year amputation-free survival rate was 56% and 34% at 2 years. Two major amputations were required. Subsequent revascularization procedures were necessary in 11 patients (10 redo angioplasty, 1 pedal bypass graft). The pedal arch was classified as category I in 1 patient (3%), category IIa in 12 (38%), IIb in 3 (9%), and III in 16 patients (50%). No statistical significant differences in terms of survival or wound-healing rate were observed between those groups, and the pedal arch quality had no impact on predefined end points. CONCLUSIONS End-stage renal disease patients represent a subgroup with poor prognosis of limb salvage in CLI. Amputation-free survival remains poor and based on these data, an endovascular therapy is feasible and safe in these highly multimorbid patients. The quality of the pedal arch was not found to have any impact on wound healing or survival in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Meyer
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Schinz
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Werner Lang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Axel Schmid
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Regus
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rother
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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20
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Ehrt C, Brinkjost T, Koch O. Impact of Binding Site Comparisons on Medicinal Chemistry and Rational Molecular Design. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4121-51. [PMID: 27046190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Modern rational drug design not only deals with the search for ligands binding to interesting and promising validated targets but also aims to identify the function and ligands of yet uncharacterized proteins having impact on different diseases. Additionally, it contributes to the design of inhibitors with distinct selectivity patterns and the prediction of possible off-target effects. The identification of similarities between binding sites of various proteins is a useful approach to cope with those challenges. The main scope of this perspective is to describe applications of different protein binding site comparison approaches to outline their applicability and impact on molecular design. The article deals with various substantial application domains and provides some outstanding examples to show how various binding site comparison methods can be applied to promote in silico drug design workflows. In addition, we will also briefly introduce the fundamental principles of different protein binding site comparison methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Ehrt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Brinkjost
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Computer Science, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 14, 44224 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Koch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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21
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Pharmacophore Models and Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening: Concepts and Applications Exemplified on Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases. Molecules 2015; 20:22799-832. [PMID: 26703541 PMCID: PMC6332202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational methods are well-established tools in the drug discovery process and can be employed for a variety of tasks. Common applications include lead identification and scaffold hopping, as well as lead optimization by structure-activity relationship analysis and selectivity profiling. In addition, compound-target interactions associated with potentially harmful effects can be identified and investigated. This review focuses on pharmacophore-based virtual screening campaigns specifically addressing the target class of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Many members of this enzyme family are associated with specific pathological conditions, and pharmacological modulation of their activity may represent promising therapeutic strategies. On the other hand, unintended interference with their biological functions, e.g., upon inhibition by xenobiotics, can disrupt steroid hormone-mediated effects, thereby contributing to the development and progression of major diseases. Besides a general introduction to pharmacophore modeling and pharmacophore-based virtual screening, exemplary case studies from the field of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) research are presented. These success stories highlight the suitability of pharmacophore modeling for the various application fields and suggest its application also in futures studies.
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22
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Kwon Y, Song J, Lee H, Kim EY, Lee K, Lee SK, Kim S. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Sulfonamide Analogues of Antofine and Cryptopleurine as Potent and Orally Active Antitumor Agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7749-62. [PMID: 26393416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to their profound antiproliferative activity and unique mode of action, phenanthroindolizidine and phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids, represented by antofine and cryptopleurine, have attracted attention recently as potential therapeutic agents. We have designed, synthesized, and evaluated the methanesulfonamide analogues of these natural alkaloids with the hope of improving their druglikeness. The analogues showed enhanced growth inhibition of human cancer cells compared with the parent natural products. In particular, a methanesulfonamide analogue of cryptopleurine (5b) exhibited improved bioavailability and significant antitumor activity, which suggests that 5b is a promising new anticancer agent. Our studies suggest that the inhibition of cancer cell growth by 5b is associated with the induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest via nicotinamide N-methyltransferase-dependent JNK activation in Caki-1 renal cancer cells. In addition, compound 5b significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of Caki-1 cancer cells by modulating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Kwon
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jayoung Song
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Honggu Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University , Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Kiho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University , Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
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23
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Dashti Y, Grkovic T, Quinn RJ. Predicting natural product value, an exploration of anti-TB drug space. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:990-8. [PMID: 24881816 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Covering: January 1990 to December 2012. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) still remains a deadly pathogen two decades after the announcement of tuberculosis (TB) as a global health emergency by the World Health Organization. In last few years new drug combinations have shown promising potential to significantly shorten TB treatment times. However there are very few new chemical entities being developed to treat this global threat. From January 1990 to December 2012, 949 anti-mycobacterium natural products were reported in the literature. Here we present a perspective based on an analysis of the drug-like properties of the reported anti-mycobacterium natural products in order to assess drug potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Dashti
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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24
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Bladen C, Gadotti VM, Gündüz MG, Berger ND, Şimşek R, Şafak C, Zamponi GW. 1,4-Dihydropyridine derivatives with T-type calcium channel blocking activity attenuate inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1237-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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25
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Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural Products as Drugs and Leads to Drugs: An Introduction and Perspective as of the End of 2012. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527676545.ch01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Rizzo S, Wakchaure V, Waldmann H. Natural Product-Derived and Natural Product-Inspired Compound Collections. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527676545.ch02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Cragg GM, Grothaus PG, Newman DJ. New horizons for old drugs and drug leads. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:703-23. [PMID: 24499205 DOI: 10.1021/np5000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting urgency to find new drugs for the treatment of serious infectious diseases and cancer that are rapidly developing resistance to previously effective drugs. One approach to addressing this need is through drug repurposing, which refers to the discovery of new useful activities for "old" clinically used drugs through screening them against relevant disease targets. A large number of potential drug that, for various reasons, have failed to advance to clinical and commercial use can be added to the candidates available for such purposes. The application of new techniques and methodology developed through the impressive progress made in multidisciplinary, natural product-related research in recent years should aid substantially in expediting the discovery and development process. This review briefly outlines some of these developments as applied to a number of selected natural product examples, which may also include advances in chemical synthesis of derivatives with extended biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon M Cragg
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory , P.O. Box B, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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28
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Rizzo S, Waldmann H. Development of a Natural-Product-Derived Chemical Toolbox for Modulation of Protein Function. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4621-39. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400442v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rizzo
- Abteilung
Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung
Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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29
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Bruss H, Schuster H, Martinez R, Kaiser M, Antonchick AP, Waldmann H. Synthesis of the B-seco limonoid core scaffold. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:194-208. [PMID: 24605139 PMCID: PMC3943702 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic investigations towards the structurally complex and highly decorated framework of B-seco limonoid natural products by means of a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement are described. Detailed model studies reveal, that an Ireland-Claisen rearrangement can be employed to construct the central C9-C10 bond thereby giving access to the B-seco limonoid scaffold. However, application of the developed strategy ended up failing in more complex and sterically demanding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Bruss
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hannah Schuster
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rémi Martinez
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Chemical Biology, Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Andrey P Antonchick
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Sellstedt M, Dang HT, Prasad GK, Sauer U, Almqvist F. Four-Component Assembly of Natural-Product-Like Ring-Fused Isoquinuclidines. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Takayama H, Jia ZJ, Kremer L, Bauer JO, Strohmann C, Ziegler S, Antonchick AP, Waldmann H. Discovery of inhibitors of the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways through the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of an iridoid-inspired compound collection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12404-8. [PMID: 24115579 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cousins you can count on: An iridoid-inspired compound collection was synthesized efficiently by the resolution of cyclic enones in an asymmetric cycloaddition with azomethine ylides. The collection contained novel potent inhibitors of the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takayama
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund (Germany)
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32
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Takayama H, Jia ZJ, Kremer L, Bauer JO, Strohmann C, Ziegler S, Antonchick AP, Waldmann H. Discovery of Inhibitors of the Wnt and Hedgehog Signaling Pathways through the Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of an Iridoid-Inspired Compound Collection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Maruyama K, Nakamura M, Tomoshige S, Sugita K, Makishima M, Hashimoto Y, Ishikawa M. Structure-activity relationships of bisphenol A analogs at estrogen receptors (ERs): discovery of an ERα-selective antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4031-6. [PMID: 23768907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our multi-template approach for drug discovery, focusing on protein targets with similar fold structures, has yielded lead compounds for various targets. We have also shown that a diphenylmethane skeleton can serve as a surrogate for a steroid skeleton. Here, on the basis of those ideas, we hypothesized that the diphenylmethane derivative bisphenol A (BPA) would bind to the ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptors (ERs) in a similar manner to estradiol and act as a steroid surrogate. To test this idea, we synthesized a series of BPA analogs and evaluated their structure-activity relationships, focusing on agonistic/antagonistic activities at ERs and ERα/ERβ subtype selectivity. Among the compounds examined, 18 was found to be a potent ERα-antagonist with high selectivity over ERβ and androgen receptor under our assay conditions. A computational docking study suggested that 18 would bind to the antagonistic conformation of ERα. ERα-selective antagonists, such as 18, are candidate agents for treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Maruyama
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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Chemogenomics in drug discovery: computational methods based on the comparison of binding sites. Future Med Chem 2013; 4:1971-9. [PMID: 23088277 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel computational methods for understanding relationships between ligands and all possible biological targets have emerged in recent years. Proteins are connected to each other based on the similarity of their ligands or based on the similarity of their binding sites. The assumption is that compounds sharing chemical similarity should share targets and that targets with a similar binding site should also share ligands. A large number of computational techniques have been developed to assess ligand and binding site similarity, which can be used to make quantitative predictions of the most probable biological target of a given compound. This review covers the recent advances in new computational methods for relating biological targets based on the similarity of their binding sites. Binding site comparisons are used for the prediction of their most likely ligands, their possible cross reactivity and selectivity. These comparisons can also be used to infer the function of novel uncharacterized proteins.
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Barker A, Kettle JG, Nowak T, Pease JE. Expanding medicinal chemistry space. Drug Discov Today 2012; 18:298-304. [PMID: 23117010 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Clinically useful drugs target a relatively small number of proteins that lie within a clearly defined and chemically accessible space. However, many high value biological targets lie outside this chemical space, and an ability to access such 'intractable' targets not amenable to traditional small molecule intervention would expand treatment options and be a major boost for patients and the pharmaceutical industry. To date, success has been limited but new technologies and approaches are beginning to emerge that could provide novel lead generation capabilities that enable access to new drug target classes. We review these new approaches and their ability to provide the novel leads needed to tackle a new generation of biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Barker
- AstraZeneca R&D, Oncology iMed, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
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Willmann D, Lim S, Wetzel S, Metzger E, Jandausch A, Wilk W, Jung M, Forne I, Imhof A, Janzer A, Kirfel J, Waldmann H, Schüle R, Buettner R. Impairment of prostate cancer cell growth by a selective and reversible lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2704-9. [PMID: 22447389 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of histones by chromatin modifying enzymes regulate chromatin structure and gene expression. As deregulation of histone modifications contributes to cancer progression, inhibition of chromatin modifying enzymes such as histone demethylases is an attractive therapeutic strategy to impair cancer growth. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) removes mono- and dimethyl marks from lysine 4 or 9 of histone H3. LSD1 in association with the androgen receptor (AR) controls androgen-dependent gene expression and prostate tumor cell proliferation, thus highlighting LSD1 as a drug target. By combining protein structure similarity clustering and in vitro screening, we identified Namoline, a γ-pyrone, as a novel, selective and reversible LSD1 inhibitor. Namoline blocks LSD1 demethylase activity in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of LSD1 by Namoline leads to silencing of AR-regulated gene expression and severely impairs androgen-dependent proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Thus, Namoline is a novel promising starting compound for the development of therapeutics to treat androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominica Willmann
- Urologische Klinik/Frauenklinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Lachance H, Wetzel S, Kumar K, Waldmann H. Charting, navigating, and populating natural product chemical space for drug discovery. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5989-6001. [PMID: 22537178 DOI: 10.1021/jm300288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are a heterogeneous group of compounds with diverse, yet particular molecular properties compared to synthetic compounds and drugs. All relevant analyses show that natural products indeed occupy parts of chemical space not explored by available screening collections while at the same time largely adhering to the rule-of-five. This renders them a valuable, unique, and necessary component of screening libraries used in drug discovery. With ChemGPS-NP on the Web and Scaffold Hunter two tools are available to the scientific community to guide exploration of biologically relevant NP chemical space in a focused and targeted fashion with a view to guide novel synthesis approaches. Several of the examples given illustrate the possibility of bridging the gap between computational methods and compound library synthesis and the possibility of integrating cheminformatics and chemical space analyses with synthetic chemistry and biochemistry to successfully explore chemical space for the identification of novel small molecule modulators of protein function.The examples also illustrate the synergistic potential of the chemical space concept and modern chemical synthesis for biomedical research and drug discovery. Chemical space analysis can map under explored biologically relevant parts of chemical space and identify the structure types occupying these parts. Modern synthetic methodology can then be applied to efficiently fill this “virtual space” with real compounds.From a cheminformatics perspective, there is a clear demand for open-source and easy to use tools that can be readily applied by educated nonspecialist chemists and biologists in their daily research. This will include further development of Scaffold Hunter, ChemGPS-NP, and related approaches on the Web. Such a “cheminformatics toolbox” would enable chemists and biologists to mine their own data in an intuitive and highly interactive process and without the need for specialized computer science and cheminformatics expertise. We anticipate that it may be a viable, if not necessary, step for research initiatives based on large high-throughput screening campaigns,in particular in the pharmaceutical industry, to make the most out of the recent advances in computational tools in order to leverage and take full advantage of the large data sets generated and available in house. There are “holes” in these data sets that can and should be identified and explored by chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Lachance
- Departmen of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Valot G, Garcia J, Duplan V, Serba C, Barluenga S, Winssinger N. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Diverse Polycyclic Scaffolds Inspired by the Logic of Sesquiterpene Lactones Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5391-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Valot G, Garcia J, Duplan V, Serba C, Barluenga S, Winssinger N. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Diverse Polycyclic Scaffolds Inspired by the Logic of Sesquiterpene Lactones Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Many signaling proteins such as the members of the Ras superfamily of GTPases are posttranslationally modified by covalent attachment of lipid groups, which is crucial for the correct localization and function of these proteins. Numerous lipidated proteins are oncogens often found mutated in several human cancers. Therefore, several therapeutic strategies have been developed based on the inhibition of the enzymes involved in these lipidation steps. Here, we will summarize the results on protein lipidation inhibition, mainly focusing on the small molecules targeting the isoprenylation and acylation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Triola
- Abteilung
Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11,
44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Fakultät Chemie, Lehrbereich Chemische
Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung
Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11,
44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Fakultät Chemie, Lehrbereich Chemische
Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Hedberg
- Abteilung
Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11,
44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Fakultät Chemie, Lehrbereich Chemische
Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Dow M, Fisher M, James T, Marchetti F, Nelson A. Towards the systematic exploration of chemical space. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:17-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06098h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Yamaguchi H, Akitaya T, Kidachi Y, Kamiie K, Noshita T, Umetsu H, Ryoyama K. Mouse 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 for human application: homology modeling, structural analysis and ligand-receptor interaction. Cancer Inform 2011; 10:287-95. [PMID: 22174566 PMCID: PMC3236009 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s8725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse (m) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) was homology-modeled, and its structure and ligand-receptor interaction were analyzed. The modeled m11βHSD2 showed significant 3D similarities to the human (h) 11βHSD1 and 2 structures. The contact energy profiles of the m11βHSD2 model were in good agreement with those of the h11βHSD1 and 2 structures. The secondary structure of the m11βHSD2 model exhibited a central 6-stranded all-parallel β-sheet sandwich-like structure, flanked on both sides by 3-helices. Ramachandran plots revealed that only 1.1% of the amino acid residues were in the disfavored region for m11βHSD2. Further, the molecular surfaces and electrostatic analyses of the m11βHSD2 model at the ligand-binding site exhibited that the model was almost identical to the h11βHSD2 model. Furthermore, docking simulation and ligand-receptor interaction analyses revealed the similarity of the ligand-receptor bound conformation between the m11βHSD2 and h11βHSD2 models. These results indicate that the m11βHSD2 model was successfully evaluated and analyzed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a m11βHSD2 model with detailed analyses, and our data verify that the mouse model can be utilized for application to the human model to target 11βHSD2 for the development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan. email :
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Antonchick AP, Schuster H, Bruss H, Schürmann M, Preut H, Rauh D, Waldmann H. Enantioselective synthesis of the spirotryprostatin A scaffold. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wetzel S, Bon RS, Kumar K, Waldmann H. Biology-Oriented Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10800-26. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sugimoto K, Kobayashi Y, Hori A, Kondo T, Toyooka N, Nemoto H, Matsuya Y. Syntheses of aza-analogues of macrosphelides via RCM strategy and their biological evaluation. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hedberg C, Dekker FJ, Rusch M, Renner S, Wetzel S, Vartak N, Gerding-Reimers C, Bon RS, Bastiaens PIH, Waldmann H. Development of Highly Potent Inhibitors of the Ras-Targeting Human Acyl Protein Thioesterases Based on Substrate Similarity Design. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9832-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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48
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Hedberg C, Dekker FJ, Rusch M, Renner S, Wetzel S, Vartak N, Gerding-Reimers C, Bon RS, Bastiaens PIH, Waldmann H. Development of Highly Potent Inhibitors of the Ras-Targeting Human Acyl Protein Thioesterases Based on Substrate Similarity Design. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Vintonyak VV, Warburg K, Over B, Hübel K, Rauh D, Waldmann H. Identification and further development of thiazolidinones spiro-fused to indolin-2-ones as potent and selective inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Yamaguchi H, Akitaya T, Yu T, Kidachi Y, Kamiie K, Noshita T, Umetsu H, Ryoyama K. Molecular docking and structural analysis of cofactor-protein interaction between NAD⁺ and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. J Mol Model 2011; 18:1037-48. [PMID: 21667072 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular docking and structural analysis of the cofactor-protein interaction between NAD(+) and human (h) or mouse (m) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) were performed with the molecular operating environment (MOE). 11βHSD1 (PDB code: 3HFG) was selected as a template for the 3D structure modeling of 11βHSD2. The MOE docking (MOE-dock) and the alpha sphere and excluded volume-based ligand-protein docking (ASE-dock) showed that both NAD(+)-h11βHSD2 and NAD(+)-m11βHSD2 models have a similar binding orientation to the template cofactor-protein model. Our present study also revealed that Asp91, Phe94, Tyr232 and Thr267 could be of importance in the interaction between NAD(+) and 11βHSD2. NADP(+) was incapable of entering into the cofactor-binding site of the 11βHSD2 models. The present study proposes the latest models for 11βHSD2 and its cofactor NAD(+), and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a m11βHSD2 model with NAD(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
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