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Wu Y, Huang P, Xu M, Zhao Q, Xu Y, Han S, Li H, Wang Y. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in healthy adults. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152899. [PMID: 37559719 PMCID: PMC10407550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly pathogenic to humans and has caused the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Vaccines are one of the efficient ways to prevent the viral infection. After COVID-19 vaccination, the monitoring of the dynamic change in neutralizing antibodies is necessary to determine booster requirements. Methods We estimated the effectiveness of the inactivated vaccines by monitoring dynamic SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies for over 2 years. Additionally, we also investigated the activation of T lymphocytes (CD3+ T cells) after three doses of the inactivated vaccine. Result The results showed that the rate of reduction of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody levels gradually showed after each booster dose. The IgG/IgM level at 9 months after the third vaccination were significantly higher than those at 6 months after the second dose (p<0.0001). The expression of CD25+T cell in 18-35 age group was significantly higher than that in the other groups. Nine months after the third dose (the time of last blood sample collection), the expression of CD25+T cell in the 18-35 age group was significantly higher than that at 6 months after the second dose. CD25+T cell in the 18-35 years old group was significantly higher than 6 months after the second vaccination. Conclusion CD25, a late activation marker of lymphocytes and high-activity memory T cell subgroup, exhibited higher levels at the later stages after vaccination. COVID-19 booster vaccination in older adults and regular testing of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies are recommended. Booster doses should be administered if the antibody level falls below the 30% inhibition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingjie Xu
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yihui Xu
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuyi Han
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huanjie Li
- Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Fatima GN, Fatma H, Saraf SK. Vaccines in Breast Cancer: Challenges and Breakthroughs. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2175. [PMID: 37443570 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a problem for women's health globally. Early detection techniques come in a variety of forms ranging from local to systemic and from non-invasive to invasive. The treatment of cancer has always been challenging despite the availability of a wide range of therapeutics. This is either due to the variable behaviour and heterogeneity of the proliferating cells and/or the individual's response towards the treatment applied. However, advancements in cancer biology and scientific technology have changed the course of the cancer treatment approach. This current review briefly encompasses the diagnostics, the latest and most recent breakthrough strategies and challenges, and the limitations in fighting breast cancer, emphasising the development of breast cancer vaccines. It also includes the filed/granted patents referring to the same aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Naz Fatima
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hera Fatma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hajian M, Erfani-Moghadam V, Arabi MS, Soltani A, Shahbazi M. A comparison between optimized PLGA and CS-Alg-PLGA microspheres for long-lasting release of glatiramer acetate. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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4
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Vaccines and myasthenia gravis: a comprehensive review and retrospective study of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a large cohort of myasthenic patients. J Neurol 2022; 269:3965-3981. [PMID: 35503373 PMCID: PMC9062633 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease, for which the risk of exacerbation after vaccines is debated. The aim of this study is to review the available literature concerning safety and efficacy of vaccines in MG. In addition, we also conducted a retrospective research of MG exacerbations and new onset MG after anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a large cohort of patients. Methods A study of the available literature regarding vaccines and MG was carried out through research in the online database “Pubmed”. We also retrospectively collected data from 80 MG patients, who were followed at the Treviso Hospital and completed an anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination cycle. For each patient, we recorded MG exacerbations between first and second doses and within a window period of 1 day – 6 weeks after the second dose. Results We found 26 relevant articles about influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and other vaccines. No clear associations between most vaccines and MG exacerbations were found. Moreover, cases of new onset post-vaccine MG are mostly anecdotal, except for Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine. Concerning our cohort, 4/80 (5%) MG patients experienced an exacerbation within the post-vaccine window period. In addition, we report a case of new onset post-vaccine MG. Discussion Inactivated and subunit vaccines are safe and effective in MG. Although some of them, such as anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, might uncommonly cause MG exacerbations, data from our review suggest that benefits still outweigh by far the potential risks, thus they should be recommended to these patients. Nevertheless, large prospective studies are needed for further investigations.
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Christiansen SH, Zhang X, Juul-Madsen K, Hvam ML, Vad BS, Behrens MA, Thygesen IL, Jalilian B, Pedersen JS, Howard KA, Otzen DE, Vorup-Jensen T. The random co-polymer glatiramer acetate rapidly kills primary human leukocytes through sialic-acid-dependent cell membrane damage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:425-437. [PMID: 28064019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The formulation glatiramer acetate (GA) is widely used in therapy of multiple sclerosis. GA consists of random copolymers of four amino acids, in ratios that produce a predominantly positive charge and an amphipathic character. With the extraordinary complexity of the drug, several pharmacological modes-of-action were suggested, but so far none, which rationalizes the cationicity and amphipathicity as part of the mode-of-action. Here, we report that GA rapidly kills primary human T lymphocytes and, less actively, monocytes. LL-37 is a cleavage product of human cathelicidin with important roles in innate immunity. It shares the positive charge and amphipathic character of GA, and, as shown here, also the ability to kill human leukocyte. The cytotoxicity of both compounds depends on sialic acid in the cell membrane. The killing was associated with the generation of CD45+ debris, derived from cell membrane deformation. Nanoparticle tracking analysis confirmed the formation of such debris, even at low GA concentrations. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing measurements also recorded stable alterations in T lymphocytes following such treatment. LL-37 forms oligomers through weak hydrophobic contacts, which is critical for the lytic properties. In our study, SAXS showed that GA also forms this type of contacts. Taken together, our study offers new insight on the immunomodulatory mode-of-action of positively charged co-polymers. The comparison of LL-37 and GA highlights a consistent requirement of certain oligomeric and chemical properties to support cytotoxic effects of cationic polymers targeting human leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Hill Christiansen
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Bartholin Building (1240), Bartholins Allé 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Bartholin Building (1240), Bartholins Allé 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Juul-Madsen
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Bartholin Building (1240), Bartholins Allé 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Michael Lykke Hvam
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Brian Stougaard Vad
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Manja Annette Behrens
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Ida Lysgaard Thygesen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Dept. of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Babak Jalilian
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Bartholin Building (1240), Bartholins Allé 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Nanomedicine Center for Individualized Management of Tissue Damage and Regeneration (LUNA), Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Bartholin Building (1240), Bartholins Allé 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Nanomedicine Center for Individualized Management of Tissue Damage and Regeneration (LUNA), Aarhus University, Denmark; MEMBRANES Research Center, Aarhus University, Denmark; Center for Neurodegenerative Inflammation Prevention (NEURODIN), Aarhus University, Denmark.
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6
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Wang X, Li L, Wang J, Dong L, Shu Y, Liang Y, Shi L, Xu C, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Chen D, Mao C. Inhibition of cytokine response to TLR stimulation and alleviation of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:475-486. [PMID: 27677654 PMCID: PMC5323857 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth‐derived products have recently been shown to prevent the development of inflammatory diseases in mouse models. However, most identified immunomodulators from helminthes are mixtures or macromolecules with potentially immunogenic side effects. We previously identified an immunomodulatory peptide called SJMHE1 from the HSP60 protein of Schistosoma japonicum. In this study, we assessed the ability of SJMHE1 to affect murine splenocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated by toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands in vitro and its treatment effect on mice with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA). We show that SJMHE1 not only modulates the cytokine production of murine macrophage (MΦ) and dendritic cell but also affects cytokine production upon coculturing with allogeneic CD4+ T cell. SJMHE1 potently inhibits the cytokine response to TLR ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS), CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) or resiquimod (R848) from mouse splenocytes, and human PBMCs stimulated by LPS. Furthermore, SJMHE1 suppressed clinical signs of CIA in mice and blocked joint erosion progression. This effect was mediated by downregulation of key cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of CIA, such as interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐17, and IL‐22 and up‐regulation of the inhibitory cytokine IL‐10, Tgf‐β1 mRNA, and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. This study provides new evidence that the peptide from S. japonicum, which is the ‘safe’ selective generation of small molecule peptide that has evolved during host–parasite interactions, is of great value in the search for novel anti‐inflammatory agents and therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liyang Dong
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yang Shu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical College, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Deyu Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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7
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Wang X, Wang J, Liang Y, Ni H, Shi L, Xu C, Zhou Y, Su Y, Mou X, Chen D, Mao C. Schistosoma japonicum HSP60-derived peptide SJMHE1 suppresses delayed-type hypersensitivity in a murine model. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:147. [PMID: 26971312 PMCID: PMC4789290 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasite-derived molecules with immunomodulatory properties, which have been optimised during host-parasite co-evolution, exhibit potential applications as novel immunotherapeutics. We have previously demonstrated that Schistosoma japonicum HSP60-derived peptide SJMHE1 induces CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and that adoptively transferred SJMHE1-induced CD4+CD25+ Tregs inhibit delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice. However, multiple concerns regarding this method render this treatment unsuitable. To gain further insights into the potential effects of SJMHE1, we used ovalbumin (OVA)-induced DTH and evaluated the effect of SJMHE1 on DTH mice. Methods BALB/c mice were sensitised with OVA alone or combined with SJMHE1 and then challenged with OVA to induce DTH. We first analysed the potential effects of SJMHE1 by measuring DTH responses, T-cell responses, cytokine secretion, and Treg proportions. We then evaluated the expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in CD4+CD25+ T-cells during DTH and Treg generation to identify the mechanism by which SJMHE1 suppresses DTH. Results SJMHE1 modulated the effector response against OVA-induced DTH and stimulated the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 in immunised mice through a mechanism involving CD4+CD25+ Tregs. SJMHE1-induced CD4+CD25+ Tregs expressed high levels of CTLA-4, IL-10, and TGF-β1, which substantially contributed to the suppressive activity during DTH. The administration of SJMHE1 to DTH in mice led to the expansion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs from CD4+CD25− T-cells in the periphery, which inhibited DTH responses. Conclusions Our study proves that the parasite-driven peptide suppresses DTH in mice, which may confer a new option for inflammation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212002, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical College, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223300, China
| | - Hongchang Ni
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212002, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yuting Su
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Xiao Mou
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Deyu Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
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Stepanov AV, Belogurov Jr. AA, Kothapalli P, Shamborant OG, Knorre VD, Telegin GB, Ovsepyan AA, Ponomarenko NA, Deyev SM, Kaveri SV, Gabibov AG. Specific Depletion of Myelin-Reactive B Cells via BCR-Targeting. Acta Naturae 2015; 7:74-9. [PMID: 26085947 PMCID: PMC4463415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a crucial role in the development and pathogenesis of systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Autoreactive B cells not only produce antibodies, but also secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and present specific autoantigens to T cells. The treatment of autoimmune diseases via the elimination of the majority of B cells using the monoclonal anti-CD19/20 antibody (Rituximab) causes systemic side effects and, thus, requires a major revision. Therapeutic intervention directed towards selective elimination of pathogenic autoreactive B cells has the potential to become a universal approach to the treatment of various autoimmune abnormalities. Here, we developed a recombinant immunotoxin based on the immunodominant peptide of the myelin basic protein (MBP), fused to the antibody Fc domain. We showed that the obtained immunotoxin provides selective in vivo elimination of autoreactive B cells in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The proposed conception may be further used for the development of new therapeutics for a targeted treatment of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Stepanov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | - A. A. Belogurov Jr.
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 34/5, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - P. Kothapalli
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - O. G. Shamborant
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. D. Knorre
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - G. B. Telegin
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Ovsepyan
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - N. A. Ponomarenko
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. M. Deyev
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. V. Kaveri
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - A. G. Gabibov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 34/5, 119334, Moscow, Russia
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Tseveleki V, Tselios T, Kanistras I, Koutsoni O, Karamita M, Vamvakas SS, Apostolopoulos V, Dotsika E, Matsoukas J, Lassmann H, Probert L. Mannan-conjugated myelin peptides prime non-pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells and ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2014; 267:254-67. [PMID: 25447934 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APC) are critical for regulating immune responses. We tested mannan-peptide conjugates for targeting myelin peptides to APC to induce T cell tolerance and resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Myelin peptides conjugated to mannan in oxidized (OM) or reduced (RM) forms protected mice against EAE in prophylactic and therapeutic protocols, with OM-conjugated peptides giving best results. Protection was peptide-specific and associated with reduced antigen-specific T cell proliferation, but not alterations in Th1, Th17 and Treg cell differentiation or T cell apoptosis compared to EAE controls. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) loaded with OM-MOG showed up-regulated expression of co-stimulatory molecules, reduced PD-L1 expression and enhanced CD40-inducible IL-12 and IL-23 production compared to MOG DC, features consistent with immunogenic DC. OM-MOG induced active T cell tolerance because i.d. administration or passive transfer of OM-MOG DC suppressed ongoing EAE, while OM-MOG-vaccinated mice did not reduce the proliferation of transferred MOG-specific T cells. As in vivo, MOG-specific T cells cultured with OM-MOG DC showed reduced proliferation and equal Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation compared to those with MOG DC, but surprisingly cytokine production was unresponsive to CD40 engagement. Impaired effector T cell function was further evidenced in spinal cord sections from OM-MOG-vaccinated EAE mice, where markedly reduced numbers of CD3(+) T cells were present, restricted to leptomeninges and exceptional parenchymal lesions. Our results show that mannan-conjugated myelin peptides protect mice against EAE through the expansion of antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 cells with impaired proliferation responses and APC-induced co-stimulatory signals that are required for licensing them to become fully pathogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Tseveleki
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Kanistras
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Koutsoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Karamita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eleni Dotsika
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - John Matsoukas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.
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10
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Conner J. Glatiramer acetate and therapeutic peptide vaccines for multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7243/2054-989x-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Irvine DJ, Swartz MA, Szeto GL. Engineering synthetic vaccines using cues from natural immunity. NATURE MATERIALS 2013; 12:978-90. [PMID: 24150416 PMCID: PMC3928825 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines aim to protect against or treat diseases through manipulation of the immune response, promoting either immunity or tolerance. In the former case, vaccines generate antibodies and T cells poised to protect against future pathogen encounter or attack diseased cells such as tumours; in the latter case, which is far less developed, vaccines block pathogenic autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies that target self tissue. Enormous challenges remain, however, as a consequence of our incomplete understanding of human immunity. A rapidly growing field of research is the design of vaccines based on synthetic materials to target organs, tissues, cells or intracellular compartments; to co-deliver immunomodulatory signals that control the quality of the immune response; or to act directly as immune regulators. There exists great potential for well-defined materials to further our understanding of immunity. Here we describe recent advances in the design of synthetic materials to direct immune responses, highlighting successes and challenges in prophylactic, therapeutic and tolerance-inducing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J. Irvine
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, East 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory L. Szeto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, East 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
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12
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Dentistry and the myasthenia gravis patient: a review of the current state of the art. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 114:e1-8. [PMID: 22732850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic neuromuscular disease characterized by muscular weakness and fatigability. Dental management of patients diagnosed with MG presents a challenge to the oral health care provider. The purpose of this article was to review the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical signs and symptoms associated with MG, highlighting the role of the oral health care provider in the process of diagnosis and management of the oral and dental complications that might be associated with the disease, while avoiding myasthenic crisis. A discussion of the recent approaches to treatment of the disease and current research on MG is presented.
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13
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Abstract
The loss of immune tolerance to self antigens leads to the development of autoimmune responses. Since self antigens are often multiple and/or their sequences may be known, one approach to restore immune tolerance uses synthetic artificial peptides that interfere or compete with self peptides in the networks of cellular interactions that drive the autoimmune process. This review describes the rationale behind the use of artificial peptides in autoimmunity and their mechanisms of action. Examples of use of artificial peptides in preclinical studies and in the management of human autoimmune diseases are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio La Cava
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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14
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Pavlovic M, Kats A, Cavallo M, Chen R, Hartmann JX, Shoenfeld Y. Pathogenic and Epiphenomenal Anti-DNA Antibodies in SLE. Autoimmune Dis 2010; 2011:462841. [PMID: 21152217 PMCID: PMC2989704 DOI: 10.4061/2010/462841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discoveries of natural and the development of manufactured highly efficient catalytic antibodies (abzymes) opens the door to many practical applications. One of the most fascinating is the use of such antibodies in human therapy and prevention (vaccination), of cancer, AIDS, autoimmune diseases. A special entity of naturally occurring DNA hydrolytic anti-DNA antibodies is emerging within past decades linked to autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), Sjogren Syndrome (SS), B - Chronic lymphocytic leucosis (B-CLL), and Multiple Myeloma (MM). The origin of the antibodies is unknown. The underlying mechanisms of these activities are suggested to be penetration into the living cells and translocation in the nucleus, with recognition of the specific binding sites at particular (ss or ds) DNA. There are controversies in the literature whether hydrolysis is a sequence-specific event. The interplay between anti-DNA antibodies and DNA is not yet elucidated. This molecular “twist” also suggests that anti-DNA antibodies with DNA hydrolytic capacity could be the organism's immune response to a microbial attack, with microbial DNA, or specific genes within microbial DNA sequence, as a target for neutralization. The catalytic antibody-based approach can become a key tool in selective chemotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Pavlovic
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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15
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Souroujon MC, Brenner T, Fuchs S. Development of novel therapies for MG: Studies in animal models. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:446-60. [DOI: 10.3109/08916930903518081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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Wang X, Zhou S, Chi Y, Wen X, Hoellwarth J, He L, Liu F, Wu C, Dhesi S, Zhao J, Hu W, Su C. CD4+CD25+ Treg induction by an HSP60-derived peptide SJMHE1 from Schistosoma japonicum is TLR2 dependent. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:3052-65. [PMID: 19882655 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chronic schistosome infection results in the suppression of host immune responses, allowing long-term schistosome survival and restricting pathology. Current theories suggest that Treg play an important role in this regulation. However, the mechanism of Treg induction during schistosome infection is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism behind the induction of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells by Schistosoma japonicum HSP60 (SjHSP60)-derived peptide SJMHE1 as well as to elucidate the cellular and molecular basis for the induction of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells during S. japonicum infection. Mice immunized with SJMHE1 or spleen and LN cells from naïve mice pretreated with SJMHE1 in vitro all displayed an increase in CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cell populations. Release of IL-10 and TGF-beta by SJMHE1 stimulation may contribute to suppression. Adoptively transferred SJMHE1-induced CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells inhibited delayed-type hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice. Additionally, SJMHE1-treated APC were tolerogenic and induced CD4(+) cells to differentiate into suppressive CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg. Furthermore, our data support a role for TLR2 in SJMHE1-mediated CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg induction. These findings provide the basis for a more complete understanding of the S. japonicum-host interactions that contribute to host homeostatic mechanisms, preventing an excessive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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17
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Yang B, Shan L, Song W, Xiao Z, Shi L, Yuan H. Copolymer-1 Immunization Reduces Damage in Retinal Ganglion Cells Under High Intraocular Pressure Through Altering the Expression of Retinal Neurotrophins. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26:11-9. [PMID: 20148653 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2009.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harbin Medical University, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Shan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harbin Medical University, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wulian Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harbin Medical University, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harbin Medical University, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harbin Medical University, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiping Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harbin Medical University, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Byrne GW, Stalboerger PG, Davila E, Heppelmann CJ, Gazi MH, McGregor HCJ, LaBreche PT, Davies WR, Rao VP, Oi K, Tazelaar HD, Logan JS, McGregor CGA. Proteomic identification of non-Gal antibody targets after pig-to-primate cardiac xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2009; 15:268-76. [PMID: 18957049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2008.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experience with non-antigenic galactose alpha1,3 galactose (alphaGal) polymers and development of alphaGal deficient pigs has reduced or eliminated the significance of this antigen in xenograft rejection. Despite these advances, delayed xenograft rejection (DXR) continues to occur most likely due to antibody responses to non-Gal endothelial cell (EC) antigens. METHODS To gauge the diversity of the non-Gal antibody response we used antibody derived from CD46 transgenic heterotopic cardiac xenografts performed without T-cell immunosuppression, Group A (n = 4) and Gal knockout (GT-KO) heart transplants under tacrolimus and sirolimus immunosuppression, Group B (n = 8). Non-Gal antibody was measured by flow cytometry and by western blots using GT-KO EC membrane antigens. A nanoLC/MS/MS analysis of proteins recovered from 2D gels was used to identify target antigens. RESULTS Group A recipients exhibited a mixed cellular and humoral rejection. Group B recipients mainly exhibited classical DXR. Western blot analysis showed a non-Gal antibody response induced by GT+ and GT-KO hearts to an overlapping set of pig aortic EC membrane antigens. Proteomic analysis identified 14 potential target antigens but failed to define several immunodominant targets. CONCLUSIONS These experiments indicate that the non-Gal antibody response is directed to a number of stress response and inflammation related pig EC antigens and a few undefined targets. Further analysis of these antibody specificities using alternative methods is required to more fully define the repertoire of non-Gal antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guerard W Byrne
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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19
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Cortes LM, Avichezer D, Silver PB, Luger D, Mattapallil MJ, Chan CC, Caspi RR. Inhibitory peptide analogs derived from a major uveitogenic epitope protect from antiretinal autoimmunity by inducing type 2 and regulatory T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:577-85. [PMID: 18495789 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0308189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified inhibitory peptide analogs (IPAs), capable of immunomodulating experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), induced in B10.RIII mice by immunization with the retinal antigen interphotoreceptor-binding protein in CFA. Alanine-substituted peptides of the major pathogenic epitope, residues 161-180, were synthesized. They were tested for immunogenicity, cross-reactivity with the native 161-180 epitope, pathogenicity, and ability to prevent EAU when given in IFA before EAU challenge with native murine (m)161-180. Two peptides, 169A and 171A, were unable to elicit disease but cross-reacted with m161-180 by lymphocyte proliferation. Mice pretreated with either of the substituted peptides failed to develop EAU after challenge with the native epitope, m161-180, and had reduced cellular responses by lymphocyte proliferation and by delayed hypersensitivity. Their cytokine response profile to m161-180 showed reduced antigen-specific IFN-gamma and IL-17, whereas IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 from IPA-protected mice were increased, and serum antibody titers to m161-180 revealed reduced IgG2a and elevated IgG1 isotypes, suggesting a Th2 shift in the response. Protection was transferable with lymphoid cells from protected donors to naïve recipients, who were subsequently immunized for EAU. Thus, IPA pretreatment prevents induction of EAU by skewing the response to a subsequent uveitogenic challenge with the native peptide to a nonpathogenic phenotype, as well as by eliciting transferable regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette M Cortes
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, 10 Center Drive, 10/10N222, Bethesda, MD 20893-1857, USA
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20
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Stapulionis R, Pinto Oliveira CL, Gjelstrup MC, Pedersen JS, Hokland ME, Hoffmann SV, Poulsen K, Jacobsen C, Vorup-Jensen T. Structural Insight into the Function of Myelin Basic Protein as a Ligand for Integrin αMβ2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3946-56. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Burster T, Marin-Esteban V, Boehm BO, Dunn S, Rotzschke O, Falk K, Weber E, Verhelst SHL, Kalbacher H, Driessen C. Design of protease-resistant myelin basic protein-derived peptides by cleavage site directed amino acid substitutions. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1514-23. [PMID: 17803968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is considered to be a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. An attractive strategy to prevent activation of autoaggressive T cells in MS, is the use of altered peptide ligands (APL), which bind to major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules. To be of clinical use, APL must be capable of resisting hostile environments including the proteolytic machinery of antigen presenting cells (APC). The current design of APL relies on cost- and labour-intensive strategies. To overcome these major drawbacks, we used a deductive approach which involved modifying proteolytic cleavage sites in APL. Cleavage site-directed amino acid substitution of the autoantigen myelin basic protein (MBP) resulted in lysosomal protease-resistant, high-affinity binding peptides. In addition, these peptides mitigated T cell activation in a similar fashion as conventional APL. The strategy outlined allows the development of protease-resistant APL and provides a universal design strategy to improve peptide-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Department of Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model of the neuroimmune system responding to priming with central nervous system (CNS)-restricted antigens. It is an excellent model of post-vaccinal encephalitis and a useful model of many aspects of multiple sclerosis. EAE has been established in numerous species and is induced by priming with a large number of CNS-derived antigens. As a consequence, the pathogenesis, pathology and clinical signs vary significantly between experimental protocols. As I describe in this Timeline article, the reductionist approach taken in some lines of investigation of EAE resulted in a reliance on results obtained under a narrow range of conditions. Although such studies made important contributions to our molecular understanding of inflammation, T-cell activation, and MHC restriction, they did not advance as effectively our knowledge of the polyantigenic responses that usually occur in CNS immunopathology and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Baxter
- Comparative Genomics Centre, Molecular Sciences Building 21, James Cook University, Townsville, 4,811, Queensland, Australia.
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23
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Monneaux F, Muller S. Peptide-based therapy in lupus: promising data. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 601:105-12. [PMID: 17712997 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72005-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem chronic inflammatory disease of multifactorial aetiology, characterized by inflammation and damage of various tissues and organs. Current treatments of the disease are mainly based on immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide. Although these treatments have reduced mortality and morbidity, they cause a non-specific immune suppression. To avoid these side effects, our efforts should focus on the development of alternative therapeutic strategies, which consist, for example in specific T cell targeting using autoantigen-derived peptides identified as sequences encompassing major epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Monneaux
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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24
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Pavelko KD, Pease LR, David CS, Rodriguez M. Genetic deletion of a single immunodominant T-cell response confers susceptibility to virus-induced demyelination. Brain Pathol 2007; 17:184-96. [PMID: 17388949 PMCID: PMC1859885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An important question in neuropathology involves determining the antigens that are targeted during demyelinating disease. Viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) leads to T‐cell responses that can be protective as well as pathogenic. In the Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model of demyelination it is known that the immune response to the viral capsid protein 2 (VP2) is critical for disease pathogenesis. This study shows that expressing the whole viral capsid VP2 or the minimal CD8‐specific peptide VP2121‐130 as “self” leads to a loss of VP2‐specific immune responses. Loss of responsiveness is caused by T cell‐specific tolerance, as VP2‐specific antibodies are generated in response to infection. More importantly, these mice lose the CD8 T‐cell response to the immunodominant peptide VP2121‐130, which is critical for the development of demyelinating disease. The transgenic mice fail to clear the infection and develop chronic demyelinating disease in the spinal cord white matter. These findings demonstrate that T‐cell responses can be removed by transgenic expression and that lack of responsiveness alters viral clearance and CNS pathology. This model will be important for understanding the mechanisms involved in antigen‐specific T‐cell deletion and the contribution of this response to CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Moses Rodriguez
- Departments of Immunology and
- Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
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25
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Piaggio E, Mars LT, Cassan C, Cabarrocas J, Hofstätter M, Desbois S, Bergereau E, Rötzschke O, Falk K, Liblau RS. Multimerized T cell epitopes protect from experimental autoimmune diabetes by inducing dominant tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9393-8. [PMID: 17517665 PMCID: PMC1890505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610423104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy by using multimerized self-peptides has demonstrated a clear protective effect on experimental models of autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms involved remain ill-defined. Here we have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of multimerized self-peptides at the effector phase of autoimmune diabetes and examined their mechanisms of action. Diabetes was induced in rat insulin promoter-hemagglutinin (HA) mice expressing HA in pancreatic beta-cells by adoptive transfer of HA(110-119)-specific T helper 1 cells. Complete protection was provided by low doses of the HA 4-mer consisting of four covalently linked linear HA(107-119) peptides. In vivo, the 4-mer appeared to act directly on the pathogenic HA-specific T helper 1 cells and indirectly by activation/recruitment of lymphocytes with regulatory properties so that mice became resistant to a second transfer of diabetogenic T cells. This effect was associated with a recruitment of Foxp3(+) CD4 T cells around islets. Moreover, we show that dominant protection from autoimmunity was transferable by spleen cells, and that development of this regulatory population was crucially dependent on the lymphocytes from treated rat insulin promoter-HA mice. Thus, immunotherapy using multimerized epitopes emerges as a promising strategy in view of the current identification of self-epitopes that are major targets of the pathogenic CD4 T cell response in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Piaggio
- *Unité 563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Paul-Sabatier, F-31400 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Lennart T. Mars
- *Unité 563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Paul-Sabatier, F-31400 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Cécile Cassan
- *Unité 563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Paul-Sabatier, F-31400 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Julie Cabarrocas
- *Unité 563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Paul-Sabatier, F-31400 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Maria Hofstätter
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Desbois
- *Unité 563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Paul-Sabatier, F-31400 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Emilie Bergereau
- *Unité 563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Paul-Sabatier, F-31400 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Olaf Rötzschke
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Falk
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland S. Liblau
- *Unité 563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Paul-Sabatier, F-31400 Toulouse, France; and
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Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease mediated by antibodies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) interfering with the neuromuscular transmission. Experimental autoimmune MG serves as an excellent animal model to study possible therapeutic modalities for MG. This review will focus on the different ways to turn off the autoimmune response to AChR, which results in suppression of myasthenia. This paper will describe the use of fragments or peptides derived from the AChR, antigen-presenting cells and anti-T cell receptor antibodies, and will discuss the underlying mechanisms of action. Finally, the authors propose new promising therapeutic prospects, including treatment based on the modulation of regulatory T cells, which have recently been found to be functionally defective in MG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- CNRS UMR 8078, Universite Paris Sud, IPSC Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France Tel: +33 1 45 37 15 51; Fax: +33 1 46 30 45 64; E-mail:
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Immunology, Rehovot 76100, Israel Tel: +972 8 934 2618; Fax: +972 8 934 4141; E-mail:
| | - Sara Fuchs
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Immunology, Rehovot 76100, Israel Tel: +972 8 934 2618; Fax: +972 8 934 4141; E-mail:
| | - Miriam C Souroujon
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Immunology, Rehovot 76100, Israel Tel: +972 8 934 2618; Fax: +972 8 934 4141; E-mail:
- The Open University of Israel, Raanana 43104, Israel Tel: +972 9 778 1758; E-mail:
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27
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Routsias JG, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Tzioufas AG. Autoantibodies to intracellular autoantigens and their B-cell epitopes: molecular probes to study the autoimmune response. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2006; 43:203-48. [PMID: 16574554 DOI: 10.1080/10408360500523837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A common laboratory finding in systemic autoimmune diseases is the presence of autoantibodies against intracellular autoantigens. Although their pathogenesis is not fully understood, autoantibodies are important tools for establishing diagnosis, classification, and prognosis of autoimmune diseases. Autoantibodies mainly target multicomponent complexes containing both protein antigens and (ribo)-nucleic acid(s), such as the spliceosome or Ro/La RNPs. In this review, we address the main characteristics and the clinical value of the main autoantibody types with respect to their disease association, and we describe the corresponding autoantigens, their biologic function, and their B-cell antigenic determinants (epitopes). The structural characteristics and clinical associations of these epitopes, and their utility as tools to investigate the autoimmune response, are discussed in detail. New insights into the pathogenetic role of epitopes in systemic autoimmunity are also examined. In this regard, using the defined structures of the B-cell antigenic epitopes, complementary epitopes can be designed according to the "molecular recognition" theory. These complementary epitopes can be used as probes to study pathogenetic and immunoregulatory aspects of the anti-idiotypic response. The origin of humoral autoimmunity and the spreading of the epitopes in systemic lupus erythematosus are also discussed. Finally, the ability of post-translational modifications to induce autoreactive immune attack via the generation of neo-epitopes is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Routsias
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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28
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Abstract
Recently, there has been a renewed interest in therapeutic vaccination as an adjunct or alternative to current treatment options for HIV. The first immunotherapeutic trial relevant to this topic was published in 1983. Since then, several dozen therapeutic vaccine trials have been carried out. The results have consistently shown that although in vitro-measured HIV-specific immune responses were evident as a result of vaccination, clinical improvement has been seldom observed. The instances of apparent clinical benefit however, were invariably associated with the usage of vaccines that acted in accord with the principles of allo- or autoimmunization. The majority of these vaccines were derived from the blood of HIV carriers or a cell culture and therefore inherently contained host-cell antigens unrelated to HIV. These observations raise the issue of whether this clinically successful approach has been unduly neglected. Most commercial vaccines on the market today are made the old-fashioned way, but very little support or attention has been given to the development of such vaccines for AIDS therapy. The current strategy, biased toward vaccines which have shown little evidence of clinical efficacy, is shortsighted and needs to be revised.
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Abstract
Vaccines are for healthy people, to prevent them from becoming ill. Such prophylactic vaccines have been a great success. Therapeutic vaccines become more and more important, especially as life expectancy increases. Efforts to develop vaccines against such diseases as cancer, AIDS, hepatitis, tuberculosis, Alzheimer disease, and mad cow disease have not yet reached the stage where they can be successfully used on a daily basis. However, significant progress has been made in the realm of autoimmune diseases, resulting (at least in one case) in an immunomodulatory vaccine against multiple sclerosis that was developed in the author's laboratory, and that is in daily use by about 100,000 patients. The drug or therapeutic vaccine against the exacerbating-remitting type of multiple sclerosis is a copolymer of four amino acid residues, denoted Copaxone, which are related to myelin basic protein. This paper discusses Copaxone as well as a candidate immunomodulatory vaccine against myasthenia gravis, a peptide derived from the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Copolymer 1 (Cop 1, glatiramer acetate, Copaxone) is a synthetic amino acid random copolymer that is immunologically cross-reactive with myelin basic protein and suppresses experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in several animal species. Cop 1 slows the progression of disability and reduces the relapse rate in exacerbating-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Cop 1 is a potent inducer of T helper 2 (Th2) regulatory cells in mice and humans; and Th2 cells are found in both the brains and spinal cords of Cop 1-treated mice and humans. MG and experimental autoimmune MG are T cell-regulated, antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. Two peptides, representing sequences of the human AChR-alpha-subunit, p195-212 and p259-271, are immunodominant T-cell epitopes in MG patients and two strains of mice. Altered peptide ligand, composed of the randomly arranged two single amino acid analogs inhibits in vitro and in vivo MG-associated autoimmune responses. The active suppression is mediated by the CD4+ CD25+ immunoregulatory cells and is associated with the downregulation of Th1-type cytokines and upregulation of the secretion of IL-10 and the immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sela
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Does Inflammation in an Autoimmune Disease Differ from Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Possible Implications for Therapy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006; 1:4-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-005-9010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Autoimmune disease is characterized by clinical symptoms mediated by adaptive (T cell and B cell) immune reactions towards autoantigen-expressing tissue. Here we discuss that autoimmune disease is often preceded by autoreactivity, meaning the priming of autoantigen-specific immune cells without relevant tissue damage. Recent experimental evidence has demonstrated that both the induction of autoreactivity and the conversion into autoimmune disease is controlled by the activation of the nonspecific innate immune system. Also, the "inflammatory status" of the target organ critically influences the onset of overt autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Recher
- University Hospital Bruderholz, Institute of Internal Medicine, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease associated with chronic inflammatory demyelination of the central nervous system in genetically susceptible individuals. Because of the disease complexity and heterogeneity, its pathogenesis remains unknown despite extensive research efforts, and specific effective treatments have not yet been developed. Peptide-based research has been important in attempts to unravel particular aspects of this complex disease, including the characterization of the different molecular mechanisms of MS, with the goal of providing useful products for immune-mediated therapies. In fact, in the past decade, peptide-based research has been predominant in research aimed to identify and/or develop target antigens as synthetic probes for specific biomarkers as well as innovative immunomodulating therapies. This review presents an overview of the contributions of peptide science to MS research and discusses future directions of peptide-based investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Claudia Alcaro
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, University of Firenze, Polo Scientifico, via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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Monneaux F, Hoebeke J, Sordet C, Nonn C, Briand JP, Maillère B, Sibillia J, Muller S. Selective modulation of CD4+ T cells from lupus patients by a promiscuous, protective peptide analog. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5839-47. [PMID: 16237076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.5839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A peptide encompassing residues 131-151 of the spliceosomal U1-70K protein and its analog phosphorylated at Ser140 were synthesized as potential candidates for the treatment of patients with lupus. Studies in the MRL/lpr and (NZB x NZW)F1 lupus models have demonstrated that these sequences contain a CD4+ T cell epitope but administration of the phosphorylated peptide only ameliorates the clinical manifestations of treated MRL/lpr mice. Binding assays with soluble HLA class II molecules and molecular modeling experiments indicate that both peptides behave as promiscuous epitopes and bind to a large panel of human DR molecules. In contrast to normal T cells and T cells from non-lupus autoimmune patients, we found that PBMCs from 40% of lupus patients selected randomly and CFSE-labeled CD4+ T cells proliferate in response to peptide 131-151. Remarkably, however, we observed that phosphorylation of Ser140 prevents CD4+ T cells proliferation but not secretion of regulatory cytokines, suggesting a striking immunomodulatory effect of phosphorylated analog on lupus CD4+ T cells that was unique to patients. The analog might act as an activator of regulatory T cells or as a partial agonist of TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Monneaux
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Recherche 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
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Farina C, Weber MS, Meinl E, Wekerle H, Hohlfeld R. Glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis: update on potential mechanisms of action. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4:567-75. [PMID: 16109363 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate is a synthetic random copolymer approved for the immunomodulatory therapy of relapsing-type multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous work has focused on the effects of this drug on T cells, especially the glatiramer-acetate-induced shift of the cytokine profile towards those characteristic of T-helper-2 (Th2) cells. Glatiramer acetate was thought to bring about this Th2 shift by acting like an altered peptide ligand but more recent work has shown that the drug notably affects the properties of antigen-presenting cells, such as monocytes and dendritic cells. These new observations might offer an explanation for the previously observed Th2 shift. In this review, we focus on these new findings. We address several controversial issues, including the possible neurotrophic effects of glatiramer acetate, the potential role of neutralising antibodies to the drug, and attempts to develop biomarkers of the treatment response. Finally, we will think about how a better understanding of glatiramer acetate might help the development of new immunomodulatory agents for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Farina
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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