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Johnson KM, Plaza JA, Sopkovich JA. A rare case of cutaneous myxoma with trichofolliculoma-like features. J Cutan Pathol 2023; 50:861-863. [PMID: 37455589 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Carney complex is a rare genetic disorder associated with a number of cutaneous lesions, especially cutaneous myxomas. We present a rare case of cutaneous myxoma (superficial angiomyxoma) with trichofolliculoma-like features in a patient with Carney complex, and explore how the associated histopathology provides critical context for elucidating the etiology of this benign neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Johnson
- Department of Dermatology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jose A Plaza
- Department of Dermatology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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Sun Y, Li Z, Sun J, Ma D, Shan X, Chen X. Somatic Mutation of PRKAR1A in Four Cases of Sporadic Cardiac Myxoma. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2023; 26:346-354. [PMID: 38310436 PMCID: PMC10685830 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2023.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inactivating mutations of the protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1 alpha (PRKAR1A) gene have been reported in familial cardiac myxoma. However, the role of PRKAR1A mutation in sporadic cardiac myxoma remains unknown. METHODS Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed to identify mutations with the PRKAR1A gene in seven cases of sporadic cardiac myxomas. Sanger sequencing of DNA from cardiac myxoma specimens and matched peripheral blood samples was performed to verify the identified mutations. RESULTS Targeted NGS of myxoma DNA revealed 232 single nucleotide variants in 141 genes and 38 insertion-deletion mutations in 13 genes. Six PRKAR1A mutations were identified in four of the seven cardiac myxoma cases, and thus, the PRKAR1A inactivating mutation rate was 57.2% (4/7, 95% CI=0.44-0.58, P<0.05). The PRKAR1A variants identified by Sanger sequencing analysis were consistent with those from the NGS analysis for the four myxoma specimens. All of the pathogenic PRKAR1A mutations led to premature termination of PRKAR1A, except for one synonymous mutation. Moreover, none of the nonsense and missense mutations found in the myxoma specimens were found in the matched peripheral blood samples. CONCLUSION Pathogenic mutations of the PRKAR1A gene were identified in tumor specimens from four cases of sporadic cardiac myxoma, and the absence of these mutations in peripheral blood samples demonstrated that they were somatic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Sun
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jingnan Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Dashi Ma
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xue Shan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
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3
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Khamina M, Martinez Pomier K, Akimoto M, VanSchouwen B, Melacini G. Non-Canonical Allostery in Cyclic Nucleotide Dependent Kinases. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Wang X, Jiang L, Thao K, Sussman C, LaBranche T, Palmer M, Harris P, McKnight GS, Hoeflich K, Schalm S, Torres V. Protein Kinase A Downregulation Delays the Development and Progression of Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1087-1104. [PMID: 35236775 PMCID: PMC9161799 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Upregulation of cAMP-dependent and -independent PKA signaling is thought to promote cystogenesis in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). PKA-I regulatory subunit RIα is increased in kidneys of orthologous mouse models. Kidney-specific knockout of RIα upregulates PKA activity, induces cystic disease in wild-type mice, and aggravates it in Pkd1 RC/RC mice. Methods: PKA-I activation or inhibition was compared to EPAC activation or PKA-II inhibition using Pkd1 RC/RC metanephric organ cultures. The effect of constitutive PKA (preferentially PKA-I) downregulation in vivo was ascertained by kidney-specific expression of a dominant negative RIαB allele in Pkd1 RC/RC mice obtained by crossing Prkar1α R1αB/WT, Pkd1 RC/RC, and Pkhd1-Cre mice (C57BL/6 background). The effect of pharmacologic PKA inhibition using a novel, selective PRKACA inhibitor (BLU2864) was tested in mIMCD3 3D cultures, metanephric organ cultures, and Pkd1 RC/RC mice on a C57BL/6 x 129S6/Sv F1 background. Mice were sacrificed at 16 weeks of age. Results: PKA-I activation promoted and inhibition prevented ex vivo P-Ser133 CREB expression and cystogenesis. EPAC activation or PKA-II inhibition had no or only minor effects. BLU2864 inhibited in vitro mIMCD3 cystogenesis and ex vivo P-Ser133 CREB expression and cystogenesis. Genetic downregulation of PKA activity and BLU2864 directly and/or indirectly inhibited many pro-proliferative pathways and were both protective in vivo BLU2864 had no detectable on- or off-target adverse effects. Conclusions: PKA-I is the main PKA isozyme promoting cystogenesis. Direct PKA inhibition may be an effective strategy to treat PKD and other conditions where PKA signaling is upregulated. By acting directly on PKA, the inhibition may be more effective than or substantially increase the efficacy of treatments that only affect PKA activity by lowering cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- X Wang, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Li Jiang
- L Jiang, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Ka Thao
- K Thao, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Caroline Sussman
- C Sussman, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | | | | | - Peter Harris
- P Harris, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - G Stanley McKnight
- G McKnight, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Klaus Hoeflich
- K Hoeflich, Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Vicente Torres
- V Torres, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
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5
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LaCroix R, Lin B, Kang TY, Levchenko A. Complex effects of kinase localization revealed by compartment-specific regulation of protein kinase A activity. eLife 2022; 11:e66869. [PMID: 35199643 PMCID: PMC8871369 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase activity in signaling networks frequently depends on regulatory subunits that can both inhibit activity by interacting with the catalytic subunits and target the kinase to distinct molecular partners and subcellular compartments. Here, using a new synthetic molecular interaction system, we show that translocation of a regulatory subunit of the protein kinase A (PKA-R) to the plasma membrane has a paradoxical effect on the membrane kinase activity. It can both enhance it at lower translocation levels, even in the absence of signaling inputs, and inhibit it at higher translocation levels, suggesting its role as a linker that can both couple and decouple signaling processes in a concentration-dependent manner. We further demonstrate that superposition of gradients of PKA-R abundance across single cells can control the directionality of cell migration, reversing it at high enough input levels. Thus, complex in vivo patterns of PKA-R localization can drive complex phenotypes, including cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca LaCroix
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale UniversityWest HavenUnited States
| | - Benjamin Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale UniversityWest HavenUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Langone HealthNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tae-Yun Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale UniversityWest HavenUnited States
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale UniversityWest HavenUnited States
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6
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Pigmented Epithelioid Melanocytomas and Their Mimics; Focus on Their Novel Molecular Findings. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121290. [PMID: 34943205 PMCID: PMC8698474 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma (PEM) is a rare entity with a controversial biological behavior. Some of these tumors behave in an indolent manners while others can locally spread. Herein, we review the clinical presentations, the pathological features as well as the genomic signatures associated with this rare entity. We also report an example of a challenging case of PEM that we encountered and show how usage of novel molecular diagnostic techniques focusing helps addressing this diagnostic conundrum. Abstract Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma (PEM) is a unique tumor with significantly pigmented appearance and indolent behavior; however, it can demonstrate cytological atypia and metastasize to local lymph nodes. Clinical and histomorphological overlap between PEM and its lower or higher-grade mimics can make it difficult to distinguish in certain cases. Genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic data indicate that PEMs are molecularly distinct entities from other melanocytic neoplasms and melanomas. In addition, methylation studies are emerging as a tool that can be useful in difficult cases. In this review, we focus on the clinical, histopathologic and recent insights in the molecular features of pigmented epithelioid melanocytic melanocytomas and their mimics. We also present a challenging case that was resolved using methylation analysis providing a proof of concept for using epigenetic studies for similar challenging cases.
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7
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Jackson C, Linos K, Liu X. Malignant melanotic nerve sheath tumor in pleural effusion: Deceitful cytology with significant repercussions. Diagn Cytopathol 2021; 50:E76-E80. [PMID: 34698454 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanotic nerve sheath tumor (MMNST) is an exceedingly rare and aggressive neoplasm of Schwann cell origin that has seldom been described in the cytopathology literature. Herein we present a case of a 60-year-old female with a 3.8 cm presacral mass that was diagnosed as a MMNST. A molecular workup demonstrated TERT promoter -124C > T and TET2 Q891* gene mutations. Within 2 years of her initial diagnosis, she had developed widespread metastasis and pleural effusions. A cytologic workup of the pleural fluid revealed clusters of vacuolated epithelioid cells with enlarged nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and occasional multinucleation. The lesional cells were positive for SOX10, S100-protein, Melan-A, and HMB45, while negative for Calretinin, MOC31, and monoclonal CEA. In this clinicopathologic context, a diagnosis of metastatic MMNST was rendered. Awareness of this entity and its clinical presentation, along with a critical understanding of its molecular findings and that of imitators, is crucial in achieving an accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jackson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Konstantinos Linos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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8
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Ramms DJ, Raimondi F, Arang N, Herberg FW, Taylor SS, Gutkind JS. G αs-Protein Kinase A (PKA) Pathway Signalopathies: The Emerging Genetic Landscape and Therapeutic Potential of Human Diseases Driven by Aberrant G αs-PKA Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:155-197. [PMID: 34663687 PMCID: PMC11060502 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the fundamental concepts of signal transduction and kinase activity are attributed to the discovery and crystallization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or protein kinase A. PKA is one of the best-studied kinases in human biology, with emphasis in biochemistry and biophysics, all the way to metabolism, hormone action, and gene expression regulation. It is surprising, however, that our understanding of PKA's role in disease is largely underappreciated. Although genetic mutations in the PKA holoenzyme are known to cause diseases such as Carney complex, Cushing syndrome, and acrodysostosis, the story largely stops there. With the recent explosion of genomic medicine, we can finally appreciate the broader role of the Gαs-PKA pathway in disease, with contributions from aberrant functioning G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors, as well as multiple alterations in other pathway components and negative regulators. Together, these represent a broad family of diseases we term the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. The Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies encompass diseases caused by germline, postzygotic, and somatic mutations in the Gαs-PKA pathway, with largely endocrine and neoplastic phenotypes. Here, we present a signaling-centric review of Gαs-PKA-driven pathophysiology and integrate computational and structural analysis to identify mutational themes commonly exploited by the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. Major mutational themes include hotspot activating mutations in Gαs, encoded by GNAS, and mutations that destabilize the PKA holoenzyme. With this review, we hope to incite further study and ultimately the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Little recognition is given to the causative role of Gαs-PKA pathway dysregulation in disease, with effects ranging from infectious disease, endocrine syndromes, and many cancers, yet these disparate diseases can all be understood by common genetic themes and biochemical signaling connections. By highlighting these common pathogenic mechanisms and bridging multiple disciplines, important progress can be made toward therapeutic advances in treating Gαs-PKA pathway-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Ramms
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Nadia Arang
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
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9
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Testicular Tumors: A Contemporary Update on Morphologic, Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features. Adv Anat Pathol 2021; 28:258-275. [PMID: 33871428 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Testicular tumors are incredibly diverse and one of the most challenging areas in surgical pathology. Because of the rarity and overlapping features with numerous entities occurring in the testis and paratestis, these tumors pose a diagnostic challenge even to the most experienced general pathologists. In 2016, the latest "World Health Organization (WHO) classification of testicular tumors" was released, which incorporated several updates to the previous 2004 classification system. These updates involved several entities, including germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, tumors containing both germ cells and sex-cord stromal cells, a miscellaneous group of testicular tumors and paratesticular tumors. In addition, significant changes were also introduced in the 2018 AJCC TNM staging (8th edition) regarding testicular tumors. The germ cell tumors are divided into 2 major groups; tumors derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) and those unrelated to GCNIS. The GCNIS associated tumors include seminomatous and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, which constitute a heterogeneous group of tumors. Non-GCNIS-associated tumors include prepubertal-type teratoma, prepubertal yolk sac tumor, mixed prepubertal-type teratoma and yolk sac tumor and spermatocytic seminoma. In the sex cord-stromal category, the tumors are classified based on their cells of origin. Most are Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors; however, several mixed and diverse entities based on cell types are included in this group. Gonadoblastoma is the only tumor in the mixed germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumor category. Because of recent advances in molecular techniques, abundant new genetic information has emerged which helped classify the tumors based on the molecular alterations and provided insights into the tumor pathogenesis. This review focused on the updates related to testicular germ cell tumors and sex cord-stromal tumors and described the morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics with an aim to provide a practical diagnostic approach and an update on relevant recent molecular advances.
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10
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May EA, Kalocsay M, D'Auriac IG, Schuster PS, Gygi SP, Nachury MV, Mick DU. Time-resolved proteomics profiling of the ciliary Hedgehog response. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211991. [PMID: 33856408 PMCID: PMC8054476 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a signaling compartment that interprets Hedgehog signals through changes of its protein, lipid, and second messenger compositions. Here, we combine proximity labeling of cilia with quantitative mass spectrometry to unbiasedly profile the time-dependent alterations of the ciliary proteome in response to Hedgehog. This approach correctly identifies the three factors known to undergo Hedgehog-regulated ciliary redistribution and reveals two such additional proteins. First, we find that a regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) rapidly exits cilia together with the G protein-coupled receptor GPR161 in response to Hedgehog, and we propose that the GPR161/PKA module senses and amplifies cAMP signals to modulate ciliary PKA activity. Second, we identify the phosphatase Paladin as a cell type-specific regulator of Hedgehog signaling that enters primary cilia upon pathway activation. The broad applicability of quantitative ciliary proteome profiling promises a rapid characterization of ciliopathies and their underlying signaling malfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A May
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Department of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Inès Galtier D'Auriac
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Patrick S Schuster
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - David U Mick
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Signaling, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
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11
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Liu Y, Xia P, Chen J, Bandettini WP, Kirschner LS, Stratakis CA, Cheng Z. PRKAR1A deficiency impedes hypertrophy and reduces heart size. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14405. [PMID: 32212257 PMCID: PMC7093752 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) activity is pivotal for proper functioning of the human heart, and its dysregulation has been implicated in a variety of cardiac pathologies. PKA regulatory subunit 1α (R1α, encoded by the PRKAR1A gene) is highly expressed in the heart, and controls PKA kinase activity by sequestering PKA catalytic subunits. Patients with PRKAR1A mutations are often diagnosed with Carney complex (CNC) in early adulthood, and may die later in life from cardiac complications such as heart failure. However, it remains unknown whether PRKAR1A deficiency interferes with normal heart development. Here, we showed that left ventricular mass was reduced in young CNC patients with PRKAR1A mutations or deletions. Cardiac-specific heterozygous ablation of PRKAR1A in mice increased cardiac PKA activity, and reduced heart weight and cardiomyocyte size without altering contractile function at 3 months of age. Silencing of PRKAR1A, or stimulation with the PKA activator forskolin completely abolished α1-adrenergic receptor-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Mechanistically, depletion of PRKAR1A provoked PKA-dependent inactivating phosphorylation of Drp1 at S637, leading to impaired mitochondrial fission. Pharmacologic inhibition of Drp1 with Mdivi 1 diminished hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, PRKAR1A deficiency suppresses cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and impedes heart growth, likely through inhibiting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. These findings provide a potential novel mechanism for the cardiac manifestations associated with CNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Jingrui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - W Patricia Bandettini
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence S Kirschner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhaokang Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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12
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Byun JA, VanSchouwen B, Akimoto M, Melacini G. Allosteric inhibition explained through conformational ensembles sampling distinct "mixed" states. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3803-3818. [PMID: 33335680 PMCID: PMC7720024 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation provides an effective avenue for selective and potent enzyme inhibition. Here, we summarize and critically discuss recent advances on the mechanisms of allosteric partial agonists for three representative signalling enzymes activated by cyclic nucleotides: the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), and the exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC). The comparative analysis of partial agonism in PKA, PKG and EPAC reveals a common emerging theme, i.e. the sampling of distinct “mixed” conformational states, either within a single domain or between distinct domains. Here, we show how such “mixed” states play a crucial role in explaining the observed functional response, i.e. partial agonism and allosteric pluripotency, as well as in maximizing inhibition while minimizing potency losses. In addition, by combining Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and Ensemble Allosteric Modeling (EAM), we also show how to map the free-energy landscape of conformational ensembles containing “mixed” states. By discussing selected case studies, we illustrate how MD simulations and EAM complement NMR to quantitatively relate protein dynamics to function. The resulting NMR- and MD-based EAMs are anticipated to inform not only the design of new generations of highly selective allosteric inhibitors, but also the choice of multidrug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ah Byun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan VanSchouwen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madoka Akimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Byun JA, Akimoto M, VanSchouwen B, Lazarou TS, Taylor SS, Melacini G. Allosteric pluripotency as revealed by protein kinase A. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb1250. [PMID: 32596469 PMCID: PMC7304965 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The functional response of a signaling system to an allosteric stimulus often depends on subcellular conditions, a phenomenon known as pluripotent allostery. For example, a single allosteric modulator, Rp-cAMPS, of the prototypical protein kinase A (PKA) switches from antagonist to agonist depending on MgATP levels. However, the mechanism underlying such pluripotent allostery has remained elusive for decades. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ensemble models, kinase assays, and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that allosteric pluripotency arises from surprisingly divergent responses of highly homologous tandem domains. The differential responses perturb domain-domain interactions and remodel the free-energy landscape of inhibitory excited states sampled by the regulatory subunit of PKA. The resulting activation threshold values are comparable to the effective free energy of regulatory and catalytic subunit binding, which depends on metabolites, substrates, and mutations, explaining pluripotent allostery and warranting a general redefinition of allosteric targets to include specific subcellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Byun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - M. Akimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - B. VanSchouwen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - T. S. Lazarou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - S. S. Taylor
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - G. Melacini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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14
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Tirosh A, Hamimi A, Faucz F, Aharon-Hananel G, Zavras PD, Bonella B, Auerbach A, Gillis D, Lyssikatos C, Belyavskaya E, Stratakis CA, Gharib AM. Liver findings in patients with Carney complex, germline PRKAR1A pathogenic variants, and link to cardiac myxomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2020; 27:355-360. [PMID: 32302974 PMCID: PMC7486872 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate liver involvement in patients with Carney complex (CNC) based on a large cohort and to analyze any germline PRKAR1A genotype-phenotype association of liver disease. The study included 83 patients with CNC, followed between 1995 and 2018 at a tertiary research center. We reviewed liver images, recorded types and number of lesions and analyzed per genotype: all patients were sequenced for the PRKAR1A gene. A total of 29/83 patients (24.0%) had liver radiological findings. Patients with liver lesion had a significantly higher rate of pathogenic variants detected in the PRKAR1A gene (72.4 vs 38.9%, P = 0.005, respectively). Patients with a pathogenic variant detected on germline PRKAR1A analysis had a higher risk for having a liver lesion compared with patients with wild-type (WT) PRKAR1A alleles (21/42 (50.0%) vs 8/41 (19.5%), respectively, P = 0.004). Among patients with liver lesions, those with a nonsense PRKAR1A pathogenic-variant had more liver lesions (7/7) than among those with other pathogenic-variant types (8/22, P = 0.001). In multivariable analysis, detection of liver lesion(s) was associated with an odds ratio of 5.2 for cardiac myxomas (95% CI 1.55-17.49, P = 0.008). In conclusion, patients with CNC, particularly with a PRKAR1A pathogenic variant, have a higher rate of liver lesions. Additionally, liver lesions are associated with a high risk for cardiac myxomas in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Tirosh
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Neuroendocrine Tumors Service, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ahmed Hamimi
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabio Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Genya Aharon-Hananel
- Neuroendocrine Tumors Service, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Phaedon D Zavras
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Belen Bonella
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adi Auerbach
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Shaarei Zedek, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Gillis
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Charalampos Lyssikatos
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Belyavskaya
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ahmed M Gharib
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Dell'Aquila M, Carbone A, Pennacchia I, Stigliano E, Oliva A, Arena V. Sudden death by massive systemic embolism from cardiac myxoma. Role of the clinical autopsy and review of literature. Cardiovasc Pathol 2020; 49:107244. [PMID: 32652483 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac myxoma is a rare benign neoplasm of the heart. Historically myxomas were incidental findings during autopsies, however improved imaging techniques made these diagnosis possible in living patients, making the surgical treatment of these neoplasms achievable. Cardiac myxomas may occur both sporadically and in a familial context, often in the clinico-pathological picture of the Carney complex. While familial myxomas occur in the context of well-known genetic mutations, the molecular etiology of sporadically occurring myxomas is still not completely clear. We must note however that many of the patients affected by myxomas are asymptomatic; when symptoms are present they are often nonspecific and hard to decipher, especially when referring to sporadically occurring heart myxomas. In this paper we describe a case of sudden death from the massive embolization of a left atrial cardiac myxoma. We also reviewed all the cases in the literature of sudden death from heart myxoma embolism. An accurate epidemiology of heart myxomas would be the key to outline the best treatment practices and the etiology of sporadic myxomas, nevertheless this target could only be pursued with a deep revaluation of the clinical autopsy as a fundamental diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dell'Aquila
- Area of Pathology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Arnaldo Carbone
- Area of Pathology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pennacchia
- Department of Pathology, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Egidio Stigliano
- Area of Pathology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Oliva
- Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Legal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arena
- Area of Pathology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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16
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Cao B, Lu TW, Martinez Fiesco JA, Tomasini M, Fan L, Simon SM, Taylor SS, Zhang P. Structures of the PKA RIα Holoenzyme with the FLHCC Driver J-PKAcα or Wild-Type PKAcα. Structure 2019; 27:816-828.e4. [PMID: 30905674 PMCID: PMC6506387 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLHCC) is driven by J-PKAcα, a kinase fusion chimera of the J domain of DnaJB1 with PKAcα, the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA). Here we report the crystal structures of the chimeric fusion RIα2:J-PKAcα2 holoenzyme formed by J-PKAcα and the PKA regulatory (R) subunit RIα, and the wild-type (WT) RIα2:PKAcα2 holoenzyme. The chimeric and WT RIα holoenzymes have quaternary structures different from the previously solved WT RIβ and RIIβ holoenzymes. The WT RIα holoenzyme showed the same configuration as the chimeric RIα2:J-PKAcα2 holoenzyme and a distinct second conformation. The J domains are positioned away from the symmetrical interface between the two RIα:J-PKAcα heterodimers in the chimeric fusion holoenzyme and are highly dynamic. The structural and dynamic features of these holoenzymes enhance our understanding of the fusion chimera protein J-PKAcα that drives FLHCC as well as the isoform specificity of PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Cao
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tsan-Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juliana A Martinez Fiesco
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael Tomasini
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lixin Fan
- Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Core Facility, Center for Cancer Research of the National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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17
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MacKeil JL, Brzezinska P, Burke-Kleinman J, Craig AW, Nicol CJB, Maurice DH. A PKA/cdc42 Signaling Axis Restricts Angiogenic Sprouting by Regulating Podosome Rosette Biogenesis and Matrix Remodeling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2385. [PMID: 30787359 PMCID: PMC6382826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic sprouting can contribute adaptively, or mal-adaptively, to a myriad of conditions including ischemic heart disease and cancer. While the cellular and molecular systems that regulate tip versus stalk endothelial cell (EC) specification during angiogenesis are known, those systems that regulate their distinct actions remain poorly understood. Pre-clinical and clinical findings support sustained adrenergic signaling in promoting angiogenesis, but links between adrenergic signaling and angiogenesis are lacking; importantly, adrenergic agents alter the activation status of the cAMP signaling system. Here, we show that the cAMP effector, PKA, acts in a cell autonomous fashion to constitutively reduce the in vitro and ex vivo angiogenic sprouting capacity of ECs. At a cellular level, we observed that silencing or inhibiting PKA in human ECs increased their invasive capacity, their generation of podosome rosettes and, consequently, their ability to degrade a collagen matrix. While inhibition of either Src-family kinases or of cdc42 reduced these events in control ECs, only cdc42 inhibition, or silencing, significantly impacted them in PKA(Cα)-silenced ECs. Consistent with these findings, cell-based measurements of cdc42 activity revealed that PKA activation inhibits EC cdc42 activity, at least in part, by promoting its interaction with the inhibitory regulator, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor-α (RhoGDIα).
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Affiliation(s)
- J L MacKeil
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P Brzezinska
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Burke-Kleinman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - A W Craig
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - C J B Nicol
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - D H Maurice
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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18
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Sarfo A, Helm K, Flamm A. Cutaneous myxomas and a psammomatous melanotic schwannoma in a patient with Carney complex. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 46:93-96. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akua Sarfo
- Department of Dermatology; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Klaus Helm
- Department of Dermatology; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Alexandra Flamm
- Department of Dermatology; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
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19
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Tirosh A, Auerbach A, Bonella B, Zavras PD, Belyavskaya E, Lyssikatos C, Meir K, Weiss R, Daum H, Lodish MB, Gillis D, Stratakis CA. Failure to Thrive in the Context of Carney Complex. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:38-46. [PMID: 29161691 DOI: 10.1159/000484690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Carney complex (CNC) is a rare syndrome associated with multiple tumors and several other unique manifestations. We describe the clinical, genetic, and laboratory findings in a cohort of patients with CNC and failure to thrive (FTT). METHODS A retrospective case series of pediatric patients with CNC presenting with FTT. RESULTS We describe a patient with infantile Cushing syndrome (CS) who presented with severe FTT and liver disease; the patient was subsequently diagnosed with CNC. This led to the realization that at least 10 other patients with CNC and FTT have been investigated in the last 22 years at the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Four of those had primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), 2 had cardiac myxomas, and 3 had liver disease. CONCLUSION Pediatric patients with CNC may present with FTT whose primary cause is variable and includes CS due to PPNAD, hepatic involvement, and other manifestations of CNC. FTT due to liver disease and/or other causes is a unique new presentation of this rare syndrome with which clinicians need to be familiar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Tirosh
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Auerbach
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Belen Bonella
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Phaedon D Zavras
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Belyavskaya
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charalampos Lyssikatos
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Meir
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ram Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Daum
- Department of Human Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya B Lodish
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Gillis
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Graham RP, Lackner K, Terracciano L, González-Cantú Y, Maleszewski JJ, Greipp PT, Simon SM, Torbenson MS. Fibrolamellar carcinoma in the Carney complex: PRKAR1A loss instead of the classic DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion. Hepatology 2018; 68:1441-1447. [PMID: 29222914 PMCID: PMC6151295 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fibrolamellar carcinomas are characterized by activation of protein kinase A, a kinase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits. PRKACA encodes a catalytic subunit of protein kinase A, and almost all fibrolamellar carcinomas have a heterozygous 400-kb deletion that leads to the fusion of DNAJB1 and PRKACA. The resulting DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion transcript is believed to activate protein kinase A by dysregulation of the catalytic portion of the protein. In contrast, PRKAR1A encodes one of the regulatory subunits of protein kinase A. We hypothesized that loss of function of this regulatory unit could also lead to protein kinase A activation and thus to fibrolamellar carcinoma. Because PRKAR1A mutations underlie the Carney complex, we searched for liver tumors in individuals with the Carney complex. We identified 3 individuals with fibrolamellar carcinomas and a personal history of the Carney complex. All three tumors displayed the typical morphology of fibrolamellar carcinoma and were positive for arginase, cytokeratin 7, and cluster of differentiation 68. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was negative for PRKACA rearrangements. However, PRKAR1A sequencing identified pathogenic mutations in two of two cases with successful sequencing. In addition, all three cases were negative for PRKAR1A protein expression, consistent with inactivation of this key regulatory unit of protein kinase A. We also identified one additional fibrolamellar carcinoma in an individual without a documented history of the Carney complex who was negative for PRKACA rearrangements but had loss of PRKAR1A protein expression as well as PRKAR1A mutations. CONCLUSION Fibrolamellar carcinoma can be part of the Carney complex; in this setting, fibrolamellar carcinomas have inactivating PRKAR1A mutations instead of the DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion gene found in sporadic fibrolamellar carcinomas, providing an alternate means for activation of protein kinase A. (Hepatology 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rondell P. Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Karoline Lackner
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Pathology, Graz, Austria
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- University Hospital Basel, Molecular Pathology Division, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Joseph J. Maleszewski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Patricia T. Greipp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Sanford M. Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, NY NY 10065
| | - Michael S. Torbenson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
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21
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Kim J, Kwon JT, Jeong J, Kim J, Hong SH, Kim J, Park ZY, Chung KH, Eddy EM, Cho C. SPATC1L maintains the integrity of the sperm head-tail junction. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201845991. [PMID: 30026308 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201845991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a tightly regulated process involving germ cell-specific and germ cell-predominant genes. Here we investigate a novel germ cell-specific gene, Spatc1l (spermatogenesis and centriole associated 1 like). Expression analyses show that SPATC1L is expressed in mouse and human testes. We find that mouse SPATC1L localizes to the neck region in testicular sperm. Moreover, SPATC1L associates with the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA). Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering, we generate mice lacking SPATC1L. Disruption of Spatc1l in mice leads to male sterility owing to separation of sperm heads from tails. The lack of SPATC1L is associated with a reduction in PKA activity in testicular sperm, and we identify capping protein muscle Z-line beta as a candidate target of phosphorylation by PKA in testis. Taken together, our results implicate the SPATC1L-PKA complex in maintaining the stability of the sperm head-tail junction, thereby revealing a new molecular basis for sperm head-tail integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Juri Jeong
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Zee Yong Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwun Chung
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Edward M Eddy
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Chunghee Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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22
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He D, Lorenz R, Kim C, Herberg FW, Lim CJ. Switching Cyclic Nucleotide-Selective Activation of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase Holoenzyme Reveals Distinct Roles of Tandem Cyclic Nucleotide-Binding Domains. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:3057-3066. [PMID: 29111666 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)- and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinases (PKA and PKG) are key effectors of cyclic nucleotide signaling. Both share structural features that include tandem cyclic nucleotide-binding (CNB) domains, CNB-A and CNB-B, yet their functions are separated through preferential activation by either cAMP or cGMP. Based on structural studies and modeling, key CNB contact residues have been identified for both kinases. In this study, we explored the requirements for conversion of PKA activation from cAMP-dependent to cGMP-dependent. The consequences of the residue substitutions T192R/A212T within CNB-A or G316R/A336T within CNB-B of PKA-RIα on cyclic nucleotide binding and holoenzyme activation were assessed in vitro using purified recombinant proteins, and ex vivo using RIα-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts genetically reconstituted with wild-type or mutant PKA-RIα. In vitro, a loss of binding and activation selectivity was observed when residues in either one of the CNB domains were mutated, while mutations in both CNB domains resulted in a complete switch of selectivity from cAMP to cGMP. The switch in selectivity was also recapitulated ex vivo, confirming their functional roles in cells. Our results highlight the importance of key cyclic nucleotide contacts within each CNB domain and suggest that these domains may have evolved from an ancestral gene product to yield two distinct cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel He
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Michael
Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Robin Lorenz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Choel Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | | | - Chinten James Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Michael
Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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23
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Tseng IC, Huang WJ, Jhuang YL, Chang YY, Hsu HP, Jeng YM. Microinsertions in PRKACA cause activation of the protein kinase A pathway in cardiac myxoma. J Pathol 2017; 242:134-139. [PMID: 28369983 DOI: 10.1002/path.4899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac myxoma is the most common cardiac tumour. Most lesions occur sporadically, but occasional lesions develop in patients with Carney complex, a syndrome characterized by cardiac myxoma, spotty pigmentation, and endocrine overactivity. Two-thirds of patients with Carney complex harbour germline mutations in PRKAR1A, which encodes the type I regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA). Most studies have not found a mutation in PRKAR1A in sporadic cardiac myxoma cases. Recent studies identified frequent mutations in PRKACA, which encodes the catalytic subunit of PKA, in cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenoma cases. To determine whether the PRKACA mutation is involved in the tumourigenesis of cardiac myxoma, we performed Sanger sequencing of 41 specimens of sporadic cardiac myxoma to test for the presence of mutations in the coding regions and intron-exon boundaries of PRKACA. Mutations were identified in four cases (9.7%). In contrast to the point mutations identified in adrenocortical adenoma, all mutations were in-frame microinsertions of 18-33 bp clustered in exons 7 and 8. The mutated PRKACA proteins lost their ability to bind to PRKAR1A, and thereby lead to constitutive activation of the PKA pathway. Together with previous reports of PRKAR1A mutations in syndromic cardiac myxoma, our study demonstrates the importance of the PKA pathway in the tumourigenesis of cardiac myxoma. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ching Tseng
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Taiwan.,Department of Oral Hygiene, Hsin-Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Jhuang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Taiwan
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Korpaisarn S, Trachoo O, Panthan B, Aroonroch R, Suvikapakornkul R, Sriphrapradang C. A Novel PRKAR1A Mutation Identified in a Patient with Isolated Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease. Case Rep Oncol 2017; 10:769-776. [PMID: 28878664 PMCID: PMC5582444 DOI: 10.1159/000479585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is a rare cause of Cushing syndrome, especially the isolated form without Carney complex, associated with germline mutations in PRKAR1A, the protein kinase A regulatory subunit type 1 alpha gene. We report a 31-year-old female who presented with secondary amenorrhea, cushingoid appearance, and hypertension without Carney complex. Biochemical laboratory examinations confirmed the ACTH-independent adrenal Cushing syndrome with negative Liddle test. A small right adrenal adenoma of 0.8 cm was shown on computed tomography while magnetic resonance imaging revealed nodularity of both adrenal glands. The histological report confirmed PPNAD using laparoscopic right adrenalectomy, and subsequent left adrenalectomy was performed 6 months later. She had inherited heterozygosity of a novel germline mutation of the PRKAR1A gene (g.114213T≥G or c.709-5T≥G). This splice site mutation results in exon 8 skipping. Her father carrying the same mutation had no clinical features of either PPNAD or Carney complex. This novel PRKAR1A gene mutation, c.709-5T≥G, is reported here for the first time manifesting as an incomplete clinical expression of the isolated form of PPNAD and being inherited with low penetrance unlike other inherited mutations of the Carney complex which have a penetrance of almost 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sira Korpaisarn
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Objoon Trachoo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bhakbhoom Panthan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rangsima Aroonroch
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ronnarat Suvikapakornkul
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutintorn Sriphrapradang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Idrees MT, Ulbright TM, Oliva E, Young RH, Montironi R, Egevad L, Berney D, Srigley JR, Epstein JI, Tickoo SK. The World Health Organization 2016 classification of testicular non-germ cell tumours: a review and update from the International Society of Urological Pathology Testis Consultation Panel. Histopathology 2016; 70:513-521. [PMID: 27801954 DOI: 10.1111/his.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) released a new tumour classification for the genitourinary system in early 2016 after consensus by pathologists with expertise in these organs. It utilized the framework of the 2004 classification, and incorporated the most up-to-date information concerning these tumours. In testicular tumours, the majority of the changes occurred in the nomenclature and classification of germ cell tumours; however, several modifications were also made for non-germ cell tumours. Among sex cord-stromal tumours, sclerosing Sertoli cell tumour (SCT) is no longer recognized as a separate entity but as a morphological variant of SCT not otherwise specified (NOS), as CTNNB1 gene mutations have been noted in both neoplasms but not in the other forms of SCT. Similarly, the lipid cell variant is not separately classified, but is considered to be a morphological variant of SCT NOS. Large-cell calcifying SCT is recognized as a distinct entity that occurs either sporadically or in association with Carney complex, with the latter patients having a distinct germline PRKAR1A gene mutation. Intratubular large-cell hyalinizing Sertoli cell neoplasia is also accepted as a separate entity linked with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. The subcategories of 'mixed' and 'incompletely differentiated' forms of sex cord/gonadal stromal tumours have been replaced by 'mixed and unclassified sex cord-stromal tumours'. New entities introduced in the latest WHO revision include: myoid gonadal stromal tumour and 'undifferentiated gonadal tissue', a putative precursor lesion of gonadoblastoma, whereas juvenile xanthogranuloma and haemangioma are included in the miscellaneous category of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T Idrees
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas M Ulbright
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Esther Oliva
- Pathology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert H Young
- Pathology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Department of Pathology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Berney
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John R Srigley
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Satish K Tickoo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Jedidi H, Rostomyan L, Potorac L, Depierreux-Lahaye F, Petrossians P, Beckers A. Advances in diagnosis and management of familial pituitary adenomas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial pituitary adenomas account for approximately 5–8% of all pituitary adenomas. Besides the adenomas occurring as part of syndromic entities that group several endocrine or nonendocrine disorders (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or 4, Carney complex and McCune–Albright syndrome), 2–3% of familial pituitary adenomas fit into the familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA) syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance. About 20% of FIPA cases are due to mutations in the AIP gene and have distinct clinical characteristics. Recent findings have isolated a new non-AIP FIPA syndrome called X-linked acrogigantism, resulting from a microduplication that always includes the GPR101 gene. These new advances in the field of pituitary disease are opening up a new challenging domain to both clinicians and researchers. This review will focus on these recent findings and their contribution to the diagnosis and the management of familial pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroun Jedidi
- Neurology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Liliya Rostomyan
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - lulia Potorac
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Petrossians
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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27
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Rostomyan L, Beckers A. Screening for genetic causes of growth hormone hypersecretion. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 30-31:52-57. [PMID: 27756606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) secreting pituitary tumors may be caused by genetic abnormalities in a variety of genes including AIP, MEN1, CDKN1B, and PRKAR1A. These can lead to GH secreting pituitary adenomas as an isolated occurrence (e.g. as aggressive sporadic adenomas or in familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA)) or as part of syndromic conditions such as MEN1 or Carney complex. These tumors have more aggressive features than sporadic acromegaly, including a younger age at disease onset and larger tumor size, and they can be challenging to manage. In addition to mutations or deletions, copy number variation at the GPR101 locus may also lead to mixed GH and prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas in the setting of X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG syndrome). In X-LAG syndrome and in McCune Albright syndrome, mosaicism for GPR101 duplications and activating GNAS1 mutations, respectively, contribute to the genetic pathogenesis. As only 5% of pituitary adenomas have a known cause, efficient deployment of genetic testing requires detailed knowledge of clinical characteristics and potential associated syndromic features in the patient and their family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Rostomyan
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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28
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Teng YC, Shen ZQ, Kao CH, Tsai TF. Hepatocellular carcinoma mouse models: Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis and haploinsufficient tumor suppressor genes. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:300-325. [PMID: 26755878 PMCID: PMC4698494 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifactorial and multistage pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has fascinated a wide spectrum of scientists for decades. While a number of major risk factors have been identified, their mechanistic roles in hepatocarcinogenesis still need to be elucidated. Many tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) have been identified as being involved in HCC. These TSGs can be classified into two groups depending on the situation with respect to allelic mutation/loss in the tumors: the recessive TSGs with two required mutated alleles and the haploinsufficient TSGs with one required mutated allele. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most important risk factors associated with HCC. Although mice cannot be infected with HBV due to the narrow host range of HBV and the lack of a proper receptor, one advantage of mouse models for HBV/HCC research is the numerous and powerful genetic tools that help investigate the phenotypic effects of viral proteins and allow the dissection of the dose-dependent action of TSGs. Here, we mainly focus on the application of mouse models in relation to HBV-associated HCC and on TSGs that act either in a recessive or in a haploinsufficient manner. Discoveries obtained using mouse models will have a great impact on HCC translational medicine.
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29
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Papanastasiou L, Fountoulakis S, Voulgaris N, Kounadi T, Choreftaki T, Kostopoulou A, Zografos G, Lyssikatos C, Stratakis CA, Piaditis G. Identification of a novel mutation of the PRKAR1A gene in a patient with Carney complex with significant osteoporosis and recurrent fractures. Hormones (Athens) 2016; 15:129-35. [PMID: 27377598 PMCID: PMC7427502 DOI: 10.14310/horm.2002.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carney complex (CNC) is a rare autosomal dominant multiple neoplasia syndrome characterized by the presence of endocrine and non-endocrine tumors. More than 125 different germline mutations of the protein Kinase A type 1-α regulatory subunit (PRKAR1A) gene have been reported. We present a novel PRKAR1A gene germline mutation in a patient with severe osteoporosis and recurrent vertebral fractures. DESIGN Clinical case report. CASE REPORT A 53-year-old male with a medical history of surgically removed recurrent cardiac myxomas was evaluated for repeated low-pressure vertebral fractures and severe osteoporosis. Physical examination revealed spotty skin pigmentation of the lower extremities and papules in the nuchal and thoracic region. The presence of hypercortisolism due to micronodular adrenal disease and the history of cardiac myxomas suggested the diagnosis of CNC; the patient underwent detailed imaging investigation and genetic testing. METHODS Standard imaging and clinical testing; DNA was sequenced by the Sanger method. RESULTS Sequence analysis from peripheral lymphocytes DNA revealed a novel heterozygous point mutation at codon 172 of exon 2 (c.172G>T) of the PRKAR1A gene, resulting in early termination of the PRKAR1A transcript [p.Glu58Ter (E58X)]. CONCLUSION We report a novel point mutation of the PRKAR1A gene in a patient with CNC who presented with significant osteoporosis and fractures. Low bone mineral density along with recurrent myxomas should point to the diagnosis of CNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labrini Papanastasiou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, ‘G Gennimatas’ General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Fountoulakis
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, ‘G Gennimatas’ General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Voulgaris
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, ‘G Gennimatas’ General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Kounadi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, ‘G Gennimatas’ General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Akrivi Kostopoulou
- Department of Pathology, ‘G Gennimatas’ General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Zografos
- Department of Surgery, ‘G Gennimatas’ General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Lyssikatos
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - George Piaditis
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, ‘G Gennimatas’ General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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30
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Schernthaner-Reiter MH, Trivellin G, Stratakis CA. MEN1, MEN4, and Carney Complex: Pathology and Molecular Genetics. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:18-31. [PMID: 25592387 PMCID: PMC4497946 DOI: 10.1159/000371819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are a common feature of a subset of endocrine neoplasia syndromes, which have otherwise highly variable disease manifestations. We provide here a review of the clinical features and human molecular genetics of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 and 4 (MEN1 and MEN4, respectively) and Carney complex (CNC). MEN1, MEN4, and CNC are hereditary autosomal dominant syndromes that can present with pituitary adenomas. MEN1 is caused by inactivating mutations in the MEN1 gene, whose product menin is involved in multiple intracellular pathways contributing to transcriptional control and cell proliferation. MEN1 clinical features include primary hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and prolactinomas as well as other pituitary adenomas. A subset of patients with pituitary adenomas and other MEN1 features have mutations in the CDKN1B gene; their disease has been called MEN4. Inactivating mutations in the type 1α regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA; the PRKAR1A gene), that lead to dysregulation and activation of the PKA pathway, are the main genetic cause of CNC, which is clinically characterised by primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, spotty skin pigmentation (lentigines), cardiac and other myxomas and acromegaly due to somatotropinomas or somatotrope hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Helene Schernthaner-Reiter
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., USA
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31
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Saloustros E, Salpea P, Qi CF, Gugliotti LA, Tsang K, Liu S, Starost MF, Morse HC, Stratakis CA. Hematopoietic neoplasms in Prkar2a-deficient mice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:143. [PMID: 26608815 PMCID: PMC4660639 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Protein kinase A (PKA) is a holoenzyme that consists of a dimer of regulatory subunits and two inactive catalytic subunits that bind to the regulatory subunit dimer. Four regulatory subunits (RIα, RIβ, RIIα, RIIβ) and four catalytic subunits (Cα, Cβ, Cγ, Prkx) have been described in the human and mouse genomes. Previous studies showed that complete inactivation of the Prkar1a subunit (coding for RIα) in the germline leads to embryonic lethality, while Prkar1a–deficient mice are viable and develop schwannomas, thyroid, and bone neoplasms, and rarely lymphomas and sarcomas. Mice with inactivation of the Prkar2a and Prkar2b genes (coding for RIIα and RIIβ, respectively) are also viable but have not been studied for their susceptibility to any tumors. Methods Cohorts of Prkar1a+/−, Prkar2a+/−, Prkar2a−/−, Prkar2b+/− and wild type (WT) mice have been observed between 5 and 25 months of age for the development of hematologic malignancies. Tissues were studied by immunohistochemistry; tumor-specific markers were also used as indicated. Cell sorting and protein studies were also performed. Results Both Prkar2a−/− and Prkar2a+/− mice frequently developed hematopoietic neoplasms dominated by histiocytic sarcomas (HS) with rare diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Southern blot analysis confirmed that the tumors diagnosed histologically as DLBCL were clonal B cell neoplasms. Mice with other genotypes did not develop a significant number of similar neoplasms. Conclusions Prkar2a deficiency predisposes to hematopoietic malignancies in vivo. RIIα’s likely association with HS and DLBCL was hitherto unrecognized and may lead to better understanding of these rare neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Saloustros
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN) & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Paraskevi Salpea
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN) & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Chen-Feng Qi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Lina A Gugliotti
- Program in Genomics and Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Kitman Tsang
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN) & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Sisi Liu
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN) & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Matthew F Starost
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of the Director (OD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN) & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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32
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Röck R, Mayrhofer JE, Bachmann V, Stefan E. Impact of kinase activating and inactivating patient mutations on binary PKA interactions. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:170. [PMID: 26347651 PMCID: PMC4539479 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The second messenger molecule cAMP links extracellular signals to intracellular responses. The main cellular cAMP effector is the compartmentalized protein kinase A (PKA). Upon receptor initiated cAMP-mobilization, PKA regulatory subunits (R) bind cAMP thereby triggering dissociation and activation of bound PKA catalytic subunits (PKAc). Mutations in PKAc or RIa subunits manipulate PKA dynamics and activities which contribute to specific disease patterns. Mutations activating cAMP/PKA signaling contribute to carcinogenesis or hormone excess, while inactivating mutations cause hormone deficiency or resistance. Here we extended the application spectrum of a Protein-fragment Complementation Assay based on the Renilla Luciferase to determine binary protein:protein interactions (PPIs) of the PKA network. We compared time- and dose-dependent influences of cAMP-elevation on mutually exclusive PPIs of PKAc with the phosphotransferase inhibiting RIIb and RIa subunits and the protein kinase inhibitor peptide (PKI). We analyzed PKA dynamics following integration of patient mutations into PKAc and RIa. We observed that oncogenic modifications of PKAc(L206R) and RIa(Δ184-236) as well as rare disease mutations in RIa(R368X) affect complex formation of PKA and its responsiveness to cAMP elevation. With the cell-based PKA PPI reporter platform we precisely quantified the mechanistic details how inhibitory PKA interactions and defined patient mutations contribute to PKA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
Carney complex is a rare, autosomal dominant genetic disorder that consists of multiple myxomatous lesions and endocrine abnormalities, including skin lesions, cardiac myxomas, primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, and acromegaly. This review discusses the medical and surgical treatment of patients with Carney complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Siordia
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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34
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Hornbeck PV, Zhang B, Murray B, Kornhauser JM, Latham V, Skrzypek E. PhosphoSitePlus, 2014: mutations, PTMs and recalibrations. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:D512-20. [PMID: 25514926 PMCID: PMC4383998 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2072] [Impact Index Per Article: 207.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PhosphoSitePlus® (PSP, http://www.phosphosite.org/), a knowledgebase dedicated to mammalian post-translational modifications (PTMs), contains over 330 000 non-redundant PTMs, including phospho, acetyl, ubiquityl and methyl groups. Over 95% of the sites are from mass spectrometry (MS) experiments. In order to improve data reliability, early MS data have been reanalyzed, applying a common standard of analysis across over 1 000 000 spectra. Site assignments with P > 0.05 were filtered out. Two new downloads are available from PSP. The ‘Regulatory sites’ dataset includes curated information about modification sites that regulate downstream cellular processes, molecular functions and protein-protein interactions. The ‘PTMVar’ dataset, an intersect of missense mutations and PTMs from PSP, identifies over 25 000 PTMVars (PTMs Impacted by Variants) that can rewire signaling pathways. The PTMVar data include missense mutations from UniPROTKB, TCGA and other sources that cause over 2000 diseases or syndromes (MIM) and polymorphisms, or are associated with hundreds of cancers. PTMVars include 18 548 phosphorlyation sites, 3412 ubiquitylation sites, 2316 acetylation sites, 685 methylation sites and 245 succinylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Zhang
- Cell Signaling Technology, 3 Trask Lane, Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | - Beth Murray
- Cell Signaling Technology, 3 Trask Lane, Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | | | - Vaughan Latham
- Cell Signaling Technology, 3 Trask Lane, Danvers, MA 01923, USA
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FUKUOKA H, TAKAHASHI Y. The role of genetic and epigenetic changes in pituitary tumorigenesis. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2014; 54:943-57. [PMID: 25446387 PMCID: PMC4533359 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2014-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are one of the most common intracranial tumors. Despite their benign nature, dysregulation of hormone secretion causes systemic metabolic deterioration, resulting in high mortality and an impaired quality of life. Tumorigenic pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas is mainly investigated by performing genetic analyses of somatic mutations in the tumor or germline mutations in patients. Genetically modified mouse models, which develop pituitary adenomas, are also used. Genetic analysis in rare familial pituitary adenomas, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and type 4, Carney complex, familial isolated pituitary adenomas, and succinate dehydrogenases (SDHs)-mediated paraganglioma syndrome, revealed several causal germline mutations and sporadic somatic mutations in these genes. The analysis of genetically modified mouse models exhibiting pituitary adenomas has revealed the underlying mechanisms, where cell cycle regulatory molecules, tumor suppressors, and growth factor signaling are involved in pituitary tumorigenesis. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic changes, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modification, micro ribonucleic acids (RNAs), and long noncoding RNAs play a pivotal role. The elucidation of precise mechanisms of pituitary tumorigenesis can contribute to the development of novel targeted therapy for pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori FUKUOKA
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo
| | - Yutaka TAKAHASHI
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo
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Stratakis CA. E pluribus unum? The main protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PRKACA), a likely oncogene, and cortisol-producing tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3629-33. [PMID: 25279575 PMCID: PMC4184082 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantine A Stratakis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH); Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, NICHD, NIH; and Inter-Institute Pediatric Endocrinology Training Program, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Selective expression of a dominant-negative type Iα PKA regulatory subunit in striatal medium spiny neurons impairs gene expression and leads to reduced feeding and locomotor activity. J Neurosci 2014; 34:4896-904. [PMID: 24695708 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3460-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) mediate many of the physiological effects of dopamine, including the regulation of feeding and motor behaviors. Dopaminergic inputs from the midbrain modulate MSN excitability through pathways that involve cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA), but the physiological role of specific PKA isoforms in MSN neurons remains poorly understood. One of the major PKA regulatory (R) subunit isoforms expressed in MSNs is RIIβ, which localizes the PKA holoenzyme primarily to dendrites by interaction with AKAP5 and other scaffolding proteins. However, RI (RIα and RIβ) subunits are also expressed in MSNs and the RI holoenzyme has a weaker affinity for most scaffolding proteins and tends to localize in the cell body. We generated mice with selective expression of a dominant-negative RI subunit (RIαB) in striatal MSNs and show that this dominant-negative RIαB localizes to the cytoplasm and specifically inhibits type I PKA activity in the striatum. These mice are normal at birth; however, soon after weaning they exhibit growth retardation and the adult mice are hypophagic, lean, and resistant to high-fat diet-induced hyperphagia and obesity. The RIαB-expressing mice also exhibit decreased locomotor activity and decreased dopamine-regulated CREB phosphorylation and c-fos gene expression in the striatum. Our results demonstrate a critical role for cytoplasmic RI-PKA holoenzyme in gene regulation and the overall physiological function of MSNs.
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Salpea P, Stratakis CA. Carney complex and McCune Albright syndrome: an overview of clinical manifestations and human molecular genetics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:85-91. [PMID: 24012779 PMCID: PMC3943598 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine neoplasia syndromes feature a wide spectrum of benign and malignant tumors of endocrine and non-endocrine organs associated with other clinical manifestations. This study outlines the main clinical features, genetic basis, and molecular mechanisms behind two multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes that share quite a bit of similarities, but one can be inherited whereas the other is always sporadic, Carney complex (CNC) and McCune-Albright (MAS), respectively. Spotty skin pigmentation, cardiac and other myxomas, and different types of endocrine tumors and other characterize Carney complex, which is caused largely by inactivating Protein kinase A, regulatory subunit, type I, Alpha (PRKAR1A) gene mutations. The main features of McCune-Albright are fibrous dysplasia of bone (FD), café-au-lait macules and precocious puberty; the disease is caused by activating mutations in the Guanine Nucleotide-binding protein, Alpha-stimulating activity polypeptide (GNAS) gene which are always somatic. We review the clinical manifestations of the two syndromes and provide an update on their molecular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Salpea
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN) & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN) & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Hilton DA, Hanemann CO. Schwannomas and their pathogenesis. Brain Pathol 2014; 24:205-20. [PMID: 24450866 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwannomas may occur spontaneously, or in the context of a familial tumor syndrome such as neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), schwannomatosis and Carney's complex. Schwannomas have a variety of morphological appearances, but they behave as World Health Organization (WHO) grade I tumors, and only very rarely undergo malignant transformation. Central to the pathogenesis of these tumors is loss of function of merlin, either by direct genetic change involving the NF2 gene on chromosome 22 or secondarily to merlin inactivation. The genetic pathways and morphological features of schwannomas associated with different genetic syndromes will be discussed. Merlin has multiple functions, including within the nucleus and at the cell membrane, and this review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms by which merlin loss is involved in schwannoma pathogenesis, highlighting potential areas for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hilton
- Department of Cellular and Anatomical Pathology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
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Gaujoux S, Chanson P, Bertherat J, Sauvanet A, Ruszniewski P. Hepato-pancreato-biliary lesions are present in both Carney complex and McCune Albright syndrome: comments on P. Salpea and C. Stratakis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:344-345. [PMID: 24161590 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the key messages of recent Salpea and Stratakis work is to underline the clinical similarities shared by these syndromes that could be explained by a defect in the same signaling pathway, i.e. activation of the cAMP pathway. That being said, we would like to emphasize that hepatopancreato-biliary lesions are one additional feature shared both by Carney complex and McCune Albright syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Gaujoux
- AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery - Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (PMAD), Clichy 92110, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U773, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Nord Val de Seine, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Chanson
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France; Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR 693, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U986, Groupe hospitalier Paris-Sud, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016 Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Department of Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Paris, France; INCa Comete Network, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Alain Sauvanet
- AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery - Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (PMAD), Clichy 92110, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U773, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Nord Val de Seine, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Ruszniewski
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U773, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Nord Val de Seine, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Department of Gastroenterology, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (PMAD), Clichy 92110, France
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Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are benign intracranial neoplasms that present a major clinical concern due to hormone overproduction and/or tumor mass effects. The majority of pituitary adenomas occur sporadically; however, familial cases are increasingly being recognized, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), Carney complex (CNC), and familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA). Familial pituitary tumors appear to differ from their sporadic counterparts both in their genetic basis and in clinical characteristics. Evidence suggests that, especially in MEN1 and FIPA, tumors are more aggressive and affect patients at a younger age, therefore justifying the importance of early diagnosis, while in Carney complex pituitary hyperplasia is common. The genetic alterations responsible for the formation of familial pituitary syndromes include the MEN1 gene, responsible for about 80% of MEN1 cases, the regulatory subunit of the protein kinase A, PRKAR1A, responsible for about 70% of Carney complex cases, and AIP, the gene coding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein, responsible for about 20% of FIPA cases. Rarely other genes have also been found responsible for familial pituitary adenoma cases. McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) also has a genetic origin due to mosaic mutations in the G protein-coupled α subunit coded by the GNAS1 gene. In this chapter, we summarize the genetic and clinical characteristics of these familial pituitary syndromes and MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Alband
- Department of Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Department of Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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PKA RIα homodimer structure reveals an intermolecular interface with implications for cooperative cAMP binding and Carney complex disease. Structure 2013; 22:59-69. [PMID: 24316401 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory (R) subunit is the cAMP receptor of protein kinase A. Following cAMP binding, the inactive PKA holoenzyme complex separates into two active catalytic (C) subunits and a cAMP-bound R dimer. Thus far, only monomeric R structures have been solved, which fell short in explaining differences of cAMP binding for the full-length protein as compared to the truncated R subunits. Here we solved a full-length R-dimer structure that reflects the biologically relevant conformation, and this structure agrees well with small angle X-ray scattering. An isoform-specific interface is revealed between the protomers. This interface acts as an intermolecular sensor for cAMP and explains the cooperative character of cAMP binding to the RIα dimer. Mutagenesis of residues on this interface not only leads to structural and biochemical changes, but is also linked to Carney complex disease.
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Cazabat L, Ragazzon B, Varin A, Potier-Cartereau M, Vandier C, Vezzosi D, Risk-Rabin M, Guellich A, Schittl J, Lechêne P, Richter W, Nikolaev VO, Zhang J, Bertherat J, Vandecasteele G. Inactivation of the Carney complex gene 1 (PRKAR1A) alters spatiotemporal regulation of cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase: a study using genetically encoded FRET-based reporters. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1163-74. [PMID: 24122441 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carney complex (CNC) is a hereditary disease associating cardiac myxoma, spotty skin pigmentation and endocrine overactivity. CNC is caused by inactivating mutations in the PRKAR1A gene encoding PKA type I alpha regulatory subunit (RIα). Although PKA activity is enhanced in CNC, the mechanisms linking PKA dysregulation to endocrine tumorigenesis are poorly understood. In this study, we used Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensors for cAMP and PKA activity to define the role of RIα in the spatiotemporal organization of the cAMP/PKA pathway. RIα knockdown in HEK293 cells increased basal as well as forskolin or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-stimulated total cellular PKA activity as reported by western blots of endogenous PKA targets and the FRET-based global PKA activity reporter, AKAR3. Using variants of AKAR3 targeted to subcellular compartments, we identified similar increases in the response to PGE1 in the cytoplasm and at the outer mitochondrial membrane. In contrast, at the plasma membrane, the response to PGE1 was decreased along with an increase in basal FRET ratio. These results were confirmed by western blot analysis of basal and PGE1-induced phosphorylation of membrane-associated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein. Similar differences were observed between the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane in human adrenal cells carrying a RIα inactivating mutation. RIα inactivation also increased cAMP in the cytoplasm, at the outer mitochondrial membrane and at the plasma membrane, as reported by targeted versions of the cAMP indicator Epac1-camps. These results show that RIα inactivation leads to multiple, compartment-specific alterations of the cAMP/PKA pathway revealing new aspects of signaling dysregulation in tumorigenesis.
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44
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Van Raamsdonk CD, Deo M. Links between Schwann cells and melanocytes in development and disease. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:634-45. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mugdha Deo
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; BC; Canada
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45
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Ko FCF, Chan LK, Man-Fong Sze K, Yeung YS, Yuk-Ting Tse E, Lu P, Yu MH, Oi-Lin Ng I, Yam JWP. PKA-induced dimerization of the RhoGAP DLC1 promotes its inhibition of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1618. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Taylor SS, Ilouz R, Zhang P, Kornev AP. Assembly of allosteric macromolecular switches: lessons from PKA. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:646-58. [PMID: 22992589 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are dynamic molecular switches that have evolved to be only transiently activated. Kinase activity is embedded within a conserved kinase core, which is typically regulated by associated domains, linkers and interacting proteins. Moreover, protein kinases are often tethered to large macromolecular complexes to provide tighter spatiotemporal control. Thus, structural characterization of kinase domains alone is insufficient to explain protein kinase function and regulation in vivo. Recent progress in structural characterization of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) exemplifies how our knowledge of kinase signalling has evolved by shifting the focus of structural studies from single kinase subunits to macromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-90654, USA.
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47
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de Joussineau C, Sahut-Barnola I, Levy I, Saloustros E, Val P, Stratakis CA, Martinez A. The cAMP pathway and the control of adrenocortical development and growth. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:28-36. [PMID: 22019902 PMCID: PMC3678347 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, extensive studies showed that the cAMP pathway is deregulated in patients suffering from adrenocortical tumours, and particularly in primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD). Here we describe how evidence arising from the analysis of patients' data, mouse models and in vitro experiments, have shed light on the cAMP pathway as a central player in adrenal physiopathology. We also show how novel data generated from mouse models may point to new targets for potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille de Joussineau
- CNRS UMR6247, INSERM U931, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Isabelle Sahut-Barnola
- CNRS UMR6247, INSERM U931, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Isaac Levy
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emmanouil Saloustros
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pierre Val
- CNRS UMR6247, INSERM U931, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antoine Martinez
- CNRS UMR6247, INSERM U931, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
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Rodriguez FJ, Stratakis CA, Evans DG. Genetic predisposition to peripheral nerve neoplasia: diagnostic criteria and pathogenesis of neurofibromatoses, Carney complex, and related syndromes. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123:349-67. [PMID: 22210082 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neoplasms of the peripheral nerve sheath represent essential clinical manifestations of the syndromes known as the neurofibromatoses. Although involvement of multiple organ systems, including skin, central nervous system, and skeleton, may also be conspicuous, peripheral nerve neoplasia is often the most important and frequent cause of morbidity in these patients. Clinical characteristics of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) have been extensively described and studied during the last century, and the identification of mutations in the NF1 and NF2 genes by contemporary molecular techniques have created a separate multidisciplinary field in genetic medicine. In schwannomatosis, the most recent addition to the neurofibromatosis group, peripheral nervous system involvement is the exclusive (or almost exclusive) clinical manifestation. Although the majority of cases of schwannomatosis are sporadic, approximately one-third occur in families and a subset of these has recently been associated with germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene SMARCB1/INI1. Other curious syndromes that involve the peripheral nervous system are associated with predominant endocrine manifestations, and include Carney complex and MEN2b, secondary to inactivating mutations in the PRKAR1A gene in a subset, and activating mutations in RET, respectively. In this review, we provide a concise update on the diagnostic criteria, pathology and molecular pathogenesis of these enigmatic syndromes in relation to peripheral nerve sheath neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto J Rodriguez
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Building, 512B, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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In vivo pathogenic role of mutant SOD1 localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. J Neurosci 2011; 31:15826-37. [PMID: 22049426 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1965-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutant SOD1 causes a complex array of pathological events, through toxic gain of function mechanisms, leading to selective motor neuron degeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction is among the well established toxic effects of mutant SOD1, but its mechanisms are just starting to be elucidated. A portion of mutant SOD1 is localized in mitochondria, where it accumulates mostly on the outer membrane and inside the intermembrane space (IMS). Evidence in cultured cells suggests that mutant SOD1 in the IMS causes mitochondrial dysfunction and compromises cell viability. Therefore, to test its pathogenic role in vivo we generated transgenic mice expressing G93A mutant or wild-type (WT) human SOD1 targeted selectively to the mitochondrial IMS (mito-SOD1). We show that mito-SOD1 is correctly localized in the IMS, where it oligomerizes and acquires enzymatic activity. Mito-G93ASOD1 mice, but not mito-WTSOD1 mice, develop a progressive disease characterized by body weight loss, muscle weakness, brain atrophy, and motor impairment, which is more severe in females. These symptoms are associated with reduced spinal motor neuron counts and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics, characterized by decreased cytochrome oxidase activity and defective calcium handling. However, there is no evidence of muscle denervation, a cardinal pathological feature of ALS. Together, our findings indicate that mutant SOD1 in the mitochondrial IMS causes mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration, but per se it is not sufficient to cause a full-fledged ALS phenotype, which requires the participation of mutant SOD1 localized in other cellular compartments.
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50
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Fink B, Matts PJ, D'Emiliano D, Bunse L, Weege B, Röder S. Colour homogeneity and visual perception of age, health and attractiveness of male facial skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 26:1486-92. [PMID: 22044626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visible facial skin condition in females is known to affect perception of age, health and attractiveness. Skin colour distribution in shape- and topography-standardized female faces, driven by localized melanin and haemoglobin, can account for up to twenty years of apparent age perception. Although this is corroborated by an ability to discern female age even in isolated, non-contextual skin images, a similar effect in the perception of male skin is yet to be demonstrated. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of skin colour homogeneity and chromophore distribution on the visual perception of age, health and attractiveness of male facial skin. METHODS Cropped images from the cheeks of facial images of 160 Caucasian British men aged 10-70 years were blind-rated for age, health and attractiveness by a total of 308 participants. In addition, the homogeneity of skin images and corresponding eumelanin/oxyhaemoglobin concentration maps were analysed objectively using Haralick's image segmentation algorithm. RESULTS Isolated skin images taken from the cheeks of younger males were judged as healthier and more attractive. Perception of age, health and attractiveness was strongly related to melanin and haemoglobin distribution, whereby more even distributions led to perception of younger age and greater health and attractiveness. The evenness of melanized features was a stronger cue for age perception, whereas haemoglobin distribution was associated more strongly with health and attractiveness perception. CONCLUSIONS Male skin colour homogeneity, driven by melanin and haemoglobin distribution, influences perception of age, health and attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fink
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göettingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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