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Coulson-Gilmer C, Littler S, Barnes B, Brady R, Anagho H, Pillay N, Dey M, Macmorland W, Bronder D, Nelson L, Tighe A, Lin WH, Morgan R, Unwin R, Nielsen M, McGrail J, Taylor S. Intrinsic PARG inhibitor sensitivity is mimicked by TIMELESS haploinsufficiency and rescued by nucleoside supplementation. NAR Cancer 2024; 6:zcae030. [PMID: 39015544 PMCID: PMC11249981 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
A subset of cancer cells are intrinsically sensitive to inhibitors targeting PARG, the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase that degrades PAR chains. Sensitivity is accompanied by persistent DNA replication stress, and can be induced by inhibition of TIMELESS, a replisome accelerator. However, the nature of the vulnerability responsible for intrinsic sensitivity remains undetermined. To understand PARG activity dependency, we analysed Timeless model systems and intrinsically sensitive ovarian cancer cells. We show that nucleoside supplementation rescues all phenotypes associated with PARG inhibitor sensitivity, including replisome speed and fork stalling, S-phase completion and mitotic entry, proliferation dynamics and clonogenic potential. Importantly nucleoside supplementation restores PARG inhibitor resistance despite the continued presence of PAR chains, indicating that sensitivity does not correlate with PAR levels. In addition, we show that inhibition of thymidylate synthase, an enzyme required for dNTP homeostasis, induces PARG-dependency. Together, these observations suggest that PARG inhibitor sensitivity reflects an inability to control replisome speed and/or maintain helicase-polymerase coupling in response to nucleotide imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Coulson-Gilmer
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Samantha Littler
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Bethany M Barnes
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Rosie M Brady
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Holda A Anagho
- Proteomics program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nisha Pillay
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Malini Dey
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - William Macmorland
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Daniel Bronder
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Louisa Nelson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Anthony Tighe
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Wei-Hsiang Lin
- Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert D Morgan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Proteomics program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joanne C McGrail
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Stephen S Taylor
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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2
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Saha LK, Sun Y, Saha S, Yang X, Pommier Y. PARP1-driven repair of topoisomerase IIIα DNA-protein crosslinks by FEN1. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114522. [PMID: 39028621 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Persistent DNA-protein crosslinks formed by human topoisomerase IIIα (TOP3A-DPCs) interfere with DNA metabolism and lead to genome damage and cell death. Recently, we demonstrated that such abortive TOP3A-DPCs are ubiquitylated and proteolyzed by Spartan (SPRTN). Here, we identify transient poly(ADP-ribosylation) (PARylation) in addition to ubiquitylation as a signaling mechanism for TOP3A-DPC repair and provide evidence that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) drives the repair of TOP3A-DPCs by recruiting flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) to the TOP3A-DPCs. We find that blocking PARylation attenuates the interaction of FEN1 and TOP3A and that TOP3A-DPCs accumulate in cells with compromised PARP1 activity and in FEN1-deficient cells. We also show that PARP1 suppresses TOP3A-DPC ubiquitylation and that inhibiting the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (UBE1) increases TOP3A-DPCs, consistent with ubiquitylation serving as a signaling mechanism for TOP3A-DPC repair mediated by SPRTN and TDP2. We propose that two concerted pathways repair TOP3A-DPCs: PARylation-driven FEN1 excision and ubiquitylation-driven SPRTN-TDP2 excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liton Kumar Saha
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Yilun Sun
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sourav Saha
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Yan S, Ren J, Su H, Ma J, He W, Cai X, Sun D. Novel heterozygous variant of ADPRHL2 causes pathogenic variation in CONDSIAS. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32945. [PMID: 39100487 PMCID: PMC11295978 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Adprhl2 (OMIM: 610624) mutation associated stress-induced childhood-onset neurodegeneration with variable ataxia and seizures (CONDSIAS, OMIM: 618170) is a sporadic neurodegenerative disease with poor prognosis. ADPRHL2 encodes ADP-ribosylhydrolase 3 (ARH3), which participates in ADP-ribosylation to remove poly-ADP ribose (PAR). We found a new compound heterozygous mutation in the ADPRHL2 gene c.580C > T (p.Gln194Ter) and c.803-1G > A in a 30-month-old boy, who showed gait instability, abnormal EEG, and developmental delay after respiratory infection. He died of convulsions 4 months after onset. By constructing a mutant plasmid and using Western blot to detect the expression of ARH3 and PAR, it was demonstrated that the ADPRHL2 gene c.580C > T (p.Gln194Ter) and c.803-1G > A is pathogenic according to ACMG guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongting Su
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiehui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijie He
- Aegicare (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofang Cai
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Wang J, Gao Y, Xiong X, Yan Y, Lou J, Noman M, Li D, Song F. The Ser/Thr protein kinase FonKin4-poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase FonPARP1 phosphorylation cascade is required for the pathogenicity of watermelon fusarium wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1397688. [PMID: 38690366 PMCID: PMC11058995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1397688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and hydrolyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), is a kind of post-translational protein modification that is involved in various cellular processes in fungi, plants, and mammals. However, the function of PARPs in plant pathogenic fungi remains unknown. The present study investigated the roles and mechanisms of FonPARP1 in watermelon Fusarium wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon). Fon has a single PARP FonPARP1 and one PARG FonPARG1. FonPARP1 is an active PARP and contributes to Fon pathogenicity through regulating its invasive growth within watermelon plants, while FonPARG1 is not required for Fon pathogenicity. A serine/threonine protein kinase, FonKin4, was identified as a FonPARP1-interacting partner by LC-MS/MS. FonKin4 is required for vegetative growth, conidiation, macroconidia morphology, abiotic stress response and pathogenicity of Fon. The S_TKc domain is sufficient for both enzyme activity and pathogenicity function of FonKin4 in Fon. FonKin4 phosphorylates FonPARP1 in vitro to enhance its poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity; however, FonPARP1 does not PARylate FonKin4. These results establish the FonKin4-FonPARP1 phosphorylation cascade that positively contributes to Fon pathogenicity. The present study highlights the importance of PARP-catalyzed protein PARylation in regulating the pathogenicity of Fon and other plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Xiong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Noman
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengming Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Nie L, Wang C, Huang M, Liu X, Feng X, Tang M, Li S, Hang Q, Teng H, Shen X, Ma L, Gan B, Chen J. DePARylation is critical for S phase progression and cell survival. eLife 2024; 12:RP89303. [PMID: 38578205 PMCID: PMC10997334 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)ylation or PARylation by PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) and dePARylation by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) are equally important for the dynamic regulation of DNA damage response. PARG, the most active dePARylation enzyme, is recruited to sites of DNA damage via pADPr-dependent and PCNA-dependent mechanisms. Targeting dePARylation is considered an alternative strategy to overcome PARP inhibitor resistance. However, precisely how dePARylation functions in normal unperturbed cells remains elusive. To address this challenge, we conducted multiple CRISPR screens and revealed that dePARylation of S phase pADPr by PARG is essential for cell viability. Loss of dePARylation activity initially induced S-phase-specific pADPr signaling, which resulted from unligated Okazaki fragments and eventually led to uncontrolled pADPr accumulation and PARP1/2-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, we demonstrated that proteins involved in Okazaki fragment ligation and/or base excision repair regulate pADPr signaling and cell death induced by PARG inhibition. In addition, we determined that PARG expression is critical for cellular sensitivity to PARG inhibition. Additionally, we revealed that PARG is essential for cell survival by suppressing pADPr. Collectively, our data not only identify an essential role for PARG in normal proliferating cells but also provide a potential biomarker for the further development of PARG inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Nie
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Siting Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Hongqi Teng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
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6
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Yang L, Guttman L, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Parthanatos: Mechanisms, modulation, and therapeutic prospects in neurodegenerative disease and stroke. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116174. [PMID: 38552851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Parthanatos is a cell death signaling pathway that has emerged as a compelling target for pharmaceutical intervention. It plays a pivotal role in the neuron loss and neuroinflammation that occurs in Parkinson's Disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Huntington's Disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and stroke. There are currently no treatments available to humans to prevent cell death in any of these diseases. This review provides an in-depth examination of the current understanding of the Parthanatos mechanism, with a particular focus on its implications in neuroinflammation and various diseases discussed herein. Furthermore, we thoroughly review potential intervention targets within the Parthanatos pathway. We dissect recent progress in inhibitory strategies, complimented by a detailed structural analysis of key Parthanatos executioners, PARP-1, AIF, and MIF, along with an assessment of their established inhibitors. We hope to introduce a new perspective on the feasibility of targeting components within the Parthanatos pathway, emphasizing its potential to bring about transformative outcomes in therapeutic interventions. By delineating therapeutic opportunities and known targets, we seek to emphasize the imperative of blocking Parthanatos as a precursor to developing disease-modifying treatments. This comprehensive exploration aims to catalyze a paradigm shift in our understanding of potential neurodegenerative disease therapeutics, advocating for the pursuit of effective interventions centered around Parthanatos inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lauren Guttman
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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7
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Nie L, Wang C, Huang M, Liu X, Feng X, Tang M, Li S, Hang Q, Teng H, Shen X, Ma L, Gan B, Chen J. DePARylation is critical for S phase progression and cell survival. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.31.551317. [PMID: 37577639 PMCID: PMC10418084 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)ylation or PARylation by PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) and dePARylation by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) are equally important for the dynamic regulation of DNA damage response. PARG, the most active dePARylation enzyme, is recruited to sites of DNA damage via pADPr-dependent and PCNA-dependent mechanisms. Targeting dePARylation is considered an alternative strategy to overcome PARP inhibitor resistance. However, precisely how dePARylation functions in normal unperturbed cells remains elusive. To address this challenge, we conducted multiple CRISPR screens and revealed that dePARylation of S phase pADPr by PARG is essential for cell viability. Loss of dePARylation activity initially induced S phase-specific pADPr signaling, which resulted from unligated Okazaki fragments and eventually led to uncontrolled pADPr accumulation and PARP1/2-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, we demonstrated that proteins involved in Okazaki fragment ligation and/or base excision repair regulate pADPr signaling and cell death induced by PARG inhibition. In addition, we determined that PARG expression is critical for cellular sensitivity to PARG inhibition. Additionally, we revealed that PARG is essential for cell survival by suppressing pADPr. Collectively, our data not only identify an essential role for PARG in normal proliferating cells but also provide a potential biomarker for the further development of PARG inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Nie
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Siting Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongqi Teng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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Karpova Y, Orlicky DJ, Schmidt EE, Tulin AV. Disrupting Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating Pathway Creates Premalignant Conditions in Mammalian Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17205. [PMID: 38139034 PMCID: PMC10743425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health concern, representing one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Despite various treatment options, the prognosis for HCC patients remains poor, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of the factors contributing to HCC development. This study investigates the role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in hepatocyte maturation and its impact on hepatobiliary carcinogenesis. A conditional Parg knockout mouse model was employed, utilizing Cre recombinase under the albumin promoter to target Parg depletion specifically in hepatocytes. The disruption of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating pathway in hepatocytes affects the early postnatal liver development. The inability of hepatocytes to finish the late maturation step that occurs early after birth causes intensive apoptosis and acute inflammation, resulting in hypertrophic liver tissue with enlarged hepatocytes. Regeneration nodes with proliferative hepatocytes eventually replace the liver tissue and successfully fulfill the liver function. However, early developmental changes predispose these types of liver to develop pathologies, including with a malignant nature, later in life. In a chemically induced liver cancer model, Parg-depleted livers displayed a higher tendency for hepatocellular carcinoma development. This study underscores the critical role of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating pathway in hepatocyte maturation and highlights its involvement in liver pathologies and hepatobiliary carcinogenesis. Understanding these processes may provide valuable insights into liver biology and liver-related diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslava Karpova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Edward E. Schmidt
- Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA;
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
- Redox Biology Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexei V. Tulin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
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9
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Li J, Liu X, Peng B, Feng T, Zhou W, Meng L, Zhao S, Zheng X, Wu C, Wu S, Chen X, Xu X, Sun J, Li J. O-GlcNAc has crosstalk with ADP-ribosylation via PARG. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105354. [PMID: 37858678 PMCID: PMC10654028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation, a prevalent protein post-translational modification (PTM) that occurs intracellularly, has been shown to crosstalk with phosphorylation and ubiquitination. However, it is unclear whether it interplays with other PTMs. Here we studied its relationship with ADP-ribosylation, which involves decorating target proteins with the ADP-ribose moiety. We discovered that the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation "eraser", ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (PARG), is O-GlcNAcylated at Ser26, which is in close proximity to its nuclear localization signal. O-GlcNAcylation of PARG promotes nuclear localization and chromatin association. Upon DNA damage, O-GlcNAcylation augments the recruitment of PARG to DNA damage sites and interacting with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, PARG O-GlcNAcylation enhances the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) and attenuates its auto-ubiquitination, thereby stabilizing DDB1 and allowing it to degrade its downstream targets, such as c-Myc. We further demonstrated that PARG-S26A, the O-GlcNAc-deficient mutant, promoted HCC in mouse xenograft models. Our findings thus reveal that PARG O-GlcNAcylation inhibits HCC, and we propose that O-GlcNAc glycosylation may crosstalk with many other PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxiang Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiyuan Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Kamaletdinova T, Zong W, Urbánek P, Wang S, Sannai M, Grigaravičius P, Sun W, Fanaei-Kahrani Z, Mangerich A, Hottiger MO, Li T, Wang ZQ. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Lacking Enzymatic Activity Is Not Compatible with Mouse Development. Cells 2023; 12:2078. [PMID: 37626888 PMCID: PMC10453916 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) binds DNA lesions to catalyse poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) using NAD+ as a substrate. PARP1 plays multiple roles in cellular activities, including DNA repair, transcription, cell death, and chromatin remodelling. However, whether these functions are governed by the enzymatic activity or scaffolding function of PARP1 remains elusive. In this study, we inactivated in mice the enzymatic activity of PARP1 by truncating its C-terminus that is essential for ART catalysis (PARP1ΔC/ΔC, designated as PARP1-ΔC). The mutation caused embryonic lethality between embryonic day E8.5 and E13.5, in stark contrast to PARP1 complete knockout (PARP1-/-) mice, which are viable. Embryonic stem (ES) cell lines can be derived from PARP1ΔC/ΔC blastocysts, and these mutant ES cells can differentiate into all three germ layers, yet, with a high degree of cystic structures, indicating defects in epithelial cells. Intriguingly, PARP1-ΔC protein is expressed at very low levels compared to its full-length counterpart, suggesting a selective advantage for cell survival. Noticeably, PARP2 is particularly elevated and permanently present at the chromatin in PARP1-ΔC cells, indicating an engagement of PARP2 by non-enzymatic PARP1 protein at the chromatin. Surprisingly, the introduction of PARP1-ΔC mutation in adult mice did not impair their viability; yet, these mutant mice are hypersensitive to alkylating agents, similar to PARP1-/- mutant mice. Our study demonstrates that the catalytically inactive mutant of PARP1 causes the developmental block, plausibly involving PARP2 trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kamaletdinova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (P.U.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (Z.F.-K.)
| | - Wen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (W.Z.); (S.W.); (W.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Pavel Urbánek
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (P.U.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (Z.F.-K.)
| | - Sijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (W.Z.); (S.W.); (W.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Mara Sannai
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (P.U.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (Z.F.-K.)
| | - Paulius Grigaravičius
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (P.U.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (Z.F.-K.)
| | - Wenli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (W.Z.); (S.W.); (W.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Zahra Fanaei-Kahrani
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (P.U.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (Z.F.-K.)
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany;
- Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael O. Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Tangliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (W.Z.); (S.W.); (W.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (P.U.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (Z.F.-K.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (W.Z.); (S.W.); (W.S.); (T.L.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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11
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Duma L, Ahel I. The function and regulation of ADP-ribosylation in the DNA damage response. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:995-1008. [PMID: 37171085 PMCID: PMC10317172 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification involved in DNA damage response (DDR). In higher organisms it is synthesised by PARP 1-3, DNA strand break sensors. Recent advances have identified serine residues as the most common targets for ADP-ribosylation during DDR. To ADP-ribosylate serine, PARPs require an accessory factor, HPF1 which completes the catalytic domain. Through ADP-ribosylation, PARPs recruit a variety of factors to the break site and control their activities. However, the timely removal of ADP-ribosylation is also key for genome stability and is mostly performed by two hydrolases: PARG and ARH3. Here, we describe the key writers, readers and erasers of ADP-ribosylation and their contribution to the mounting of the DDR. We also discuss the use of PARP inhibitors in cancer therapy and the ways to tackle PARPi treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Duma
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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12
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Dasovich M, Leung AKL. PARPs and ADP-ribosylation: Deciphering the complexity with molecular tools. Mol Cell 2023; 83:1552-1572. [PMID: 37119811 PMCID: PMC10202152 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
PARPs catalyze ADP-ribosylation-a post-translational modification that plays crucial roles in biological processes, including DNA repair, transcription, immune regulation, and condensate formation. ADP-ribosylation can be added to a wide range of amino acids with varying lengths and chemical structures, making it a complex and diverse modification. Despite this complexity, significant progress has been made in developing chemical biology methods to analyze ADP-ribosylated molecules and their binding proteins on a proteome-wide scale. Additionally, high-throughput assays have been developed to measure the activity of enzymes that add or remove ADP-ribosylation, leading to the development of inhibitors and new avenues for therapy. Real-time monitoring of ADP-ribosylation dynamics can be achieved using genetically encoded reporters, and next-generation detection reagents have improved the precision of immunoassays for specific forms of ADP-ribosylation. Further development and refinement of these tools will continue to advance our understanding of the functions and mechanisms of ADP-ribosylation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Dasovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Oncology, and Department of Genetic Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Members of PARP family are responsible for poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) posttranslational modification synthesis. They are intensively studied proteins with more than 20,500 related papers in PubMed database search to date. PARG, the main enzyme that degrades pADPr, is unfairly attracted less attention, and 40 times less papers (a little more than 500) are related to its functioning. The difficulties to work with PARG knockout animals due to its early embryo lethality could be one reason for this huge difference. Mice PARG-specific antibodies are not available from any vendor, which also complicates the research process. There is one available for public PARG knockout mice line generated by KOMP project. It has LacZ cassette, which replaces three critical exons in PARG gene. Here, we present the method to genotype these mice with Taqman qPCR multiplex approach. It allows to work with a small amount of DNA material like early embryo stages and to separate maternal DNA contamination. The modification of this method is also applicable for studying PARG conditional knockouts and identifying the success of floxed PARG gene exon deletion by Cre-driven recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslava Karpova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA. .,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexei V Tulin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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14
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Hall HK, Koh DW. Methods for Investigating Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-2 (TRPM2): A Cation Channel Activated by ADP-Ribose and Involved in Cell Death. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2609:213-226. [PMID: 36515838 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2891-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin-2 (TRPM2) is an emerging chemotherapeutic target due to its involvement in poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism and the ability to induce anticancer effects after antagonism of its functions. Normally functioning as a nonspecific cation channel that is activated by free ADP-ribose, TRPM2 is involved with many cellular processes, including the induction of cell death after oxidative stress. What is becoming clear is that antagonism of TRPM2 selectively induces anticancer effects in several types of cancer. We previously demonstrated decreased growth and proliferation, increased levels of DNA damage, and the selective induction of cell death in breast cancer and melanoma cells. Due to these effects, it appears that TRPM2 has a novel role in cancer cells. Further, this novel role appears to involve nuclear function, because our studies, as well as those from other independent groups, demonstrate a nuclear localization of TRPM2 in various types of cancers. Thus, as an emerging therapeutic target, it is important to describe research techniques that can be utilized to analyze TRPM2 function, determine its effects in cancerous and noncancerous cells, and provide molecular biological methods to inhibit or downregulate its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Rudolph H. Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH, USA
| | - David W Koh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Rudolph H. Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH, USA.
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15
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Trivedi S, Blazícková J, Silva N. PARG and BRCA1-BARD1 cooperative function regulates DNA repair pathway choice during gametogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:12291-12308. [PMID: 36478097 PMCID: PMC9757042 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic chromosome segregation relies on programmed DNA double-strand break induction. These are in turn repaired by homologous recombination, generating physical attachments between the parental chromosomes called crossovers. A subset of breaks yields recombinant outcomes, while crossover-independent mechanisms repair the majority of lesions. The balance between different repair pathways is crucial to ensure genome integrity. We show that Caenorhabditis elegans BRC-1/BRCA1-BRD-1/BARD1 and PARG-1/PARG form a complex in vivo, essential for accurate DNA repair in the germline. Simultaneous depletion of BRC-1 and PARG-1 causes synthetic lethality due to reduced crossover formation and impaired break repair, evidenced by hindered RPA-1 removal and presence of aberrant chromatin bodies in diakinesis nuclei, whose formation depends on spo-11 function. These factors undergo a similar yet independent loading in developing oocytes, consistent with operating in different pathways. Abrogation of KU- or Theta-mediated end joining elicits opposite effects in brc-1; parg-1 doubles, suggesting a profound impact in influencing DNA repair pathway choice by BRC-1-PARG-1. Importantly, lack of PARG-1 catalytic activity suppresses untimely accumulation of RAD-51 foci in brc-1 mutants but is only partially required for fertility. Our data show that BRC-1/BRD-1-PARG-1 joint function is essential for genome integrity in meiotic cells by regulating multiple DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Trivedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Blazícková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nicola Silva
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +420 549 49 8033;
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16
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Gao J, Mewborne QT, Girdhar A, Sheth U, Coyne AN, Punathil R, Kang BG, Dasovich M, Veire A, Hernandez MD, Liu S, Shi Z, Dafinca R, Fouquerel E, Talbot K, Kam TI, Zhang YJ, Dickson D, Petrucelli L, van Blitterswijk M, Guo L, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Leung AKL, Lloyd TE, Gendron TF, Rothstein JD, Zhang K. Poly(ADP-ribose) promotes toxicity of C9ORF72 arginine-rich dipeptide repeat proteins. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabq3215. [PMID: 36103513 PMCID: PMC10359073 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Arginine-rich dipeptide repeat proteins (R-DPRs), abnormal translational products of a GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72, play a critical role in C9ORF72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the most common genetic form of the disorders (c9ALS/FTD). R-DPRs form liquid condensates in vitro, induce stress granule formation in cultured cells, aggregate, and sometimes coaggregate with TDP-43 in postmortem tissue from patients with c9ALS/FTD. However, how these processes are regulated is unclear. Here, we show that loss of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) suppresses neurodegeneration in c9ALS/FTD fly models and neurons differentiated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Mechanistically, PAR induces R-DPR condensation and promotes R-DPR-induced stress granule formation and TDP-43 aggregation. Moreover, PAR associates with insoluble R-DPR and TDP-43 in postmortem tissue from patients. These findings identified PAR as a promoter of R-DPR toxicity and thus a potential target for treating c9ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Amandeep Girdhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Udit Sheth
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alyssa N. Coyne
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ritika Punathil
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Bong Gu Kang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Morgan Dasovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Austin Veire
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Shuaichen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zheng Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ruxandra Dafinca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Elise Fouquerel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Dennis Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Lin Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anthony K. L. Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas E. Lloyd
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tania F. Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Rothstein
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Institute of Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
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17
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Yang Q, Wang W. The Nuclear Translocation of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Human Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:890186. [PMID: 35846361 PMCID: PMC9277552 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.890186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of heme to generate carbon monoxide (CO), free iron and biliverdin, which could then be converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. HO-1 exhibits cytoprotective effects of anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation via these byproducts generated during the above process. In the last few years, despite the canonical function of HO-1 and possible biological significance of its byproducts, a noncanonical function, through which HO-1 exhibits functions in diseases independent of its enzyme activity, also has been reported. In this review, the noncanonical functions of HO-1 and its translocation in other subcellular compartments are summarized. More importantly, we emphasize the critical role of HO-1 nuclear translocation in human diseases. Intriguingly, this translocation was linked to tumorigenesis and tumor progression in lung, prostate, head, and neck squamous cell carcinomas and chronic myeloid leukemia. Given the importance of HO-1 nuclear translocation in human diseases, nuclear HO-1 as a novel target might be attractive for the prevention and treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenqian Wang,
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18
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Recent advances in structural types and medicinal chemistry of PARP-1 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Cai J, Chen H, Xie S, Hu Z, Bai Y. Research Progress of Totipotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:335-345. [PMID: 35502477 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Totipotent stem cells (TSCs), can develop into complete organisms, used in biological fields such as regenerative medicine, mammalian breeding, and conservation. However, cells from early-stage embryos cultured are hard to self-renew and maintain developmental totipotency, which becomes a key factor limiting the research of TSCs. Fortunately, a break-through in the study of induced pluripotent stem cells returning to their totipotent state has been made, resulting in the establishment of multiple TSCs and igniting a new wave of stem cell research. Furthermore, the blastocyst-like structures can be generated by the established TSCs, which lays a foundation for synthetic embryos in vitro. In this review, we summarize the totipotent stage of the early embryos, the establishment and cultivation of TSCs, and the developmental ability exploration of TSCs to promote further research of TSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Cai
- Foshan University School of Life Science and Engineering, 118208, Foshan, China, 528000;
| | - Huifang Chen
- Foshan University School of Life Science and Engineering, 118208, Foshan, China;
| | - Shiting Xie
- Foshan University School of Life Science and Engineering, 118208, Foshan, China;
| | - Zhichao Hu
- Foshan University School of Life Science and Engineering, 118208, Foshan, China;
| | - Yinshan Bai
- Foshan University School of Life Science and Engineering, 118208, Foshan, China;
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20
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Wang Y, Pleasure D, Deng W, Guo F. Therapeutic Potentials of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1) Inhibition in Multiple Sclerosis and Animal Models: Concept Revisiting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102853. [PMID: 34935305 PMCID: PMC8844485 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) plays a fundamental role in DNA repair and gene expression. Excessive PARP1 hyperactivation, however, has been associated with cell death. PARP1 and/or its activity are dysregulated in the immune and central nervous system of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and animal models. Pharmacological PARP1 inhibition is shown to be protective against immune activation and disease severity in MS animal models while genetic PARP1 deficiency studies reported discrepant results. The inconsistency suggests that the function of PARP1 and PARP1-mediated PARylation may be complex and context-dependent. The article reviews PARP1 functions, discusses experimental findings and possible interpretations of PARP1 in inflammation, neuronal/axonal degeneration, and oligodendrogliopathy, three major pathological components cooperatively determining MS disease course and neurological progression, and points out future research directions. Cell type specific PARP1 manipulations are necessary for revisiting the role of PARP1 in the three pathological components prior to moving PARP1 inhibition into clinical trials for MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
| | - David Pleasure
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Fuzheng Guo
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
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21
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Liu L, Li J, Ke Y, Zeng X, Gao J, Ba X, Wang R. The key players of parthanatos: opportunities for targeting multiple levels in the therapy of parthanatos-based pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:60. [PMID: 35000037 PMCID: PMC11073082 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parthanatos is a form of regulated cell death involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Parthanatos is a multistep cell death pathway cascade that involves poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) overactivation, PAR accumulation, PAR binding to apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), AIF release from the mitochondria, nuclear translocation of the AIF/macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) complex, and MIF-mediated large-scale DNA fragmentation. All the key players in the parthanatos pathway are pleiotropic proteins with diverse functions. An in-depth understanding of the structure-based activity of the key factors, and the biochemical mechanisms of parthanatos, is crucial for the development of drugs and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we delve into the key players of the parthanatos pathway and reveal the multiple levels of therapeutic opportunities for treating parthanatos-based pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaxiang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yueshuang Ke
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, China
| | - Xianlu Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, China
| | - Jinmin Gao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xueqing Ba
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, China.
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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22
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Wang M, Chen S, Ao D. Targeting DNA repair pathway in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical application. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:654-691. [PMID: 34977872 PMCID: PMC8706759 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the growing understanding on DNA damage response (DDR) pathways has broadened the therapeutic landscape in oncology. It is becoming increasingly clear that the genomic instability of cells resulted from deficient DNA damage response contributes to the occurrence of cancer. One the other hand, these defects could also be exploited as a therapeutic opportunity, which is preferentially more deleterious in tumor cells than in normal cells. An expanding repertoire of DDR-targeting agents has rapidly expanded to inhibitors of multiple members involved in DDR pathways, including PARP, ATM, ATR, CHK1, WEE1, and DNA-PK. In this review, we sought to summarize the complex network of DNA repair machinery in cancer cells and discuss the underlying mechanism for the application of DDR inhibitors in cancer. With the past preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials, we also provide an overview of the history and current landscape of DDR inhibitors in cancer treatment, with special focus on the combination of DDR-targeted therapies with other cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Danyi Ao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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23
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Palazzo L, Suskiewicz MJ, Ahel I. Serine ADP-ribosylation in DNA-damage response regulation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 71:106-113. [PMID: 34340015 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PARP1 and PARP2 govern the DNA-damage response by catalysing the reversible post-translational modification ADP-ribosylation. During the repair of DNA lesions, PARP1 and PARP2 combine with an accessory factor HPF1, which is required for the modification of target proteins on serine residues. Although the physiological role of individual ADP-ribosylation sites is still unclear, serine ADP-ribosylation at damage sites leads to the recruitment of chromatin remodellers and repair factors to ensure efficient DNA repair. ADP-ribosylation signalling is tightly controlled by the coordinated activities of (ADP-ribosyl)glycohydrolases PARG and ARH3 that, by reversing the modification, guarantee proper kinetics of DNA repair and cell cycle re-entry. The recent advances in the structural and mechanistic understanding of ADP-ribosylation provide new insights into human physiopathology and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Palazzo
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcin J Suskiewicz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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24
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Schützenhofer K, Rack JGM, Ahel I. The Making and Breaking of Serine-ADP-Ribosylation in the DNA Damage Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:745922. [PMID: 34869334 PMCID: PMC8634249 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.745922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a widespread posttranslational modification that is of particular therapeutic relevance due to its involvement in DNA repair. In response to DNA damage, PARP1 and 2 are the main enzymes that catalyze ADP-ribosylation at damage sites. Recently, serine was identified as the primary amino acid acceptor of the ADP-ribosyl moiety following DNA damage and appears to act as seed for chain elongation in this context. Serine-ADP-ribosylation strictly depends on HPF1, an auxiliary factor of PARP1/2, which facilitates this modification by completing the PARP1/2 active site. The signal is terminated by initial poly(ADP-ribose) chain degradation, primarily carried out by PARG, while another enzyme, (ADP-ribosyl)hydrolase 3 (ARH3), specifically cleaves the terminal seryl-ADP-ribosyl bond, thus completing the chain degradation initiated by PARG. This review summarizes recent findings in the field of serine-ADP-ribosylation, its mechanisms, possible functions and potential for therapeutic targeting through HPF1 and ARH3 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Coulson-Gilmer C, Morgan RD, Nelson L, Barnes BM, Tighe A, Wardenaar R, Spierings DCJ, Schlecht H, Burghel GJ, Foijer F, Desai S, McGrail JC, Taylor SS. Replication catastrophe is responsible for intrinsic PAR glycohydrolase inhibitor-sensitivity in patient-derived ovarian cancer models. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:323. [PMID: 34656146 PMCID: PMC8520217 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with ovarian cancer often present at advanced stage and, following initial treatment success, develop recurrent drug-resistant disease. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are yielding unprecedented survival benefits for women with BRCA-deficient disease. However, options remain limited for disease that is platinum-resistant and/or has inherent or acquired PARPi-resistance. PARG, the PAR glycohydrolase that counterbalances PARP activity, is an emerging target with potential to selectively kill tumour cells harbouring oncogene-induced DNA replication and metabolic vulnerabilities. Clinical development of PARG inhibitors (PARGi) will however require predictive biomarkers, in turn requiring an understanding of their mode of action. Furthermore, differential sensitivity to PARPi is key for expanding treatment options available for patients. METHODS A panel of 10 ovarian cancer cell lines and a living biobank of patient-derived ovarian cancer models (OCMs) were screened for PARGi-sensitivity using short- and long-term growth assays. PARGi-sensitivity was characterized using established markers for DNA replication stress, namely replication fibre asymmetry, RPA foci, KAP1 and Chk1 phosphorylation, and pan-nuclear γH2AX, indicating DNA replication catastrophe. Finally, gene expression in sensitive and resistant cells was also examined using NanoString or RNAseq. RESULTS PARGi sensitivity was identified in both ovarian cancer cell lines and patient-derived OCMs, with sensitivity accompanied by markers of persistent replication stress, and a pre-mitotic cell cycle block. Moreover, DNA replication genes are down-regulated in PARGi-sensitive cell lines consistent with an inherent DNA replication vulnerability. However, DNA replication gene expression did not predict PARGi-sensitivity in OCMs. The subset of patient-derived OCMs that are sensitive to single-agent PARG inhibition, includes models that are PARPi- and/or platinum-resistant, indicating that PARG inhibitors may represent an alternative treatment strategy for women with otherwise limited therapeutic options. CONCLUSIONS We discover that a subset of ovarian cancers are intrinsically sensitive to pharmacological PARG blockade, including drug-resistant disease, underpinned by a common mechanism of replication catastrophe. We explore the use of a transcript-based biomarker, and provide insight into the design of future clinical trials of PARGi in patients with ovarian cancer. However, our results highlight the complexity of developing a predictive biomarker for PARGi sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Coulson-Gilmer
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Robert D Morgan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Louisa Nelson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Bethany M Barnes
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Anthony Tighe
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - René Wardenaar
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Diana C J Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Schlecht
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - George J Burghel
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha Desai
- Department of Histopathology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Joanne C McGrail
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Stephen S Taylor
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
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26
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Cellular functions of the protein kinase ATM and their relevance to human disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:796-814. [PMID: 34429537 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a master regulator of double-strand DNA break (DSB) signalling and stress responses. For three decades, ATM has been investigated extensively to elucidate its roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) and in the pathogenesis of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), a human neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of ATM. Although hundreds of proteins have been identified as ATM phosphorylation targets and many important roles for this kinase have been identified, it is still unclear how ATM deficiency leads to the early-onset cerebellar degeneration that is common in all individuals with A-T. Recent studies suggest the existence of links between ATM deficiency and other cerebellum-specific neurological disorders, as well as the existence of broader similarities with more common neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent structural insights into ATM regulation, and possible aetiologies of A-T phenotypes, including reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in transcription, R-loop metabolism and alternative splicing, defects in cellular proteostasis and metabolism, and potential pathogenic roles for hyper-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
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27
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Pillay N, Brady RM, Dey M, Morgan RD, Taylor SS. DNA replication stress and emerging prospects for PARG inhibitors in ovarian cancer therapy. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 163:160-170. [PMID: 33524442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation has central functions in maintaining genome stability, including facilitating DNA replication and repair. In cancer cells these processes are frequently disrupted, and thus interfering with poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation can exacerbate inherent genome instability and induce selective cytotoxicity. Indeed, inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are having a major clinical impact in treating women with BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer, based on a defect in homologous recombination. However, only around half of ovarian cancers harbour defects in homologous recombination, and most sensitive tumours eventually acquire PARP inhibitor resistance with treatment. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop alternative treatment strategies to target tumours with both inherent and acquired resistance to PARP inhibition. Several novel inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase (PARG) have been described, with promising anti-cancer activity in vitro that is distinct from PARP inhibitors. Here we discuss, the role of poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation in genome stability, and the potential for PARG inhibitors as a complementary strategy to PARP inhibitors in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Pillay
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK; Divisions of Structural Biology & Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Rosie M Brady
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Malini Dey
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Robert D Morgan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Stephen S Taylor
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
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28
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Kasson S, Dharmapriya N, Kim IK. Selective monitoring of the protein-free ADP-ribose released by ADP-ribosylation reversal enzymes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254022. [PMID: 34191856 PMCID: PMC8244878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a key post-translational modification that regulates a wide variety of cellular stress responses. The ADP-ribosylation cycle is maintained by writers and erasers. For example, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation cycles consist of two predominant enzymes, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). However, historically, mechanisms of erasers of ADP-ribosylations have been understudied, primarily due to the lack of quantitative tools to selectively monitor specific activities of different ADP-ribosylation reversal enzymes. Here, we developed a new NUDT5-coupled AMP-Glo (NCAG) assay to specifically monitor the protein-free ADP-ribose released by ADP-ribosylation reversal enzymes. We found that NUDT5 selectively cleaves protein-free ADP-ribose, but not protein-bound poly- and mono-ADP-ribosylations, protein-free poly(ADP-ribose) chains, or NAD+. As a proof-of-concept, we successfully measured the kinetic parameters for the exo-glycohydrolase activity of PARG, which releases monomeric ADP-ribose, and monitored activities of site-specific mono-ADP-ribosyl-acceptor hydrolases, such as ARH3 and TARG1. This NCAG assay can be used as a general platform to study the mechanisms of diverse ADP-ribosylation reversal enzymes that release protein-free ADP-ribose as a product. Furthermore, this assay provides a useful tool to identify small-molecule probes targeting ADP-ribosylation metabolism and to quantify ADP-ribose concentrations in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kasson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Nuwani Dharmapriya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - In-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Prokhorova E, Agnew T, Wondisford AR, Tellier M, Kaminski N, Beijer D, Holder J, Groslambert J, Suskiewicz MJ, Zhu K, Reber JM, Krassnig SC, Palazzo L, Murphy S, Nielsen ML, Mangerich A, Ahel D, Baets J, O'Sullivan RJ, Ahel I. Unrestrained poly-ADP-ribosylation provides insights into chromatin regulation and human disease. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2640-2655.e8. [PMID: 34019811 PMCID: PMC8221567 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ARH3/ADPRHL2 and PARG are the primary enzymes reversing ADP-ribosylation in vertebrates, yet their functions in vivo remain unclear. ARH3 is the only hydrolase able to remove serine-linked mono(ADP-ribose) (MAR) but is much less efficient than PARG against poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains in vitro. Here, by using ARH3-deficient cells, we demonstrate that endogenous MARylation persists on chromatin throughout the cell cycle, including mitosis, and is surprisingly well tolerated. Conversely, persistent PARylation is highly toxic and has distinct physiological effects, in particular on active transcription histone marks such as H3K9ac and H3K27ac. Furthermore, we reveal a synthetic lethal interaction between ARH3 and PARG and identify loss of ARH3 as a mechanism of PARP inhibitor resistance, both of which can be exploited in cancer therapy. Finally, we extend our findings to neurodegeneration, suggesting that patients with inherited ARH3 deficiency suffer from stress-induced pathogenic increase in PARylation that can be mitigated by PARP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia Prokhorova
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Thomas Agnew
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Anne R Wondisford
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Tellier
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Nicole Kaminski
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Danique Beijer
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - James Holder
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | - Marcin J Suskiewicz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Kang Zhu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Julia M Reber
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sarah C Krassnig
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Luca Palazzo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Shona Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dragana Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roderick J O'Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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30
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Weixler L, Schäringer K, Momoh J, Lüscher B, Feijs KLH, Žaja R. ADP-ribosylation of RNA and DNA: from in vitro characterization to in vivo function. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3634-3650. [PMID: 33693930 PMCID: PMC8053099 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionality of DNA, RNA and proteins is altered dynamically in response to physiological and pathological cues, partly achieved by their modification. While the modification of proteins with ADP-ribose has been well studied, nucleic acids were only recently identified as substrates for ADP-ribosylation by mammalian enzymes. RNA and DNA can be ADP-ribosylated by specific ADP-ribosyltransferases such as PARP1-3, PARP10 and tRNA 2'-phosphotransferase (TRPT1). Evidence suggests that these enzymes display different preferences towards different oligonucleotides. These reactions are reversed by ADP-ribosylhydrolases of the macrodomain and ARH families, such as MACROD1, TARG1, PARG, ARH1 and ARH3. Most findings derive from in vitro experiments using recombinant components, leaving the relevance of this modification in cells unclear. In this Survey and Summary, we provide an overview of the enzymes that ADP-ribosylate nucleic acids, the reversing hydrolases, and the substrates' requirements. Drawing on data available for other organisms, such as pierisin1 from cabbage butterflies and the bacterial toxin-antitoxin system DarT-DarG, we discuss possible functions for nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation in mammals. Hypothesized roles for nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation include functions in DNA damage repair, in antiviral immunity or as non-conventional RNA cap. Lastly, we assess various methods potentially suitable for future studies of nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Weixler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Schäringer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Momoh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karla L H Feijs
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roko Žaja
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
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31
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Rosado MM, Pioli C. ADP-ribosylation in evasion, promotion and exacerbation of immune responses. Immunology 2021; 164:15-30. [PMID: 33783820 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more (up to some hundreds) ADP-ribose moieties to acceptor proteins. This evolutionary ancient post-translational modification (PTM) is involved in fundamental processes including DNA repair, inflammation, cell death, differentiation and proliferation, among others. ADP-ribosylation is catalysed by two major families of enzymes: the cholera toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTCs) and the diphtheria toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTDs, also known as PARPs). ARTCs sense and use extracellular NAD, which may represent a danger signal, whereas ARTDs are present in the cell nucleus and/or cytoplasm. ARTCs mono-ADP-ribosylate their substrates, whereas ARTDs, according to the specific family member, are able to mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylate target proteins or are devoid of enzymatic activity. Both mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylation are dynamic processes, as specific hydrolases are able to remove single or polymeric ADP moieties. This dynamic equilibrium between addition and degradation provides plasticity for fast adaptation, a feature being particularly relevant to immune cell functions. ADP-ribosylation regulates differentiation and functions of myeloid, T and B cells. It also regulates the expression of cytokines and chemokines, production of antibodies, isotype switch and the expression of several immune mediators. Alterations in these processes involve ADP-ribosylation in virtually any acute and chronic inflammatory/immune-mediated disease. Besides, pathogens developed mechanisms to contrast the action of ADP-ribosylating enzymes by using their own hydrolases and/or to exploit this PTM to sustain their virulence. In the present review, we summarize and discuss recent findings on the role of ADP-ribosylation in immunobiology, immune evasion/subversion by pathogens and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Pioli
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA, Rome, Italy
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32
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Maluchenko NV, Koshkina DO, Feofanov AV, Studitsky VM, Kirpichnikov MP. Poly(ADP-Ribosyl) Code Functions. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:58-69. [PMID: 34377556 PMCID: PMC8327145 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation plays a key role in cellular metabolism. Covalent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation affects the activity of the proteins engaged in DNA repair, chromatin structure regulation, gene expression, RNA processing, ribosome biogenesis, and protein translation. Non-covalent PAR-dependent interactions are involved in the various types of cellular response to stress and viral infection, such as inflammation, hormonal signaling, and the immune response. The review discusses how structurally different poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) molecules composed of identical monomers can differentially participate in various cellular processes acting as the so-called "PAR code." The article describes the ability of PAR polymers to form functional biomolecular clusters through a phase-separation in response to various signals. This phase-separation contributes to rapid spatial segregation of biochemical processes and effective recruitment of the necessary components. The cellular PAR level is tightly controlled by a network of regulatory proteins: PAR code writers, readers, and erasers. Impaired PAR metabolism is associated with the development of pathological processes causing oncological, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacological correction of the PAR level may represent a new approach to the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Maluchenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234 Russia
| | - D. O. Koshkina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234 Russia
| | - A. V. Feofanov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234 Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - V. M. Studitsky
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234 Russia
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497 USA
| | - M. P. Kirpichnikov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234 Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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33
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Rapid Detection and Signaling of DNA Damage by PARP-1. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:744-757. [PMID: 33674152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is an abundant ADP-ribosyl transferase that regulates various biological processes. PARP-1 is widely recognized as a first-line responder molecule in DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we review the full cycle of detecting DNA damage by PARP-1, PARP-1 activation upon DNA binding, and PARP-1 release from a DNA break. We also discuss the allosteric consequence upon binding of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) and the opportunity to tune its release from a DNA break. It is now possible to harness this new understanding to design novel PARPi for treating diseases where cell toxicity caused by PARP-1 'trapping' on DNA is either the desired consequence or entirely counterproductive.
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Sadoughi F, Mirsafaei L, Dana PM, Hallajzadeh J, Asemi Z, Mansournia MA, Montazer M, Hosseinpour M, Yousefi B. The role of DNA damage response in chemo- and radio-resistance of cancer cells: Can DDR inhibitors sole the problem? DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 101:103074. [PMID: 33640757 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, many improvements have been made in providing more therapeutic strategies for cancer patients. The lack of susceptibility to common therapies like chemo- and radio-therapy is one of the reasons why we need more methods in the field of cancer therapy. DNA damage response (DDR) is a set of mechanisms which identifies DNA lesions and triggers the repair process for restoring DNA after causing an arrest in the cell cycle. The ability of DDR in maintaining the genome stability and integrity can be favorable to cancerous cells which are exposed to radiation therapy or are treated with chemotherapeutic agents. When DDR mechanisms are error-free in cancer cells, they can escape the expected cellular death and display resistance to treatment. In this regard, targeting different components of DDR can help to increase the susceptibility of advanced tumors to chemo- and radio-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Liaosadat Mirsafaei
- Department of Cardiology, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Parisa Maleki Dana
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Montazer
- Department of Thorax Surgery, Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hosseinpour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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35
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Crawford K, Oliver PL, Agnew T, Hunn BHM, Ahel I. Behavioural Characterisation of Macrod1 and Macrod2 Knockout Mice. Cells 2021; 10:368. [PMID: 33578760 PMCID: PMC7916507 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine diphosphate ribosylation (ADP-ribosylation; ADPr), the addition of ADP-ribose moieties onto proteins and nucleic acids, is a highly conserved modification involved in a wide range of cellular functions, from viral defence, DNA damage response (DDR), metabolism, carcinogenesis and neurobiology. Here we study MACROD1 and MACROD2 (mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolases 1 and 2), two of the least well-understood ADPr-mono-hydrolases. MACROD1 has been reported to be largely localized to the mitochondria, while the MACROD2 genomic locus has been associated with various neurological conditions such as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia; yet the potential significance of disrupting these proteins in the context of mammalian behaviour is unknown. Therefore, here we analysed both Macrod1 and Macrod2 gene knockout (KO) mouse models in a battery of well-defined, spontaneous behavioural testing paradigms. Loss of Macrod1 resulted in a female-specific motor-coordination defect, whereas Macrod2 disruption was associated with hyperactivity that became more pronounced with age, in combination with a bradykinesia-like gait. These data reveal new insights into the importance of ADPr-mono-hydrolases in aspects of behaviour associated with both mitochondrial and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryanne Crawford
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; (K.C.); (T.A.)
| | - Peter L. Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; (P.L.O.); (B.H.M.H.)
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Thomas Agnew
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; (K.C.); (T.A.)
| | - Benjamin H. M. Hunn
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; (P.L.O.); (B.H.M.H.)
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; (K.C.); (T.A.)
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36
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Janysek DC, Kim J, Duijf PHG, Dray E. Clinical use and mechanisms of resistance for PARP inhibitors in homologous recombination-deficient cancers. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101012. [PMID: 33516088 PMCID: PMC7847957 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are continuously subjected to DNA damaging agents. DNA damages are repaired by one of the many pathways guarding genomic integrity. When one or several DNA damage pathways are rendered inefficient, cells can accumulate mutations, which modify normal cellular pathways, favoring abnormal cell growth. This supports malignant transformation, which can occur when cells acquire resistance to cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, or growth inhibition signals. Mutations in genes involved in the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), such as BRCA1, BRCA2, or PALB2, significantly increase the risk of developing cancer of the breast, ovaries, pancreas, or prostate. Fortunately, the inability of these tumors to repair DNA breaks makes them sensitive to genotoxic chemotherapies, allowing for the development of therapies precisely tailored to individuals' genetic backgrounds. Unfortunately, as with many anti-cancer agents, drugs used to treat patients carrying a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation create a selective pressure, and over time tumors can become drug resistant. Here, we detail the cellular function of tumor suppressors essential in DNA damage repair pathways, present the mechanisms of action of inhibitors used to create synthetic lethality in BRCA carriers, and review the major molecular sources of drug resistance. Finally, we present examples of the many strategies being developed to circumvent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn C Janysek
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer Kim
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Pascal H G Duijf
- Queensland University of Technology, IHBI at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Eloïse Dray
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, San Antonio, TX, United States.
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37
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Hoang SM, Kaminski N, Bhargava R, Barroso-González J, Lynskey ML, García-Expósito L, Roncaioli JL, Wondisford AR, Wallace CT, Watkins SC, James DI, Waddell ID, Ogilvie D, Smith KM, da Veiga Leprevost F, Mellacharevu D, Nesvizhskii AI, Li J, Ray-Gallet D, Sobol RW, Almouzni G, O'Sullivan RJ. Regulation of ALT-associated homology-directed repair by polyADP-ribosylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:1152-1164. [PMID: 33046907 PMCID: PMC7809635 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) reconfigures the local chromatin environment and recruits DNA-repair complexes to damaged chromatin. PAR degradation by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is essential for progression and completion of DNA repair. Here, we show that inhibition of PARG disrupts homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms that underpin alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Proteomic analyses uncover a new role for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) in regulating the chromatin-assembly factor HIRA in ALT cancer cells. We show that HIRA is enriched at telomeres during the G2 phase and is required for histone H3.3 deposition and telomere DNA synthesis. Depletion of HIRA elicits systemic death of ALT cancer cells that is mitigated by re-expression of ATRX, a protein that is frequently inactivated in ALT tumors. We propose that PARylation enables HIRA to fulfill its essential role in the adaptive response to ATRX deficiency that pervades ALT cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song My Hoang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Kaminski
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ragini Bhargava
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Barroso-González
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michelle L Lynskey
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura García-Expósito
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Justin L Roncaioli
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anne R Wondisford
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Callen T Wallace
- Department of Cell Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dominic I James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Ian D Waddell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Donald Ogilvie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Kate M Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Macclesfield, UK
| | | | | | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology and the Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Dominique Ray-Gallet
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Nuclear Dynamics Unit, Equipe Labellisée, Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology and the Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Genevieve Almouzni
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Nuclear Dynamics Unit, Equipe Labellisée, Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Roderick J O'Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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38
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Zhou Y, Liu L, Tao S, Yao Y, Wang Y, Wei Q, Shao A, Deng Y. Parthanatos and its associated components: Promising therapeutic targets for cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105299. [PMID: 33171306 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parthanatos is a PARP1-dependent, caspase-independent, cell-death pathway that is distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, or other known forms of cell death. Parthanatos is a multistep pathway that plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. There are many molecules in the parthanatos cascade that can be exploited to create therapeutic interventions for cancer management, including PARP1, PARG, ARH3, AIF, and MIF. These critical molecules are involved in tumor cell proliferation, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, these molecular signals in the parthanatos cascade represent promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. In addition, intimate interactions occur between parthanatos and other forms of cancer cell death, such as apoptosis and autophagy. Thus, co-targeting a combination of parthanatos and other death pathways may further provide a new avenue for cancer precision treatment. In this review, we elaborate on the signaling pathways of canonical parthanatos and briefly introduce the non-canonical parthanatos. We also shed light on the role parthanatos and its associated components play in tumorigenesis, particularly with respect to the aforementioned five molecules, and discuss the promise targeted therapy of parthanatos and its associated components holds for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Sifeng Tao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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39
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Lee SG, Kim N, Kim SM, Park IB, Kim H, Kim S, Kim BG, Hwang JM, Baek IJ, Gartner A, Park JH, Myung K. Ewing sarcoma protein promotes dissociation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 from chromatin. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48676. [PMID: 33006225 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) facilitates DNA damage response (DDR). While the Ewing's sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWS) protein fused to FLI1 triggers sarcoma formation, the physiological function of EWS is largely unknown. Here, we investigate the physiological role of EWS in regulating PARP1. We show that EWS is required for PARP1 dissociation from damaged DNA. Abnormal PARP1 accumulation caused by EWS inactivation leads to excessive Poly(ADP-Ribosy)lation (PARylation) and triggers cell death in both in vitro and in vivo models. Consistent with previous work, the arginine-glycine-glycine (RGG) domain of EWS is essential for PAR chain interaction and PARP1 dissociation from damaged DNA. Ews and Parp1 double mutant mice do not show improved survival, but supplementation with nicotinamide mononucleotides extends Ews-mutant pups' survival, which might be due to compensatory activation of other PARP proteins. Consistently, PARP1 accumulates on chromatin in Ewing's sarcoma cells expressing an EWS fusion protein that cannot interact with PARP1, and tissues derived from Ewing's sarcoma patients show increased PARylation. Taken together, our data reveal that EWS is important for removing PARP1 from damaged chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Gyeong Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Namwoo Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Su-Min Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
| | - In Bae Park
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Shinseog Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jung Me Hwang
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - In-Joon Baek
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Anton Gartner
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jun Hong Park
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea.,Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
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40
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Janisiw E, Raices M, Balmir F, Paulin LF, Baudrimont A, von Haeseler A, Yanowitz JL, Jantsch V, Silva N. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase coordinates meiotic DNA double-strand break induction and repair independent of its catalytic activity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4869. [PMID: 32978394 PMCID: PMC7519143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a reversible post-translational modification synthetized by ADP-ribose transferases and removed by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), which plays important roles in DNA damage repair. While well-studied in somatic tissues, much less is known about poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the germline, where DNA double-strand breaks are introduced by a regulated program and repaired by crossover recombination to establish a tether between homologous chromosomes. The interaction between the parental chromosomes is facilitated by meiotic specific adaptation of the chromosome axes and cohesins, and reinforced by the synaptonemal complex. Here, we uncover an unexpected role for PARG in coordinating the induction of meiotic DNA breaks and their homologous recombination-mediated repair in Caenorhabditis elegans. PARG-1/PARG interacts with both axial and central elements of the synaptonemal complex, REC-8/Rec8 and the MRN/X complex. PARG-1 shapes the recombination landscape and reinforces the tightly regulated control of crossover numbers without requiring its catalytic activity. We unravel roles in regulating meiosis, beyond its enzymatic activity in poly(ADP-ribose) catabolism. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is involved in different cellular processes including DNA repair. Here the authors reveal a role for PARG in regulating meiotic DNA double strand break induction and repair in Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Janisiw
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Centre for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marilina Raices
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fabiola Balmir
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,AHN Center for Reproductive Medicine, AHN McCandless, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Luis F Paulin
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna (CIBIV), Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antoine Baudrimont
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arndt von Haeseler
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna (CIBIV), Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith L Yanowitz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Verena Jantsch
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicola Silva
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Ganai SA, Sheikh FA, Baba ZA. Plant flavone Chrysin as an emerging histone deacetylase inhibitor for prosperous epigenetic-based anticancer therapy. Phytother Res 2020; 35:823-834. [PMID: 32930436 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aberrations in epigenetic mechanisms provide a fertile platform for tumour initiation and progression. Thus, agents capable of modulating the epigenetic environment of neoplasms will be a valuable addition to the anticancer therapeutics. Flavones are emerging as befitting anticancer agents due to their inherent antioxidant activity and the ability to restrain epi-targets namely histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs have broader implications in pathogenesis of various cancers. Chrysin, a flavone possessing the ability to inhibit HDACs could prove as a potential anticancer drug. Thus, in this article we focussed on Chrysin and its distinct antineoplastic effect against bellicose malignancies including lung, colorectal, cervical, gastric, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer. The underlying signalling cascades triggered by Chrysin for inducing cytotoxic effect in these cancer models are discussed. Importantly, approaches towards combinatorial treatments by Chrysin and commercial anticancer agents are taken into account. The downstream molecular mechanism aroused by combined therapy for abrogating onerous cancer chemoresistance is delineated as well. Moreover, the nano-combinatorial approach involving co-encapsulation of Chrysin with other herbal and non-herbal agents for clinical excellence is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Ganai
- Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura, Sopore, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Farooq Ahmad Sheikh
- Division of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Baba
- Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura, Sopore, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Harrision D, Gravells P, Thompson R, Bryant HE. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) vs. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) - Function in Genome Maintenance and Relevance of Inhibitors for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:191. [PMID: 33005627 PMCID: PMC7485115 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) subunits onto themselves and other acceptor proteins. PARPs are known to function in a large range of cellular processes including DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription and modulation of chromatin structure. Inhibition of PARP holds great potential for therapy, especially in cancer. Several PARP1/2/3 inhibitors (PARPi) have had success in treating ovarian, breast and prostate tumors harboring defects in the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, especially BRCA1/2 mutated tumors. However, treatment is limited to specific sub-groups of patients and resistance can occur, limiting the use of PARPi. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) reverses the action of PARP enzymes, hydrolysing the ribose-ribose bonds present in poly(ADP-ribose). Like PARPs, PARG is involved in DNA replication and repair and PARG depleted/inhibited cells show increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. They also display an accumulation of perturbed replication intermediates which can lead to synthetic lethality in certain contexts. In addition, PARG is thought to play an important role in preventing the accumulation of cytoplasmic PAR and therefore parthanatos, a caspase-independent PAR-mediated type of cell death. In contrast to PARP, the therapeutic potential of PARG has been largely ignored. However, several recent papers have demonstrated the exciting possibilities that inhibitors of this enzyme may have for cancer treatment, both as single agents and in combination with cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy. This article discusses what is known about the functions of PARP and PARG and the potential future implications of pharmacological inhibition in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Harrision
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Thompson
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Navarro M, Soto DA, Pinzon CA, Wu J, Ross PJ. Livestock pluripotency is finally captured in vitro. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 32:11-39. [PMID: 32188555 DOI: 10.1071/rd19272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have demonstrated great utility in improving our understanding of mammalian development and continue to revolutionise regenerative medicine. Thanks to the improved understanding of pluripotency in mice and humans, it has recently become feasible to generate stable livestock PSCs. Although it is unlikely that livestock PSCs will be used for similar applications as their murine and human counterparts, new exciting applications that could greatly advance animal agriculture are being developed, including the use of PSCs for complex genome editing, cellular agriculture, gamete generation and invitro breeding schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Navarro
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Delia A Soto
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carlos A Pinzon
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA 95616, USA; and Corresponding author.
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44
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Pourfarjam Y, Kasson S, Tran L, Ho C, Lim S, Kim IK. PARG has a robust endo-glycohydrolase activity that releases protein-free poly(ADP-ribose) chains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:818-823. [PMID: 32439163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) regulates DNA damage response, chromatin structure, and cell-fate. Dynamic regulation of cellular PAR levels is crucial for the maintenance of genomic integrity and excessive cellular PAR activates a PAR-dependent cell death pathway. Thus, PAR serves as a cell-death signal; however, it has been debated how the protein-free PAR is generated. Here, we demonstrate that PAR glycohydrolases (PARGs) from mammals to bacteria have a robust endo-glycohydrolase activity, releasing protein-free PAR chains longer than three ADP-ribose units as early reaction products. Released PAR chains are transient and rapidly degraded to monomeric ADP-ribose, which is consistent with a short half-life of PAR during DNA damage responses. Computational simulations using a tri-ADP-ribose further support that PARG can efficiently bind to internal sites of PAR for the endo-glycosidic cleavage. Our collective results suggest PARG as a key player in producing protein-free PAR during DNA damage signaling and establish bacterial PARG as a useful tool to enrich short PAR chains that emerge as important reagents for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Pourfarjam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Samuel Kasson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Linh Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Chris Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sookkyung Lim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 4199 French Hall West, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - In-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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45
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Reduced Tumorigenicity of Mouse ES Cells and the Augmented Anti-Tumor Therapeutic Effects under Parg Deficiency. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041056. [PMID: 32344695 PMCID: PMC7226256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PolyADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins, and poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase (PARP) family proteins synthesize PAR using NAD as a substrate. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) functions as the main enzyme for the degradation of PAR. In this study, we investigated the effects of Parg deficiency on tumorigenesis and therapeutic efficacy of DNA damaging agents, using mouse ES cell-derived tumor models. To examine the effects of Parg deficiency on tumorigenesis, Parg+/+ and Parg−/− ES cells were subcutaneously injected into nude mice. The results showed that Parg deficiency delays early onset of tumorigenesis from ES cells. All the tumors were phenotypically similar to teratocarcinoma and microscopic findings indicated that differentiation spectrum was similar between the Parg genotypes. The augmented anti-tumor therapeutic effects of X-irradiation were observed under Parg deficiency. These results suggest that Parg deficiency suppresses early stages of tumorigenesis and that Parg inhibition, in combination with DNA damaging agents, may efficiently control tumor growth in particular types of germ cell tumors.
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Zimmerlin L, Zambidis ET. Pleiotropic roles of tankyrase/PARP proteins in the establishment and maintenance of human naïve pluripotency. Exp Cell Res 2020; 390:111935. [PMID: 32151493 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tankyrase 1 (TNKS1; PARP-5a) and Tankyrase 2 (TNKS2; PARP-5b) are poly-ADP-ribosyl-polymerase (PARP)-domain-containing proteins that regulate the activities of a wide repertoire of target proteins via post-translational addition of poly-ADP-ribose polymers (PARylation). Although tankyrases were first identified as regulators of human telomere elongation, important and expansive roles of tankyrase activity have recently emerged in the development and maintenance of stem cell states. Herein, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the various tankyrase-mediated activities that may promote human naïve and 'extended' pluripotency'. We review the putative role of tankyrase and PARP inhibition in trophectoderm specification, telomere elongation, DNA repair and chromosomal segregation, metabolism, and PTEN-mediated apoptosis. Importantly, tankyrases possess PARP-independent activities that include regulation of MDC1-associated DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR) and autophagy/pexophagy, which is an essential mechanism of protein synthesis in the preimplantation embryo. Additionally, tankyrases auto-regulate themselves via auto-PARylation which augments their cellular protein levels and potentiates their non-PARP tankyrase functions. We propose that these non-PARP-related activities of tankyrase proteins may further independently affect both naïve and extended pluripotency via mechanisms that remain undetermined. We broadly outline a hypothetical framework for how inclusion of a tankyrase/PARP inhibitor in small molecule cocktails may stabilize and potentiate naïve and extended pluripotency via pleiotropic routes and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Zimmerlin
- Institute for Cell Engineering, And Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Miller Research Building, Room 755, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- Institute for Cell Engineering, And Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Miller Research Building, Room 755, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is an intricate and versatile posttranslational modification involved in the regulation of a vast variety of cellular processes in all kingdoms of life. Its complexity derives from the varied range of different chemical linkages, including to several amino acid side chains as well as nucleic acids termini and bases, it can adopt. In this review, we provide an overview of the different families of (ADP-ribosyl)hydrolases. We discuss their molecular functions, physiological roles, and influence on human health and disease. Together, the accumulated data support the increasingly compelling view that (ADP-ribosyl)hydrolases are a vital element within ADP-ribosyl signaling pathways and they hold the potential for novel therapeutic approaches as well as a deeper understanding of ADP-ribosylation as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Palazzo
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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48
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Bae W, Park JH, Lee MH, Park HW, Koo HS. Hypersensitivity to DNA double-strand breaks associated with PARG deficiency is suppressed by exo-1 and polq-1 mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans. FEBS J 2020; 287:1101-1115. [PMID: 31593615 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of either of the two homologs of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), PARG-1 and PARG-2, in Caenorhabditis elegans leads to hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR). In the germ cells of parg-2 mutant worms, the dissipation of recombinase RAD-51 foci was slower than in wild-type (WT) cells, suggesting defects in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair via homologous recombination (HR). Nevertheless, RPA-1, the large subunit of replication protein A, accumulated faster in parg-2 worms and disappeared earlier than in WT worms. This accelerated RPA-1 accumulation may result from the enhanced expression of exonuclease-1 (EXO-1) after IR treatment. Accordingly, an exo-1 mutation reduced IR sensitivity and accumulation of RPA-1 in parg-2 worms. A mutation of polq-1, encoding for a key factor in the alternative end-joining (Alt-EJ) pathway, suppressed the IR hypersensitivity phenotype of parg-2 worms and normalized the kinetics of RAD-51 dissipation. This indicates that error-prone Alt-EJ may mediate DSB repair in parg-2 worms, causing hypersensitivity to IR. In summary, PARG-2 deficiency in C. elegans causes hyperactive DSB end resection likely through EXO-1 overproduction. DSBs with long single-stranded DNA ends in parg-2 worms are thought to be repaired by Alt-EJ instead of HR, causing genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woori Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myon-Hee Lee
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Sook Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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49
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Role of Akt Activation in PARP Inhibitor Resistance in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030532. [PMID: 32106627 PMCID: PMC7139751 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have recently been introduced in the therapy of several types of cancers not responding to conventional treatments. However, de novo and acquired PARP inhibitor resistance is a significant limiting factor in the clinical therapy, and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Activity of the cytoprotective phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway is often increased in human cancer that could result from mutation, expressional change, or amplification of upstream growth-related factor signaling elements or elements of the Akt pathway itself. However, PARP-inhibitor-induced activation of the cytoprotective PI3K-Akt pathway is overlooked, although it likely contributes to the development of PARP inhibitor resistance. Here, we briefly summarize the biological role of the PI3K-Akt pathway. Next, we overview the significance of the PARP-Akt interplay in shock, inflammation, cardiac and cerebral reperfusion, and cancer. We also discuss a recently discovered molecular mechanism that explains how PARP inhibition induces Akt activation and may account for apoptosis resistance and mitochondrial protection in oxidative stress and in cancer.
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50
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Abstract
In this review, Slade provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences of PARP and PARG inhibition. The author also highlights the clinical performance of four PARP inhibitors used in cancer therapy (olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, and talazoparib) and discusses the predictive biomarkers of inhibitor sensitivity and mechanisms of resistance as well as the means of overcoming them through combination therapy. Oxidative and replication stress underlie genomic instability of cancer cells. Amplifying genomic instability through radiotherapy and chemotherapy has been a powerful but nonselective means of killing cancer cells. Precision medicine has revolutionized cancer therapy by putting forth the concept of selective targeting of cancer cells. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors represent a successful example of precision medicine as the first drugs targeting DNA damage response to have entered the clinic. PARP inhibitors act through synthetic lethality with mutations in DNA repair genes and were approved for the treatment of BRCA mutated ovarian and breast cancer. PARP inhibitors destabilize replication forks through PARP DNA entrapment and induce cell death through replication stress-induced mitotic catastrophe. Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) exploit and exacerbate replication deficiencies of cancer cells and may complement PARP inhibitors in targeting a broad range of cancer types with different sources of genomic instability. Here I provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences of PARP and PARG inhibition. I highlight clinical performance of four PARP inhibitors used in cancer therapy (olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, and talazoparib) and discuss the predictive biomarkers of inhibitor sensitivity, mechanisms of resistance as well as the means of overcoming them through combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Slade
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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