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Chen Z, Ni R, Hu Y, Yang Y, Tian Y. Arnicolide D Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis of Osteosarcoma Cells through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:1288-1294. [PMID: 38967079 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206289595240105082138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma is considered as the most prevalent form of primary malignant bone cancer, prompting a pressing need for novel therapeutic options. Arnicolide D, a sesquiterpene lactone derived from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Centipeda minima (known as E Bu Shi Cao in Chinese), showed anticancer efficacy against several kinds of cancers. However, its effect on osteosarcoma remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of arnicolide D and the underlying molecular mechanism of its action in osteosarcoma cells, MG63 and U2OS. METHODS Cell viability and proliferation were evaluated through MTT assay and colony formation assay following 24 h and 48 h treatment with different concentrations of arnicolide D. Flow cytometry was employed to examine cell cycle progression and apoptosis after 24 h treatment of arnicolide D. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of the PI3k, Akt and m-TOR and their phosphorylated forms. RESULTS Our findings revealed that arnicolide D treatment resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability, the inhibition of proliferation, and the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, arnicolide D could inhibit the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in osteosarcoma cells. CONCLUSION Based on our results, arnicolide D demonstrated significant anti-osteosarcoma activity and held the potential to be considered as a therapeutic candidate for osteosarcoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Renhua Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuanyu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yiyuan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
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2
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Palacios-Blanco I, Martín-Castellanos C. Cyclins and CDKs in the regulation of meiosis-specific events. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1069064. [PMID: 36523509 PMCID: PMC9745066 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1069064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
How eukaryotic cells control their duplication is a fascinating example of how a biological system self-organizes specific activities to temporally order cellular events. During cell cycle progression, the cellular level of CDK (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase) activity temporally orders the different cell cycle phases, ensuring that DNA replication occurs prior to segregation into two daughter cells. CDK activity requires the binding of a regulatory subunit (cyclin) to the core kinase, and both CDKs and cyclins are well conserved throughout evolution from yeast to humans. As key regulators, they coordinate cell cycle progression with metabolism, DNA damage, and cell differentiation. In meiosis, the special cell division that ensures the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next, cyclins and CDKs have acquired novel functions to coordinate meiosis-specific events such as chromosome architecture, recombination, and synapsis. Interestingly, meiosis-specific cyclins and CDKs are common in evolution, some cyclins seem to have evolved to acquire CDK-independent functions, and even some CDKs associate with a non-cyclin partner. We will review the functions of these key regulators in meiosis where variation has specially flourished.
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3
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Kar FM, Hochwagen A. Phospho-Regulation of Meiotic Prophase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667073. [PMID: 33928091 PMCID: PMC8076904 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells undergoing meiosis rely on an intricate network of surveillance mechanisms that govern the production of euploid gametes for successful sexual reproduction. These surveillance mechanisms are particularly crucial during meiotic prophase, when cells execute a highly orchestrated program of chromosome morphogenesis and recombination, which must be integrated with the meiotic cell division machinery to ensure the safe execution of meiosis. Dynamic protein phosphorylation, controlled by kinases and phosphatases, has emerged as one of the main signaling routes for providing readout and regulation of chromosomal and cellular behavior throughout meiotic prophase. In this review, we discuss common principles and provide detailed examples of how these phosphorylation events are employed to ensure faithful passage of chromosomes from one generation to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda M Kar
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andreas Hochwagen
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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4
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Yamada S, Kugou K, Ding DQ, Fujita Y, Hiraoka Y, Murakami H, Ohta K, Yamada T. The histone variant H2A.Z promotes initiation of meiotic recombination in fission yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:609-620. [PMID: 29145618 PMCID: PMC5778600 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination is initiated by programmed formation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), which are mainly formed at recombination hotspots. Meiotic DSBs require multiple proteins including the conserved protein Spo11 and its cofactors, and are influenced by chromatin structure. For example, local chromatin around hotspots directly impacts DSB formation. Moreover, DSB is proposed to occur in a higher-order chromatin architecture termed 'axis-loop', in which many loops protrude from cohesin-enriched axis. However, still much remains unknown about how meiotic DSBs are generated in chromatin. Here, we show that the conserved histone H2A variant H2A.Z promotes meiotic DSB formation in fission yeast. Detailed investigation revealed that H2A.Z is neither enriched around hotspots nor axis sites, and that transcript levels of DSB-promoting factors were maintained without H2A.Z. Moreover, H2A.Z appeared to be dispensable for chromatin binding of meiotic cohesin. Instead, in H2A.Z-lacking mutants, multiple proteins involved in DSB formation, such as the fission yeast Spo11 homolog and its regulators, were less associated with chromatin. Remarkably, nuclei were more compact in the absence of H2A.Z. Based on these, we propose that fission yeast H2A.Z promotes meiotic DSB formation partly through modulating chromosome architecture to enhance interaction between DSB-related proteins and cohesin-loaded chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Yamada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kugou
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Da-Qiao Ding
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yurika Fujita
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ohta
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takatomi Yamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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5
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Subramanian VV, Zhu X, Markowitz TE, Vale-Silva LA, San-Segundo PA, Hollingsworth NM, Keeney S, Hochwagen A. Persistent DNA-break potential near telomeres increases initiation of meiotic recombination on short chromosomes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:970. [PMID: 30814509 PMCID: PMC6393486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful meiotic chromosome inheritance and fertility rely on the stimulation of meiotic crossover recombination by potentially genotoxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). To avoid excessive damage, feedback mechanisms down-regulate DSBs, likely in response to initiation of crossover repair. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this regulation requires the removal of the conserved DSB-promoting protein Hop1/HORMAD during chromosome synapsis. Here, we identify privileged end-adjacent regions (EARs) spanning roughly 100 kb near all telomeres that escape DSB down-regulation. These regions retain Hop1 and continue to break in pachynema despite normal synaptonemal complex deposition. Differential retention of Hop1 requires the disassemblase Pch2/TRIP13, which preferentially removes Hop1 from telomere-distant sequences, and is modulated by the histone deacetylase Sir2 and the nucleoporin Nup2. Importantly, the uniform size of EARs among chromosomes contributes to disproportionately high DSB and repair signals on short chromosomes in pachynema, suggesting that EARs partially underlie the curiously high recombination rate of short chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Amazon AI, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Tovah E Markowitz
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Luis A Vale-Silva
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pedro A San-Segundo
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nancy M Hollingsworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Andreas Hochwagen
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
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6
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CDK contribution to DSB formation and recombination in fission yeast meiosis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007876. [PMID: 30640914 PMCID: PMC6331086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) associate with different cyclins to form different CDK-complexes that are fundamental for an ordered cell cycle progression, and the coordination of this progression with different aspects of the cellular physiology. During meiosis programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) initiate recombination that in addition to generating genetic variability are essential for the reductional chromosome segregation during the first meiotic division, and therefore for genome stability and viability of the gametes. However, how meiotic progression and DSB formation are coordinated, and the role CDKs have in the process, is not well understood. We have used single and double cyclin deletion mutants, and chemical inhibition of global CDK activity using the cdc2-asM17 allele, to address the requirement of CDK activity for DSB formation and recombination in fission yeast. We report that several cyclins (Cig1, Cig2, and the meiosis-specific Crs1) control DSB formation and recombination, with a major contribution of Crs1. Moreover, complementation analysis indicates specificity at least for this cyclin, suggesting that different CDK complexes might act in different pathways to promote recombination. Down-regulation of CDK activity impinges on the formation of linear elements (LinEs, protein complexes required for break formation at most DSB hotspot sites). This defect correlates with a reduction in the capability of one structural component (Rec25) to bind chromatin, suggesting a molecular mechanism by which CDK controls break formation. However, reduction in DSB formation in cyclin deletion mutants does not always correspondingly correlate with a proportional reduction in meiotic recombination (crossovers), suggesting that specific CDK complexes might also control downstream events balancing repair pathways. Therefore, our work points to CDK regulation of DSB formation as a key conserved feature in the initiation of meiotic recombination, in addition to provide a view of possible roles CDK might have in other steps of the recombination process. Meiotic division is a cell division process where a single round of DNA replication is followed by two sequential chromosome segregations, the first reductional (homologous chromosomes separate) and the second equational (sister chromatids segregate). As a consequence diploid organisms halve ploidy, producing haploid gametes that after fertilization generate a new diploid organism with a complete chromosome complement. At early stages of meiosis physical exchange between homologous chromosomes ensures the accurate following reductional segregation. Physical exchange is provided by recombination that initiates with highly-controlled self-inflicted DNA damage (DSBs, double strand breaks). We have found that the conserved CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) activity controls DSB formation in fission yeast. Available data were uncertain about the conservation of CDK in the process, and thus our work points to a broad evolutionary conservation of this regulation. Regulation is exerted at least by controlling chromatin-binding of one structural component of linear elements, a protein complex related to the synaptonemal complex and required for high levels of DSBs. Correspondingly, depletion of CDK activity impairs formation of these structures. In addition, CDK might control homeostatic mechanisms, critical to maintain efficient levels of recombination across the genome and, therefore, high rates of genetic exchange between parental chromosomes.
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7
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Roles of CDK and DDK in Genome Duplication and Maintenance: Meiotic Singularities. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8030105. [PMID: 28335524 PMCID: PMC5368709 DOI: 10.3390/genes8030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells reproduce using two types of divisions: mitosis, which generates two daughter cells each with the same genomic content as the mother cell, and meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosomes of the parent cell by half and gives rise to four gametes. The mechanisms that promote the proper progression of the mitotic and meiotic cycles are highly conserved and controlled. They require the activities of two types of serine-threonine kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and the Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK). CDK and DDK are essential for genome duplication and maintenance in both mitotic and meiotic divisions. In this review, we aim to highlight how these kinases cooperate to orchestrate diverse processes during cellular reproduction, focusing on meiosis-specific adaptions of their regulation and functions in DNA metabolism.
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8
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Murakami-Tonami Y, Ohtsuka H, Aiba H, Murakami H. Regulation of wee1(+) expression during meiosis in fission yeast. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2853-8. [PMID: 25486473 PMCID: PMC4612672 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.946807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1p (Cdc2p) plays a central role in entry into and progression through nuclear division during mitosis and meiosis. Cdk1p is activated during meiotic nuclear divisions by dephosphorylation of its tyrosine-15 residue. The phosphorylation status of this residue is largely determined by the Wee1p kinase and the Cdc25p phosphatase. In fission yeast, the forkhead-type transcription factor Mei4p is essential for entry into the first meiotic nuclear division. We recently identified cdc25+ as an essential target of Mei4p in the control of entry into meiosis I. Here, we show that wee1+ is another important target of Mei4p in the control of entry into meiosis I. Mei4p bound to the upstream region of wee1+ in vivo and in vitro and inhibited expression of wee1+, whereas Mei4p positively regulated expression of the adjacent pseudogene. Overexpression of Mei4p inhibited expression of wee1+ and induced that of the pseudogene. Conversely, deletion of Mei4p did not decrease expression of wee1+ but inhibited that of the pseudogene. In addition, deletion of Mei4p-binding regions delayed repression of wee1+ expression as well as induction of expression of the pseudogene. These results suggest that repression of wee1+ expression is primarily owing to Mei4p-mediated transcriptional interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Murakami-Tonami
- a Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute ; Division of Molecular Oncology ; Nagoya , Japan
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9
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Keeney S, Lange J, Mohibullah N. Self-organization of meiotic recombination initiation: general principles and molecular pathways. Annu Rev Genet 2015; 48:187-214. [PMID: 25421598 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120213-092304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recombination in meiosis is a fascinating case study for the coordination of chromosomal duplication, repair, and segregation with each other and with progression through a cell-division cycle. Meiotic recombination initiates with formation of developmentally programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at many places across the genome. DSBs are important for successful meiosis but are also dangerous lesions that can mutate or kill, so cells ensure that DSBs are made only at the right times, places, and amounts. This review examines the complex web of pathways that accomplish this control. We explore how chromosome breakage is integrated with meiotic progression and how feedback mechanisms spatially pattern DSB formation and make it homeostatic, robust, and error correcting. Common regulatory themes recur in different organisms or in different contexts in the same organism. We review this evolutionary and mechanistic conservation but also highlight where control modules have diverged. The framework that emerges helps explain how meiotic chromosomes behave as a self-organizing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Keeney
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065;
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10
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Uzunova SD, Zarkov AS, Ivanova AM, Stoynov SS, Nedelcheva-Veleva MN. The subunits of the S-phase checkpoint complex Mrc1/Tof1/Csm3: dynamics and interdependence. Cell Div 2014; 9:4. [PMID: 25379053 PMCID: PMC4221646 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The S-phase checkpoint aims to prevent cells from generation of extensive single-stranded DNA that predisposes to genome instability. The S. cerevisiae complex Tof1/Csm3/Mrc1 acts to restrain the replicative MCM helicase when DNA synthesis is prohibited. Keeping the replication machinery intact allows restart of the replication fork when the block is relieved. Although the subunits of the Tof1/Csm3/Mrc1 complex are well studied, the impact of every single subunit on the triple complex formation and function needs to be established. Findings This work studies the cellular localization and the chromatin binding of GFP-tagged subunits when the complex is intact and when a subunit is missing. We demonstrate that the complex is formed in cell nucleus, not the cytoplasm, as Tof1, Csm3 and Mrc1 enter the nucleus independently from one another. Via in situ chromatin binding assay we show that a Tof1-Csm3 dimer formation and chromatin binding is required to ensure the attachment of Mrc1 to chromatin. Our study indicates that the translocation into the nucleus is not the process to regulate the timing of chromatin association of Mrc1. We also studied the nuclear behavior of Mrc1 subunit in the process of adaptation to the presence hydroxyurea. Our results indicate that after prolonged HU incubation, cells bypass the S-phase checkpoint and proceed throughout the cell cycle. This process is accompanied by Mrc1 chromatin detachment and Rad53 dephosphorylation. Conclusions In S. cerevisiae the subunits of the S-phase checkpoint complex Mrc1/Tof1/Csm3 independently enter the cell nucleus, where a Tof1-Csm3 dimer is formed to ensure the chromatin binding of Mrc1 and favor DNA replication and S-phase checkpoint fork arrest. In the process of adaptation to the presence of hydroxyurea Mrc1 is detached from chromatin and Rad53 checkpoint activity is diminished in order to allow S-phase checkpoint escape and completion of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Dimitrova Uzunova
- Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 "Acad. George Bonchev" Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Stefanov Zarkov
- Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 "Acad. George Bonchev" Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Marianova Ivanova
- Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 "Acad. George Bonchev" Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stoyno Stefanov Stoynov
- Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 "Acad. George Bonchev" Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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11
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Subramanian VV, Hochwagen A. The meiotic checkpoint network: step-by-step through meiotic prophase. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a016675. [PMID: 25274702 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The generation of haploid gametes by meiosis is a highly conserved process for sexually reproducing organisms that, in almost all cases, involves the extensive breakage of chromosomes. These chromosome breaks occur during meiotic prophase and are essential for meiotic recombination as well as the subsequent segregation of homologous chromosomes. However, their formation and repair must be carefully monitored and choreographed with nuclear dynamics and the cell division program to avoid the creation of aberrant chromosomes and defective gametes. It is becoming increasingly clear that an intricate checkpoint-signaling network related to the canonical DNA damage response is deeply interwoven with the meiotic program and preserves order during meiotic prophase. This meiotic checkpoint network (MCN) creates a wide range of dependent relationships controlling chromosome movement, chromosome pairing, chromatin structure, and double-strand break (DSB) repair. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the MCN. We discuss commonalities and differences in different experimental systems, with a particular emphasis on the emerging design principles that control and limit cross talk between signals to ultimately ensure the faithful inheritance of chromosomes by the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Hochwagen
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
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12
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Murakami H, Keeney S. Temporospatial coordination of meiotic DNA replication and recombination via DDK recruitment to replisomes. Cell 2014; 158:861-873. [PMID: 25126790 PMCID: PMC4141489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been long appreciated that, during meiosis, DNA replication is coordinated with the subsequent formation of the double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate recombination, but a mechanistic understanding of this process was elusive. We now show that, in yeast, the replisome-associated components Tof1 and Csm3 physically associate with the Dbf4-dependent Cdc7 kinase (DDK) and recruit it to the replisome, where it phosphorylates the DSB-promoting factor Mer2 in the wake of the replication fork, synchronizing replication with an early prerequisite for DSB formation. Recruiting regulatory kinases to replisomes may be a general mechanism to ensure spatial and temporal coordination of replication with other chromosomal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Murakami
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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13
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Wang Y, Xiao R, Wang H, Cheng Z, Li W, Zhu G, Wang Y, Ma H. The Arabidopsis RAD51 paralogs RAD51B, RAD51D and XRCC2 play partially redundant roles in somatic DNA repair and gene regulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:292-304. [PMID: 24102485 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic RAD51 gene family has seven ancient paralogs conserved between plants and animals. Among these, RAD51, DMC1, RAD51C and XRCC3 are important for homologous recombination and/or DNA repair, whereas single mutants in RAD51B, RAD51D or XRCC2 show normal meiosis, and the lineages they represent diverged from each other evolutionarily later than the other four paralogs, suggesting possible functional redundancy. The function of Arabidopsis RAD51B, RAD51D and XRCC2 genes in mitotic DNA repair and meiosis was analyzed using molecular genetic, cytological and transcriptomic approaches. The relevant double and triple mutants displayed normal vegetative and reproductive growth. However, the triple mutant showed greater sensitivity than single or double mutants to DNA damage by bleomycin. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis supported the idea that the triple mutant showed DNA damage similar to that caused by bleomycin. On bleomycin treatment, many genes were altered in the wild-type but not in the triple mutant, suggesting that the RAD51 paralogs have roles in the regulation of gene transcription, providing an explanation for the hypersensitive phenotype of the triple mutant to bleomycin. Our results provide strong evidence that Arabidopsis XRCC2, RAD51B and RAD51D have complex functions in somatic DNA repair and gene regulation, arguing for further studies of these ancient genes that have been maintained in both plants and animals during their long evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Haifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhihao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wuxing Li
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Genfeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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14
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Blitzblau HG, Hochwagen A. ATR/Mec1 prevents lethal meiotic recombination initiation on partially replicated chromosomes in budding yeast. eLife 2013; 2:e00844. [PMID: 24137535 PMCID: PMC3787542 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
During gamete formation, crossover recombination must occur on replicated DNA to ensure proper chromosome segregation in the first meiotic division. We identified a Mec1/ATR- and Dbf4-dependent replication checkpoint in budding yeast that prevents the earliest stage of recombination, the programmed induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), when pre-meiotic DNA replication was delayed. The checkpoint acts through three complementary mechanisms: inhibition of Mer2 phosphorylation by Dbf4-dependent Cdc7 kinase, preclusion of chromosomal loading of Rec114 and Mre11, and lowered abundance of the Spo11 nuclease. Without this checkpoint, cells formed DSBs on partially replicated chromosomes. Importantly, such DSBs frequently failed to be repaired and impeded further DNA synthesis, leading to a rapid loss in cell viability. We conclude that a checkpoint-dependent constraint of DSB formation to duplicated DNA is critical not only for meiotic chromosome assortment, but also to protect genome integrity during gametogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00844.001 Most cells in an organism contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from the mother and the other from the father. However, sexual reproduction relies on the production of gametes—eggs and sperm—which contain only one set of chromosomes. These are produced through a specialized form of cell division called meiosis. Meiosis begins with a cell replicating its entire genome. Maternal and paternal versions of each chromosome then pair up and swap sections of their DNA through a process known as homologous recombination. This gives rise to chromosomes with new combinations of maternal and paternal genes. Finally, the cell undergoes two successive rounds of division—the first to produce a cell with two nuclei containing two sets of chromosomes each, and the second to produce four gametes, each containing a single set of chromosomes. Homologous recombination requires the formation of double-strand breaks in the DNA, but it is essential that these do not form before DNA replication is complete. Now, Blitzblau and Hochwagen have used yeast, which is easy to maintain in the lab and to manipulate genetically, to reveal the molecular components of a checkpoint that controls this process. Blitzblau and Hochwagen first used an inhibitor called hydroxyurea to block DNA replication in yeast cells, and confirmed that this treatment also suppressed the formation of double-strand breaks. By selectively inhibiting the activity of individual proteins, it was shown that break formation was controlled by a checkpoint that relies on two conserved proteins, the checkpoint kinase Mec1 (homologous to the human tumour suppressor ATR) and the cell-division kinase DDK. Moreover, when double-strand breaks were allowed to form on partially replicated chromosomes, DNA replication stalled and meiosis could not proceed normally, with lethal results for the yeast. These results explain how DNA replication and recombination are coordinated during meiosis in yeast. Moreover, because the genes that control meiosis are highly conserved from yeast to humans, they have implications for research into human fertility. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00844.002
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Global gene expression in Coprinopsis cinerea meiotic mutants reflects checkpoint arrest. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2012; 2:1213-21. [PMID: 23050232 PMCID: PMC3464114 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.003046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea is well-suited to studies of meiosis because meiosis progresses synchronously in 10 million cells within each mushroom cap. Approximately 20% of C. cinerea genes exhibit changing expression during meiosis, but meiosis and mushroom development happen concurrently and therefore differentially expressed genes might not be directly involved in meiotic processes. By using microarrays, we examined global gene expression across a meiotic time course in two mutants in which meiosis arrests but mushrooms develop normally. Genes differentially expressed in the mutants compared with the wild type are likely to be involved in meiosis and sporulation as opposed to mushroom development. In rad50-1, which arrests in late prophase, RNA abundance for a group of early meiotic genes remains high, whereas the expression of a group of late meiotic genes is never induced. In contrast, in msh5-22 (which fails to undergo premeiotic DNA replication), both early and late meiotic genes are underexpressed relative to wild type at late meiotic time points as the cells die. Genes that are differentially expressed relative to wild type in both mutants are particularly strong candidates for playing roles in meiosis and sporulation.
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16
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Miyoshi T, Ito M, Kugou K, Yamada S, Furuichi M, Oda A, Yamada T, Hirota K, Masai H, Ohta K. A central coupler for recombination initiation linking chromosome architecture to S phase checkpoint. Mol Cell 2012; 47:722-33. [PMID: 22841486 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order chromosome structure is assumed to control various DNA-templated reactions in eukaryotes. Meiotic chromosomes implement developed structures called "axes" and "loops"; both are suggested to tether each other, activating Spo11 to catalyze meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at recombination hotspots. We found that the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Spo11 homolog Rec12 and its partners form two distinct subcomplexes, DSBC (Rec6-Rec12-Rec14) and SFT (Rec7-Rec15-Rec24). Mde2, whose expression is strictly regulated by the replication checkpoint, interacts with Rec15 to stabilize the SFT subcomplex and further binds Rec14 in DSBC. Rec10 provides a docking platform for SFT binding to axes and can partially interact with DSB sites located in loops depending upon Mde2, which is indicative of the formation of multiprotein-based tethered axis-loop complex. These data lead us to propose a mechanism by which Mde2 functions as a recombination initiation mediator to tether axes and loops, in liaison with the meiotic replication checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoichiro Miyoshi
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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17
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Blitzblau HG, Chan CS, Hochwagen A, Bell SP. Separation of DNA replication from the assembly of break-competent meiotic chromosomes. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002643. [PMID: 22615576 PMCID: PMC3355065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The meiotic cell division reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid to form gametes for sexual reproduction. Although much progress has been made in understanding meiotic recombination and the two meiotic divisions, the processes leading up to recombination, including the prolonged pre-meiotic S phase (meiS) and the assembly of meiotic chromosome axes, remain poorly defined. We have used genome-wide approaches in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to measure the kinetics of pre-meiotic DNA replication and to investigate the interdependencies between replication and axis formation. We found that replication initiation was delayed for a large number of origins in meiS compared to mitosis and that meiotic cells were far more sensitive to replication inhibition, most likely due to the starvation conditions required for meiotic induction. Moreover, replication initiation was delayed even in the absence of chromosome axes, indicating replication timing is independent of the process of axis assembly. Finally, we found that cells were able to install axis components and initiate recombination on unreplicated DNA. Thus, although pre-meiotic DNA replication and meiotic chromosome axis formation occur concurrently, they are not strictly coupled. The functional separation of these processes reveals a modular method of building meiotic chromosomes and predicts that any crosstalk between these modules must occur through superimposed regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Blitzblau
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clara S. Chan
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andreas Hochwagen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Bell
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Peptide aptamer: a powerful potential tool in plant functional genomics. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2010; 32:548-54. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2010.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Doll E, Molnar M, Cuanoud G, Octobre G, Latypov V, Ludin K, Kohli J. Cohesin and recombination proteins influence the G1-to-S transition in azygotic meiosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 2008; 180:727-40. [PMID: 18780734 PMCID: PMC2567376 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.092619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether recombination and/or sister-chromatid cohesion affect the timing of meiotic prophase events, the horsetail stage and S phase were analyzed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains carrying mutations in the cohesin genes rec8 or rec11, the linear element gene rec10, the pairing gene meu13, the double-strand-break formation genes rec6, rec7, rec12, rec14, rec15, and mde2, and the recombination gene dmc1. The double-mutant strains rec8 rec11 and rec8 rec12 were also assayed. Most of the single and both double mutants showed advancement of bulk DNA synthesis, start of nuclear movement (horsetail stage), and meiotic divisions by up to 2 hr. Only mde2 and dmc1 deletion strains showed wild-type timing. Contrasting behavior was observed for rec8 deletions (delayed by 1 hr) compared to a rec8 point mutation (advanced by 1 hr). An hypothesis for the role of cohesin and recombination proteins in the control of the G(1)-to-S transition is proposed. Finally, differences between azygotic meiosis and two other types of fission yeast meiosis (zygotic and pat1-114 meiosis) are discussed with respect to possible control steps in meiotic G(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Doll
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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20
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Murakami H, Keeney S. Regulating the formation of DNA double-strand breaks in meiosis. Genes Dev 2008; 22:286-92. [PMID: 18245442 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1642308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Murakami
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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21
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Cromie G, Smith GR. Meiotic Recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: A Paradigm for Genetic and Molecular Analysis. GENOME DYNAMICS AND STABILITY 2008; 3:195. [PMID: 20157622 DOI: 10.1007/7050_2007_025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is especially well-suited for both genetic and biochemical analysis of meiotic recombination. Recent studies have revealed ~50 gene products and two DNA intermediates central to recombination, which we place into a pathway from parental to recombinant DNA. We divide recombination into three stages - chromosome alignment accompanying nuclear "horsetail" movement, formation of DNA breaks, and repair of those breaks - and we discuss the roles of the identified gene products and DNA intermediates in these stages. Although some aspects of recombination are similar to those in the distantly related budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other aspects are distinctly different. In particular, many proteins required for recombination in one species have no clear ortholog in the other, and the roles of identified orthologs in regulating recombination often differ. Furthermore, in S. pombe the dominant joint DNA molecule intermediates contain single Holliday junctions, and intersister joint molecules are more frequent than interhomolog types, whereas in S. cerevisiae interhomolog double Holliday junctions predominate. We speculate that meiotic recombination in other organisms shares features of each of these yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Cromie
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, U. S. A
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22
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Keeney S. Spo11 and the Formation of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Meiosis. GENOME DYNAMICS AND STABILITY 2008; 2:81-123. [PMID: 21927624 PMCID: PMC3172816 DOI: 10.1007/7050_2007_026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination is carried out through a specialized pathway for the formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks made by the Spo11 protein, a relative of archaeal topoisomerase VI. This review summarizes recent studies that provide insight to the mechanism of DNA cleavage by Spo11, functional interactions of Spo11 with other proteins required for break formation, mechanisms that control the timing of recombination initiation, and evolutionary conservation and divergence of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021 USA,
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23
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Murakami-Tonami Y, Yamada-Namikawa C, Tochigi A, Hasegawa N, Kojima H, Kunimatsu M, Nakanishi M, Murakami H. Mei4p coordinates the onset of meiosis I by regulating cdc25+ in fission yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14688-93. [PMID: 17804800 PMCID: PMC1976235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702906104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinase Cdc2p is a central regulator of entry into and progression through nuclear division during mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes. Cdc2p is activated at the onset of mitosis by dephosphorylation on tyrosine-15, the phosphorylation status of which is determined mainly by the kinase Wee1p and the phosphatase Cdc25p. In fission yeast, the forkhead-type transcription factor Mei4p is required for expression of many genes during meiosis, with mei4 mutant cells arresting before meiosis I. The mechanism of cell cycle arrest in mei4 cells has remained unknown, however. We now show that cdc25(+) is an important target of Mei4p in control of entry into meiosis I. Forced dephosphorylation of Cdc2p on tyrosine-15 thus induced meiosis I in mei4 mutant cells without a delay, although no spores were formed. We propose that Mei4p acts as a rate-limiting regulator of meiosis I by activating cdc25(+) transcription in coordination with other meiotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Murakami-Tonami
- *Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; and
| | - Chisato Yamada-Namikawa
- *Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; and
| | - Akiko Tochigi
- Department of Home Economics, Nagoya Women's University, 3-4 Shioji-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 464-8610, Japan
| | - Norio Hasegawa
- *Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; and
| | - Hisae Kojima
- *Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; and
| | - Mitoshi Kunimatsu
- Department of Home Economics, Nagoya Women's University, 3-4 Shioji-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 464-8610, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- *Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; and
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- *Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
The most-critical point of reproductive development in all sexually reproducing species is the transition from mitotic to meiotic cell cycle. Studies in unicellular fungi have indicated that the decision to enter meiosis must be made before the beginning of the premeiotic S phase. Recent data from the mouse suggest that this timing of meiosis initiation is a universal feature shared also by multicellular eukaryotes. In contrast, the signaling cascade that leads to meiosis initiation shows great diversity among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech P Pawlowski
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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25
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26
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Henderson KA, Kee K, Maleki S, Santini P, Keeney S. Cyclin-dependent kinase directly regulates initiation of meiotic recombination. Cell 2006; 125:1321-32. [PMID: 16814718 PMCID: PMC1950680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized cell division that halves the genome complement, producing haploid gametes/spores from diploid cells. Proper separation of homologous chromosomes at the first meiotic division requires the production of physical connections (chiasmata) between homologs through recombinational exchange of chromosome arms after sister-chromatid cohesion is established but before chromosome segregation takes place. The events of meiotic prophase must thus occur in a strictly temporal order, but the molecular controls coordinating these events have not been well elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that the budding yeast cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28 directly regulates the formation of the DNA double-strand breaks that initiate recombination by phosphorylating the Mer2/Rec107 protein and thereby modulating interactions of Mer2 with other proteins required for break formation. We propose that this function of Cdc28 helps to coordinate the events of meiotic prophase with each other and with progression through prophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten A. Henderson
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021 USA
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
| | - Kehkooi Kee
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021 USA
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
| | - Shohreh Maleki
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Paul Santini
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021 USA
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021 USA
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
- * Corresponding author: Phone (212) 639-5182; FAX: (212) 717-3627; e-mail:
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27
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Ogino K, Hirota K, Matsumoto S, Takeda T, Ohta K, Arai KI, Masai H. Hsk1 kinase is required for induction of meiotic dsDNA breaks without involving checkpoint kinases in fission yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:8131-6. [PMID: 16698922 PMCID: PMC1472441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602498103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc7 kinase, conserved through evolution, is known to be essential for mitotic DNA replication. The role of Cdc7 in meiotic recombination was suggested in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its precise role has not been addressed. Here, we report that Hsk1, the Cdc7-related kinase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, plays a crucial role during meiosis. In a hsk1 temperature-sensitive strain (hsk1-89), meiosis is arrested with one nucleus state before meiosis I in most of the cells and meiotic recombination frequency is reduced by one order of magnitude, whereas premeiotic DNA replication is delayed but is apparently completed. Strikingly, formation of meiotic dsDNA breaks (DSBs) are largely impaired in the mutant, and Hsk1 kinase activity is essential for these processes. Deletion of all three checkpoint kinases, namely Cds1, Chk1, and Mek1, does not restore DSB formation, meiosis, or Cdc2 activation, which is suppressed in hsk1-89, suggesting that these aberrations are not caused by known checkpoint pathways but that Hsk1 may regulate DSB formation and meiosis. Whereas transcriptional induction of some rec genes and horsetail movement are normal, chromatin remodeling at ade6-M26, a recombination hotspot, which is prerequisite for subsequent DSB formation at this locus, is not observed in hsk1-89. These results indicate unique and essential roles of Hsk1 kinase in the initiation of meiotic recombination and meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kouji Hirota
- Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 351-01, Japan; and
| | | | - Tadayuki Takeda
- Computational and Experimental Systems Biology Group, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ohta
- Genetic System Regulation Laboratory, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 351-01, Japan; and
| | - Ken-ichi Arai
- Department of Integrated Life Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
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28
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Abstract
Numerous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are introduced into the genome in the course of meiotic recombination. This poses a significant hazard to the genomic integrity of the cell. Studies in a number of organisms have unveiled the existence of surveillance mechanisms or checkpoints that couple the formation and repair of DSBs to cell cycle progression. Through these mechanisms, aberrant meiocytes are delayed in their meiotic progression, thereby facilitating repair of meiotic DSBs, or are culled through programmed cell death, thereby protecting the germline from aneuploidies that could lead to spontaneous abortions, birth defects and cancer predisposition in the offspring. Here we summarize recent progress in our understanding of these checkpoints. This review focuses on the surveillance mechanisms of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, where the molecular details are best understood, but will frequently compare and contrast these mechanisms with observations in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hochwagen
- Center for Cancer Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, E17-233, 40 Ames Street, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, USA
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29
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Ogino K, Masai H. Rad3-Cds1 mediates coupling of initiation of meiotic recombination with DNA replication. Mei4-dependent transcription as a potential target of meiotic checkpoint. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:1338-44. [PMID: 16286472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505767200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Premeiotic S-phase and meiotic recombination are known to be strictly coupled in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the checkpoint pathway regulating this coupling has been largely unknown. In fission yeast, Rad3 is known to play an essential role in coordination of DNA replication and cell division during both mitotic growth and meiosis. Here we have examined whether the Rad3 pathway also regulates the coupling of DNA synthesis and recombination. Inhibition of premeiotic S-phase with hydroxyurea completely abrogates the progression of meiosis, including the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). DSB formation is restored in rad3 mutant even in the presence of hydroxyurea, although repair of DSBs does not take place or is significantly delayed, indicating that the subsequent recombination steps may be still inhibited. Examination of the roles of downstream checkpoint kinases reveals that Cds1, but not Chk1 or Mek1, is required for suppression of DSB in the presence of hydroxyurea. Transcriptional induction of some rec+ genes essential for DSB occurs at a normal timing and to a normal level in the absence of DNA synthesis in both the wild-type and cds1delta cells. On the other hand, the transcriptional induction of the mei4+ transcription factor and cdc25+ phosphatase, which is significantly suppressed by hydroxyurea in the wild-type cells, occurs almost to a normal level in cds1delta cells even in the presence of hydroxyurea. These results show that the Rad3-Cds1 checkpoint pathway coordinates initiation of meiotic recombination and meiotic cell divisions with premeiotic DNA synthesis. Because mei4+ is known to be required for DSB formation and cdc25+ is required for activation of meiotic cell divisions, we propose an intriguing possibility that the Rad3-Cds1 meiotic checkpoint pathway may target transcription of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ogino
- Genome Dynamics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
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30
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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