1
|
Tan GH, Liu SJ, Dou ML, Zhao DF, Zhang A, Li HK, Luo FN, Shi T, Wang HP, Lei JY, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Zheng Y, Wang F. Spatially resolved transcriptomic profiling of placental development in dairy cow. Zool Res 2024; 45:586-600. [PMID: 38766743 PMCID: PMC11188604 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The placenta plays a crucial role in successful mammalian reproduction. Ruminant animals possess a semi-invasive placenta characterized by a highly vascularized structure formed by maternal endometrial caruncles and fetal placental cotyledons, essential for full-term fetal development. The cow placenta harbors at least two trophoblast cell populations: uninucleate (UNC) and binucleate (BNC) cells. However, the limited capacity to elucidate the transcriptomic dynamics of the placental natural environment has resulted in a poor understanding of both the molecular and cellular interactions between trophoblast cells and niches, and the molecular mechanisms governing trophoblast differentiation and functionalization. To fill this knowledge gap, we employed Stereo-seq to map spatial gene expression patterns at near single-cell resolution in the cow placenta at 90 and 130 days of gestation, attaining high-resolution, spatially resolved gene expression profiles. Based on clustering and cell marker gene expression analyses, key transcription factors, including YBX1 and NPAS2, were shown to regulate the heterogeneity of trophoblast cell subpopulations. Cell communication and trajectory analysis provided a framework for understanding cell-cell interactions and the differentiation of trophoblasts into BNCs in the placental microenvironment. Differential analysis of cell trajectories identified a set of genes involved in regulation of trophoblast differentiation. Additionally, spatial modules and co-variant genes that help shape specific tissue structures were identified. Together, these findings provide foundational insights into important biological pathways critical to the placental development and function in cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shi-Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming-Le Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - De-Feng Zhao
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Heng-Kuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fu-Nong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hao-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China. E-mail:
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nunes WVB, Oliveira DS, Dias GDR, Carvalho AB, Caruso ÍP, Biselli JM, Guegen N, Akkouche A, Burlet N, Vieira C, Carareto CMA. A comprehensive evolutionary scenario for the origin and neofunctionalization of the Drosophila speciation gene Odysseus (OdsH). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkad299. [PMID: 38156703 PMCID: PMC10917504 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Odysseus (OdsH) was the first speciation gene described in Drosophila related to hybrid sterility in offspring of mating between Drosophila mauritiana and Drosophila simulans. Its origin is attributed to the duplication of the gene unc-4 in the subgenus Sophophora. By using a much larger sample of Drosophilidae species, we showed that contrary to what has been previously proposed, OdsH origin occurred 62 MYA. Evolutionary rates, expression, and transcription factor-binding sites of OdsH evidence that it may have rapidly experienced neofunctionalization in male sexual functions. Furthermore, the analysis of the OdsH peptide allowed the identification of mutations of D. mauritiana that could result in incompatibility in hybrids. In order to find if OdsH could be related to hybrid sterility, beyond Sophophora, we explored the expression of OdsH in Drosophila arizonae and Drosophila mojavensis, a pair of sister species with incomplete reproductive isolation. Our data indicated that OdsH expression is not atypical in their male-sterile hybrids. In conclusion, we have proposed that the origin of OdsH occurred earlier than previously proposed, followed by neofunctionalization. Our results also suggested that its role as a speciation gene might be restricted to D. mauritiana and D. simulans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Vilas Boas Nunes
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 2265 Cristóvão Colombo Street, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bât. Grégor Mendel, 43 Boulevard 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniel Siqueira Oliveira
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 2265 Cristóvão Colombo Street, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bât. Grégor Mendel, 43 Boulevard 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guilherme de Rezende Dias
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS sl A2-075, 373 Carlos Chagas Filho Avenue, 21941-971 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Bernardo Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS sl A2-075, 373 Carlos Chagas Filho Avenue, 21941-971 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Putinhon Caruso
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 2265 Cristóvão Colombo Street, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Joice Matos Biselli
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 2265 Cristóvão Colombo Street, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Guegen
- Faculté de Médecine, iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, 4 Bd Claude Bernard, 63000 Clermont-Ferrande, France
| | - Abdou Akkouche
- Faculté de Médecine, iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, 4 Bd Claude Bernard, 63000 Clermont-Ferrande, France
| | - Nelly Burlet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bât. Grégor Mendel, 43 Boulevard 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cristina Vieira
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bât. Grégor Mendel, 43 Boulevard 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claudia M A Carareto
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 2265 Cristóvão Colombo Street, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van Kruistum H, Guernsey MW, Baker JC, Kloet SL, Groenen MAM, Pollux BJA, Megens HJ. The Genomes of the Livebearing Fish Species Poeciliopsis retropinna and Poeciliopsis turrubarensis Reflect Their Different Reproductive Strategies. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:1376-1386. [PMID: 31960923 PMCID: PMC7182214 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of a placenta is predicted to be accompanied by rapid evolution of genes involved in processes that regulate mother-offspring interactions during pregnancy, such as placenta formation, embryonic development, and nutrient transfer to offspring. However, these predictions have only been tested in mammalian species, where only a single instance of placenta evolution has occurred. In this light, the genus Poeciliopsis is a particularly interesting model for placenta evolution, because in this genus a placenta has evolved independently from the mammalian placenta. Here, we present and compare genome assemblies of two species of the livebearing fish genus Poeciliopsis (family Poeciliidae) that differ in their reproductive strategy: Poeciliopsis retropinna which has a well-developed complex placenta and P. turrubarensis which lacks a placenta. We applied different assembly strategies for each species: PacBio sequencing for P. retropinna (622-Mb assembly, scaffold N50 of 21.6 Mb) and 10× Genomics Chromium technology for P. turrubarensis (597-Mb assembly, scaffold N50 of 4.2 Mb). Using the high contiguity of these genome assemblies and near-completeness of gene annotations to our advantage, we searched for gene duplications and performed a genome-wide scan for genes evolving under positive selection. We find rapid evolution in major parts of several molecular pathways involved in parent-offspring interaction in P. retropinna, both in the form of gene duplications as well as positive selection. We conclude that the evolution of the placenta in the genus Poeciliopsis is accompanied by rapid evolution of genes involved in similar genomic pathways as found in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri van Kruistum
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael W Guernsey
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Julie C Baker
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Susan L Kloet
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik-Jan Megens
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Warren J, Im M, Ballesteros A, Ha C, Moore T, Lambert F, Lucas S, Hinz B, Dveksler G. Activation of latent transforming growth factor-β1, a conserved function for pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoproteins. Mol Hum Reprod 2019; 24:602-612. [PMID: 30371828 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gay044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do all 10 human pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoproteins (PSGs) and murine PSG23 activate latent transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)? SUMMARY ANSWER All human PSGs and murine PSG23 activated latent TGF-β1. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Two of the 10 members of the PSG1 family, PSG1 and PSG9, were previously shown to activate the soluble small latent complex of TGF-β1, a cytokine with potent immune suppressive functions. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Recombinant PSGs were generated and tested for their ability to activate the small latent complex of TGF-β1 in a cell-free ELISA-based assay and in a bioassay. In addition, we tested the ability of PSG1 and PSG4 to activate latent TGF-β bound to the extracellular matrix (ECM) or on the membranes of the Jurkat human T-cell line. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Recombinant PSGs were generated by transient transfection and purified with a His-Trap column followed by gel filtration chromatography. The purified PSGs were compared to vehicle (PBS) used as control for their ability to activate the small latent complex of TGF-β1. The concentration of active TGF-β was measured in an ELISA using the TGF-β receptor II as capture and a bioassay using transformed mink epithelial cells that express luciferase in response to active TGF-β. The specificity of the signal was confirmed using a TGF-β receptor inhibitor. We also measured the binding kinetics of some human PSGs for the latent-associated peptide (LAP) of TGF-β using surface plasmon resonance and determined whether PSG1 and PSG4 could activate the large latent complex of TGF-β1 bound to the ECM and latent TGF-β1 bound to the cell membrane. All experiments were performed in triplicate wells and repeated three times. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE All human PSGs activated the small latent complex of TGF-β1 (P < 0.05 vs. control) and showed similar affinities (KD) for LAP. Despite the lack of sequence conservation with its human counterparts, the ability to activate latent TGF-β1 was shared by a member of the murine PSG family. We found that PSG1 and PSG4 activated the latent TGF-β stored in the ECM (P < 0.01) but did not activate latent TGF-β1 bound to glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) on the surface of Jurkat T cells. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The affinity of the interaction of LAP and PSGs was calculated using recombinant proteins, which may differ from the native proteins in their post-translational modifications. We also utilized a truncated form of murine PSG23 rather than the full-length protein. For the studies testing the ability of PSGs to activate membrane-bound TGF-β1, we utilized the T-cell line Jurkat and Jurkat cells expressing GARP rather than primary T regulatory cells. All the studies were performed in vitro. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Here, we show that all human PSGs activate TGF-β1 and that this function is conserved in at least one member of the rodent PSG family. In vivo PSGs could potentially increase the availability of active TGF-β1 from the soluble and matrix-bound latent forms of the cytokine contributing to the establishment of a tolerogenic environment during pregnancy. LARGE-SCALE DATA None. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The research was supported by a grant from the Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program (CHIRP). No conflicts of interests are declared by the authors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Warren
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Im
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, 150 College St., FG234, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Ballesteros
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS-NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cam Ha
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tom Moore
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fanny Lambert
- Institut de Duve, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75 - B1.74.04, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Lucas
- Institut de Duve, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75 - B1.74.04, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, 150 College St., FG234, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriela Dveksler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barbato O, Guelfi G, Menchetti L, Brecchia G, de Sousa NM, Canali C, Grandoni F, Scatà MC, De Matteis G, Casano AB, Beckers JF, Barile VL. Investigation of PAG2 mRNA Expression in Water Buffalo Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes from Maternal Blood at the Peri-Implantation Period. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E8. [PMID: 30646632 PMCID: PMC6466188 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
: The main objective of this study was to assess PAG2 mRNA expression in maternal blood cells at the peri-implantation period in water buffalo; moreover, we wanted to evaluate the earliest time in which PAG-2 could be detected in maternal blood. Thirty-two lactating buffaloes artificially inseminated (AI) were utilized. Blood was collected at Days 0, 14, 18, 28, 40 after AI (AI = day 0). Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasound at Days 28 and 40 post AI. Out of 32 buffaloes, 14 were pregnant (P group) and 18 were not pregnant (NP group). The plasma PAG-2 threshold of 1.0 ng/mL in the P group was reached at day 40 post AI. PAG2 mRNA expression differed between the P and NP groups, and was either evaluated in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) or Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN), starting from day 14. However, both the estimated marginal means and multiple comparisons showed that PAG2 mRNA expression was higher in PMN than PBMC. In the present study, PAG-2 appeared in the blood (40 Days post AI), and an early expression of PAG2 mRNA at Day 14 post AI was also observed. Although further research is undoubtedly required, PAG2 mRNA in peripheral blood leukocytes could be using to better understand the role that PAGs play during pregnancy in buffalo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Barbato
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Guelfi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Laura Menchetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Noelita Melo de Sousa
- Laboratoires d'Endocrinologie Animale et de Reproduction, Faculté de Médicine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Claudio Canali
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Grandoni
- CREA Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, 00015 Monterotondo (Roma), Italy.
| | - Maria Carmela Scatà
- CREA Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, 00015 Monterotondo (Roma), Italy.
| | - Giovanna De Matteis
- CREA Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, 00015 Monterotondo (Roma), Italy.
| | - Anna Beatrice Casano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Jean François Beckers
- Laboratoires d'Endocrinologie Animale et de Reproduction, Faculté de Médicine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Vittoria Lucia Barile
- CREA Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, 00015 Monterotondo (Roma), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lotfan M, Choudhary S, Yadav ML, Kumar S, Singh S, Bathla S, Rawat P, Kaushik JK, Mohanty AK. Primary structures of different isoforms of buffalo pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (BuPAGs) during early pregnancy and elucidation of the 3-dimensional structure of the most abundant isoform BuPAG 7. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206143. [PMID: 30403702 PMCID: PMC6221303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are expressed during pregnancy by the trophoectodermal cells of fetus. Presence of PAGs in dam's circulation has been widely used in pregnancy diagnosis. The present study reports the identification and characterization of different PAG isoforms in buffalo during early stages of pregnancy. The PAG mRNAs isolated from fetal cotyledons (Pregnancy stages: 45, 75 and 90 days) were successfully cloned in pJET1.2 vector and transformed in E. coli. A total of 360 random clones were sequenced and correlated with their stages of expression. A total of 12 isoforms namely, BuPAG 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18 and one new isoform were identified. BuPAG 7 was found as the most abundant isoform in all three stages followed by BuPAG 18. Further, a large number of variants were found for most of these isoforms. Phylogenetic relationship of identified BuPAGs showed that BuPAG 2 belonged to an ancient group while other members clustered with modern group. Three-dimensional (3D) structure of BuPAG 7 was determined by homology modeling and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations which displayed a typical fold represented by other aspartic proteinase (AP) family members. Molecular docking of Pepstatin inhibitor with BuPAG 7 revealed to interact through various hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Various amino acid substitutions were observed in peptide-binding cleft of BuPAG 7. Superimposition of BuPAG 7 with homologous structures revealed the presence of a 35-41 amino acid long insertion (alpha helix connected by two loops) near the N- terminus which seems to be a unique feature of BuPAG 7 in AP family. This is the first report on identification and sequence characterization of PAG isoforms in buffalo with unique finding that these isoforms represent many transcript variants. We also report 3D structure of the most abundant isoform BuPAG 7 for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Lotfan
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Suman Choudhary
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Munna Lal Yadav
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Surender Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Shveta Bathla
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Preeti Rawat
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Jai K. Kaushik
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Ashok K. Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wiedemann I, Krebs T, Momberg N, Knorr C, Tetens J. mRNA expression profiling in cotyledons reveals significant up-regulation of the two bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein genes boPAG-8 and boPAG-11 in early gestation. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:341-350. [PMID: 30265452 PMCID: PMC6236128 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The multigene family of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) belongs to a group of aspartic proteases that are exclusively expressed by trophoblast cells in the placenta of even-toed ungulates. In Bovidae, 22 different PAG genes (boPAGs) with a wide range of temporal and spatial expression- and glycosylation patterns have been reported to date. In this study we describe the mRNA expression patterns using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for selected modern (boPAG-1, -9, -21) and ancient bovine PAGs (boPAG-2, -8, -10, -11, -12) in cotyledonary tissue. The highest mean expression was detected in boPAG-8 and lowest in boPAG-10 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, boPAG-8 and -11 were significantly greater expressed in early gestation compared with later pregnancy stages. The characterization of boPAG mRNA-expression levels gives important insights for further protein analyses which will be valuable information for the development of new pregnancy detection systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Wiedemann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tony Krebs
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Momberg
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Knorr
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barbato O, Menchetti L, Sousa NM, Brecchia G, Malfatti A, Canali C, Beckers J, Barile VL. Correlation of two radioimmunoassay systems for measuring plasma pregnancy‐associated glycoproteins concentrations during early pregnancy and postpartum periods in water buffalo. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:1483-1490. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Laura Menchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Noelita M. Sousa
- Laboratory of Animal Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Liege Liege Belgium
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Alessandro Malfatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Camerino Camerino Italy
| | - Claudio Canali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Jean‐Francois Beckers
- Laboratory of Animal Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Liege Liege Belgium
| | - Vittoria L. Barile
- CREA Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture Monterotondo, Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Identification of Placental Aspartic Proteinase in the Eurasian Beaver ( Castor fiber L.). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041229. [PMID: 29670018 PMCID: PMC5979379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartic proteinases (AP) form a multigenic group widely distributed in various organisms and includes pepsins (pep), cathepsins D and E, pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs) as well as plant, fungal, and retroviral proteinases. This study describes the transcript identification and expression localization of the AP within the discoid placenta of the Castor fiber. We identified 1257 bp of the AP cDNA sequence, encoding 391 amino acids (aa) of the polypeptide precursor composed of 16 aa signal peptide, 46 aa pro-piece, and 329 aa of the mature protein. Within the AP precursor, one site of potential N-glycosylation (NPS119–121) and two Asp residues (D) specific for the catalytic cleft of AP were identified (VLFDTGSSNLWV91–102 and GIVDTGTSLLTV277–288). The highest homology of the identified placental AP nucleotide and aa sequence was to mouse pepsinogen C (75.8% and 70.1%, respectively). Identified AP also shared high homology with other superfamily members: PAGs, cathepsins, and napsins. The AP identified in this study was named as pepsinogen/PAG-Like (pep/PAG-L). Diversified pep/PAG-L protein profiles with a dominant 58 kDa isoform were identified. Immune reactive signals of the pep/PAG-L were localized within the trophectodermal cells of the beaver placenta. This is the first report describing the placental AP (pep/PAG-L) in the C. fiber.
Collapse
|
10
|
McLean KJ, Crouse MS, Crosswhite MR, Negrin Pereira N, Dahlen CR, Borowicz PP, Reynolds LP, Ward AK, Neville BW, Caton JS. The effects of nutrient restriction on mRNA expression of endogenous retroviruses, interferon-tau, and pregnancy-specific protein-B during the establishment of pregnancy in beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:950-963. [PMID: 29401298 PMCID: PMC6093408 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that syncytin-Rum1, bovine endogenous retrovirus-K1 (BERV-K1), pregnancy-specific protein-B (PSP-B), and interferon-τ (IFN-τ) will be influenced by maternal nutrient restriction and be differentially expressed during key stages (day 16, 34, and 50) of the establishment of gestation when fed to meet industry standards. Commercial crossbred heifers (n = 49) were maintained on a total mixed ration and supplemented with dried distillers grains with solubles. All heifers were subjected to 5-d CO-Synch + CIDR estrus synchronization protocol. Non-pregnant, non-bred control (NP-NB) heifers (n = 6) were ovariohysterectomized on day 16, and the remaining heifers were AI to a single Angus sire (day of breeding = day 0). On the day of breeding, heifers were randomly assigned to dietary treatments. One half were assigned to control treatment (CON) targeted to gain 0.45 kg/d, and the remaining half were assigned to restricted treatment (RES), which received 60% of control diets. Heifers were subjected to ovariohysterectomy on day 16, 34, or 50 of gestation. Utero-placental tissues were obtained from the uterine horn ipsilateral (P) and contralateral (NP) to the corpus luteum and separated into maternal caruncle (CAR), maternal endometrium, inter-caruncle, (ICAR), and fetal membrane (FM). There were no interactions between stage of gestation and nutritional treatment for syncytin-Rum1 or PSP-B (P > 0.22). Expression of BERV-K1 was influenced by a treatment × stage of gestation interaction (P = 0.03) in NP-CAR. On day 50, heifers fed the CON diet had greater BERV-K1 expression compared with CON heifers on day 16 and 34 and RES heifers at all sampling time points. There was a treatment × stage of gestation interaction (P < 0.01) for IFN-τ in FM tissue. On 16 d, mRNA expression of IFN-τ was greater (P < 0.01) compared with day 34 and 50 for both CON and RES heifers, but RES FM had greater (P < 0.01) IFN-τ expression compared with CON FM. In P-CAR, PSP-B expression increased (P < 0.01) by 18 000-fold on day 50 compared with NP-NB heifers. In P-ICAR, expression of syncytin-Rum1 in P-ICAR was greater (P = 0.01) on day 16 with a 14.14-fold increase compared with relative expression on day 34 and 50; whereas, PSP-B was increased (P < 0.01) on day 34 and 50 compared with day 16. In conclusion, 40% nutrient restriction had limited influence on mRNA of ERVs, PSP-B, and IFN-τ but stage of gestation differences reinforced the importance of these genes during the establishment of pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J McLean
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Matthew S Crouse
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Mellissa R Crosswhite
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Nicolas Negrin Pereira
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Pawel P Borowicz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Lawrence P Reynolds
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Alison K Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Bryan W Neville
- Central Grasslands Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Streeter, ND
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Decato BE, Lopez-Tello J, Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Smith AD, Dean MD. DNA Methylation Divergence and Tissue Specialization in the Developing Mouse Placenta. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:1702-1712. [PMID: 28379409 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The placental epigenome plays a vital role in regulating mammalian growth and development. Aberrations in placental DNA methylation are linked to several disease states, including intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia. Studying the evolution and development of the placental epigenome is critical to understanding the origin and progression of such diseases. Although high-resolution studies have found substantial variation between placental methylomes of different species, the nature of methylome variation has yet to be characterized within any individual species. We conducted a study of placental DNA methylation at high resolution in multiple strains and closely related species of house mice (Mus musculus musculus, Mus m. domesticus, and M. spretus), across developmental timepoints (embryonic days 15-18), and between two distinct layers (labyrinthine transport and junctional endocrine). We observed substantial genome-wide methylation heterogeneity in mouse placenta compared with other differentiated tissues. Species-specific methylation profiles were concentrated in retrotransposon subfamilies, specifically RLTR10 and RLTR20 subfamilies. Regulatory regions such as gene promoters and CpG islands displayed cross-species conservation, but showed strong differences between layers and developmental timepoints. Partially methylated domains exist in the mouse placenta and widen during development. Taken together, our results characterize the mouse placental methylome as a highly heterogeneous and deregulated landscape globally, intermixed with actively regulated promoter and retrotransposon sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Decato
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jorge Lopez-Tello
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Matthew D Dean
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bériot M, Tchimbou AF, Barbato O, Beckers JF, de Sousa NM. Identification of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins and alpha-fetoprotein in fallow deer (Dama dama) placenta. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:4. [PMID: 24410890 PMCID: PMC3896668 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper describes the isolation and characterization of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) from fetal cotyledonary tissue (FCT) and maternal caruncular tissue (MCT) collected from fallow deer (Dama dama) pregnant females. Proteins issued from FCT and MCT were submitted to affinity chromatographies by using Vicia villosa agarose (VVA) or anti-bovine PAG-2 (R#438) coupled to Sepharose 4B gel. Finally, they were characterized by SDS-PAGE and N-terminal microsequencing. RESULTS Four distinct fallow deer PAG (fdPAG) sequences were identified and submitted to Swiss-Prot database. Comparison of fdPAG with PAG sequences identified in other ruminant species exhibited 64 to 83% identity. Additionally, alpha-fetoprotein was identified in fetal and maternal tissues. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the efficacy of VVA and bovine PAG-2 affinity chromatographies for the isolation of PAG molecules expressed in deer placenta. This is the first report giving four specific amino acid sequences of PAG isolated from feto-maternal junction (FCT and MCT) in the Cervidae family.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The mammalian placenta exhibits elevated expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), but the evolutionary significance of this feature remains unclear. I propose that ERV-mediated regulatory evolution was, and continues to be, an important mechanism underlying the evolution of placental development. Many recent studies have focused on the co-option of ERV-derived genes for specific functional adaptations in the placenta. However, the co-option of ERV-derived regulatory elements could potentially lead to the incorporation of entire gene regulatory networks, which, I argue, would facilitate relatively rapid developmental evolution of the placenta. I suggest a model in which an ancient retroviral infection led to the establishment of the ancestral placental developmental gene network through the co-option of ERV-derived regulatory elements. Consequently, placental development would require elevated tolerance to ERV activity. This in turn would expose a continuous stream of novel ERV mutations that may have catalyzed the developmental diversification of the mammalian placenta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Chuong
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Purification of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins from late-pregnancy Bubalus bubalis placentas and development of a radioimmunoassay for pregnancy diagnosis in water buffalo females. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:89. [PMID: 23634647 PMCID: PMC3661400 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) were first described as placental antigens present in the blood serum of the mother soon after implantation. Here, we describe the purification of several pregnancy-associated glycoproteins from water buffalo placenta (wbPAGs). A specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for early pregnancy diagnosis in buffalo species. Results Amino-terminal microsequencing of immunoreactive placental proteins allowed the identification of eleven wbPAGs sequences [Swiss-Prot accession numbers: P86369 to P86379]. Three polyclonal antisera (AS#858, AS#859 and AS#860) were raised in rabbits against distinct wbPAG fractions. A new RIA (RIA-860) was developed and used to distinguish between pregnant (n = 33) and non-pregnant (n = 26) water buffalo females. Conclusions Our results confirmed the multiplicity of PAG expression in buffalo placenta. In addition, the RIA-860 system was shown to be sensitive, linear, reproducible, accurate and specific in measuring PAG concentrations in buffalo plasma samples from Day 37 of gestation onwards.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chuong EB, Rumi MAK, Soares MJ, Baker JC. Endogenous retroviruses function as species-specific enhancer elements in the placenta. Nat Genet 2013; 45:325-9. [PMID: 23396136 PMCID: PMC3789077 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian placenta is remarkably distinct between species, suggesting a history of rapid evolutionary diversification1. To gain insight into the molecular drivers of placental evolution, we compared biochemically predicted enhancers between mouse and rat trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and find that species-specific enhancers are highly enriched for endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) on a genome-wide level. One of these ERV families, RLTR13D5, contributes hundreds of mouse-specific H3K4me1/H3K27ac-defined enhancers that functionally bind Cdx2, Eomes, and Elf5 - core factors that define the TSC regulatory network. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RLTR13D5 is capable of driving gene expression in rat placental cells. Comparison with other tissues revealed that species-specific ERV enhancer activity is generally restricted to hypomethylated tissues, suggesting that tissues permissive to ERV activity gain access to an otherwise silenced source of regulatory variation. Overall, our results implicate ERV enhancer cooption as a mechanism underlying the striking evolutionary diversification of placental development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Chuong
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Carter
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5000, Denmark;
| | - Allen C. Enders
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bella A, Sousa N, Dehimi M, Beckers J. Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein, chymosin and pepsinogen immunoreactivity of proteins extracted from fetal gastric tissue in bovine species. Res Vet Sci 2012; 92:378-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
A J, Singh SK, Agarwal SK, Saini M, Raut A. Characterization and In Silico Analysis of Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein-1 Gene of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:436138. [PMID: 22567354 PMCID: PMC3335542 DOI: 10.4061/2011/436138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) are trophoblastic proteins belonging to the Aspartic proteinase family secreted by different placental cells of many mammalian species. They play a pivotal role in placentogenesis, foetomaternal unit remodeling, and implantation. The identification of the genes encoding those proteins will be helpful to unravel the intricate embryogenomic functions during pregnancy establishment. Considering importance of these proteins, the present study was undertaken to characterize the pregnancy associated glycoprotein-1 gene of buffalo. An 1181 base pairs buffalo Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein PAG-1 gene was PCR amplified from the RNA obtained from the fetal cotyledons. BLAST analysis of the buffalo PAG-1 sequence retrieved a total of 20 cattle, 5 goat, and 4 sheep PAG sequences, exhibiting more than 80% similarity. Buffalo PAG-1 gene contained an uninterrupted open reading frame of 1140 base pairs encoding 380 amino acids that possess a 15 amino acid signal peptide and mature peptide of 365 amino acids. The phylogenetic study of the buffalo PAG-1 gene revealed buffalo PAG-1 is more related to cattle, goat, and sheep PAG-1 sequences. By this study characterization of buffalo PAG-1 gene and its evolutionary relationship was deduced for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome A
- Division of Animal Reproduction, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Telugu BPVL, Palmier MO, Van Doren SR, Green JA. An examination of the proteolytic activity for bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins 2 and 12. Biol Chem 2010; 391:259-270. [PMID: 20030586 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) represent a complex group of putative aspartic peptidases expressed exclusively in the placentas of species in the Artiodactyla order. The ruminant PAGs segregate into two classes: the 'ancient' and 'modern' PAGs. Some of the modern PAGs possess alterations in the catalytic center that are predicted to preclude their ability to act as peptidases. The ancient ruminant PAGs in contrast are thought to be peptidases, although no proteolytic activity has been described for these members. The aim of the present study was to investigate (1) if the ancient bovine PAGs (PAG-2 and PAG-12) have proteolytic activity, and (2) if there are any differences in activity between these two closely related members. Recombinant bovine PAG-2 and PAG-12 were expressed in a baculovirus expression system and the purified proteins were analyzed for proteolytic activity against a synthetic fluorescent cathepsin D/E substrate. Both proteins exhibited proteolytic activity with acidic pH optima. The k(cat)/K(m) for bovine PAG-2 was 2.7x10(5) m(-1) s(-1) and for boPAG-12 it was 6.8x10(4) m(-1) s(-1). The enzymes were inhibited by pepstatin A with a K(i) of 0.56 and 7.5 nm for boPAG-2 and boPAG-12, respectively. This is the first report describing proteolytic activity in PAGs from ruminant ungulates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Prakash V L Telugu
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 163 ASRC, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Current address: Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 245 LSC, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mark O Palmier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Steven R Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jonathan A Green
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 163 ASRC, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leong JS, Jantzen SG, von Schalburg KR, Cooper GA, Messmer AM, Liao NY, Munro S, Moore R, Holt RA, Jones SJM, Davidson WS, Koop BF. Salmo salar and Esox lucius full-length cDNA sequences reveal changes in evolutionary pressures on a post-tetraploidization genome. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:279. [PMID: 20433749 PMCID: PMC2886063 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonids are one of the most intensely studied fish, in part due to their economic and environmental importance, and in part due to a recent whole genome duplication in the common ancestor of salmonids. This duplication greatly impacts species diversification, functional specialization, and adaptation. Extensive new genomic resources have recently become available for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), but documentation of allelic versus duplicate reference genes remains a major uncertainty in the complete characterization of its genome and its evolution. Results From existing expressed sequence tag (EST) resources and three new full-length cDNA libraries, 9,057 reference quality full-length gene insert clones were identified for Atlantic salmon. A further 1,365 reference full-length clones were annotated from 29,221 northern pike (Esox lucius) ESTs. Pairwise dN/dS comparisons within each of 408 sets of duplicated salmon genes using northern pike as a diploid out-group show asymmetric relaxation of selection on salmon duplicates. Conclusions 9,057 full-length reference genes were characterized in S. salar and can be used to identify alleles and gene family members. Comparisons of duplicated genes show that while purifying selection is the predominant force acting on both duplicates, consistent with retention of functionality in both copies, some relaxation of pressure on gene duplicates can be identified. In addition, there is evidence that evolution has acted asymmetrically on paralogs, allowing one of the pair to diverge at a faster rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong S Leong
- Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5 Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kumar CG, Everts RE, Loor JJ, Lewin HA. Functional annotation of novel lineage-specific genes using co-expression and promoter analysis. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:161. [PMID: 20214810 PMCID: PMC2848242 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diversity of placental architectures within and among mammalian orders is believed to be the result of adaptive evolution. Although, the genetic basis for these differences is unknown, some may arise from rapidly diverging and lineage-specific genes. Previously, we identified 91 novel lineage-specific transcripts (LSTs) from a cow term-placenta cDNA library, which are excellent candidates for adaptive placental functions acquired by the ruminant lineage. The aim of the present study was to infer functions of previously uncharacterized lineage-specific genes (LSGs) using co-expression, promoter, pathway and network analysis. Results Clusters of co-expressed genes preferentially expressed in liver, placenta and thymus were found using 49 previously uncharacterized LSTs as seeds. Over-represented composite transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) in promoters of clustered LSGs and known genes were then identified computationally. Functions were inferred for nine previously uncharacterized LSGs using co-expression analysis and pathway analysis tools. Our results predict that these LSGs may function in cell signaling, glycerophospholipid/fatty acid metabolism, protein trafficking, regulatory processes in the nucleus, and processes that initiate parturition and immune system development. Conclusions The placenta is a rich source of lineage-specific genes that function in the adaptive evolution of placental architecture and functions. We have shown that co-expression, promoter, and gene network analyses are useful methods to infer functions of LSGs with heretofore unknown functions. Our results indicate that many LSGs are involved in cellular recognition and developmental processes. Furthermore, they provide guidance for experimental approaches to validate the functions of LSGs and to study their evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charu G Kumar
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 210 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chuong EB, Tong W, Hoekstra HE. Maternal-fetal conflict: rapidly evolving proteins in the rodent placenta. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:1221-5. [PMID: 20123797 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflicting evolutionary interests between mother and offspring are hypothesized to drive an evolutionary arms race during mammalian pregnancy, and thus, positive selection may cause the rapid divergence of placental proteins that affect maternal or fetal fitness. We investigated the genomic consequences of placental expression in rodents and report that a substantial proportion (20.5%) of genes specifically expressed in the mature placenta are rapidly evolving. Moreover, we found that most rapidly evolving genes belong to just three pregnancy-related gene families: placental cathepsins, prolactins, and placental carcinoembryonic antigens. We then sequenced the most rapidly evolving gene, trophoblast-specific protein alpha (Tpbpa), in nine different Mus species/subspecies and found evidence of positive selection within the Mus lineage, with an excess of nonsynonymous changes clustering near a functionally important interaction site. Together, these results suggest that placental proteins, which mediate interactions between mother and offspring, often may be the targets of evolutionary conflict.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kiewisz J, Sousa NMD, Beckers J, Panasiewicz G, Gizejewski Z, Szafranska B. Identification of multiple pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) purified from the European bison (Eb; Bison bonasus L.) placentas. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 112:229-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Telugu BPVL, Walker AM, Green JA. Characterization of the bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein gene family--analysis of gene sequences, regulatory regions within the promoter and expression of selected genes. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:185. [PMID: 19393060 PMCID: PMC2682831 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) belong to a large family of aspartic peptidases expressed exclusively in the placenta of species in the Artiodactyla order. In cattle, the PAG gene family is comprised of at least 22 transcribed genes, as well as some variants. Phylogenetic analyses have shown that the PAG family segregates into 'ancient' and 'modern' groupings. Along with sequence differences between family members, there are clear distinctions in their spatio-temporal distribution and in their relative level of expression. In this report, 1) we performed an in silico analysis of the bovine genome to further characterize the PAG gene family, 2) we scrutinized proximal promoter sequences of the PAG genes to evaluate the evolution pressures operating on them and to identify putative regulatory regions, 3) we determined relative transcript abundance of selected PAGs during pregnancy and, 4) we performed preliminary characterization of the putative regulatory elements for one of the candidate PAGs, bovine (bo) PAG-2. RESULTS From our analysis of the bovine genome, we identified 18 distinct PAG genes and 14 pseudogenes. We observed that the first 500 base pairs upstream of the translational start site contained multiple regions that are conserved among all boPAGs. However, a preponderance of conserved regions, that harbor recognition sites for putative transcriptional factors (TFs), were found to be unique to the modern boPAG grouping, but not the ancient boPAGs. We gathered evidence by means of Q-PCR and screening of EST databases to show that boPAG-2 is the most abundant of all boPAG transcripts. Finally, we provided preliminary evidence for the role of ETS- and DDVL-related TFs in the regulation of the boPAG-2 gene. CONCLUSION PAGs represent a relatively large gene family in the bovine genome. The proximal promoter regions of these genes display differences in putative TF binding sites, likely contributing to observed differences in spatial and temporal expression. We also discovered that boPAG-2 is the most abundant of all boPAG transcripts and provided evidence for the role of ETS and DDVL TFs in its regulation. These experiments mark the crucial first step in discerning the complex transcriptional regulation operating within the boPAG gene family.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hou Z, Romero R, Uddin M, Than NG, Wildman DE. Adaptive history of single copy genes highly expressed in the term human placenta. Genomics 2008; 93:33-41. [PMID: 18848617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The chorioallantoic placenta is a shared derived feature of "placental" mammals essential for the success of eutherian reproduction. Identifying the genes involved in the emergence of the placenta may provide clues for understanding the biology of this organ. Here we identify among 4960 single copy genes in mammals, 222 that show high expression levels in human placentas at term. Further, we present evidence that 94 of these 222 genes evolved adaptively during human evolutionary history since the time of the last common ancestor of eutherian mammals. Remarkably, the majority of positive selection occurred on the eutherian stem lineage suggesting that ancient adaptations have been retained in the human placenta. Of these positively selected genes, 28 have been shown to play a role in human pregnancy and placental biology, and at least 26 have important pregnancy-related phenotypes in mice. Adaptations in genes highly expressed in human placenta are attractive candidates for functional and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuocheng Hou
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- Saara M. Rawn
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and the Graduate Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; ,
| | - James C. Cross
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and the Graduate Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; ,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Simmons DG, Rawn S, Davies A, Hughes M, Cross JC. Spatial and temporal expression of the 23 murine Prolactin/Placental Lactogen-related genes is not associated with their position in the locus. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:352. [PMID: 18662396 PMCID: PMC2527339 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Prolactin (PRL) hormone gene family shows considerable variation among placental mammals. Whereas there is a single PRL gene in humans that is expressed by the pituitary, there are an additional 22 genes in mice including the placental lactogens (PL) and Prolactin-related proteins (PLPs) whose expression is limited to the placenta. To understand the regulation and potential functions of these genes, we conducted a detailed temporal and spatial expression study in the placenta between embryonic days 7.5 and E18.5 in three genetic strains. Results Of the 22 PRL/PL genes examined, only minor differences were observed among strains of mice. We found that not one family member has the same expression pattern as another when both temporal and spatial data were examined. There was also no correlation in expression between genes that were most closely related or between adjacent genes in the PRL/PL locus. Bioinformatic analysis of upstream regulatory regions identified conserved combinations (modules) of putative transcription factor binding sites shared by genes expressed in the same trophoblast subtype, supporting the notion that local regulatory elements, rather than locus control regions, specify subtype-specific expression. Further diversification in expression was also detected as splice variants for several genes. Conclusion In the present study, a detailed temporal and spatial placental expression map was generated for all murine PRL/PL family members from E7.5 to E18.5 of gestation in three genetic strains. This detailed analysis uncovered several new markers for some trophoblast cell types that will be useful for future analysis of placental structure in mutant mice with placental phenotypes. More importantly, several main conclusions about regulation of the locus are apparent. First, no two family members have the same expression pattern when both temporal and spatial data are examined. Second, most genes are expressed in multiple trophoblast cell subtypes though none were detected in the chorion, where trophoblast stem cells reside, or in syncytiotrophoblast of the labyrinth layer. Third, bioinformatic comparisons of upstream regulatory regions identified predicted transcription factor binding site modules that are shared by genes expressed in the same trophoblast subtype. Fourth, further diversification of gene products from the PRL/PL locus occurs through alternative splice isoforms for several genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Simmons
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Isolation of new pregnancy-associated glycoproteins from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) placenta by Vicia villosa affinity chromatography. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:457-66. [PMID: 18308351 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the isolation and characterization of new pregnancy-associated glycoprotein molecules (PAG) from midpregnancy and late-pregnancy placentas in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). After extraction, the homogenates are subjected to acid and ammonium sulfate precipitations followed by DEAE chromatography. Subsequently, the water buffalo PAG (wbPAG) from these solutions are enriched by Vicia villosa agarose (VVA) affinity chromatography. As determined by western blotting with anti-PAG sera, the apparent molecular masses of the immunoreactive bands from the VVA peaks range from 59.5 to 75.8kDa and from 57.8 to 73.3kDa in the midpregnancy and late-pregnancy placentas, respectively. Amino-terminal microsequencing of the immunoreactive proteins has allowed the identification of three distinct wbPAG sequences, which have been deposited in the SwissProt database: RGSXLTIHPLRNIRDFFYVG (acc. no. P85048), RGSXLTILPLRNIID (acc. no. P85049), and RGSXLTHLPLRNI (acc. no. P85050). Their comparison to previously identified proteins has shown that two of them are new because they have not been described before. Our results confirm the suitability of VVA chromatography for the enrichment of the multiple PAG molecules expressed in buffalo placenta.
Collapse
|
29
|
Suzuki Y. Inferring natural selection operating on conservative and radical substitution at single amino acid sites. Genes Genet Syst 2008; 82:341-60. [PMID: 17895585 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.82.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural selection operating on amino acid substitution at single amino acid sites can be detected by comparing the rates of synonymous (r(S)) and nonsynonymous (r(N)) nucleotide substitution at single codon sites. Amino acid substitutions can be classified as conservative or radical according to whether they retain the properties of the substituted amino acid. Here methods for comparing the rates of conservative (r(C)) and radical (r(R)) nonsynonymous substitution with r(S) at single codon sites were developed to detect natural selection operating on these substitutions at single amino acid sites. A method for comparing r(C) and r(R) at single codon sites was also developed to detect biases toward these substitutions at single amino acid sites. Charge was used as the property of the amino acids. In a computer simulation, false-positive rates of these methods were always < 5%, unless termination sites were included in the computation of the numbers of sites and estimates of transition/transversion rate ratio were highly biased. The frequency of detection of natural selection operating on conservative substitution was almost independent of the presence of natural selection operating on radical substitution, and vice versa. Natural selection operating specifically on conservative and radical substitution was detected more efficiently by comparing r(S) with r(C) and r(S) with r(R) than by comparing r(S) with r(N). These methods also appeared to be robust against the occurrence of recombination during evolution. In an analysis of class I human leukocyte antigen, negative selection operating on conservative substitution, but not positive selection operating on radical substitution, was observed at some of the codon sites with r(R) > r(C), suggesting that r(R) > r(C) may not necessarily be an indicator of positive selection operating on radical substitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Majewska M, Panasiewicz G, Szafranska B, Gizejewski Z, Majewski M, Borkowski K. Cellular localisation of the pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family (PAGs) in the synepitheliochorial placenta of the European bison. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 155:422-31. [PMID: 17854806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the cellular immuno-localisation of the PAG family in synepitheliochorial (cotyledonary) placenta of the European bison (Eb). Uteri were harvested from pregnant wild Eb (n=4; 45-150 days post coitum-dpc); and additionally from cattle (30, 45 dpc) and pigs (42 dpc)--both domestic species were used as positive controls for cellular PAG immunodetection. Placentas were sectioned, fixed, dehydrated and subjected to double fluorescent immunohistochemistry (dF-IHC) with the use of Alexa 488 fluorochrom (A488) and propidium iodide (PI). Native positive EbPAG signals were detected by heterologous (ht; cross-species) dF-IHC with primary rabbit anti-PAG polyclonals against native or recombinant porcine PAG antigens (anti-pPAG); then visualised with secondary anti-rabbit goat immunoglobulins--conjugated to A488. Our htdF-IHC indicated an unequivocal localisation to the mono- and bi-nuclear trophectoderm (chorionic epithelium) cells expressing the PAGs (A488-green) among all placental cells, in which PI (red) stained nuclei. This is the first paper reporting the EbPAG family expression examined by htdF-IHC at the feto-maternal interface in wild Pecoran species. The cross-reactivity of anti-pPAG polyclonals with the EbPAGs suggests that shared epitopes are present in these molecules. It seems that the EbPAG family, which is robustly expressed in mono- and bi-nucleated trophectoderm cells, is associated with events taking place during placenta development. Our study also provided a proficient ht-system to identify various PAGs that could be useful as prenatal protein markers for pregnancy diagnoses, which is essential for effective reproductive management of endangered mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Majewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str 1A/222, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Garbayo JM, Serrano B, Lopez-Gatius F. Identification of novel pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) expressed by the peri-implantation conceptus of domestic ruminants. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 103:120-34. [PMID: 17204380 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) are a multigene family, related to aspartic proteinases, expressed in the placenta of artiodactyls. Ruminant PAG expression varies spatially as well as temporally during gestation. The aim of this study was the identification of novel PAG expressed around implantation in domestic ruminants and to study their phylogenetic relationships. Day 12, 14, 17 (ovine); day 15, 18 (bovine); and day 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 (caprine) conceptuses were used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) performed on RNA extracted from conceptuses pooled on each day of recovery. In ovine, a single PAG was detected on day 14, ovPAG2, from the PAG II group. On day 17, three more PAG were identified. One of them similar to ovPAG1 and two unknown named as ovPAG10 and ovPAG11, apparently from the PAG I group. In bovine, PAG expression was detected by day 15 and two transcripts were identified on day 18. One, boPAG2, from the PAG II group and other was previously unknown, boPAG22, closest to boPAG2. In goats, PAG expression was not detected on non-elongated conceptuses (days 12, 14 and 15). Two different transcripts were identified in both day 16 and 18 elongated conceptuses, one similar to caPAG2, from the PAG II group, whereas the other, caPAG12, apparently from the PAG I group, was previously unknown. Interestingly, the three new early PAG identified in sheep and goats are clustered together within the PAG I group. In summary, a complement of new PAGs expressed at implantation in domestic ruminants has been cloned.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kiewisz J, Sousa NMD, Beckers JF, Vervaecke H, Panasiewicz G, Szafranska B. Isolation of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins from placenta of the American bison (Bison bison) at first half of pregnancy. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 155:164-75. [PMID: 17543308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the successful purification and characterisation of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) extracted from placenta (3-4 months) of American bisons (Amb). Chorionic AmbPAG proteins were purified from foetal cotyledonary tissues (CT) and liquid cotyledonary-carrying proteins (LCP) leaking from damaged cells. Our protocols successfully indicated the usefulness of AmbPAG protein identification, especially from LCP fraction. The AmbPAGs were extracted, precipitated and eluted during DEAE cellulose chromatography. The richest protein fractions were further chromatographed on VVA (Vicia villosa agglutinin affinity column), then characterised by mono- and bi-dimensional electrophoresis, Western blot and N-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence. After being transferred to PVDF membranes, three selected VVA-purified AmbPAG isoforms differing in molecular masses and isoelectric points (Ip 4-4.6) were selected for sequencing. One identified N-terminal 25aa sequence of AmbPAG72kDa CT form was identified as completely new (RGSNLTSLPLQNVIDLFYVGNITIG). Two other AmbPAG proteins purified from different sources (74kDa CT and 76kDa LCP forms; RGSNLTIHPLRNIRDIFYVGNITIG) were identical or corresponded to N-terminus of various bovine PAGs (boPAG). The two AmbPAGs (74kDa CT and 76kDa LCP) revealed identical micro-sequence to boPAG7; and were similar mainly to bovine PAG4, -6, -15 and -17 precursors that were identified by full-length sequencing derived from cDNA cloning. The novel sequence of the AmbPAG (72kDa CT) was related to some boPAG and various other ruminant PAG precursors (caprine and ovine). All three identified AmbPAG sequences were also relatively similar to mature forms of purified native boPAG(56-75kDa) proteins. This is the first report indicating aa sequences of native AmbPAG proteins purified from placenta (CT and LCP) of bison species. The N-terminal sequences of the AmbPAGs have been deposited in the EMBL-EBI database (UniProtKB; Accession Nos.: P84916, P84917 and P84918).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kiewisz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Oczapowskiego 1A/222, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bella A, Sousa NM, Dehimi ML, Watts J, Beckers JF. Western analyses of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family (PAG) in placental extracts of various mammals. Theriogenology 2007; 68:1055-66. [PMID: 17850858 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted in order to analyze the immunoreactivity of placental extracts of several animal species and humans against the following three groups of PAG antisera: anti-boPAG-I (R#497), -boPAG-II (R#435), and -caPAG (R#706). Placental proteins were obtained after extraction at neutral pH, followed by ammonium sulfate (A.S.) precipitation, dialysis, and lyophilization. The immunoreactivity of different placental extracts was revealed by the use of monodimensional SDS-PAGE, followed by blotting on nitrocellulose membrane and the identification of immunoreactive proteins after incubation with PAG antisera (Western blot technique). A strong immunoreactivity of proteins from synepitheliochorial placenta (cattle, sheep, goat, bison, buffalo, and deer) was demonstrated in both 20-50% and 50-80% A.S. fractions using the three antisera. Proteins from species with epitheliochorial placenta presented variable profiles of detected PAG-like proteins: in the sow, many immunoreactive forms were revealed by antisera boPAG-I and boPAG-II, whereas in the dromedary, only two forms were revealed by anti-boPAG-II. Concerning other species, our protocols showed for the first time a cross-reaction between PAG antisera with proteins extracted from dog, alpaca, dromedary, sea lion, and human placenta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bella
- Laboratory of Physiology of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cardoso JCR, Vieira FA, Gomes AS, Power DM. PACAP, VIP and their receptors in the metazoa: insights about the origin and evolution of the ligand-receptor pair. Peptides 2007; 28:1902-19. [PMID: 17826180 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The evolution, function and interaction of ligand-receptor pairs are of major pharmaceutical interest. Comparative sequence analysis approaches using data from phylogenetically distant organisms can provide insights into their origin and possible physiological roles. The present review focuses on the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and their receptors in the metazoa. A PACAP-like peptide is present in tunicates and chordates while VIP- and PACAP/VIP-specific receptors have only been isolated in the latter phyla. The apparently disparate evolution of the ligands and their specific receptors raises questions about their evolution during the metazoan radiation and also about how the ligands may have acquired new functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ayad A, Sousa NM, Sulon J, Hornick JL, Watts J, Lopez-Gatius F, Iguer-Ouada M, Beckers JF. Influence of progesterone concentrations on secretory functions of trophoblast and pituitary during the first trimester of pregnancy in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2007; 67:1503-11. [PMID: 17459464 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The essential role played by progesterone in the maintenance of pregnancy is unequivocal; however, the effects of progesterone on the secretory patterns of placental and pituitary molecules during the gestation period are not well defined. The objective of this study was to describe pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentrations (measured by RIA-497 and RIA-Pool) in pregnant females with progesterone concentrations lower (low-P4 group, n=20) or higher (high-P4 group, n=17) than the mean of 8.74 ng/mL on Day 21 (AI=Day 0). Luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin concentrations were also measured in both groups. Throughout the study period, blood samples were collected on Days 0, 21, 45, 60, and 80 from 37 females that were confirmed to be pregnant. PAG concentrations measured by both RIA-497 and RIA-Pool tended to be higher in high-P4 group than in low-P4 group from Day 30 until Day 80. On Day 80, plasma PAG concentrations that were measured using RIA-497 were observed to be higher (P<0.05) in the high-P4 group than in the low-P4 group (10.2+/-8.7 ng/mL versus 6.9+/-3.8 ng/mL). Concentrations of LH on Day 60 and prolactin on Day 80 were observed to be significantly lower (P<0.05) in the high-P4 group. There was a tendency for the concentrations of LH (Days 45 and 80) and prolactin (Days 30, 45, and 60) to be lower in cows in the high-P4 group than in the low-P4 group. Our results suggest the existence of a relationship among the concentration levels of progesterone, PAG, LH, and prolactin during early pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ayad
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang WK, Schaal BA, Chiou YM, Murakami N, Ge XJ, Huang CC, Chiang TY. Diverse selective modes among orthologs/paralogs of the chalcone synthase (Chs) gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana and its relative A. halleri ssp. gemmifera. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44:503-20. [PMID: 17611127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a model system, Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played an important role in the study of genomics and evolution in plants. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of the chalcone synthase (Chs) gene, which encodes a key enzyme of the flavonoid pathway and is located on chromosome five, as well as two Chs-like genes on the first and fourth chromosomes of Arabidopsis. The objectives of the study are to determine if natural selection operates differentially on the paralogs of the Chs gene family in A. thaliana and Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera. The mode of selection was inferred from Tajima's D values from noncoding and coding regions, as well as from the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions. Both McDonald-Kreitman and HKA tests revealed the effects of selection on the allelic distribution, except for the chromosome 1 paralog in ssp. gemmifera. The Chs gene on chromosome 5 was under purifying selection in both species. Significant, negative Tajima's D values at synonymous sites and positive Fay and Wu's H values within coding region, plus reduced genetic variability in introns, indicated effects of background selection in shaping the evolution of this gene region in A. thaliana. The Chs paralog on chromosome 1 was under positive selection in A. thaliana, while interspecific introgression and balancing selection determined the fates of the paralog and resulted in high heterogeneity in ssp. gemmifera. Local adaptation differentiated populations of Japan and China at the locus. In contrast, the other Chs-paralog of chromosome 4 was shaped by purifying selection in A. thaliana, while under positive selection in ssp. gemmifera, as indicated by dn/ds>1. Moreover, these contrasting patterns of selection have likely resulted in functional divergence in Arabidopsis, as indicated by radical amino acid substitutions at the chalcone synthase/stilbene synthase motif of the Chs genes. Unlike previous studies of the evolutionary history of A. thaliana, the high levels of genetic diversity in most gene regions of Chs paralogs and nonsignificant Tajima's D in the intron sequences of the Chs gene family in A. thaliana did not reflect the effects of a recent demographic expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kuang Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Discovery and characterization of 91 novel transcripts expressed in cattle placenta. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:113. [PMID: 17488528 PMCID: PMC1884150 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Among the eutherian mammals, placental architecture varies to a greater extent than any other tissue. The diversity of placental types, even within a single mammalian order suggests that genes expressed in placenta are under strong Darwinian selection. Thus, the ruminant placenta may be a rich source of genes to explore adaptive evolutionary responses in mammals. The aim of our study was to identify novel transcripts expressed in ruminant placenta, and to characterize them with respect to their expression patterns, organization of coding sequences in the genome, and potential functions. Results A combination of bioinformatics, comparative genomics and transcript profiling was used to identify and characterize 91 novel transcripts (NTs) represented in a cattle placenta cDNA library. These NTs have no significant similarity to any non-ferungulate DNA or RNA sequence. Proteins longer than 100 aa were predicted for 29 NTs, and 21 are candidate non-coding RNAs. Eighty-six NTs were found to be expressed in one or more of 18 different tissues, with 39 (42%) showing tissue-preference, including six that were expressed exclusively in placentome. The authenticity of the NTs was confirmed by their alignment to cattle genome sequence, 42 of which showed evidence of mRNA splicing. Analysis of the genomic context where NT genes reside revealed 61 to be in intergenic regions, whereas 30 are within introns of known genes. The genes encoding the NTs were found to be significantly associated with subtelomeric regions. Conclusion The 91 lineage-specific transcripts are a useful resource for studying adaptive evolutionary responses of the ruminant placenta. The presence of so many genes encoding NTs in cattle but not primates or rodents suggests that gene loss and gain are important mechanisms of genome evolution in mammals. Furthermore, the clustering of NT genes within subtelomeric regions suggests that such regions are highly dynamic and may foster the birth of novel genes. The sequencing of additional vertebrate genomes with defined phylogenetic relationships will permit the search for lineage-specific genes to take on a more evolutionary context that is required to understand their origins and functions.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wheeler TT, Hood KA, Maqbool NJ, McEwan JC, Bingle CD, Zhao S. Expansion of the Bactericidal/Permeability Increasing-like (BPI-like) protein locus in cattle. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:75. [PMID: 17362520 PMCID: PMC1839098 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cattle and other ruminants have evolved the ability to derive most of their metabolic energy requirement from otherwise indigestible plant matter through a symbiotic relationship with plant fibre degrading microbes within a specialised fermentation chamber, the rumen. The genetic changes underlying the evolution of the ruminant lifestyle are poorly understood. The BPI-like locus encodes several putative innate immune proteins, expressed predominantly in the oral cavity and airways, which are structurally related to Bactericidal/Permeability Increasing protein (BPI). We have previously reported the expression of variant BPI-like proteins in cattle (Biochim Biophys Acta 2002, 1579, 92–100). Characterisation of the BPI-like locus in cattle would lead to a better understanding of the role of the BPI-like proteins in cattle physiology Results We have sequenced and characterised a 722 kbp segment of BTA13 containing the bovine BPI-like protein locus. Nine of the 13 contiguous BPI-like genes in the locus in cattle are orthologous to genes in the human and mouse locus, and are thought to play a role in host defence. Phylogenetic analysis indicates the remaining four genes, which we have named BSP30A, BSP30B, BSP30C and BSP30D, appear to have arisen in cattle through a series of duplications. The transcripts of the four BSP30 genes are most abundant in tissues associated with the oral cavity and airways. BSP30C transcripts are also found in the abomasum. This, as well as the ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous differences between pairs of the BSP30 genes, is consistent with at least BSP30C having acquired a distinct function from the other BSP30 proteins and from its paralog in human and mouse, parotid secretory protein (PSP). Conclusion The BPI-like locus in mammals appears to have evolved rapidly through multiple gene duplication events, and is thus a hot spot for genome evolution. It is possible that BSP30 gene duplication is a characteristic feature of ruminants and that the BSP30 proteins contribute to an aspect of ruminant-specific physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T Wheeler
- Dairy Science and Technology Section, AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Kylie A Hood
- Dairy Science and Technology Section, AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Wakefield Gastroenterology Centre, Wakefield Hospital, Private Bag 7909 Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nauman J Maqbool
- Bioinformatics, Mathematics & Statistics Section, Invermay, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - John C McEwan
- Animal Genomics Section, AgResearch, Invermay, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, The University of Sheffield Medical School, M117, Royal Hallamshire Hospital Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Shaying Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chakrabarty A, MacLean JA, Hughes AL, Roberts RM, Green JA. Rapid evolution of the trophoblast kunitz domain proteins (TKDPs)-a multigene family in ruminant ungulates. J Mol Evol 2006; 63:274-82. [PMID: 16830095 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-005-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The trophoblast Kunitz domain proteins (TKDPs) are products of the outer cells (trophoblasts) of the placenta of cattle, sheep, and related species. Most are expressed abundantly for only a few days during the time at which the ruminant conceptus is first establishing intimate contacts with the uterine lining. The TKDPs are secretory proteins that possess a carboxyl-terminal peptidase inhibitory domain related to the Kunitz family of serine peptidase inhibitors. On the amino-terminal end are one or more highly unusual regions that are unique to the TKDP genes and have no apparent similarity to any other known sequences. The TKDPs are a rather divergent family that exhibits a good deal of variation among the members. To better understand the reason for such variation, the rates of synonymous (dS) and nonsynonymous (dN), as well as radical (pNR) and conservative (pNC), substitutions were assessed. Phylogenetic trees revealed that the Kunitz domains represented three related groups, whereas the amino-terminal domains formed four groupings. Pairwise comparisons between Kunitz and amino-terminal domain groups demonstrated that dN was consistently greater than dS. In addition, nonsynonymous substitutions in the Kunitz domains tended to be radical (changing charge or polarity), while those in the amino-terminal domains exhibited neither a preponderance of conservative nor radical substitution rates. In summary, the rapid evolution of the TKDPs, coupled with their restricted temporal expression during development, likely reflects the establishment of protein-protein interactions that have evolved to serve the unusual synepitheliochorial placenta of ruminant ungulates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Chakrabarty
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Morin RD, Chang E, Petrescu A, Liao N, Griffith M, Kirkpatrick R, Butterfield YS, Young AC, Stott J, Barber S, Babakaiff R, Dickson MC, Matsuo C, Wong D, Yang GS, Smailus DE, Wetherby KD, Kwong PN, Grimwood J, Brinkley CP, Brown-John M, Reddix-Dugue ND, Mayo M, Schmutz J, Beland J, Park M, Gibson S, Olson T, Bouffard GG, Tsai M, Featherstone R, Chand S, Siddiqui AS, Jang W, Lee E, Klein SL, Blakesley RW, Zeeberg BR, Narasimhan S, Weinstein JN, Pennacchio CP, Myers RM, Green ED, Wagner L, Gerhard DS, Marra MA, Jones SJ, Holt RA. Sequencing and analysis of 10,967 full-length cDNA clones from Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis reveals post-tetraploidization transcriptome remodeling. Genome Res 2006; 16:796-803. [PMID: 16672307 PMCID: PMC1479861 DOI: 10.1101/gr.4871006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing of full-insert clones from full-length cDNA libraries from both Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis has been ongoing as part of the Xenopus Gene Collection Initiative. Here we present 10,967 full ORF verified cDNA clones (8049 from X. laevis and 2918 from X. tropicalis) as a community resource. Because the genome of X. laevis, but not X. tropicalis, has undergone allotetraploidization, comparison of coding sequences from these two clawed (pipid) frogs provides a unique angle for exploring the molecular evolution of duplicate genes. Within our clone set, we have identified 445 gene trios, each comprised of an allotetraploidization-derived X. laevis gene pair and their shared X. tropicalis ortholog. Pairwise dN/dS, comparisons within trios show strong evidence for purifying selection acting on all three members. However, dN/dS ratios between X. laevis gene pairs are elevated relative to their X. tropicalis ortholog. This difference is highly significant and indicates an overall relaxation of selective pressures on duplicated gene pairs. We have found that the paralogs that have been lost since the tetraploidization event are enriched for several molecular functions, but have found no such enrichment in the extant paralogs. Approximately 14% of the paralogous pairs analyzed here also show differential expression indicative of subfunctionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Morin
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Elbert Chang
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Anca Petrescu
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Nancy Liao
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Malachi Griffith
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Robert Kirkpatrick
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | | | - Alice C. Young
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Jeffrey Stott
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Sarah Barber
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Ryan Babakaiff
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Mark C. Dickson
- Stanford Human Genome Center and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Corey Matsuo
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - David Wong
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - George S. Yang
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Duane E. Smailus
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Keith D. Wetherby
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Peggy N. Kwong
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Jane Grimwood
- Stanford Human Genome Center and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Mabel Brown-John
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | | | - Michael Mayo
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Stanford Human Genome Center and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jaclyn Beland
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Morgan Park
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Susan Gibson
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Teika Olson
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Gerard G. Bouffard
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Miranda Tsai
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Ruth Featherstone
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Steve Chand
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Asim S. Siddiqui
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Wonhee Jang
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Ed Lee
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Steven L. Klein
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Barry R. Zeeberg
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology
| | | | - John N. Weinstein
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology
| | - Christa Prange Pennacchio
- The I.M.A.G.E Consortium, Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Richard M. Myers
- Stanford Human Genome Center and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Eric D. Green
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Lukas Wagner
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | | | - Marco A. Marra
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Steven J.M. Jones
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Robert A. Holt
- British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, BCCA, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax (604) 877-6085
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chakrabarty A, Green JA, Roberts RM. Origin and evolution of the TKDP gene family. Gene 2006; 373:35-43. [PMID: 16567063 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is arguably the most diverse mammalian organ, and several gene families expressed in trophoblast tissue are evolving unusually rapidly. The trophoblast Kunitz domain protein (TKDP) gene family arose relatively recently within the Artiodactyla order in the lineage leading to modern day ruminants. Each contains a classical Kunitz-type serine peptidase inhibitory domain at the carboxyl-terminus and one or more unique N-domains preceded by the signal peptide/propeptide (SP/PP) region. We isolated, mapped and fully sequenced the ovine (ov) TKDP-1 gene. Making use of available cDNA sequences to other TKDP family members and recent information from the bovine genome sequence, we have been able to make inferences about the origin and evolution of the entire gene family. The crucial event that created the initial TKDP gene was when a short exon was inserted into the intron that separated the sequences encoding the SP/PP and Kunitz domains of an ancestral Kunitz gene. This short exon was flanked by endogenous retroviral repetitive elements that likely promoted subsequent duplication events to provide a tripartite N-domain containing three repeats. This three-exon structure further duplicated once in its entirety to provide the progenitor of the present day ovTKDP-1 gene, which has two N-domains, and most probably twice to provide the progenitor of the bovine TKDP-1 gene, which has three N-domains. The TKDPs provide an example of a gene family that is evolving rapidly by whole gene duplication, intragenic duplication events, and selection for amino acid (aa) change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Chakrabarty
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Steinke D, Salzburger W, Braasch I, Meyer A. Many genes in fish have species-specific asymmetric rates of molecular evolution. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:20. [PMID: 16466575 PMCID: PMC1413527 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene and genome duplication events increase the amount of genetic material that might then contribute to an increase in the genomic and phenotypic complexity of organisms during evolution. Thus, it has been argued that there is a relationship between gene copy number and morphological complexity and/or species diversity. This hypothesis implies that duplicated genes have subdivided or evolved novel functions compared to their pre-duplication proto-orthologs. Such a functional divergence might be caused by an increase in evolutionary rates in one ortholog, by changes in expression, regulatory evolution, insertion of repetitive elements, or due to positive Darwinian selection in one copy. We studied a set of 2466 genes that were present in Danio rerio, Takifugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis and Oryzias latipes to test (i) for forces of positive Darwinian selection; (ii) how frequently duplicated genes are retained, and (iii) whether novel gene functions might have evolved. RESULTS 25% (610) of all investigated genes show significantly smaller or higher genetic distances in the genomes of particular fish species compared to their human ortholog than their orthologs in other fish according to relative rate tests. We identified 49 new paralogous pairs of duplicated genes in fish, in which one of the paralogs is under positive Darwinian selection and shows a significantly higher rate of molecular evolution in one of the four fish species, whereas the other copy apparently did not undergo adaptive changes since it retained the original rate of evolution. Among the genes under positive Darwinian selection, we found a surprisingly high number of ATP binding proteins and transcription factors. CONCLUSION The significant rate difference suggests that the function of these rate-changed genes might be essential for the respective fish species. We demonstrate that the measurement of positive selection is a powerful tool to identify divergence rates of duplicated genes and that this method has the capacity to identify potentially interesting candidates for adaptive gene evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Steinke
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Walter Salzburger
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Center of Junior Research Fellows, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Physiological Chemistry I, Biozentrum, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Szafranska B, Panasiewicz G, Dabrowski M, Majewska M, Gizejewski Z, Beckers JF. Chorionic mRNA expression and N-glycodiversity of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family (PAG) of the European bison (Bison bonasus). Anim Reprod Sci 2005; 88:225-43. [PMID: 16143214 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Placental PAG mRNA expression and N-glycodiversity of multiple PAG proteins secreted in vitro by trophectoderm (chorion epithelium) of wild pecoran Bovidae taxons was not examined previously. The study on European bison (Eb) aimed: (1) to determine placental PAG mRNA expression by in situ hybridisation; (2) to identify a profile of pecoran PAG protein family secreted in vitro by cotyledonary (CT) explants; (3) to examine N-glycodiversity of the PAG proteins in this wild taxon. In addition, we compared (4) a profile and N-glycodiversity of the PAG protein family secreted in vitro by CT and interCT-trophectoderm (intCT-TRD) explants of domestic ruminants. Cotyledonary sections of the Eb were used for in situ hybridisation (ISH) with (35)S-labelled probes produced with porcine PAG cDNA as templates. Various CT and intCT-TRD explants were long-term cultured in vitro. Chorionic proteins were isolated from media, ultra-filtrated (>10 kDa MWCO) and analysed by PAGE-Western blotting with various polyclonal anti-PAG sera. Protein samples with or without enzymatic deglycosylation were examined after different times of explant cultures. Released chorionic proteins were deglycosylated by N-glycanase F (PNGase F+) and compared to glycosylated forms (PNGase F-). This is the first paper demonstrating the PAG-like mRNA transcript expression (by ISH) and N-glycodiversity of immuno-reactive PAG-like proteins (produced in vitro by chorionic explants) of European bison. Various PAG proteins of Eb (EbPAG) were secreted by CT explants during long-term in vitro studies. Major approximately 78, approximately 67 and approximately 65 kDa EbPAG-like proteins were reduced by enzymatic deglycosylation (at least by 10 kDa). Considerably smaller amounts of approximately 45 kDa EbPAG-like proteins were also observed. In addition, we have found that various PAG proteins (30-73 kDa) were secreted by bovine CT explants, during long-term in vitro cultures. Corresponding amounts of PAG proteins, similar in M(r), were also secreted by intCT-TRD explants, whose tissues were not utilised for PAG protein extraction during other scientists' previous studies. It seems that the M(r)-heterogeneity and N-glycodiversity of the PAG protein family can play very important role during feto-placental interactions in Bovidae species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Szafranska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wooding FBP, Roberts RM, Green JA. Light and electron microscope immunocytochemical studies of the distribution of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs) throughout pregnancy in the cow: possible functional implications. Placenta 2005; 26:807-27. [PMID: 16226131 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs) comprise a large group of placental antigens of the aspartic proteinase family. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the PAGs form two distinct groups, one of ancient origin and one produced by a more recent series of gene duplications. This paper summarises the molecular biological and biochemical studies which have been used to purify and raise antibodies against specific PAGs and groups of related PAGs and their use in light and electron microscope immunocytochemistry to demonstrate that the ancient PAG group has a similar distribution at the placental fetomaternal interface (microvillar junction, MVJ) in cows and pigs. This localization suggests either a possible role in binding the surfaces together and/or in establishment of an immunological barrier. The more recently evolved PAG group, absent in the pig, exhibited no significant localization to the MVJ but was restricted to the trophoblast binucleate cell (BNC) granules in the cow. Furthermore, these PAGs bind to newly formed maternal uterine connective tissue to which they are delivered by BNC migration and fusion with uterine epithelial cells. At this location in the developing maternal villi of the placentomes, they are ideally positioned to manipulate the maternal immune system to facilitate a successful pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F B P Wooding
- Physiology Department, Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ma XF, Gustafson JP. Genome evolution of allopolyploids: a process of cytological and genetic diploidization. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 109:236-49. [PMID: 15753583 DOI: 10.1159/000082406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2003] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopolyploidy is a prominent mode of speciation in higher plants. Due to the coexistence of closely related genomes, a successful allopolyploid must have the ability to invoke and maintain diploid-like behavior, both cytologically and genetically. Recent studies on natural and synthetic allopolyploids have raised many discrepancies. Most species have displayed non-Mendelian behavior in the allopolyploids, but others have not. Some species have demonstrated rapid genome changes following allopolyploid formation, while others have conserved progenitor genomes. Some have displayed directed, non-random genome changes, whereas others have shown random changes. Some of the genomic changes have appeared in the F1 hybrids, which have been attributed to the union of gametes from different progenitors, while other changes have occurred during or after genome doubling. Although these observations provide significant novel insights into the evolution of allopolyploids, the overall mechanisms of the event are still elusive. It appears that both genetic and epigenetic operations are involved in the diploidization process of allopolyploids. Overall, genetic and epigenetic variations are often associated with the activities of repetitive sequences and transposon elements. Specifically, genomic sequence elimination and chromosome rearrangement are probably the major forces guiding cytological diploidization. Gene non-functionalization, sub-functionalization, neo-functionalization, as well as other kinds of epigenetic modifications, are likely the leading factors promoting genetic diploidization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X-F Ma
- Department of Agronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
McLellan AS, Zimmermann W, Moore T. Conservation of pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) N domains following independent expansions of the gene families in rodents and primates. BMC Evol Biol 2005; 5:39. [PMID: 15987510 PMCID: PMC1185527 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-5-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rodent and primate pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) gene families have expanded independently from a common ancestor and are expressed virtually exclusively in placental trophoblasts. However, within each species, it is unknown whether multiple paralogs have been selected for diversification of function, or for increased dosage of monofunctional PSG. We analysed the evolution of the mouse PSG sequences, and compared them to rat, human and baboon PSGs to attempt to understand the evolution of this complex gene family. Results Phylogenetic tree analyses indicate that the primate N domains and the rodent N1 domains exhibit a higher degree of conservation than that observed in a comparison of the mouse N1 and N2 domains, or mouse N1 and N3 domains. Compared to human and baboon PSG N domain exons, mouse and rat PSG N domain exons have undergone less sequence homogenisation. The high non-synonymous substitution rates observed in the CFG face of the mouse N1 domain, within a context of overall conservation, suggests divergence of function of mouse PSGs. The rat PSG family appears to have undergone less expansion than the mouse, exhibits lower divergence rates and increased sequence homogenisation in the CFG face of the N1 domain. In contrast to most primate PSG N domains, rodent PSG N1 domains do not contain an RGD tri-peptide motif, but do contain RGD-like sequences, which are not conserved in rodent N2 and N3 domains. Conclusion Relative conservation of primate N domains and rodent N1 domains suggests that, despite independent gene family expansions and structural diversification, mouse and human PSGs retain conserved functions. Human PSG gene family expansion and homogenisation suggests that evolution occurred in a concerted manner that maintains similar functions of PSGs, whilst increasing gene dosage of the family as a whole. In the mouse, gene family expansion, coupled with local diversification of the CFG face, suggests selection both for increased gene dosage and diversification of function. Partial conservation of RGD and RGD-like tri-peptides in primate and rodent N and N1 domains, respectively, supports a role for these motifs in PSG function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Tumor Immunology Group, LIFE Center, University Clinic Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Muenchen, Marchioninistrasse 23, D-81377 Muenchen, Germany
| | - Tom Moore
- Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Green JA, Parks TE, Avalle MP, Telugu BP, McLain AL, Peterson AJ, McMillan W, Mathialagan N, Hook RR, Xie S, Roberts RM. The establishment of an ELISA for the detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) in the serum of pregnant cows and heifers. Theriogenology 2005; 63:1481-503. [PMID: 15725453 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are a large gene family expressed in trophoblast cells of ruminant ungulates. The detection of PAGs (more specifically, PAG-1) in maternal serum has served as the basis for pregnancy detection in cattle. Unfortunately, PAG-1 and/or antigenically-related PAGs exhibit a long half-life in maternal serum (>8 d) and can be detected 80-100 d post-partum, thereby producing false positives in animals bred within 60-d of calving. The goal of the present studies was to develop a monoclonal-based assay that targeted early-pregnancy PAGs whose persistence in maternal serum post-partum might be relatively short-lived. Three anti-PAG monoclonal antibodies that recognized distinct subsets of PAGs were selected and used as trapping reagents in a 'sandwich' type of enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). A polyclonal antiserum with broad specificity was used for detecting bound PAGs. A total of 42 cows and heifers were bled daily on day 15, days 22 to 28, and then weekly throughout pregnancy and for 10 weeks (approximately 70 d) into the post-partum period. The ELISA was able to detect PAG in maternal serum of all animals unambiguously by day 28 post-insemination (PAG concentration: 8.75 +/- 3.04 ng/mL). In maternal serum, PAG concentrations peaked during the week of parturition at 588.9 +/- 249.9 ng/mL, and after calving, PAG was completely cleared (half-life: 4.3 d) by eight-week post-partum in 38 of 40 of the animals tested and was at very low concentrations in the remaining two (1.4 and 4.9 ng/mL, respectively). In summary, a monoclonal-based assay has been established that is sensitive enough to detect PAG in maternal serum by the forth week of pregnancy, but does not suffer from carry-over of antigen from a previous pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Green
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, 163 ASRC, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MS 65211, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yang J, Xie Z, Glover BJ. Asymmetric evolution of duplicate genes encoding the CCAAT-binding factor NF-Y in plant genomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 165:623-31. [PMID: 15720672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
NF-Y is a ubiquitous CCAAT-binding factor composed of NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. Multiple genes encoding NF-Y subunits have been identified in plant genomes. It remains unclear whether the duplicate genes underwent different evolutionary patterns. Likelihood-ratio tests were used to examine whether the amino acid substitution rates are the same between duplicate genes. The influences of selection on evolution were evaluated by comparing the conservative and radical amino acid substitution rates, as well as maximum-likelihood analysis. Some NF-YB and NF-YC duplicates showed significant evidence of asymmetric evolution but not the NF-YA duplicates. Most amino acid replacements in the NF-YB and NF-YC duplicates result in changes in hydropathy, polar requirement and polarity. The physicochemical changes in the sequences of NF-YB seem to be coupled to asymmetric divergence in gene function. Plant NF-Y genes have evolved in different patterns. Relaxed selective constraints following gene duplication are most likely responsible for the unequal evolutionary rates and distinct divergence patterns of duplicate NF-Y genes. Positive selection may have promoted amino acid hydropathy changes in the NF-YC duplicates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Green
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Production of growth promoting substances by the placenta is regulated differently from the way production of similar compounds is regulated by maternal organs in various cases. Gene duplication is one of the mechanisms that facilitated the evolution of placental specific endocrine activity. Cattle, sheep and goats, although evolutionarily related, differ significantly from each other in the way their placental growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL)-like hormones have evolved. Cattle carry one copy of the GH gene and there is no evidence yet for expression of that single GH gene copy in the placenta. On the other hand, the ovine GH gene has been duplicated and both oGH copies are expressed in the placenta during early stages of gestation. Prolactin gene duplication in ruminants resulted in the formation of specific placental-expressed prolactin-related genes including the placental lactogen (PL) gene. In homologous state, ovine PL manifests PRL activity, but antagonizes GH activity. Ovine PL activity which can be mediated by PRL receptors or by hetero-dimerization of GH and PRL receptors, provide a novel regulatory mechanism for somatogenic activity dependent on the coexistence of both GH and PRL receptors in the same cells. Another mechanism for specific placental endocrine activity is silencing of the alleles through genetic imprinting. Disruption of genetic imprinting of placental genes has been proposed as one of the explanations for the loss of cloned fetuses generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Gootwine
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|