1
|
Tang T, Sun J, Li C. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220896. [PMID: 38947768 PMCID: PMC11211877 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated proteins are important membrane readers that mediate and facilitate the signaling and trafficking pathways in eukaryotic membrane-bound compartments. The protein members in the Phafin family are membrane readers containing two phosphoinositide recognition domains: the Pleckstrin Homology domain and the FYVE (Fab1, YOTB, Vac1, and early endosome antigen 1) domain. Phafin proteins, categorized into two subfamilies, Phafin1 and Phafin2, associate with cellular membranes through interactions involving membrane-embedded phosphoinositides and phosphoinositide-binding domains. These membrane-associated Phafin proteins play pivotal roles by recruiting binding partners and forming complexes, which contribute significantly to apoptotic, autophagic, and macropinocytotic pathways. Elevated expression levels of Phafin1 and Phafin2 are observed in various cancers. A recent study highlights a significant increase in Phafin1 protein levels in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients compared to normal subjects, suggesting a crucial role for Phafin1 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Additionally, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-binding 2 (Pib2), a close relative of the Phafin1 protein, functions as an amino acid sensor activating the TOCR1 pathway in yeasts. This review focuses on delineating the involvement of Phafin proteins in cellular signaling and their implications in diseases and briefly discusses the latest research findings concerning Pib2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuoxian Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu X, Inoue KI, Ohmae S, Uchida Y. New Cerebello-Cortical Pathway Involved in Higher-Order Oculomotor Control. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:401-408. [PMID: 32076936 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum and the basal ganglia play an important role in the control of voluntary eye movement associated with complex behavior, but little is known about how cerebellar projections project to cortical eye movement areas. Here we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to identify neurons in the cerebellar nuclei that project via the thalamus to supplementary eye field (SEF) of the frontal cortex of macaques. After rabies injections into the SEF, many neurons in the restricted region, the ventral aspects of the dentate nucleus (DN), the caudal pole of the DN, and the posterior interpositus nucleus (PIN) were labeled disynaptically via the thalamus, whereas no neuron labeling was found in the anterior interpositus nucleus (AIN). The distribution of the labeled neurons was dorsoventrally different from that of DN and PIN neurons labeled from the motor cortex. In the basal ganglia, a large number of labeled neurons were confined to the dorsomedial portion of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) as more neurons were labeled in the inner portion of the GPi (GPii) than in the outer portion of the GPi (GPio). This is the first evidence of a projection between cerebellum/basal ganglia and the SEF that could enable the cerebellum to modulate the cognitive control of voluntary eye movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
- Brain Science Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Bldg 49, Rm 240, Minneapolis, MN, 55417-2399, USA.
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Shogo Ohmae
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yusuke Uchida
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Science and Technology, Meijo University 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lindquist DH. Emotion in motion: A three-stage model of aversive classical conditioning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:363-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
4
|
ONODERA T. Dual role of cellular prion protein in normal host and Alzheimer's disease. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:155-173. [PMID: 28413194 PMCID: PMC5489426 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using PrPC-knockout cell lines, it has been shown that the inhibition of apoptosis through STI1 is mediated by PrPC-dependent SOD activation. Antioxidant PrPC may contribute to suppression of inflammasome activation. PrPC is functionally involved in copper metabolism, signal transduction, neuroprotection, and cell maturation. Recently several reports have shown that PrPC participates in trans-membrane signaling processes associated with hematopoietic stem cell replication and neuronal differentiation. In another role, PrPC also tends to function as a neurotoxic protein. Aβ oligomer, which is associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), has also been reported to act as a ligand of PrPC. However, the physiological role of PrPC as an Aβ42-binding protein is not clear. Actually, PrPC is critical in Aβ42-mediated autophagy in neurons. PrPC shows a beneficial role in lipid rafts to promote autophagy. Further search for PrPC-interaction molecules using Prnp-/- mice and various types of Prnp-/- cell lines under various conditions may elucidate other important PrPC important functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi ONODERA
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
This essay assesses the two most significant changes in psychology over the past century: the attempt to localize psychological phenomena in restricted brain sites and the search for genetic contributions to behavior and psychopathology. Although there are advantages to these new developments, they are accompanied by some questionable assumptions. Because the investigators in these domains often relate variation in their biological measures to variation in personality traits evaluated with questionnaires, an analysis of the unique properties of the verbalreport questionnaires is presented. It is suggested that future research on human personality should try to combine semantic reports with behaviors and biological data in order to arrive at more fruitful constructs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Poulos AM, Thompson RF. Localization and characterization of an essential associative memory trace in the mammalian brain. Brain Res 2014; 1621:252-9. [PMID: 25449891 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We argue here that we have succeeded in localizing an essential memory trace for a basic form of associative learning and memory - classical conditioning of discrete responses learned with an aversive stimulus - to the anterior interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum. We first identified the entire essential circuit, using eyelid conditioning as the model system, and used reversible inactivation, during training, of critical structures and activation of pathways to localize definitively the essential memory trace. This discovery and the associated studies have: 1) shown that the essential cerebellar circuit applies equally to all mammals studied, including humans; 2) shown that this cerebellar circuit holds for the learning of any discrete behavioral response elicited by an aversive US, not just eyelid closure; 3) identified the essential circuit and process for reinforcement for this form of learning; 4) shown that this form of learning and its essential cerebellar circuitry is phylogenetically very old; 5) solved the long-standing puzzle of where memory traces are formed in the brain when the CS is electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex in conditioning; 6) shown that this cerebellar circuitry forms the essential neural substrate for the behavioral phenomenon of "blocking", and hence, 7) provides the first clear neural instantiation of the Rescorla-Wagner learning algorithm; 8) shown that the fundamental neural process underlying this form of learning is a strengthening of preexisting pathways, and 9) shown that the basic mechanism underlying this strengthening is the formation of new excitatory synapses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Brain and Memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Poulos
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA.
| | - Richard F Thompson
- Neurosciences Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Lei C, Feng H, Sui JF. The neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms underlying delay and trace eyeblink conditioning in mice. Behav Brain Res 2014; 278:307-14. [PMID: 25448430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC), a simple form of associative learning, has long been served as a model for motor learning and modulation. The neural circuitry of EBC has been studied in detail in rabbits. However, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The advent of mouse transgenics has generated new perspectives on the studies of the neural substrates and molecular mechanisms essential for EBC. Results about EBC in mice differ in some aspects from those obtained in other mammals. Here, we review the current studies about the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms underlying delay and trace EBC in mice. We conclude that brainstem-cerebellar circuit plays an essential role in DEC while the amygdala modulates this process, and that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as a candidate is involved in the extra-cerebellar mechanism underlying delay eyeblink conditioning (DEC) in mice. We propose the Amygdala-Cerebellum-Prefrontal Cortex-Dynamic-Conditioning Model (ACPDC model) for DEC in mice. As to trace eyeblink conditioning (TEC), the forebrain regions may play an essential role in it, whereas cerebellar cortex seems to be out of the neural circuitry in mice. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms underlying DEC and TEC in mice differ from each other. This review provides some new information and perspectives for further research on EBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Chen Lei
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jian-feng Sui
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Magal A, Mintz M. Inhibition of the amygdala central nucleus by stimulation of cerebellar output in rats: a putative mechanism for extinction of the conditioned fear response. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3548-55. [PMID: 25185877 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala and the cerebellum serve two distinctively different functions. The amygdala plays a role in the expression of emotional information, whereas the cerebellum is involved in the timing of discrete motor responses. Interaction between these two systems is the basis of the two-stage theory of learning, according to which an encounter with a challenging event triggers fast classical conditioning of fear-conditioned responses in the amygdala and slow conditioning of motor-conditioned responses in the cerebellum. A third stage was hypothesised when an apparent interaction between amygdala and cerebellar associative plasticity was observed: an adaptive rate of cerebellum-dependent motor-conditioned responses was associated with a decrease in amygdala-dependent fear-conditioned responses, and was interpreted as extinction of amygdala-related fear-conditioned responses by the cerebellar output. To explore this hypothesis, we mimicked some components of classical eyeblink conditioning in anesthetised rats by applying an aversive periorbital pulse as an unconditioned stimulus and a train of pulses to the cerebellar output nuclei as a cerebellar neuronal-conditioned response. The central amygdala multiple unit response to the periorbital pulse was measured with or without a preceding train to the cerebellar output nuclei. The results showed that activation of the cerebellar output nuclei prior to periorbital stimulation produced diverse patterns of inhibition of the amygdala response to the periorbital aversive stimulus, depending upon the nucleus stimulated, the laterality of the nucleus stimulated, and the stimulus interval used. These results provide a putative extinction mechanism of learned fear behavior, and could have implications for the treatment of pathologies involving abnormal fear responses by using motor training as therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ari Magal
- Psychobiology Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Onodera T, Sakudo A, Wu G, Saeki K. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Japan: History and Recent Studies on Oxidative Stress in Prion Diseases. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:565-78. [PMID: 16924141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the respect to BSE and vCJD, compliance with the following three rules should strictly be observed: (i) Identification and destruction of all clinically affected cattle; (ii) destruction of all mammalian proteins used in feeding ruminant livestock; and (iii) destruction of all high-risk tissues for use in human consumption. Scrapie in sheep has been documented in the 18th century in the United Kingdom. Through studies of brain-to-brain transmission in the same species in 1935, Cuille et al. successfully isolated the culprit protein from the sheep brain. To transmit said protein from an animal to another, intracerebral inoculation was much more efficient than intraperitoneal or oral route in certain species; i.e. the hamster and mouse. Since discovery of the more efficacious infection route, studies and development of prion research have undergone 4 developmental phases. Phase I depicted discoveries of the pathological features of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and scrapie with typical lesions of spongiform encephalopathy, while Phase II revealed individual-to-individual (or cross-species) transmissions of CJD, kuru and scrapie in animals. Phases I and II suggested the possible participation of a slow virus in the infection process. In Phase III, Prusiner et al. proposed the 'prion' theory in 1982, followed by the milestone development of the transgenic or gene-targeted mouse in prion research in Phase IV. By strain-typing of prions, CJD has been classified as type 2 or 4 by Parchi et al. and Wadsworth as type-2 or -4 and type-1 or -2, respectively. Wadsworth type 1 is detected in the cerebellum, while Wadsworth type 2 was detected in the prefrontal cortex of 10% of sporadic CJD patients. In 1999, Puoti et al. have reported the co-existence of two types of PrP(res) in a same patient. These reports indicated that PrP(res)-typing is a quantitative rather than a qualitative process, and the relationship between the molecular type and the prion strain is rather complex. In fact, previous findings of Truchot have correlated type-1 distribution with synaptic deposits, and type-2 with arrangement of diffuse deposits in neurons. Although the normal function of PrP(C) has not been fully understood, recent studies have shown that PrP(C) plays a role in copper metabolism, signal transduction, neuroprotection and cell maturation. Further search of PrP(C)-interacting molecules and detailed studies using Prnp(-/-) mice and various type of Prnp(-/-) cell lines under various conditions are the prerequisites in elucidating PrP functions. In the pathogenesis of prion diseases, present results support the hypothesis that 'loss-of-function' of PrP(C) decreases resistance to oxidative stress, and 'gain-of-function' of PrP(Sc) increases oxidative stress. The mechanisms of (i) the 'loss-of-function' of PrP(C) in enhanced susceptibility to oxidative stress and (ii) the 'gain-of-function' of PrP(Sc) in generation of oxidative stress remain to be elucidated, although their mechanisms of action, at least in part, involve the decrease and increase in SOD activity, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Onodera
- Department of Molecular Immunology, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anatomical evidence for the involvement of medial cerebellar output from the interpositus nuclei in cognitive functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18980-4. [PMID: 23112179 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211168109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the cerebellar interpositus nuclei are known to be involved in cognitive functions, such as associative motor learning, no anatomical evidence has been available for this issue. Here we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to identify neurons in the cerebellar nuclei that project via the thalamus to area 46 of the prefrontal cortex of macaques in comparison with the projections to the primary motor cortex (M1). After rabies injections into area 46, many neurons in the restricted region of the posterior interpositus nucleus (PIN) were labeled disynaptically via the thalamus, whereas no neuron labeling was found in the anterior interpositus nucleus (AIN). The distribution of the labeled neurons was dorsoventrally different from that of PIN neurons labeled from the M1. This defines an anatomical substrate for the contribution of medial cerebellar output to cognitive functions. Like the dentate nucleus, the PIN has dual motor and cognitive channels, whereas the AIN has a motor channel only.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tai DJC, Hsu WL, Liu YC, Ma YL, Lee EHY. Novel role and mechanism of protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 in spatial learning. EMBO J 2011; 30:205-20. [PMID: 21102409 PMCID: PMC3020114 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
By using differential display PCR, we have previously identified 98 cDNA fragments from rat dorsal hippocampus, which are expressed differentially between the fast learners and slow learners from water-maze learning task. One cDNA fragment, which showed a higher expression level in fast learners, encodes the rat protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (pias1) gene. Spatial training induced a significant increase in PIAS1 expression in rat hippocampus. Transient transfection of the wild-type (WT) PIAS1 plasmid to CA1 neurons facilitated, whereas transfection of PIAS1 siRNA impaired spatial learning in rats. Meanwhile, PIAS1WT increased STAT1 sumoylation, decreased STAT1 DNA binding and decreased STAT1 phosphorylation at Tyr-701 associated with spatial learning facilitation. But PIAS1 siRNA transfection produced an opposite effect on these measures associated with spatial learning impairment. Further, transfection of STAT1 sumoylation mutant impaired spatial acquisition, whereas transfection of STAT1 phosphorylation mutant blocked the impairing effect of PIAS1 siRNA on spatial learning. In this study, we first demonstrate the role of PIAS1 in spatial learning. Both posttranslational modifications (increased sumoylation and decreased phosphorylation) mediate the effect of PIAS1 on spatial learning facilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek J C Tai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei L Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen C Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun L Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eminy H Y Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim HSR, Seto-Ohshima A, Nishiyama H, Itohara S. Normal delay eyeblink conditioning in mice devoid of astrocytic S100B. Neurosci Lett 2010; 489:148-53. [PMID: 21146588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
S100B is a small calcium binding protein synthesized and secreted mostly by astrocytes. Mice devoid of S100B (S100B-KO) develop without detectable anatomic abnormalities of the brain, but exhibit enhanced hippocampal long-term potentiation and enhanced performance in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory tasks, indicating that S100B has a crucial role in hippocampal neuronal plasticity. In the present study, we examined whether S100B has a similar role in the cerebellar regions, because Bergmann glia, a specialized subset of astrocytes in the cerebellar cortex, express a particularly large amount of S100B under physiologic conditions. Unlike in the hippocampus-dependent tasks, S100B-KO mice were indistinguishable from wild-type mice in both cerebellum-dependent motor coordination and delay eyeblink conditioning, a well-established paradigm for cerebellum-dependent learning and memory. These results suggest that S100B has differential roles in the hippocampus and cerebellum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Soo R Kim
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Piechota M, Korostynski M, Solecki W, Gieryk A, Slezak M, Bilecki W, Ziolkowska B, Kostrzewa E, Cymerman I, Swiech L, Jaworski J, Przewlocki R. The dissection of transcriptional modules regulated by various drugs of abuse in the mouse striatum. Genome Biol 2010; 11:R48. [PMID: 20459597 PMCID: PMC2898085 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-r48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various drugs of abuse activate intracellular pathways in the brain reward system. These pathways regulate the expression of genes that are essential to the development of addiction. To reveal genes common and distinct for different classes of drugs of abuse, we compared the effects of nicotine, ethanol, cocaine, morphine, heroin and methamphetamine on gene expression profiles in the mouse striatum. RESULTS We applied whole-genome microarray profiling to evaluate detailed time-courses (1, 2, 4 and 8 hours) of transcriptome alterations following acute drug administration in mice. We identified 42 drug-responsive genes that were segregated into two main transcriptional modules. The first module consisted of activity-dependent transcripts (including Fos and Npas4), which are induced by psychostimulants and opioids. The second group of genes (including Fkbp5 and S3-12), which are controlled, in part, by the release of steroid hormones, was strongly activated by ethanol and opioids. Using pharmacological tools, we were able to inhibit the induction of particular modules of drug-related genomic profiles. We selected a subset of genes for validation by in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR. We also showed that knockdown of the drug-responsive genes Sgk1 and Tsc22d3 resulted in alterations to dendritic spines in mice, possibly reflecting an altered potential for plastic changes. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified modules of drug-induced genes that share functional relationships. These genes may play a critical role in the early stages of addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Piechota
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Smetna 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
This experiment monitored eyelid responses bilaterally during delay eyeblink conditioning in rats. Rats were given paired or unpaired training with a tone or light conditioned stimulus (CS) and a unilateral periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus (US). Rats given paired training acquired high levels of conditioned responses (CRs), which occurred in both eyelids. However, acquisition was faster, and the overall percentage of CRs was greater in the eyelid that was ipsilateral to the US. CRs in the eyelid ipsilateral to the US also had shorter onset latencies and larger amplitudes than CRs in the contralateral eyelid. Both eyelids consistently showed high percentages of unconditioned responses (UR) to the US, and the UR amplitude decreased across training sessions in the paired group. The present study demonstrated that CRs occur robustly in both eyelids of rats given eyeblink conditioning, which is similar to previous findings in humans and monkeys. The results also showed that conditioning occurs more prominently in the eyelid that is ipsilateral to the US, which is similar to previous findings in humans, monkeys, dogs, and rabbits.
Collapse
|
15
|
Thompson R, Steinmetz J. The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of discrete behavioral responses. Neuroscience 2009; 162:732-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Intracranial self-stimulation to the lateral hypothalamus, a memory improving treatment, results in hippocampal changes in gene expression. Neuroscience 2009; 162:359-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
17
|
Hu B, Lin X, Huang LS, Yang L, Feng H, Sui JF. Involvement of the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebellum in the acquisition of unilateral classical eyeblink conditioning in guinea pigs. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:141-52. [PMID: 19122670 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2008.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative contributions of the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebellum to the acquisition of unilateral classical eyeblink conditioning (EBCC). METHODS The unilateral EBCC was achieved using a binaural tone conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a left airpuff unconditioned stimulus (US). A high-resolution potentiometer was used to monitor eyeblink responses. Guinea pigs received one CS-US session followed by three CS-US sessions (sessions 2 to 4), during which microinjections of muscimol, a GABA(A) receptor agonist, were performed to reversibly inactivate the cerebellum unilaterally prior to training. To test whether any learning had occurred during these inactivation sessions, training was continued for six more CS-US sessions (sessions 5 to 10) without any inactivation. RESULTS Animals with inactivation of the left cerebellum had no signs of left conditioned response (CR) during sessions 2 to 4, and their CR acquisition during sessions 5 to 10 was not distinguishable from that of control animals during sessions 2 to 7. In contrast, animals with inactivation of the right cerebellum acquired left CRs during sessions 2 to 4, although their CR acquisition was significantly retarded during session 2. In addition, microinjections of muscimol into the right cerebellum did not affect left neuro-behavioral activity. Finally, microinjections of muscimol into either the left or the right cerebellum did not affect the performance of tone-airpuff evoked unconditioned response (UR). CONCLUSION In contrast to the essential role of the ipsilateral cerebellum, the contralateral cerebellum is potentially involved in the acquisition of unilateral EBCC during the early stage of training.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sato H, Horikawa Y, Iizuka K, Sakurai N, Tanaka T, Shihara N, Oshima A, Takeda J, Mikuni M. Large-scale analysis of glucocorticoid target genes in rat hypothalamus. J Neurochem 2008; 106:805-14. [PMID: 18489715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient glucocorticoid (GC) signaling is frequently observed in major depressive disorder (MDD). Since emotional and behavioral symptoms are often accompanied by disturbances in hypothalamic systems, GC insufficiency in this region is regarded as important in the pathogenesis of MDD. In this study, 22 early GC-responsive genes comprising 15 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated genes in rat hypothalamus were identified as being regulated at least two-fold by dexamethasone using microarray with 22 599 unique transcripts. Among these 22 genes, five of which are novel GC-responsive genes, the expression patterns of sgk, bcl6, pdk4, and plekhf1 were examined in vitro in detail, and GC-responsive regions were identified only within the promoter of sgk. This suggests that glucocorticoid response element-independent pathways also play a critical role in early GC-response in hypothalamus. Considering that a number of these GC-responsive genes are candidate neuronal regulators, this gene list should be useful in clarifying the relationship between GC insufficiency and the pathogenesis of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Sato
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, and Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tanaka M, Yamaguchi K, Tatsukawa T, Nishioka C, Nishiyama H, Theis M, Willecke K, Itohara S. Lack of Connexin43-mediated bergmann glial gap junctional coupling does not affect cerebellar long-term depression, motor coordination, or eyeblink conditioning. Front Behav Neurosci 2008; 2:1. [PMID: 18958191 PMCID: PMC2525865 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.08.001.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bergmann glial cells are specialized astrocytes in the cerebellum. In the mature cerebellar molecular layer, Bergmann glial processes are closely associated with Purkinje cells, enclosing Purkinje cell dendritic synapses with a glial sheath. There is intensive gap junctional coupling between Bergmann glial processes, but their significance in cerebellar functions is not known. Connexin43 (Cx43), a major component of astrocytic gap junction channels, is abundantly expressed in Bergmann glial cells. To examine the role of Cx43-mediated gap junctions between Bergmann glial cells in cerebellar functions, we generated Cx43 conditional knockout mice with the S100b-Cre transgenic line (Cx43fl/fl:S100b-Cre), which exhibited a significant loss of Cx43 in the Bergmann glial cells and astrocytes in the cerebellum with a postnatal onset. The Cx43fl/fl:S100b-Cre mice had normal cerebellar architecture. Although gap junctional coupling between the Bergmann glial cells measured by spreading of microinjected Lucifer yellow was virtually abolished in Cx43fl/fl:S100b-Cre mice, electrophysiologic analysis revealed that cerebellar long-term depression could be induced and maintained normally in their cerebellar slices. In addition, at the behavioral level, Cx43fl/fl:S100b-Cre mice had normal motor coordination in the rotarod task and normal conditioned eyelid response. Our findings suggest that Cx43-mediated gap junctional coupling between Bergmann glial cells is not necessary for the neuron-glia interactions required for cerebellum-dependent motor coordination and motor learning.
Collapse
|
20
|
Alberini CM. The role of protein synthesis during the labile phases of memory: revisiting the skepticism. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 89:234-46. [PMID: 17928243 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that extensive evidence supports the view that phases of de novo protein synthesis are necessary for memory formation and maintenance, doubts are still raised. Skeptics generally argue that amnesia and the disruption of long-term synaptic plasticity are caused by "non-specific effects" of the reagents or approaches used to disrupt protein synthesis. This paper attempts to clarify some of these issues by reviewing, discussing and providing results addressing some of the major critiques that argue against the idea that de novo protein synthesis is necessary for the stabilization of long-term memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Alberini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Håvik B, Røkke H, Dagyte G, Stavrum AK, Bramham CR, Steen VM. Synaptic activity-induced global gene expression patterns in the dentate gyrus of adult behaving rats: induction of immunity-linked genes. Neuroscience 2007; 148:925-36. [PMID: 17764852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression in adult neuronal circuits is dynamically modulated in response to synaptic activity. Persistent changes in synaptic strength, as seen during high-frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP), require new gene expression. While modulation of many individual genes has been shown, an understanding of LTP as a complex dynamical response requires elucidation of the global gene expression signature and its impact on biologically meaningful gene sets. In this study, we demonstrate that LTP induction in the dentate gyrus of awake freely moving rats was associated with changes in the expression of genes linked to signal transduction, protein trafficking, cell structure and motility, and other processes consistent with the induction of mechanisms of synaptic reorganization and growth. Interestingly, the most significantly over-represented gene sets were related to immunity and defense, including T-cell-mediated immunity and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-mediated immunity. Real-time PCR confirmed the upregulation of a panel of immune-linked genes including the rt1-a/ce family, and the MHC class II members cd74, rt1-Ba and rt1-Da. These genes were N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-independent and not induced following HFS-LTP induction in anesthetized rats, indicating a gene response specific to behaving rats. Our data support recent assumptions that immunity-associated processes are functionally linked to adaptive neuronal responses in the brain, although the differential expression of immunity-linked genes could also be related to the HFS per se.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Håvik
- Dr. Einar Martens' Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, and Bergen Mental Health Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|