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Clark GC, Lai A, Agarwal A, Liu Z, Wang XY. Biopterin metabolism and nitric oxide recoupling in cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1321326. [PMID: 38469569 PMCID: PMC10925643 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1321326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor necessary for the activity of several enzymes, the most studied of which is nitric oxide synthase. The role of this cofactor-enzyme relationship in vascular biology is well established. Recently, tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism has received increasing attention in the field of cancer immunology and immunotherapy due to its involvement in the cytotoxic T cell response. Past research has demonstrated that when the availability of BH4 is low, as it is in chronic inflammatory conditions and tumors, electron transfer in the active site of nitric oxide synthase becomes uncoupled from the oxidation of arginine. This results in the production of radical species that are capable of a direct attack on tetrahydrobiopterin, further depleting its local availability. This feedforward loop may act like a molecular switch, reinforcing low tetrahydrobiopterin levels leading to altered NO signaling, restrained immune effector activity, and perpetual vascular inflammation within the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the evidence for this underappreciated mechanism in different aspects of tumor progression and therapeutic responses. Furthermore, we discuss the preclinical evidence supporting a clinical role for tetrahydrobiopterin supplementation to enhance immunotherapy and radiotherapy for solid tumors and the potential safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Chatman Clark
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Alan Lai
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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2
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Navasardyan I, Bonavida B. Regulation of T Cells in Cancer by Nitric Oxide. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102655. [PMID: 34685635 PMCID: PMC8534057 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell-mediated immune response is primarily involved in the fight against infectious diseases and cancer and its underlying mechanisms are complex. The anti-tumor T cell response is regulated by various T cell subsets and other cells and tissues in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Various mechanisms are involved in the regulation of these various effector cells. One mechanism is the iNOS/.NO that has been reported to be intimately involved in the regulation and differentiation of the various cells that regulate the anti-tumor CD8 T cells. Both endogenous and exogenous .NO are implicated in this regulation. Importantly, the exposure of T cells to .NO had different effects on the immune response, depending on the .NO concentration and time of exposure. For instance, iNOS in T cells regulates activation-induced cell death and inhibits Treg induction. Effector CD8 T cells exposed to .NO result in the upregulation of death receptors and enhance their anti-tumor cytotoxic activity. .NO-Tregs suppress CD4 Th17 cells and their differentiation. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expressing iNOS inhibit T cell functions via .NO and inhibit anti-tumor CD8 T cells. Therefore, both .NO donors and .NO inhibitors are potential therapeutics tailored to specific target cells that regulate the T cell effector anti-tumor response.
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Habal MV, Miller AM, Rao S, Lin S, Obradovic A, Khosravi-Maharlooei M, See S, Roy P, Ronzon S, Ho SH, Marboe C, Naka Y, Takeda K, Restaino S, Han A, Mancini D, Givertz M, Madsen JC, Sykes M, Addonizio L, Farr M, Zorn E. T cell repertoire analysis suggests a prominent bystander response in human cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1465-1476. [PMID: 33021057 PMCID: PMC8672660 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), yet their clonality, specificity, and function are incompletely defined. Here we used T cell receptor β chain (TCRB) sequencing to study the T cell repertoire in the coronary artery, endomyocardium, and peripheral blood at the time of retransplant in four cases of CAV and compared it to the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) repertoire from the same samples. High-dimensional flow cytometry coupled with single-cell PCR was also used to define the T cell phenotype. Extensive overlap was observed between intragraft and blood TCRBs in all cases, a finding supported by robust quantitative diversity metrics. In contrast, blood and graft IGHV repertoires from the same samples showed minimal overlap. Coronary infiltrates included CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells expressing inflammatory (IFNγ, TNFα) and profibrotic (TGFβ) cytokines. These were distinguishable from the peripheral blood based on memory, activation, and tissue residency markers (CD45RO, CTLA-4, and CD69). Importantly, high-frequency rearrangements were traced back to endomyocardial biopsies (2-6 years prior). Comparison with four HLA-mismatched blood donors revealed a repertoire of shared TCRBs, including a subset of recently described cross-reactive sequences. These findings provide supportive evidence for an active local intragraft bystander T cell response in late-stage CAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena V. Habal
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - April M.I Miller
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Samhita Rao
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sijie Lin
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Aleksandar Obradovic
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Sarah See
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Poulomi Roy
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Shihab Ronzon
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Siu-hong Ho
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Charles Marboe
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Yoshifumi Naka
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Koji Takeda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Susan Restaino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Arnold Han
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Donna Mancini
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michael Givertz
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joren C. Madsen
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Linda Addonizio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Maryjane Farr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Emmanuel Zorn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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Lee M, Wang C, Jin SW, Labrecque MP, Beischlag TV, Brockman MA, Choy JC. Expression of human inducible nitric oxide synthase in response to cytokines is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:278-287. [PMID: 30391674 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and the regulation of gene expression by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are important for many aspects of human cell biology. However, little is known about whether iNOS expression is controlled by HIFs in human cells. Stimulation of A549 human lung epithelial cells with cytokines (TNF, IL-1 and IFNγ) increased the nuclear accumulation of HIF-1 in normoxic conditions. Activation of HIF-1 by hypoxia or CoCl2 was not sufficient to induce iNOS expression. However, pharmacological inhibition of HIF-1 reduced the induction of iNOS expression in A549 cells and primary human astrocytes. Moreover, elimination of HIF-1α expression and activity by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing significantly reduced the induction of human iNOS gene promoter, mRNA and protein expression by cytokine stimulation. Three putative hypoxia response elements (HRE) are present within the human iNOS gene promoter and elimination of an HRE at -4981 bp reduced the induction of human iNOS promoter activity in response to cytokine stimulation. These findings establish an important role for HIF-1α in the induction of human iNOS gene expression in response to cytokine stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven W Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark P Labrecque
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy V Beischlag
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark A Brockman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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Lee M, Rey K, Besler K, Wang C, Choy J. Immunobiology of Nitric Oxide and Regulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:181-207. [PMID: 28455710 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive gas that has multiple roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. In macrophages, nitric oxide is produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase upon microbial and cytokine stimulation. It is needed for host defense against pathogens and for immune regulation. This review will summarize the role of NO and iNOS in inflammatory and immune responses and will discuss the regulatory mechanisms that control inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kevin Rey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Katrina Besler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Christine Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Graft-Derived IL-6 Amplifies Proliferation and Survival of Effector T Cells That Drive Alloimmune-Mediated Vascular Rejection. Transplantation 2016; 100:2332-2341. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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von Rossum A, Laher I, Choy JC. Immune-mediated vascular injury and dysfunction in transplant arteriosclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 5:684. [PMID: 25628623 PMCID: PMC4290675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is the only treatment for end-stage organ failure but this life-saving procedure is limited by immune-mediated rejection of most grafts. Blood vessels within transplanted organs are targeted by the immune system and the resultant vascular damage is a main contributor to acute and chronic graft failure. The vasculature is a unique tissue with specific immunological properties. This review discusses the interactions of the immune system with blood vessels in transplanted organs and how these interactions lead to the development of transplant arteriosclerosis, a leading cause of heart transplant failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna von Rossum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC , Canada
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC , Canada
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von Rossum A, Enns W, Shi YP, MacEwan GE, Malekesmaeli M, Brinkman R, Choy JC. Bim regulates alloimmune-mediated vascular injury through effects on T-cell activation and death. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1290-7. [PMID: 24700126 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bim is a proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein known to downregulate immune responses and to also be required for antigen-induced T-cell activation. However, it is not known how the effect of Bim on these offsetting processes determines the outcome of allogeneic immune responses. We have defined the role of Bim in regulating alloantigen-driven T-cell responses in a model of vascular rejection. APPROACH AND RESULTS Bim was required for proliferation of CD4 and CD8 T cells, and for interleukin-2 production, in T cells stimulated with alloantigen in vitro. Moreover, a partial reduction in Bim expression was sufficient to attenuate T-cell activation, whereas a complete elimination of Bim was required to prevent CD4 T-cell death in response to cytokine withdrawl. When alloimmune-mediated vascular rejection was examined using an aortic interposition model, there was significantly less intimal thickening in Bim(+/-), but not Bim(-/-), graft recipients. T-cell proliferation in response to allograft arteries was significantly reduced in both Bim(+/-) and Bim(-/-) mice, but cell death was attenuated only in Bim(-/-) animals. CONCLUSIONS Bim controls both T-cell activation and death in response to alloantigen stimulation. These processes act cooperatively to determine the outcome of immune responses in allograft arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna von Rossum
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Winnie Enns
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Yu P Shi
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Grace E MacEwan
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Mehrnoush Malekesmaeli
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Ryan Brinkman
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.).
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Lee M, Choy JC. Positive feedback regulation of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by Ras protein S-nitrosylation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15677-86. [PMID: 23599434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.475319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) regulates many aspects of physiology and pathology. The expression of iNOS needs to be tightly regulated to balance the broad ranging properties of NO. We have investigated the feedback regulation of cytokine-induced iNOS expression by NO in human cells. The pharmacological inhibition of iNOS activity reduced iNOS protein levels in response to cytokine stimulation in a human epithelial cell line (A549 cells) as well as in primary human astrocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. The addition of exogenous NO using a NO donor prevented the reduction in iNOS levels caused by blockade of iNOS activity. Examination of signaling pathways affected by iNOS indicated that NO S-nitrosylated Ras. Transfection of cells with a S-nitrosylation-resistant Ras mutant reduced iNOS protein levels, indicating a role for this Ras modification in the amplification of iNOS levels. Further, the induction of iNOS protein levels correlated with the late activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, and inhibition of these signaling molecules reduced iNOS levels. Altogether, our findings reveal a previously unknown regulatory pathway that amplifies iNOS expression in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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10
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Hernansanz-Agustín P, Izquierdo-Álvarez A, García-Ortiz A, Ibiza S, Serrador JM, Martínez-Ruiz A. Nitrosothiols in the immune system: signaling and protection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:288-308. [PMID: 22746191 PMCID: PMC3518543 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In the immune system, nitric oxide (NO) has been mainly associated with antibacterial defenses exerted through oxidative, nitrosative, and nitrative stress and signal transduction through cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms. However, S-nitrosylation is emerging as a post-translational modification (PTM) involved in NO-mediated cell signaling. RECENT ADVANCES Precise roles for S-nitrosylation in signaling pathways have been described both for innate and adaptive immunity. Denitrosylation may protect macrophages from their own S-nitrosylation, while maintaining nitrosative stress compartmentalized in the phagosomes. Nitrosothiols have also been shown to be beneficial in experimental models of autoimmune diseases, mainly through their role in modulating T-cell differentiation and function. CRITICAL ISSUES Relationship between S-nitrosylation, other thiol redox PTMs, and other NO-signaling pathways has not been always taken into account, particularly in the context of immune responses. Methods for assaying S-nitrosylation in individual proteins and proteomic approaches to study the S-nitrosoproteome are constantly being improved, which helps to move this field forward. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Integrated studies of signaling pathways in the immune system should consider whether S-nitrosylation/denitrosylation processes are among the PTMs influencing the activity of key signaling and adaptor proteins. Studies in pathophysiological scenarios will also be of interest to put these mechanisms into broader contexts. Interventions modulating nitrosothiol levels in autoimmune disease could be investigated with a view to developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hernansanz-Agustín
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
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Purushothaman D, Marcel N, Garg M, Venkataraman R, Sarin A. Apoptotic programs are determined during lineage commitment of CD4+ T effectors: selective regulation of T effector-memory apoptosis by inducible nitric oxide synthase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:97-105. [PMID: 23225886 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lineage-committed T effectors generated in response to Ag during the inflammatory phase are destined to die during termination of the immune response. We present evidence to suggest that molecular signatures of lineage commitment are reflected in apoptotic cascades activated in CD4(+) T effectors. Exemplifying this, ablation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protected effector-memory T (TEM) cells, but not T(Naive) or central-memory T cells, activated in vitro, from apoptosis triggered by cytokine deprivation. Furthermore, attrition of T effectors generated in the secondary, but not the primary, response to Ag was substantially reduced in mice, which received iNOS inhibitors. Distinct patterns of iNOS expression were revealed in wild-type TEM effectors undergoing apoptosis, and ablation of iNOS protein in primary and TEM wild-type effectors confirmed observations made in iNOS(-/-) cells. Describing molecular correlates of this dependence, mitochondrial damage, activation of the protein Bax, and release from mitochondria of the apoptosis-inducing factor were selectively abrogated in iNOS(-/-) TEM effectors. Suggesting that iNOS dependence was linked to the functional identity of T cell subsets, both iNOS induction and apoptosis were compromised in IFN-γ(-/-) TEM effectors, which mirrored the response patterns of iNOS(-)(/)(-) TEM. Collectively, these observations suggest that programs regulating deletion and differentiation are closely integrated and likely encoded during lineage commitment of T effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Purushothaman
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India.
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12
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Umeshappa CS, Singh KP, Nanjundappa RH, Channappanavar R, Maan S, Maan NS. Bluetongue virus - 23 stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in mononuclear cells of blood and/or regional lymphoid organs. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:245-50. [PMID: 23007876 PMCID: PMC7088732 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-012-9538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear leukocytes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and regional lymphoid organs (RLOs) play a critical role in primary BTV replication and subsequent viral dissemination to distant systemic organs. The lesions in animals develop primarily as a result of vascular insult, presumably induced by the activity of viral and/or proinflammatory vasoactive mediators. Hence, the current study was designed in sheep to investigate the responses of potent vasoactivators, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and/or nitric oxide (NO) in mononuclear leukocytes of PBMCs and RLOs. The results show that BTV infection of sheep led to enhanced transcription of iNOS in PBMCs and in particular RLOs. The BTV RNAs and/or antigens were readily demonstrable in these mononuclear leukocytes, suggesting the possible role of BTV in iNOS induction. Moreover, upon in vitro infection of PBMCs with BTV-23, iNOS was up-regulated in time-dependent fashion and correlated with increased NO production. The results from these in vivo and in vitro studies thus suggest iNOS and NO produced by mononuclear leukocytes may potentially contribute to vascular-related pathology of BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, U.P. India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, U.P. India
| | - Roopa Hebbandi Nanjundappa
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Technology, P.G. Centre, Kuvempu University, Shimoga, Karnataka 577 002 India
| | - Rudragouda Channappanavar
- Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, U.P. India
| | - Sushila Maan
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004 India
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004 India
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13
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Liu AC, Lee M, McManus BM, Choy JC. Induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression by IL-17 in human vascular endothelial cells: implications for vascular remodeling in transplant vasculopathy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1544-50. [PMID: 22219320 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 is a signature cytokine of Th17 cells, a recently described subset of effector CD4 T cells implicated in the development of several pathologies. We have examined the role of IL-17 in regulating endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs) because of the key role of eNOS in determining the pathological outcome of immune-mediated vascular diseases. In cultured ECs, IL-17 increased expression of eNOS, eNOS phosphorylation at Ser(1177), and NO production. The induction of eNOS expression by IL-17 was prevented by the pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB, MEK, and JNK, as well as by small interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing of these signaling pathways. The expression of IL-17 was then examined by immunohistochemistry in human arteries affected by transplant vasculopathy (TV), a vascular condition that is a leading reflection of chronic heart transplant rejection. IL-17 was expressed by infiltrating leukocytes in the intima of arteries with TV, and the majority of IL-17-positive cells were T cells. The number of IL-17-positive cells was not correlated with the intima/media ratio, but was negatively correlated with the amount of luminal occlusion. There was also a significant positive correlation between the number of IL-17-positive cells and the density of eNOS-expressing luminal ECs in arteries with TV. Altogether, these findings show that IL-17 induces the expression of eNOS in human ECs and that this may facilitate outward expansion of arteries afflicted with TV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Crudele V, Picascia A, Infante T, Grimaldi V, Maiello C, Napoli C. Repeated immune and non immune insults to the graft after heart transplantation. Immunol Lett 2011; 141:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Participation of blood vessel cells in human adaptive immune responses. Trends Immunol 2011; 33:49-57. [PMID: 22030237 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Circulating T cells contact blood vessels either when they extravasate across the walls of microvessels into inflamed tissues or when they enter into the walls of larger vessels in inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. The blood vessel wall is largely composed of three cell types: endothelial cells lining the entire vascular tree; pericytes supporting the endothelium of microvessels; and smooth muscle cells forming the bulk of large vessel walls. Each of these cell types interacts with and alters the behavior of infiltrating T cells in different ways, making these cells active participants in the processes of immune-mediated inflammation. In this review, we compare and contrast what is known about the nature of these interactions in humans.
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Asaoka T, Island ER, Tryphonopoulos P, Selvaggi G, Moon J, Tekin A, Amador A, Levi DM, Garcia J, Smith L, Nishida S, Weppler D, Tzakis AG, Ruiz P. Characteristic immune, apoptosis and inflammatory gene profiles associated with intestinal acute cellular rejection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded mucosal biopsies. Transpl Int 2011; 24:697-707. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Escalante NK, von Rossum A, Lee M, Choy JC. CD155 on Human Vascular Endothelial Cells Attenuates the Acquisition of Effector Functions in CD8 T Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1177-84. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.224162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
CD155 is a cell surface protein that has recently been described to exert immune regulatory functions. We have characterized the expression of CD155 on human vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and examined its role in the regulation of T-cell activation.
Methods and Results—
CD155 was expressed on resting human vascular ECs and was upregulated in an interferon-γ (IFNγ)–dependent manner. When the function of CD155 in regulating T-cell activation was examined, antibody-mediated neutralization of CD155 did not affect CD8 T-cell proliferation in response to stimulation with ECs. However, neutralization of CD155 activity or small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of CD155 expression in ECs increased expression of IFNγ and cytotoxic effector function in activated CD8 T cells.
Conclusion—
CD155 is an IFNγ-inducible immune regulatory protein on the surface of human ECs that attenuates the acquisition of effector functions in CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole K. Escalante
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna von Rossum
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Lee
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan C. Choy
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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von Rossum A, Krall R, Escalante NK, Choy JC. Inflammatory cytokines determine the susceptibility of human CD8 T cells to Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death through modulation of FasL and c-FLIP(S) expression. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21137-44. [PMID: 21518761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.197657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of inflammatory signals determines the outcome of T cell responses. However, little is known about how inflammatory cytokines provided to human CD8 T cells during activation affects their susceptibility to post-activation cell death. We have examined and compared the effects of the inflammatory cytokine IL-12, as well as the combination of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-23 (IL-1/6/23) on the susceptibility of primary human CD8 T cells to post-activation cell death. Human CD8 T cells activated in the presence of IL-1/6/23 underwent significantly less cell death after activation as compared with those activated in IL-12. This was due to reduced susceptibility to Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death (AICD). Mechanistically, the reduced level of cell death in CD8 T cells activated in IL-1/6/23 was a result of a low level of FasL expression and high level of c-FLIP(S) expression. When the effect of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-23 individually was examined, IL-1 or IL-6 alone was sufficient to inhibit CD8 T cell death that occurs after activation in IL-12. IL-1, but not IL-6, inhibited expression of FasL, whereas IL-6, but not IL-1, increased c-FLIP(S) expression. Our findings show that the presence of IL-1 and/or IL-6 during activation of human CD8 T cells attenuates Fas-mediated AICD, whereas IL-12 increases the susceptibility of activated CD8 T cells to this form of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna von Rossum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A1S6
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19
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Abstract
Shortly after the identification of nitric oxide (NO) as a product of macrophages, it was discovered that NO generated by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibits the proliferation of T lymphocytes. Since then, it has become clear that iNOS activity also regulates the development, differentiation, and/or function of various types of T cells and B cells and also affects NK cells. The three key mechanisms underlying the iNOS-dependent immunoregulation are (a) the modulation of signaling processes by NO, (b) the depletion of arginine, and (c) the alteration of accessory cell functions. This chapter highlights important principles of iNOS-dependent immunoregulation of lymphocytes and also reviews more recent evidence for an effect of endothelial or neuronal NO synthase in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Institute - Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg and University Clinic of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Kuhr FK, Zhang Y, Brovkovych V, Skidgel RA. Beta-arrestin 2 is required for B1 receptor-dependent post-translational activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. FASEB J 2010; 24:2475-83. [PMID: 20228252 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-148783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A major source of "high-output" NO in inflammation is inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). iNOS is primarily transcriptionally regulated and is thought to function as an uncontrolled generator of high NO. We found that iNOS in cytokine-stimulated human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs) is highly regulated post-translationally via activation of the B1 kinin G protein-coupled receptor (B1R). We report here that B1R-mediated iNOS activation was significantly inhibited by knockdown of beta-arrestin 2 with siRNA in cytokine-treated HLMVECs or HEK293 cells transfected with iNOS and B1R. In contrast, beta-arrestin 1 siRNA had no effect. The prolonged phase of B1R-dependent ERK activation was also inhibited by beta-arrestin 2 knockdown. Furthermore, robust ERK activation by the epidermal growth factor receptor (a beta-arrestin 2 independent pathway) had no effect on iNOS-derived NO production. beta-arrestin 2 and iNOS coimmunoprecipitated, and there was significant fluorescence resonance energy transfer between CFP-iNOS and beta-arrestin 2-YFP (but not beta-arrestin 1-YFP) that increased 3-fold after B1R stimulation. These data show that beta-arrestin 2 mediates B1R-dependent high-output NO by scaffolding iNOS and ERK to allow post-translational activation of iNOS. This could play a critical role in mediating endothelial function in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank K Kuhr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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22
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23
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Choy JC, Pober JS. Generation of NO by bystander human CD8 T cells augments allogeneic responses by inhibiting cytokine deprivation-induced cell death. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:2281-91. [PMID: 19663890 PMCID: PMC3505447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), generated by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in bystander human CD8 T cells, augments the accumulation of allogeneically activated human CD8 T cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report that iNOS-derived NO does not affect T-cell proliferation but rather inhibits cell death of activated human CD8 T cells after activation by allogeneic endothelial cells in culture. Exogenous NO did not affect activation-induced cell death of human CD8 T cells but specifically reduced death of activated T cells due to cytokine deprivation. NO-mediated inhibition of T-cell death did not involve cGMP signaling, and NO did not affect the expression of Bcl-2-related proteins known to regulate cytokine deprivation-induced cell death. However, NO inhibited the activity of caspases activated as a consequence of cytokine deprivation in activated T cells. This protective effect correlated with S-nitrosylation of caspases and was phenocopied by z-VAD.fmk and z-LEHD.fmk, pharmacological inhibitors of caspases. In summary, our findings indicate that NO augments the accumulation of activated human T cells principally by inhibiting cytokine deprivation-induced cell death through S-nitrosylation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Choy
- Section of Human and Translational Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jordan S. Pober
- Section of Human and Translational Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Corresponding author: Jordan S. Pober, M.D., Ph.D., 10 Amistad St., Room 401D, New Haven, CT 06520-8089. Phone: (203)737-2292; Fax: (203)737-2293;
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24
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Choy JC, Yi T, Rao DA, Tellides G, Fox-Talbot K, Baldwin WM, Pober JS. CXCL12 induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human CD8 T cells. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 27:1333-9. [PMID: 19059114 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported previously that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in graft-infiltrating human T cells that is confined to the bystander population contributes to T- cell-mediated rejection of allograft arteries in a humanized mouse model. Herein we examine whether CXCL12, a chemokine thought to contribute to recruitment of bystander T cells, induces iNOS in human CD8 T cells. METHODS Human CD8 T cells were treated with CXCL12 and iNOS expression was examined. Also, human allograft arteries were immunohistochemically stained for iNOS and CD8, and adjacent sections stained for CXCL12 to determine their localization in human tissues. RESULTS Resting human CD8 and CD4 T cells expressed the CXCR4, but not the CXCR7, receptor for CXCL12. Treatment with CXCL12 induced expression of both iNOS mRNA and protein in primary human CD8 T cells in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on CD4 T cells. Induction of iNOS expression in CD8 T cells was mediated by increased gene transcription. T-cell-receptor (TCR)-activated CD8 T cells rapidly downregulated CXCR4, which coincided with diminished ability of CXCL12 to induce iNOS in activated T cells. iNOS expression in infiltrating human CD8 T cells was spatially associated with CXCL12 expression both in the humanized mouse model of allograft artery rejection and in clinical specimens of coronary arteries displaying allograft vasculopathy. CONCLUSIONS CXCL12 induces iNOS expression in human CD8 T cells and this response may contribute to allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8089, USA
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25
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Eid RE, Rao DA, Zhou J, Lo SFL, Ranjbaran H, Gallo A, Sokol SI, Pfau S, Pober JS, Tellides G. Interleukin-17 and interferon-gamma are produced concomitantly by human coronary artery-infiltrating T cells and act synergistically on vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 2009; 119:1424-32. [PMID: 19255340 PMCID: PMC2898514 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.827618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which interferon (IFN)-gamma, the signature cytokine of Th1 cells, plays a central role. We investigated whether interleukin (IL)-17, the signature cytokine of Th17 cells, is also associated with human coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Circulating IL-17 and IFN-gamma were detected in a subset of patients with coronary atherosclerosis and in referent outpatients of similar age without cardiac disease but not in young healthy individuals. IL-17 plasma levels correlated closely with those of the IL-12/IFN-gamma/CXCL10 cytokine axis but not with known Th17 inducers such as IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-23. Both IL-17 and IFN-gamma were produced at higher levels by T cells within cultured atherosclerotic coronary arteries after polyclonal activation than within nondiseased vessels. Combinations of proinflammatory cytokines induced IFN-gamma but not IL-17 secretion. Blockade of IFN-gamma signaling increased IL-17 synthesis, whereas neutralization of IL-17 responses decreased IFN-gamma synthesis; production of both cytokines was inhibited by transforming growth factor-beta1. Approximately 10-fold fewer coronary artery-infiltrating T helper cells were IL-17 producers than IFN-gamma producers, and unexpectedly, IL-17/IFN-gamma double producers were readily detectable within the artery wall. Although IL-17 did not modulate the growth or survival of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, IL-17 interacted cooperatively with IFN-gamma to enhance IL-6, CXCL8, and CXCL10 secretion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that IL-17 is produced concomitantly with IFN-gamma by coronary artery-infiltrating T cells and that these cytokines act synergistically to induce proinflammatory responses in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL10/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CXCL10/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/complications
- Coronary Artery Disease/immunology
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/physiology
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Receptors, Interferon/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/pharmacology
- Vasculitis/etiology
- Vasculitis/physiopathology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E. Eid
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Deepak A. Rao
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sheng-fu L. Lo
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hooman Ranjbaran
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amy Gallo
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Seth I. Sokol
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steven Pfau
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jordan S. Pober
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - George Tellides
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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26
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Abstract
In organ transplantation, blood borne cells and macromolecules (e.g., antibodies) of the host immune system are brought into direct contact with the endothelial cell lining of graft vessels. In this location, graft endothelial cells play several roles in allograft rejection, including the initiation of rejection responses by presentation of alloantigen to circulating T cells; the development of inflammation and thrombosis; and as targets of injury and agents of repair.
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27
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Abstract
In organ transplantation, blood borne cells and macromolecules (e.g., antibodies) of the host immune system are brought into direct contact with the endothelial cell lining of graft vessels. In this location, graft endothelial cells play several roles in allograft rejection, including the initiation of rejection responses by presentation of alloantigen to circulating T cells; the development of inflammation and thrombosis; and as targets of injury and agents of repair.
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Manes TD, Pober JS. Antigen presentation by human microvascular endothelial cells triggers ICAM-1-dependent transendothelial protrusion by, and fractalkine-dependent transendothelial migration of, effector memory CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8386-92. [PMID: 18523306 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TCR engagement on adherent human effector memory CD4(+) T cells by TNF-treated HUVECs under flow induces formation of a transendothelial protrusion (TEP) by the T cell but fails to induce transendothelial migration (TEM). In contrast, TCR engagement of the same T cell populations by TNF-treated human dermal microvascular cells (HDMEC) not only induces TEP formation, but triggers TEM at or near the interendothelial cell junctions via a process in which TEP formation appears to be the first step. Transduction of adhesion molecules in unactivated HDMEC and use of blocking Abs as conducted with TNF-activated HDMEC indicate that ICAM-1 plays a nonredundant role in TCR-driven TEP formation and TEM, and that TCR-driven TEM is also dependent upon fractalkine. TEP formation, dependence on ICAM-1, and dependence on fractalkine distinguish TCR-induced TEM from IP-10-induced TEM. These in vitro observations suggest that presentation of Ag by human microvascular endothelial cells to circulating CD4(+) effector memory T cells may function to initiate recall responses in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Manes
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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29
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Ibiza S, Serrador J. The role of nitric oxide in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-9626(08)70058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ginnan R, Guikema BJ, Halligan KE, Singer HA, Jourd’heuil D. Regulation of smooth muscle by inducible nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase in vascular proliferative diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1232-45. [PMID: 18211830 PMCID: PMC2390910 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in promoting smooth muscle migration and proliferation during vascular diseases such as postangioplasty restenosis and atherosclerosis. Another common feature of many vascular diseases is the contribution of reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) species to vascular injury. Primary sources of ROS and RNS in smooth muscle are several isoforms of NADPH oxidase (Nox) and the cytokine-regulated inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS). One important example of the interaction between NO and ROS is the reaction of NO with superoxide to yield peroxynitrite, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. In this review, we discuss the literature that supports an alternate possibility: Nox-derived ROS modulate NO bioavailability by altering the expression of iNOS. We highlight data showing coexpression of iNOS and Nox in vascular smooth muscle demonstrating the functional consequences of iNOS and Nox during vascular injury. We describe the relevant literature demonstrating that the mitogen-activated protein kinases are important modulators of proinflammatory cytokine-dependent expression of iNOS. A central hypothesis discussed is that ROS-dependent regulation of the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase Cdelta is essential to understanding how Nox may regulate signaling pathways leading to iNOS expression. Overall, the integration of nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase with cytokine signaling in general and in vascular smooth muscle in particular is poorly understood and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David Jourd’heuil
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Albany Medical College, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, 47 New Scotland Avenue (MC8), Albany, NY 12208; Tel: (518) 262 8104; Fax: (518) 262 8101; E-mail:
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32
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Abstract
Cardiac transplantation is the most effective treatment for advanced heart failure. Despite improvements in immunosuppression therapy that prevent acute rejection, cardiac allografts fail at rates of 3% to 5% per posttransplant year. The hallmark morphological lesion of chronically failing cardiac allografts, also seen in chronic renal and liver graft failure, is luminal stenosis of blood vessels, especially of conduit arteries. Late graft failure results from widespread secondary ischemic injury to the graft parenchyma rather than direct immune-mediated damage. Although this process affects the entire graft vasculature, graft arteriosclerosis is a suitable term to describe the problem because it applies to different types of failing organs and because it emphasizes the central feature, namely an accelerated form of arterial injury and remodeling. The precise pathogenesis of graft arteriosclerosis is unknown. In this review, we make the case that the signature T-helper type 1 cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ, is a key effector in graft arteriosclerosis, which, together with the IFN-γ–inducing cytokine interleukin-12 and IFN-γ–inducible chemokines such as CXCR3 ligands, constitute a positive feedback loop for T-cell activation, differentiation, and recruitment that we refer to as the IFN-γ axis. We evaluate the evidence to support this hypothesis in clinical observational and experimental animal studies. Additionally, we examine the regulation of IFN-γ production within the artery wall, the effects of IFN-γ on vessel wall cells, and the outcome of therapeutic agents on IFN-γ production and signaling. These observations lead us to suggest that new therapies for graft arteriosclerosis should be optimized which focus on reducing IFN-γ synthesis or actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Tellides
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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