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Myers RR, John A, Zhang W, Zou WQ, Cembran A, Fernandez-Funez P. Y225A induces long-range conformational changes in human prion protein that are protective in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104881. [PMID: 37269948 PMCID: PMC10339063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) misfolding is the key trigger in the devastating prion diseases. Yet the sequence and structural determinants of PrP conformation and toxicity are not known in detail. Here, we describe the impact of replacing Y225 in human PrP with A225 from rabbit PrP, an animal highly resistant to prion diseases. We first examined human PrP-Y225A by molecular dynamics simulations. We next introduced human PrP in Drosophila and compared the toxicity of human PrP-WT and Y225A in the eye and in brain neurons. Y225A stabilizes the β2-α2 loop into a 310-helix from six different conformations identified in WT and lowers hydrophobic exposure. Transgenic flies expressing PrP-Y225A exhibit less toxicity in the eye and in brain neurons and less accumulation of insoluble PrP. Overall, we determined that Y225A lowers toxicity in Drosophila assays by promoting a structured loop conformation that increases the stability of the globular domain. These findings are significant because they shed light on the key role of distal α-helix 3 on the dynamics of the loop and the entire globular domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aliciarose John
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Weiguanliu Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Neurology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Pathology and Neurology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alessandro Cembran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
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2
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Arshad H, Patel Z, Amano G, Li LY, Al-Azzawi ZAM, Supattapone S, Schmitt-Ulms G, Watts JC. A single protective polymorphism in the prion protein blocks cross-species prion replication in cultured cells. J Neurochem 2023; 165:230-245. [PMID: 36511154 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bank vole (BV) prion protein (PrP) can function as a universal acceptor of prions. However, the molecular details of BVPrP's promiscuity for replicating a diverse range of prion strains remain obscure. To develop a cultured cell paradigm capable of interrogating the unique properties of BVPrP, we generated monoclonal lines of CAD5 cells lacking endogenous PrP but stably expressing either hamster (Ha), mouse (Mo), or BVPrP (M109 or I109 polymorphic variants) and then challenged them with various strains of mouse or hamster prions. Cells expressing BVPrP were susceptible to both mouse and hamster prions, whereas cells expressing MoPrP or HaPrP could only be infected with species-matched prions. Propagation of mouse and hamster prions in cells expressing BVPrP resulted in strain adaptation in several instances, as evidenced by alterations in conformational stability, glycosylation, susceptibility to anti-prion small molecules, and the inability of BVPrP-adapted mouse prion strains to infect cells expressing MoPrP. Interestingly, cells expressing BVPrP containing the G127V prion gene variant, identified in individuals resistant to kuru, were unable to become infected with prions. Moreover, the G127V polymorphic variant impeded the spontaneous aggregation of recombinant BVPrP. These results demonstrate that BVPrP can facilitate cross-species prion replication in cultured cells and that a single amino acid change can override the prion-permissive nature of BVPrP. This cellular paradigm will be useful for dissecting the molecular features of BVPrP that allow it to function as a universal prion acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Arshad
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeel Patel
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Genki Amano
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Le Yao Li
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zaid A M Al-Azzawi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Surachai Supattapone
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Kopycka K, Maddison BC, Gough KC. Recombinant ovine prion protein can be mutated at position 136 to improve its efficacy as an inhibitor of prion propagation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3452. [PMID: 36859422 PMCID: PMC9978027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive neurodegenerative disorders with no effective therapeutics. The central event leading to the pathology in the diseases is the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc and its accumulation in the central nervous system. Previous studies demonstrated that recombinant PrP (rPrP) and PrP peptides can inhibit the formation of PrPSc. Here, the effectiveness of ovine rPrP mutants at codon 136 and peptides derived from this region were assessed for their ability to inhibit PrPSc replication, using protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Based on a rPrP VRQ (rVRQ) genotype background (positions 136, 154 and 171) and mutations at position 136, the most effective inhibitors were V136R, V136K and V136P mutants, with IC50 values of 1 to 2 nM; activities much more potent than rVRQ (114 nM). rRRQ and rKRQ were also shown to effectively inhibit multiple ruminant prion amplification reactions that used distinct prion strain seeds and substrate PRNP genotypes. rRRQ, rKRQ and rPRQ were also shown to effectively protect Rov9 cells from scrapie infection when applied at 250 nM. The study demonstrates for the first time that the rPrP sequence can be mutated at sites known to be involved in prion disease susceptibility, to produce inhibitors with improved efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kopycka
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, College Rd., Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD Leicestershire UK
| | - Ben C. Maddison
- ADAS Biotechnology, Unit 27, Beeston Business Park, Technology Drive, Beeston, NG9 1LA Nottinghamshire UK
| | - Kevin C. Gough
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, College Rd., Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD Leicestershire UK
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4
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Nikolić L, Ferracin C, Legname G. Recent advances in cellular models for discovering prion disease therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:985-996. [PMID: 35983689 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2113773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prion diseases are a group of rare and lethal rapidly progressive neurodegenerative diseases arising due to conversion of the physiological cellular prion protein into its pathological counterparts, denoted as "prions". These agents are resistant to inactivation by standard decontamination procedures and can be transmitted between individuals, consequently driving the irreversible brain damage typical of the diseases. AREAS COVERED Since its infancy, prion research has mainly depended on animal models for untangling the pathogenesis of the disease as well as for the drug development studies. With the advent of prion-infected cell lines, relevant animal models have been complemented by a variety of cell-based models presenting a much faster, ethically acceptable alternative. EXPERT OPINION To date, there are still either no effective prophylactic regimens or therapies for human prion diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more relevant cellular models that best approximate in vivo models. Each cellular model presented and discussed in detail in this review has its own benefits and limitations. Once embarking in a drug screening campaign for the identification of molecules that could interfere with prion conversion and replication, one should carefully consider the ideal cellular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Nikolić
- PhD Student in Functional and Structural Genomics, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy,
| | - Chiara Ferracin
- PhD Student in Functional and Structural Genomics, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- D.Phil., Full Professor of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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5
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Arshad H, Watts JC. Genetically engineered cellular models of prion propagation. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:63-80. [PMID: 35581386 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
For over three decades, cultured cells have been a useful tool for dissecting the molecular details of prion replication and the identification of candidate therapeutics for prion disease. A major issue limiting the translatability of these studies has been the inability to reliably propagate disease-relevant, non-mouse strains of prions in cells relevant to prion pathogenesis. In recent years, fueled by advances in gene editing technology, it has become possible to propagate prions from hamsters, cervids, and sheep in immortalized cell lines originating from the central nervous system. In particular, the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing to generate versions of prion-permissive cell lines that lack endogenous PrP expression has provided a blank canvas upon which re-expression of PrP leads to species-matched susceptibility to prion infection. When coupled with the ability to propagate prions in cells or organoids derived from stem cells, these next-generation cellular models should provide an ideal paradigm for identifying small molecules and other biological therapeutics capable of interfering with prion replication in animal and human prion disorders. In this review, we summarize recent advances that have widened the spectrum of prion strains that can be propagated in cultured cells and cutting-edge tissue-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Arshad
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower Rm. 4KD481, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building Rm. 5207, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower Rm. 4KD481, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building Rm. 5207, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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6
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Myers RR, Sanchez-Garcia J, Leving DC, Melvin RG, Fernandez-Funez P. New Drosophila models to uncover the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that mediate the toxicity of the human prion protein. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049184. [PMID: 35142350 PMCID: PMC9093039 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolding of the prion protein (PrP) is responsible for devastating neurological disorders in humans and other mammals. An unresolved problem in the field is unraveling the mechanisms governing PrP conformational dynamics, misfolding, and the cellular mechanism leading to neurodegeneration. The variable susceptibility of mammals to prion diseases is a natural resource that can be exploited to understand the conformational dynamics of PrP. Here we present a new fly model expressing human PrP with new, robust phenotypes in brain neurons and the eye. By using comparable attP2 insertions, we demonstrated the heightened toxicity of human PrP compared to rodent PrP along with a specific interaction with the amyloid-β peptide. By using this new model, we started to uncover the intrinsic (sequence/structure) and extrinsic (interactions) factors regulating PrP toxicity. We described PERK (officially known as EIF2AK3 in humans) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) as key in the cellular mechanism mediating the toxicity of human PrP and uncover a key new protective activity for 4E-BP (officially known as Thor in Drosophila and EIF4EBP2 in humans), an ATF4 transcriptional target. Lastly, mutations in human PrP (N159D, D167S, N174S) showed partial protective activity, revealing its high propensity to misfold into toxic conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | | | - Daniel C. Leving
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Richard G. Melvin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
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7
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Gene-Edited Cell Models to Study Chronic Wasting Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030609. [PMID: 35337016 PMCID: PMC8950194 DOI: 10.3390/v14030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders affecting both humans and animals. They are caused by the misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), PrPSc, and currently no options exist to prevent or cure prion diseases. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer, elk and other cervids is considered the most contagious prion disease, with extensive shedding of infectivity into the environment. Cell culture models provide a versatile platform for convenient quantification of prions, for studying the molecular and cellular biology of prions, and for performing high-throughput screening of potential therapeutic compounds. Unfortunately, only a very limited number of cell lines are available that facilitate robust and persistent propagation of CWD prions. Gene-editing using programmable nucleases (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 (CC9)) has proven to be a valuable tool for high precision site-specific gene modification, including gene deletion, insertion, and replacement. CC9-based gene editing was used recently for replacing the PrP gene in mouse and cell culture models, as efficient prion propagation usually requires matching sequence homology between infecting prions and prion protein in the recipient host. As expected, such gene-editing proved to be useful for developing CWD models. Several transgenic mouse models were available that propagate CWD prions effectively, however, mostly fail to reproduce CWD pathogenesis as found in the cervid host, including CWD prion shedding. This is different for the few currently available knock-in mouse models that seem to do so. In this review, we discuss the available in vitro and in vivo models of CWD, and the impact of gene-editing strategies.
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8
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Heumüller SE, Hornberger AC, Hebestreit AS, Hossinger A, Vorberg IM. Propagation and Dissemination Strategies of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Agents in Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062909. [PMID: 35328330 PMCID: PMC8949484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion disorders are fatal infectious diseases that cause characteristic spongiform degeneration in the central nervous system. The causative agent, the so-called prion, is an unconventional infectious agent that propagates by converting the host-encoded cellular prion protein PrP into ordered protein aggregates with infectious properties. Prions are devoid of coding nucleic acid and thus rely on the host cell machinery for propagation. While it is now established that, in addition to PrP, other cellular factors or processes determine the susceptibility of cell lines to prion infection, exact factors and cellular processes remain broadly obscure. Still, cellular models have uncovered important aspects of prion propagation and revealed intercellular dissemination strategies shared with other intracellular pathogens. Here, we summarize what we learned about the processes of prion invasion, intracellular replication and subsequent dissemination from ex vivo cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie-Elisabeth Heumüller
- Laboratory of Prion Cell Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE e.V.), Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.-E.H.); (A.C.H.); (A.S.H.); (A.H.)
| | - Annika C. Hornberger
- Laboratory of Prion Cell Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE e.V.), Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.-E.H.); (A.C.H.); (A.S.H.); (A.H.)
| | - Alina S. Hebestreit
- Laboratory of Prion Cell Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE e.V.), Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.-E.H.); (A.C.H.); (A.S.H.); (A.H.)
| | - André Hossinger
- Laboratory of Prion Cell Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE e.V.), Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.-E.H.); (A.C.H.); (A.S.H.); (A.H.)
| | - Ina M. Vorberg
- Laboratory of Prion Cell Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE e.V.), Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.-E.H.); (A.C.H.); (A.S.H.); (A.H.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Siegmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence:
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9
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Zhang X, Pan YH, Chen Y, Pan C, Ma J, Yuan C, Yu G, Ma J. The protease-sensitive N-terminal polybasic region of prion protein modulates its conversion to the pathogenic prion conformer. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101344. [PMID: 34710372 PMCID: PMC8604679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of normal prion protein (PrPC) to the pathogenic PrPSc conformer is central to prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie; however, the detailed mechanism of this conversion remains obscure. To investigate how the N-terminal polybasic region of PrP (NPR) influences the PrPC-to-PrPSc conversion, we analyzed two PrP mutants: ΔN6 (deletion of all six amino acids in NPR) and Met4-1 (replacement of four positively charged amino acids in NPR with methionine). We found that ΔN6 and Met4-1 differentially impacted the binding of recombinant PrP (recPrP) to the negatively charged phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylglycerol, a nonprotein cofactor that facilitates PrP conversion. Both mutant recPrPs were able to form recombinant prion (recPrPSc) in vitro, but the convertibility was greatly reduced, with ΔN6 displaying the lowest convertibility. Prion infection assays in mammalian RK13 cells expressing WT or NPR-mutant PrPs confirmed these differences in convertibility, indicating that the NPR affects the conversion of both bacterially expressed recPrP and post-translationally modified PrP in eukaryotic cells. We also found that both WT and mutant recPrPSc conformers caused prion disease in WT mice with a 100% attack rate, but the incubation times and neuropathological changes caused by two recPrPSc mutants were significantly different from each other and from that of WT recPrPSc. Together, our results support that the NPR greatly influences PrPC-to-PrPSc conversion, but it is not essential for the generation of PrPSc. Moreover, the significant differences between ΔN6 and Met4-1 suggest that not only charge but also the identity of amino acids in NPR is important to PrP conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Hsuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhua Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chonggang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Jiyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurodegeneraive Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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10
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Arshad H, Patel Z, Mehrabian M, Bourkas MEC, Al-Azzawi ZAM, Schmitt-Ulms G, Watts JC. The aminoglycoside G418 hinders de novo prion infection in cultured cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101073. [PMID: 34390689 PMCID: PMC8413896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of prions and the discovery of candidate therapeutics for prion disease have been facilitated by the ability of prions to replicate in cultured cells. Paradigms in which prion proteins from different species are expressed in cells with low or no expression of endogenous prion protein (PrP) have expanded the range of prion strains that can be propagated. In these systems, cells stably expressing a PrP of interest are typically generated via coexpression of a selectable marker and treatment with an antibiotic. Here, we report the unexpected discovery that the aminoglycoside G418 (Geneticin) interferes with the ability of stably transfected cultured cells to become infected with prions. In G418-resistant lines of N2a or CAD5 cells, the presence of G418 reduced levels of protease-resistant PrP following challenge with the RML or 22L strains of mouse prions. G418 also interfered with the infection of cells expressing hamster PrP with the 263K strain of hamster prions. Interestingly, G418 had minimal to no effect on protease-resistant PrP levels in cells with established prion infection, arguing that G418 selectively interferes with de novo prion infection. As G418 treatment had no discernible effect on cellular PrP levels or its localization, this suggests that G418 may specifically target prion assemblies or processes involved in the earliest stages of prion infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Arshad
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeel Patel
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohadeseh Mehrabian
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew E C Bourkas
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zaid A M Al-Azzawi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Pineau H, Sim VL. From Cell Culture to Organoids-Model Systems for Investigating Prion Strain Characteristics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010106. [PMID: 33466947 PMCID: PMC7830147 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are the hallmark protein folding neurodegenerative disease. Their transmissible nature has allowed for the development of many different cellular models of disease where prion propagation and sometimes pathology can be induced. This review examines the range of simple cell cultures to more complex neurospheres, organoid, and organotypic slice cultures that have been used to study prion disease pathogenesis and to test therapeutics. We highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each system, giving special consideration to the importance of strains when choosing a model and when interpreting results, as not all systems propagate all strains, and in some cases, the technique used, or treatment applied, can alter the very strain properties being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Pineau
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Valerie L. Sim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lévy E, Jaffrézic F, Laloë D, Rezaei H, Huang ME, Béringue V, Martin D, Vernis L. PiQSARS: A pipeline for quantitative and statistical analyses of ratiometric fluorescent biosensors. MethodsX 2020; 7:101034. [PMID: 32953466 PMCID: PMC7486618 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent probes are cutting-edge tools in biology. They allow precise and dynamic measurement of various physiological parameters within cell compartments. Because data extraction and analysis are time consuming and may lead to inconsistencies between results, we describe here a standardized pipeline for•Semi-automated treatment of time-lapse fluorescence microscopy images.•Quantification of individual cell signal.•Statistical analysis of the data.First, a dedicated macro was developed using the FIJI software to reproducibly quantify the fluorescence ratio as a function of time. Raw data are then exported and analyzed using R and MATLAB softwares. Calculation and statistical analysis of selected graphic parameters are performed. In addition, a functional principal component analysis allows summarizing the dataset. Finally, a principal component analysis is performed to check consistency and final analysis is presented as a visual diagram. The method is adapted to any ratiometric fluorescent probe. As an example, the analysis of the cytoplasmic HyPer probe in response to an acute cell treatment with increasing amounts of hydrogen peroxide is shown. In conclusion, the pipeline allows to save time and analyze a larger amount of samples while reducing manual interventions and consequently increasing the robustness of the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lévy
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florence Jaffrézic
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denis Laloë
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Human Rezaei
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Davy Martin
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laurence Vernis
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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13
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Myers R, Cembran A, Fernandez-Funez P. Insight From Animals Resistant to Prion Diseases: Deciphering the Genotype - Morphotype - Phenotype Code for the Prion Protein. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:254. [PMID: 33013324 PMCID: PMC7461849 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative diseases endemic in humans and several ruminants caused by the misfolding of native prion protein (PrP) into pathological conformations. Experimental work and the mad-cow epidemic of the 1980s exposed a wide spectrum of animal susceptibility to prion diseases, including a few highly resistant animals: horses, rabbits, pigs, and dogs/canids. The variable susceptibility to disease offers a unique opportunity to uncover the mechanisms governing PrP misfolding, neurotoxicity, and transmission. Previous work indicates that PrP-intrinsic differences (sequence) are the main contributors to disease susceptibility. Several residues have been cited as critical for encoding PrP conformational stability in prion-resistant animals, including D/E159 in dog, S167 in horse, and S174 in rabbit and pig PrP (all according to human numbering). These amino acids alter PrP properties in a variety of assays, but we still do not clearly understand the structural correlates of PrP toxicity. Additional insight can be extracted from comparative structural studies, followed by molecular dynamics simulations of selected mutations, and testing in manipulable animal models. Our working hypothesis is that protective amino acids generate more compact and stable structures in a C-terminal subdomain of the PrP globular domain. We will explore this idea in this review and identify subdomains within the globular domain that may hold the key to unravel how conformational stability and disease susceptibility are encoded in PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Alessandro Cembran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
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14
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Munoz-Montesino C, Larkem D, Barbereau C, Igel-Egalon A, Truchet S, Jacquet E, Nhiri N, Moudjou M, Sizun C, Rezaei H, Béringue V, Dron M. A seven-residue deletion in PrP leads to generation of a spontaneous prion formed from C-terminal C1 fragment of PrP. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14025-14039. [PMID: 32788216 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions result from a drastic conformational change of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP), leading to the formation of β-sheet-rich, insoluble, and protease-resistant self-replicating assemblies (PrPSc). The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in spontaneous prion formation in sporadic and inherited human prion diseases or equivalent animal diseases are poorly understood, in part because cell models of spontaneously forming prions are currently lacking. Here, extending studies on the role of the H2 α-helix C terminus of PrP, we found that deletion of the highly conserved 190HTVTTTT196 segment of ovine PrP led to spontaneous prion formation in the RK13 rabbit kidney cell model. On long-term passage, the mutant cells stably produced proteinase K (PK)-resistant, insoluble, and aggregated assemblies that were infectious for naïve cells expressing either the mutant protein or other PrPs with slightly different deletions in the same area. The electrophoretic pattern of the PK-resistant core of the spontaneous prion (ΔSpont) contained mainly C-terminal polypeptides akin to C1, the cell-surface anchored C-terminal moiety of PrP generated by natural cellular processing. RK13 cells expressing solely the Δ190-196 C1 PrP construct, in the absence of the full-length protein, were susceptible to ΔSpont prions. ΔSpont infection induced the conversion of the mutated C1 into a PK-resistant and infectious form perpetuating the biochemical characteristics of ΔSpont prion. In conclusion, this work provides a unique cell-derived system generating spontaneous prions and provides evidence that the 113 C-terminal residues of PrP are sufficient for a self-propagating prion entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Munoz-Montesino
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Djabir Larkem
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Clément Barbereau
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Angélique Igel-Egalon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandrine Truchet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Jacquet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Naïma Nhiri
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mohammed Moudjou
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christina Sizun
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Human Rezaei
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michel Dron
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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15
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Avar M, Heinzer D, Steinke N, Doğançay B, Moos R, Lugan S, Cosenza C, Hornemann S, Andréoletti O, Aguzzi A. Prion infection, transmission, and cytopathology modeled in a low-biohazard human cell line. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/8/e202000814. [PMID: 32606072 PMCID: PMC7335386 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding the toolbox of prion research to a low-biohazard, scalable human cell model. Transmission of prion infectivity to susceptible murine cell lines has simplified prion titration assays and has greatly reduced the need for animal experimentation. However, murine cell models suffer from technical and biological constraints. Human cell lines might be more useful, but they are much more biohazardous and are often poorly infectible. Here, we describe the human clonal cell line hovS, which lacks the human PRNP gene and expresses instead the ovine PRNP VRQ allele. HovS cells were highly susceptible to the PG127 strain of sheep-derived murine prions, reaching up to 90% infected cells in any given culture and were maintained in a continuous infected state for at least 14 passages. Infected hovS cells produced proteinase K–resistant prion protein (PrPSc), pelletable PrP aggregates, and bona fide infectious prions capable of infecting further generations of naïve hovS cells and mice expressing the VRQ allelic variant of ovine PrPC. Infection in hovS led to prominent cytopathic vacuolation akin to the spongiform changes observed in individuals suffering from prion diseases. In addition to expanding the toolbox for prion research to human experimental genetics, the hovS cell line provides a human-derived system that does not require human prions. Hence, the manipulation of scrapie-infected hovS cells may present fewer biosafety hazards than that of genuine human prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Avar
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Heinzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Steinke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Berre Doğançay
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Moos
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Severine Lugan
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Claudia Cosenza
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Simone Hornemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Krance SH, Luke R, Shenouda M, Israwi AR, Colpitts SJ, Darwish L, Strauss M, Watts JC. Cellular models for discovering prion disease therapeutics: Progress and challenges. J Neurochem 2020; 153:150-172. [PMID: 31943194 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prions, which cause fatal neurodegenerative disorders such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are misfolded and infectious protein aggregates. Currently, there are no treatments available to halt or even delay the progression of prion disease in the brain. The infectious nature of prions has resulted in animal paradigms that accurately recapitulate all aspects of prion disease, and these have proven to be instrumental for testing the efficacy of candidate therapeutics. Nonetheless, infection of cultured cells with prions provides a much more powerful system for identifying molecules capable of interfering with prion propagation. Certain lines of cultured cells can be chronically infected with various types of mouse prions, and these models have been used to unearth candidate anti-prion drugs that are at least partially efficacious when administered to prion-infected rodents. However, these studies have also revealed that not all types of prions are equal, and that drugs active against mouse prions are not necessarily effective against prions from other species. Despite some recent progress, the number of cellular models available for studying non-mouse prions remains limited. In particular, human prions have proven to be particularly challenging to propagate in cultured cells, which has severely hindered the discovery of drugs for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In this review, we summarize the cellular models that are presently available for discovering and testing drugs capable of blocking the propagation of prions and highlight challenges that remain on the path towards developing therapies for prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saffire H Krance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Russell Luke
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Shenouda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmad R Israwi
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah J Colpitts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lina Darwish
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maximilian Strauss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Walia R, Ho CC, Lee C, Gilch S, Schatzl HM. Gene-edited murine cell lines for propagation of chronic wasting disease prions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11151. [PMID: 31371793 PMCID: PMC6673760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prions cause fatal infectious neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. Cell culture models are essential for studying the molecular biology of prion propagation. Defining such culture models is mostly a random process, includes extensive subcloning, and for many prion diseases few or no models exist. One example is chronic wasting disease (CWD), a highly contagious prion disease of cervids. To extend the range of cell models propagating CWD prions, we gene-edited mouse cell lines known to efficiently propagate murine prions. Endogenous prion protein (PrP) was ablated in CAD5 and MEF cells, using CRISPR-Cas9 editing. PrP knock-out cells were reconstituted with mouse, bank vole and cervid PrP genes by lentiviral transduction. Reconstituted cells expressing mouse PrP provided proof-of-concept for re-established prion infection. Bank voles are considered universal receptors for prions from a variety of species. Bank vole PrP reconstituted cells propagated mouse prions and cervid prions, even without subcloning for highly susceptible cells. Cells reconstituted with cervid PrP and infected with CWD prions tested positive in prion conversion assay, whereas non-reconstituted cells were negative. This novel cell culture platform which is easily adjustable and allows testing of polymorphic alleles will provide important new insights into the biology of CWD prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Walia
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Cheng Ching Ho
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Chi Lee
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Hermann M Schatzl
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada. .,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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18
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Mays CE, Armijo E, Morales R, Kramm C, Flores A, Tiwari A, Bian J, Telling GC, Pandita TK, Hunt CR, Soto C. Prion disease is accelerated in mice lacking stress-induced heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13619-13628. [PMID: 31320473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of incurable neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals via infection with proteinaceous particles called prions. Prions are composed of PrPSc, a misfolded version of the cellular prion protein (PrPC). During disease progression, PrPSc replicates by interacting with PrPC and inducing its conversion to PrPSc As PrPSc accumulates, cellular stress mechanisms are activated to maintain cellular proteostasis, including increased protein chaperone levels. However, the exact roles of several of these chaperones remain unclear. Here, using various methodologies to monitor prion replication (i.e. protein misfolding cyclic amplification and cellular and animal infectivity bioassays), we studied the potential role of the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in prion replication in vitro and in vivo Our results indicated that pharmacological induction of the heat shock response in cells chronically infected with prions significantly decreased PrPSc accumulation. We also found that HSP70 alters prion replication in vitro More importantly, prion infection of mice lacking the genes encoding stress-induced HSP70 exhibited accelerated prion disease progression compared with WT mice. In parallel with HSP70 being known to respond to endogenous and exogenous stressors such as heat, infection, toxicants, and ischemia, our results indicate that HSP70 may also play an important role in suppressing or delaying prion disease progression, opening opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Mays
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Enrique Armijo
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Av. San Carlos de Apoquindo, 2200 Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Carlos Kramm
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Av. San Carlos de Apoquindo, 2200 Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Flores
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Anjana Tiwari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jifeng Bian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Glenn C Telling
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Clayton R Hunt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030 .,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Av. San Carlos de Apoquindo, 2200 Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Vorberg IM. All the Same? The Secret Life of Prion Strains within Their Target Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040334. [PMID: 30970585 DOI: 10.3390/v11040334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prions are infectious β-sheet-rich protein aggregates composed of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) that do not possess coding nucleic acid. Prions replicate by recruiting and converting normal cellular PrPC into infectious isoforms. In the same host species, prion strains target distinct brain regions and cause different disease phenotypes. Prion strains are associated with biophysically distinct PrPSc conformers, suggesting that strain properties are enciphered within alternative PrPSc quaternary structures. So far it is unknown how prion strains target specific cells and initiate productive infections. Deeper mechanistic insight into the prion life cycle came from cell lines permissive to a range of different prion strains. Still, it is unknown why certain cell lines are refractory to infection by one strain but permissive to another. While pharmacologic and genetic manipulations revealed subcellular compartments involved in prion replication, little is known about strain-specific requirements for endocytic trafficking pathways. This review summarizes our knowledge on how prions replicate within their target cells and on strain-specific differences in prion cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina M Vorberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE e.V.), Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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20
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Bourkas MEC, Arshad H, Al-Azzawi ZAM, Halgas O, Shikiya RA, Mehrabian M, Schmitt-Ulms G, Bartz JC, Watts JC. Engineering a murine cell line for the stable propagation of hamster prions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4911-4923. [PMID: 30705093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prions are infectious protein aggregates that cause several fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Prion research has been hindered by a lack of cellular paradigms for studying the replication of prions from different species. Although hamster prions have been widely used to study prion replication in animals and within in vitro amplification systems, they have proved challenging to propagate in cultured cells. Because the murine catecholaminergic cell line CAD5 is susceptible to a diverse range of mouse prion strains, we hypothesized that it might also be capable of propagating nonmouse prions. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering, we demonstrate that CAD5 cells lacking endogenous mouse PrP expression (CAD5-PrP-/- cells) can be chronically infected with hamster prions following stable expression of hamster PrP. When exposed to the 263K, HY, or 139H hamster prion strains, these cells stably propagated high levels of protease-resistant PrP. Hamster prion replication required absence of mouse PrP, and hamster PrP inhibited the propagation of mouse prions. Cellular homogenates from 263K-infected cells exhibited prion seeding activity in the RT-QuIC assay and were infectious to naïve cells expressing hamster PrP. Interestingly, murine N2a neuroblastoma cells ablated for endogenous PrP expression were susceptible to mouse prions, but not hamster prions upon expression of cognate PrP, suggesting that CAD5 cells either possess cellular factors that enhance or lack factors that restrict the diversity of prion strains that can be propagated. We conclude that transfected CAD5-PrP-/- cells may be a useful tool for assessing the biology of prion strains and dissecting the mechanism of prion replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E C Bourkas
- From the Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8
| | - Hamza Arshad
- From the Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8
| | - Zaid A M Al-Azzawi
- From the Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8
| | - Ondrej Halgas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8
| | - Ronald A Shikiya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178
| | - Mohadeseh Mehrabian
- From the Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8, and
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- From the Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8, and
| | - Jason C Bartz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178
| | - Joel C Watts
- From the Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8, .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 0S8
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21
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Cell-free prion protein conversion assays in screening for anti-prion drug candidates. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 44:1-7. [PMID: 30412823 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The search for medications to treat prion diseases has lasted more than 30 years but no clinically validated treatments for prion diseases of humans or livestock have been realized. A primary strategy has been to identify molecules that can inhibit the formation of pathological forms of prion protein, for example, protease-resistant forms called PrPres. Such inhibitors can prolong the lives of experimental animals inoculated peripherally with prions, but the practical therapeutic efficacy of known inhibitors against ongoing brain infections has so far been limited by toxicity, insufficient bioavailability to the CNS, and/or strain specificities. Thus, the search continues for clinically applicable inhibitors of PrPres accumulation. Here we highlight key cell-free assays that are useful for the initial screening and mechanistic characterization of such compounds and are relatively high throughput, rapid, and cost-effective. These include cell-free conversions, protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), and fluorescence correlation-based competitive binding assays.
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Abstract
The development of multiple cell culture models of prion infection over the last two decades has led to a significant increase in our understanding of how prions infect cells. In particular, new techniques to distinguish exogenous from endogenous prions have allowed us for the first time to look in depth at the earliest stages of prion infection through to the establishment of persistent infection. These studies have shown that prions can infect multiple cell types, both neuronal and nonneuronal. Once in contact with the cell, they are rapidly taken up via multiple endocytic pathways. After uptake, the initial replication of prions occurs almost immediately on the plasma membrane and within multiple endocytic compartments. Following this acute stage of prion replication, persistent prion infection may or may not be established. Establishment of a persistent prion infection in cells appears to depend upon the achievement of a delicate balance between the rate of prion replication and degradation, the rate of cell division, and the efficiency of prion spread from cell to cell. Overall, cell culture models have shown that prion infection of the cell is a complex and variable process which can involve multiple cellular pathways and compartments even within a single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette A Priola
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States.
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23
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A Bioluminescent Cell Assay to Quantify Prion Protein Dimerization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14178. [PMID: 30242186 PMCID: PMC6155003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is a cell surface protein that in disease misfolds and becomes infectious causing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in sheep, and chronic wasting disease in deer and elk. Little is known regarding the dimerization of PrP and its role in disease. We developed a bioluminescent prion assay (BPA) to quantify PrP dimerization by bimolecular complementation of split Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) halves that are each fused to PrP. Fusion constructs between PrP and N- and C-terminal GLuc halves were expressed on the surface of RK13 cells (RK13-DC cells) and dimerized to yield a bioluminescent signal that was decreased in the presence of eight different antibodies to PrP. Dimerization of PrP was independent of divalent cations and was induced under stress. Challenge of RK13-DC cells with seven different prion strains did not lead to detectable infection but was measurable by bioluminescence. Finally, we used BPA to screen a compound library for compounds inhibiting PrP dimerization. One of the most potent compounds to inhibit PrP dimerization was JTC-801, which also inhibited prion replication in RML-infected ScN2a and SMB cells with an EC50 of 370 nM and 220 nM, respectively. We show here that BPA is a versatile tool to study prion biology and to identify anti-prion compounds.
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Moreno JA, Telling GC. Molecular Mechanisms of Chronic Wasting Disease Prion Propagation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a024448. [PMID: 28193766 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prion disease epidemics, which have been unpredictable recurrences, are of significant concern for animal and human health. Examples include kuru, once the leading cause of death among the Fore people in Papua New Guinea and caused by mortuary feasting; bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its subsequent transmission to humans in the form of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), and repeated examples of large-scale prion disease epidemics in animals caused by contaminated vaccines. The etiology of chronic wasting disease (CWD), a relatively new and burgeoning prion epidemic in deer, elk, and moose (members of the cervid family), is more enigmatic. The disease was first described in captive and later in wild mule deer and subsequently in free-ranging as well as captive Rocky Mountain elk, white-tailed deer, and most recently moose. It is therefore the only recognized prion disorder of both wild and captive animals. In addition to its expanding range of hosts, CWD continues to spread to new geographical areas, including recent cases in Norway. The unparalleled efficiency of the contagious transmission of the disease combined with high densities of deer in certain areas of North America complicates strategies for controlling CWD and raises concerns about its potential spread to new species. Because there is a high prevalence of CWD in deer and elk, which are commonly hunted and consumed by humans, the possibility of zoonotic transmission is particularly concerning. Here, we review the current status of naturally occurring CWD and describe advances in our understanding of its molecular pathogenesis, as shown by studies of CWD prions in novel in vivo and in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Moreno
- Prion Research Center (PRC) and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
| | - Glenn C Telling
- Prion Research Center (PRC) and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
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25
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Abstract
During the course of prion infection, the normally soluble and protease-sensitive mammalian prion protein (PrPC) is refolded into an insoluble, partially protease-resistant, and infectious form called PrPSc. The conformational conversion of PrPC to PrPSc is a critical event during prion infection and is essential for the production of prion infectivity. This chapter briefly summarizes the ways in which cell biological approaches have enhanced our understanding of how PrP contributes to different aspects of prion pathogenesis.
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Charco JM, Eraña H, Venegas V, García-Martínez S, López-Moreno R, González-Miranda E, Pérez-Castro MÁ, Castilla J. Recombinant PrP and Its Contribution to Research on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. Pathogens 2017; 6:E67. [PMID: 29240682 PMCID: PMC5750591 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the disease-associated isoform (PrPSc) and its accumulation as amyloid fibrils in the central nervous system is one of the central events in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Due to the proteinaceous nature of the causal agent the molecular mechanisms of misfolding, interspecies transmission, neurotoxicity and strain phenomenon remain mostly ill-defined or unknown. Significant advances were made using in vivo and in cellula models, but the limitations of these, primarily due to their inherent complexity and the small amounts of PrPSc that can be obtained, gave rise to the necessity of new model systems. The production of recombinant PrP using E. coli and subsequent induction of misfolding to the aberrant isoform using different techniques paved the way for the development of cell-free systems that complement the previous models. The generation of the first infectious recombinant prion proteins with identical properties of brain-derived PrPSc increased the value of cell-free systems for research on TSEs. The versatility and ease of implementation of these models have made them invaluable for the study of the molecular mechanisms of prion formation and propagation, and have enabled improvements in diagnosis, high-throughput screening of putative anti-prion compounds and the design of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we provide an overview of the resultant advances in the prion field due to the development of recombinant PrP and its use in cell-free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. Charco
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.M.C.); (H.E.); (V.V.); (S.G.-M.); (R.L.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (M.Á.P.-C.)
| | - Hasier Eraña
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.M.C.); (H.E.); (V.V.); (S.G.-M.); (R.L.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (M.Á.P.-C.)
| | - Vanessa Venegas
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.M.C.); (H.E.); (V.V.); (S.G.-M.); (R.L.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (M.Á.P.-C.)
| | - Sandra García-Martínez
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.M.C.); (H.E.); (V.V.); (S.G.-M.); (R.L.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (M.Á.P.-C.)
| | - Rafael López-Moreno
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.M.C.); (H.E.); (V.V.); (S.G.-M.); (R.L.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (M.Á.P.-C.)
| | - Ezequiel González-Miranda
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.M.C.); (H.E.); (V.V.); (S.G.-M.); (R.L.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (M.Á.P.-C.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Pérez-Castro
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.M.C.); (H.E.); (V.V.); (S.G.-M.); (R.L.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (M.Á.P.-C.)
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.M.C.); (H.E.); (V.V.); (S.G.-M.); (R.L.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (M.Á.P.-C.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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Dassanayake RP, Zhuang D, Truscott TC, Madsen-Bouterse SA, O'Rourke KI, Schneider DA. A transfectant RK13 cell line permissive to classical caprine scrapie prion propagation. Prion 2017; 10:153-64. [PMID: 27216989 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1166324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess scrapie infectivity associated with caprine-origin tissues, bioassay can be performed using kids, lambs or transgenic mice expressing caprine or ovine prion (PRNP) alleles, but the incubation periods are fairly long. Although several classical ovine scrapie prion permissive cell lines with the ability to detect brain-derived scrapie prion have been available, no classical caprine scrapie permissive cell line is currently available. Therefore, the aims of this study were to generate a rabbit kidney epithelial cell line (RK13) stably expressing caprine wild-type PRNP (cpRK13) and then to assess permissiveness of cpRK13 cells to classical caprine scrapie prion propagation. The cpRK13 and plasmid control RK13 (pcRK13) cells were incubated with brain-derived classical caprine scrapie inocula prepared from goats or ovinized transgenic mice (Tg338, express ovine VRQ allele) infected with caprine scrapie. Significant PrP(Sc) accumulation, which is indicative of scrapie prion propagation, was detected by TSE ELISA and immunohistochemistry in cpRK13 cells inoculated with classical caprine scrapie inocula. Western blot analysis revealed the typical proteinase K-resistant 3 PrP(res) isoforms in the caprine scrapie prion inoculated cpRK13 cell lysate. Importantly, PrP(Sc) accumulation was not detected in similarly inoculated pcRK13 cells, whether by TSE ELISA, immunohistochemistry, or western blot. These findings suggest that caprine scrapie prions can be propagated in cpRK13 cells, thus this cell line may be a useful tool for the assessment of classical caprine prions in the brain tissues of goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P Dassanayake
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Dongyue Zhuang
- b Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Thomas C Truscott
- b Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Katherine I O'Rourke
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - David A Schneider
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA ;,b Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Pullman , WA , USA
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Vella LJ, Coleman B, Hill AF. Generation of Infectious Prions and Detection with the Prion-Infected Cell Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1658:105-118. [PMID: 28861786 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7244-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell lines propagating prions are an efficient and useful means for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in prion disease. Utilization of cell-based models has led to the finding that PrPC and PrPSc are released from cells in association with extracellular vesicles known as exosomes. Exosomes have been shown to act as vehicles for infectivity, transferring infectivity between cell lines and providing a mechanism for prion spread between tissues. Here, we describe the methods for generating a prion-propagating cell line with prion-infected brain homogenate, cell lysate, conditioned media, and exosomes and also detection of protease-resistant PrP with the prion-infected cell assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Vella
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bradley Coleman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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29
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Dinkel KD, Schneider DA, Muñoz-Gutiérrez JF, McElliott VR, Stanton JB. Correlation of cellular factors and differential scrapie prion permissiveness in ovine microglia. Virus Res 2017; 240:69-80. [PMID: 28754560 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders by which the native cellular prion protein (PrPC) is misfolded into an accumulating, disease-associated isoform (PrPD). To improve the understanding of prion pathogenesis and develop effective treatments, it is essential to elucidate factors contributing to cellular permissiveness. We previously isolated five clones from an immortalized subline of ovine microglia, two of which had demonstrated differential permissiveness to a natural isolate of sheep scrapie and distinct transcriptomic profiles. To more robustly identify factors contributing to this activity, relative permissiveness, cell proliferation, selected gene transcript level, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) activity were compared amongst all five clones. Differences in cell proliferation were not detected between clones; however, significant correlations were identified between relative permissiveness and genes associated with cell growth (i.e., RARRES1 and PTN), protein degradation (i.e., CTSB and SQSTM1), and heparin binding (i.e., SEPP1). MMP2 activity varied amongst clones, but did not correlate with permissiveness. These associations support the contribution of cell division and protein degradation on the permissiveness of cultured ovine microglia to PrPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelcey D Dinkel
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 647040, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, United States.
| | - David A Schneider
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 647040, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, United States; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, PO Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164-6630, United States.
| | - Juan F Muñoz-Gutiérrez
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY, 82070, United States.
| | - Valerie R McElliott
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Dr., Athens, GA, 30602-7388, United States.
| | - James B Stanton
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Dr., Athens, GA, 30602-7388, United States.
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30
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Iwamaru Y, Mathiason CK, Telling GC, Hoover EA. Chronic wasting disease prion infection of differentiated neurospheres. Prion 2017; 11:277-283. [PMID: 28762865 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2017.1336273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A possible strategy to develop more diverse cell culture systems permissive to infection with naturally occurring prions is to exploit culture of neurospheres from transgenic mice expressing the normal prion protein (PrP) of the native host species. Accordingly, we developed differentiated neurosphere cultures from the cervid PrP-expressing mice to investigate whether this in vitro system would support replication of non-adapted cervid-origin chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions. Here we report the successful amplification of disease-associated PrP in differentiated neurosphere cultures within 3 weeks after exposure to CWD prions from both white-tailed deer or elk. This neurosphere culture system provides a new in vitro tool that can be used to assess non-adapted CWD prion propagation and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Iwamaru
- a Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA.,b Prion Disease Research Unit , National Institute of Animal Health , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Candace K Mathiason
- a Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
| | - Glenn C Telling
- a Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
| | - Edward A Hoover
- a Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
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Ragagnin A, Ezpeleta J, Guillemain A, Boudet-Devaud F, Haeberlé AM, Demais V, Vidal C, Demuth S, Béringue V, Kellermann O, Schneider B, Grant NJ, Bailly Y. Cerebellar compartmentation of prion pathogenesis. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:240-263. [PMID: 28268246 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In prion diseases, the brain lesion profile is influenced by the prion "strain" properties, the invasion route to the brain, and still unknown host cell-specific parameters. To gain insight into those endogenous factors, we analyzed the histopathological alterations induced by distinct prion strains in the mouse cerebellum. We show that 22L and ME7 scrapie prion proteins (PrP22L , PrPME7 ), but not bovine spongiform encephalopathy PrP6PB1 , accumulate in a reproducible parasagittal banding pattern in the cerebellar cortex of infected mice. Such banding pattern of PrP22L aggregation did not depend on the neuroinvasion route, but coincided with the parasagittal compartmentation of the cerebellum mostly defined by the expression of zebrins, such as aldolase C and the excitatory amino acid transporter 4, in Purkinje cells. We provide evidence that Purkinje cells display a differential, subtype-specific vulnerability to 22L prions with zebrin-expressing Purkinje cells being more resistant to prion toxicity, while in stripes where PrP22L accumulated most zebrin-deficient Purkinje cells are lost and spongiosis accentuated. In addition, in PrP22L stripes, enhanced reactive astrocyte processes associated with microglia activation support interdependent events between the topographic pattern of Purkinje cell death, reactive gliosis and PrP22L accumulation. Finally, we find that in preclinically-ill mice prion infection promotes at the membrane of astrocytes enveloping Purkinje cell excitatory synapses, upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α receptor type 1 (TNFR1), a key mediator of the neuroinflammation process. These overall data show that Purkinje cell sensitivity to prion insult is locally restricted by the parasagittal compartmentation of the cerebellum, and that perisynaptic astrocytes may contribute to prion pathogenesis through prion-induced TNFR1 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ragagnin
- Cytologie et Cytopathologie Neuronales, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires & Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France
| | - Juliette Ezpeleta
- INSERM UMR-S1124, Cellules Souches, Signalisation et Prions, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Guillemain
- Cytologie et Cytopathologie Neuronales, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires & Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Boudet-Devaud
- INSERM UMR-S1124, Cellules Souches, Signalisation et Prions, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Haeberlé
- Cytologie et Cytopathologie Neuronales, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires & Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Demais
- Plateforme Imagerie In Vitro, CNRS UPS-3156, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Stanislas Demuth
- Cytologie et Cytopathologie Neuronales, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires & Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Odile Kellermann
- INSERM UMR-S1124, Cellules Souches, Signalisation et Prions, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Schneider
- INSERM UMR-S1124, Cellules Souches, Signalisation et Prions, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nancy J Grant
- Cytologie et Cytopathologie Neuronales, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires & Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Bailly
- Cytologie et Cytopathologie Neuronales, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires & Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France
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Prion replication without host adaptation during interspecies transmissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1141-1146. [PMID: 28096357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611891114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of prions to new species is thought to reflect the capacity of the host-encoded cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) to selectively propagate optimized prion conformations from larger ensembles generated in the species of origin. Here we describe an alternate replicative process, termed nonadaptive prion amplification (NAPA), in which dominant conformers bypass this requirement during particular interspecies transmissions. To model susceptibility of horses to prions, we produced transgenic (Tg) mice expressing cognate PrPC Although disease transmission to only a subset of infected TgEq indicated a significant barrier to EqPrPC conversion, the resulting horse prions unexpectedly failed to cause disease upon further passage to TgEq. TgD expressing deer PrPC was similarly refractory to deer prions from diseased TgD infected with mink prions. In both cases, the resulting prions transmitted to mice expressing PrPC from the species of prion origin, demonstrating that transmission barrier eradication of the originating prions was ephemeral and adaptation superficial in TgEq and TgD. Horse prions produced in vitro by protein misfolding cyclic amplification of mouse prions using horse PrPC also failed to infect TgEq but retained tropism for wild-type mice. Concordant patterns of neuropathology and prion deposition in susceptible mice infected with NAPA prions and the corresponding prion of origin confirmed preservation of strain properties. The comparable responses of both prion types to guanidine hydrochloride denaturation indicated this occurs because NAPA precludes selection of novel prion conformations. Our findings provide insights into mechanisms regulating interspecies prion transmission and a framework to reconcile puzzling epidemiological features of certain prion disorders.
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Leblanc P, Arellano-Anaya ZE, Bernard E, Gallay L, Provansal M, Lehmann S, Schaeffer L, Raposo G, Vilette D. Isolation of Exosomes and Microvesicles from Cell Culture Systems to Study Prion Transmission. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1545:153-176. [PMID: 27943213 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6728-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are composed of microvesicles and exosomes. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles (40-120 nm sized) of endosomal origin released in the extracellular medium from cells when multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane, whereas microvesicles (i.e., shedding vesicles, 100 nm to 1 μm sized) bud from the plasma membrane. Exosomes and microvesicles carry functional proteins and nucleic acids (especially mRNAs and microRNAs) that can be transferred to surrounding cells and tissues and can impact multiple dimensions of the cellular life. Most of the cells, if not all, from neuronal to immune cells, release exosomes and microvesicles in the extracellular medium, and all biological fluids including blood (serum/plasma), urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva contain EVs.Prion-infected cultured cells are known to secrete infectivity into their environment. We characterized this cell-free form of prions and showed that infectivity was associated with exosomes. Since exosomes are produced by a variety of cells, including cells that actively accumulate prions, they could be a vehicle for infectivity in body fluids and could participate to the dissemination of prions in the organism. In addition, such infectious exosomes also represent a natural, simple, biological material to get key information on the abnormal PrP forms associated with infectivity.In this chapter, we describe first a method that allows exosomes and microvesicles isolation from prion-infected cell cultures and in a second time the strategies to characterize the prions containing exosomes and their ability to disseminate the prion agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Leblanc
- CNRS UMR5239, LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France.
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), CNRS UMR5310 - INSERM U1217, Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, 69000, France.
| | | | | | - Laure Gallay
- CNRS UMR5239, LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), CNRS UMR5310 - INSERM U1217, Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, 69000, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Schaeffer
- CNRS UMR5239, LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), CNRS UMR5310 - INSERM U1217, Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, 69000, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, Paris, 75248, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
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Arellano-Anaya ZE, Huor A, Leblanc P, Andréoletti O, Vilette D. Expression of Heterologous PrP and Prion Propagation in RK13 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1658:95-104. [PMID: 28861785 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7244-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cultured cells are valuable models to study prion infections at the cellular level. Unfortunately, the vast majority of cell lines are resistant to the propagation of prion agents. The rabbit epithelial RK13 cell line is among the few cell lines permissive to prion infection. When genetically engineered to express heterologous PrP proteins, RK13 cells become permissive to several strains of prions from various animal species. Here, we describe the generation of stable RK13 cell clones expressing a heterologous PrP protein in an inducible manner, the establishment and maintenance of chronically infected cultures, and the selection of cell clones suitable for cell-based titration of prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira E Arellano-Anaya
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Alvina Huor
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), Equipe Différenciation Neuromusculaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure-Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France.
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France.
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Antiprion Activity of DB772 and Related Monothiophene- and Furan-Based Analogs in a Persistently Infected Ovine Microglia Culture System. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5467-82. [PMID: 27381401 PMCID: PMC4997874 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00811-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the misfolding of the native cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the accumulating, disease-associated isoform (PrPSc). Despite extensive research into the inhibition of prion accumulation, no effective treatment exists. Previously, we demonstrated the inhibitory activity of DB772, a monocationic phenyl-furan-benzimidazole, against PrPSc accumulation in sheep microglial cells. In an effort to determine the effect of structural substitutions on the antiprion activity of DB772, we employed an in vitro strategy to survey a library of structurally related, monothiophene- and furan-based compounds for improved inhibitory activity. Eighty-nine compounds were screened at 1 μM for effects on cell viability and prion accumulation in a persistently infected ovine microglia culture system. Eleven compounds with activity equivalent to or higher than that of DB772 were identified as preliminary hit compounds. For the preliminary hits, cytotoxicities and antiprion activities were compared to calculate the tissue culture selectivity index. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis was performed to determine molecular components contributing to antiprion activity. To investigate potential mechanisms of inhibition, effects on PrPC and PrPSc were examined. While inhibition of total PrPC was not observed, the results suggest that a potential target for inhibition at biologically relevant concentrations is through PrPC misfolding to PrPSc. Further, SAR analysis suggests that two structural elements were associated with micromolar antiprion activity. Taken together, the described data provide a foundation for deeper investigation into untested DB compounds and in the design of effective therapeutics.
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Generating Bona Fide Mammalian Prions with Internal Deletions. J Virol 2016; 90:6963-6975. [PMID: 27226369 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00555-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mammalian prions are PrP proteins with altered structures causing transmissible fatal neurodegenerative diseases. They are self-perpetuating through formation of beta-sheet-rich assemblies that seed conformational change of cellular PrP. Pathological PrP usually forms an insoluble protease-resistant core exhibiting beta-sheet structures but no more alpha-helical content, loosing the three alpha-helices contained in the correctly folded PrP. The lack of a high-resolution prion structure makes it difficult to understand the dynamics of conversion and to identify elements of the protein involved in this process. To determine whether completeness of residues within the protease-resistant domain is required for prions, we performed serial deletions in the helix H2 C terminus of ovine PrP, since this region has previously shown some tolerance to sequence changes without preventing prion replication. Deletions of either four or five residues essentially preserved the overall PrP structure and mutant PrP expressed in RK13 cells were efficiently converted into bona fide prions upon challenge by three different prion strains. Remarkably, deletions in PrP facilitated the replication of two strains that otherwise do not replicate in this cellular context. Prions with internal deletion were self-propagating and de novo infectious for naive homologous and wild-type PrP-expressing cells. Moreover, they caused transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in mice, with similar biochemical signatures and neuropathologies other than the original strains. Prion convertibility and transfer of strain-specific information are thus preserved despite shortening of an alpha-helix in PrP and removal of residues within prions. These findings provide new insights into sequence/structure/infectivity relationship for prions. IMPORTANCE Prions are misfolded PrP proteins that convert the normal protein into a replicate of their own abnormal form. They are responsible for invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders. Other aggregation-prone proteins appear to have a prion-like mode of expansion in brains, such as in Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases. To date, the resolution of prion structure remains elusive. Thus, to genetically define the landscape of regions critical for prion conversion, we tested the effect of short deletions. We found that, surprisingly, removal of a portion of PrP, the C terminus of alpha-helix H2, did not hamper prion formation but generated infectious agents with an internal deletion that showed characteristics essentially similar to those of original infecting strains. Thus, we demonstrate that completeness of the residues inside prions is not necessary for maintaining infectivity and the main strain-specific information, while reporting one of the few if not the only bona fide prions with an internal deletion.
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Moudjou M, Chapuis J, Mekrouti M, Reine F, Herzog L, Sibille P, Laude H, Vilette D, Andréoletti O, Rezaei H, Dron M, Béringue V. Glycoform-independent prion conversion by highly efficient, cell-based, protein misfolding cyclic amplification. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29116. [PMID: 27384922 PMCID: PMC4935985 DOI: 10.1038/srep29116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are formed of misfolded assemblies (PrPSc) of the variably N-glycosylated cellular prion protein (PrPC). In infected species, prions replicate by seeding the conversion and polymerization of host PrPC. Distinct prion strains can be recognized, exhibiting defined PrPSc biochemical properties such as the glycotype and specific biological traits. While strain information is encoded within the conformation of PrPSc assemblies, the storage of the structural information and the molecular requirements for self-perpetuation remain uncertain. Here, we investigated the specific role of PrPC glycosylation status. First, we developed an efficient protein misfolding cyclic amplification method using cells expressing the PrPC species of interest as substrate. Applying the technique to PrPC glycosylation mutants expressing cells revealed that neither PrPC nor PrPSc glycoform stoichiometry was instrumental to PrPSc formation and strainness perpetuation. Our study supports the view that strain properties, including PrPSc glycotype are enciphered within PrPSc structural backbone, not in the attached glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Moudjou
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérôme Chapuis
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mériem Mekrouti
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabienne Reine
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laetitia Herzog
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Sibille
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,IHAP, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- IHAP, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Human Rezaei
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michel Dron
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Pauwels K, Herman P, Van sVaerenbergh B, Dai Do Thi C, Berghmans L, Waeterloos G, Van Bockstaele D, Dorsch-Häsler K, Sneyers M. Animal Cell Cultures: Risk Assessment and Biosafety Recommendations. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/153567600701200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Pauwels
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Myriam Sneyers
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
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Chapuis J, Moudjou M, Reine F, Herzog L, Jaumain E, Chapuis C, Quadrio I, Boulliat J, Perret-Liaudet A, Dron M, Laude H, Rezaei H, Béringue V. Emergence of two prion subtypes in ovine PrP transgenic mice infected with human MM2-cortical Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:10. [PMID: 26847207 PMCID: PMC4743415 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mammalian prions are proteinaceous pathogens responsible for a broad range of fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. These diseases can occur spontaneously, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, or be acquired or inherited. Prions are primarily formed of macromolecular assemblies of the disease-associated prion protein PrPSc, a misfolded isoform of the host-encoded prion protein PrPC. Within defined host-species, prions can exist as conformational variants or strains. Based on both the M/V polymorphism at codon 129 of PrP and the electrophoretic signature of PrPSc in the brain, sporadic CJD is classified in different subtypes, which may encode different strains. A transmission barrier, the mechanism of which remains unknown, limits prion cross-species propagation. To adapt to the new host, prions have the capacity to ‘mutate’ conformationally, leading to the emergence of a variant with new biological properties. Here, we transmitted experimentally one rare subtype of human CJD, designated cortical MM2 (129 MM with type 2 PrPSc), to transgenic mice overexpressing either human or the VRQ allele of ovine PrPC. Results In marked contrast with the reported absence of transmission to knock-in mice expressing physiological levels of human PrP, this subtype transmitted faithfully to mice overexpressing human PrP, and exhibited unique strain features. Onto the ovine PrP sequence, the cortical MM2 subtype abruptly evolved on second passage, thereby allowing emergence of a pair of strain variants with distinct PrPSc biochemical characteristics and differing tropism for the central and lymphoid tissues. These two strain components exhibited remarkably distinct replicative properties in cell-free amplification assay, allowing the ‘physical’ cloning of the minor, lymphotropic component, and subsequent isolation in ovine PrP mice and RK13 cells. Conclusions Here, we provide in-depth assessment of the transmissibility and evolution of one rare subtype of sporadic CJD upon homologous and heterologous transmission. The notion that the environment or matrix where replication is occurring is key to the selection and preferential amplification of prion substrain components raises new questions on the determinants of prion replication within and between species. These data also further interrogate on the interplay between animal and human prions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-016-0284-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Muñoz-Gutiérrez JF, Aguilar Pierlé S, Schneider DA, Baszler TV, Stanton JB. Transcriptomic Determinants of Scrapie Prion Propagation in Cultured Ovine Microglia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147727. [PMID: 26807844 PMCID: PMC4726464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to infection by prions is highly dependent on the amino acid sequence and host expression of the cellular prion protein (PrPC); however, cellular expression of a genetically susceptible PrPC is insufficient. As an example, it has been shown in cultured cells that permissive and resistant sublines derived from the same parental population often have similar expression levels of PrPC. Thus, additional cellular factors must influence susceptibility to prion infection. The aim of this study was to elucidate the factors associated with relative permissiveness and resistance to scrapie prions in cultured cells derived from a naturally affected species. Two closely related ovine microglia clones with different prion susceptibility, but no detectable differences in PrPC expression levels, were inoculated with either scrapie-positive or scrapie-negative sheep brainstem homogenates. Five passages post-inoculation, the transcriptional profiles of mock and infected clones were sequenced using Illumina technology. Comparative transcriptional analyses identified twenty-two differentially transcribed genes, most of which were upregulated in poorly permissive microglia. This included genes encoding for selenoprotein P, endolysosomal proteases, and proteins involved in extracellular matrix remodeling. Furthermore, in highly permissive microglia, transforming growth factor β–induced, retinoic acid receptor response 1, and phosphoserine aminotranspherase 1 gene transcripts were upregulated. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis identified proteolysis, translation, and mitosis as the most affected pathways and supported the upregulation trend of several genes encoding for intracellular proteases and ribosomal proteins in poorly permissive microglia. This study identifies new genes potentially involved in scrapie prion propagation, corroborates results from other studies, and extends those results into another cell culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Muñoz-Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JFMG); (JBS)
| | - Sebastián Aguilar Pierlé
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - David A. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Timothy V. Baszler
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - James B. Stanton
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JFMG); (JBS)
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Mutated but Not Deleted Ovine PrP(C) N-Terminal Polybasic Region Strongly Interferes with Prion Propagation in Transgenic Mice. J Virol 2015; 90:1638-46. [PMID: 26608316 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02805-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mammalian prions are proteinaceous infectious agents composed of misfolded assemblies of the host-encoded, cellular prion protein (PrP). Physiologically, the N-terminal polybasic region of residues 23 to 31 of PrP has been shown to be involved in its endocytic trafficking and interactions with glycosaminoglycans or putative ectodomains of membrane-associated proteins. Several recent reports also describe this PrP region as important for the toxicity of mutant prion proteins and the efficiency of prion propagation, both in vitro and in vivo. The question remains as to whether the latter observations made with mouse PrP and mouse prions would be relevant to other PrP species/prion strain combinations given the dramatic impact on prion susceptibility of minimal amino acid substitutions and structural variations in PrP. Here, we report that transgenic mouse lines expressing ovine PrP with a deletion of residues 23 to 26 (KKRP) or mutated in this N-terminal region (KQHPH instead of KKRPK) exhibited a variable, strain-dependent susceptibility to prion infection with regard to the proportion of affected mice and disease tempo relative to findings in their wild-type counterparts. Deletion has no major effect on 127S scrapie prion pathogenesis, whereas mutation increased by almost 3-fold the survival time of the mice. Deletion marginally affected the incubation time of scrapie LA19K and ovine bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions, whereas mutation caused apparent resistance to disease. IMPORTANCE Recent reports suggested that the N-terminal polybasic region of the prion protein could be a therapeutic target to prevent prion propagation or toxic signaling associated with more common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Mutating or deleting this region in ovine PrP completes the data previously obtained with the mouse protein by identifying the key amino acid residues involved.
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Methods for Differentiating Prion Types in Food-Producing Animals. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:785-813. [PMID: 26580664 PMCID: PMC4690018 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Prions are an enigma amongst infectious disease agents as they lack a genome yet confer specific pathologies thought to be dictated mainly, if not solely, by the conformation of the disease form of the prion protein (PrPSc). Prion diseases affect humans and animals, the latter including the food-producing ruminant species cattle, sheep, goats and deer. Importantly, it has been shown that the disease agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans. Current diagnostic tests can distinguish different prion types and in food-producing animals these focus on the differentiation of BSE from the non-zoonotic agents. Whilst BSE cases are now rare, atypical forms of both scrapie and BSE have been reported, as well as two types of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids. Typing of animal prion isolates remains an important aspect of prion diagnosis and is now becoming more focused on identifying the range of prion types that are present in food-producing animals and also developing tests that can screen for emerging, novel prion diseases. Here, we review prion typing methodologies in light of current and emerging prion types in food-producing animals.
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Vilette D, Laulagnier K, Huor A, Alais S, Simoes S, Maryse R, Provansal M, Lehmann S, Andreoletti O, Schaeffer L, Raposo G, Leblanc P. Efficient inhibition of infectious prions multiplication and release by targeting the exosomal pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4409-27. [PMID: 26047659 PMCID: PMC11113226 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted membrane vesicles of endosomal origin present in biological fluids. Exosomes may serve as shuttles for amyloidogenic proteins, notably infectious prions, and may participate in their spreading in vivo. To explore the significance of the exosome pathway on prion infectivity and release, we investigated the role of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery and the need for ceramide, both involved in exosome biogenesis. Silencing of HRS-ESCRT-0 subunit drastically impairs the formation of cellular infectious prion due to an altered trafficking of cholesterol. Depletion of Tsg101-ESCRT-I subunit or impairment of the production of ceramide significantly strongly decreases infectious prion release. Together, our data reveal that ESCRT-dependent and -independent pathways can concomitantly regulate the exosomal secretion of infectious prion, showing that both pathways operate for the exosomal trafficking of a particular cargo. These data open up a new avenue to regulate prion release and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Vilette
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Toulouse, France.
| | - Karine Laulagnier
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France
- Inserm, U836, Neurodégénérescence et Plasticité, Institute of Neuroscience, Grenoble, France
| | - Alvina Huor
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Alais
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, UCBL, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sabrina Simoes
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Romao Maryse
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Monique Provansal
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, diagnostic et thérapie cellulaire des affections neurodégénératives, INSERM Université Montpellier 1 U1040 CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, diagnostic et thérapie cellulaire des affections neurodégénératives, INSERM Université Montpellier 1 U1040 CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Laurent Schaeffer
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France.
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Sarradin P, Viglietta C, Limouzin C, Andréoletti O, Daniel-Carlier N, Barc C, Leroux-Coyau M, Berthon P, Chapuis J, Rossignol C, Gatti JL, Belghazi M, Labas V, Vilotte JL, Béringue V, Lantier F, Laude H, Houdebine LM. Transgenic Rabbits Expressing Ovine PrP Are Susceptible to Scrapie. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005077. [PMID: 26248157 PMCID: PMC4527776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases affecting a wide range of mammalian species. They are caused by prions, a proteinaceous pathogen essentially composed of PrPSc, an abnormal isoform of the host encoded cellular prion protein PrPC. Constrained steric interactions between PrPSc and PrPC are thought to provide prions with species specificity, and to control cross-species transmission into other host populations, including humans. Transgenetic expression of foreign PrP genes has been successfully and widely used to overcome the recognized resistance of mouse to foreign TSE sources. Rabbit is one of the species that exhibit a pronounced resistance to TSEs. Most attempts to infect experimentally rabbit have failed, except after inoculation with cell-free generated rabbit prions. To gain insights on the molecular determinants of the relative resistance of rabbits to prions, we generated transgenic rabbits expressing the susceptible V136R154Q171 allele of the ovine PRNP gene on a rabbit wild type PRNP New Zealand background and assessed their experimental susceptibility to scrapie prions. All transgenic animals developed a typical TSE 6-8 months after intracerebral inoculation, whereas wild type rabbits remained healthy more than 700 days after inoculation. Despite the endogenous presence of rabbit PrPC, only ovine PrPSc was detectable in the brains of diseased animals. Collectively these data indicate that the low susceptibility of rabbits to prion infection is not enciphered within their non-PrP genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sarradin
- INRA-Université de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, ISP, Nouzilly, France
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE, Nouzilly, France
- * E-mail: (PS); (VB)
| | - Céline Viglietta
- INRA-CNRS-ENVA, UMR1198, Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, BDR, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claude Limouzin
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Nathalie Daniel-Carlier
- INRA-CNRS-ENVA, UMR1198, Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, BDR, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Barc
- INRA-Université de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, ISP, Nouzilly, France
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mathieu Leroux-Coyau
- INRA-CNRS-ENVA, UMR1198, Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, BDR, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Patricia Berthon
- INRA-Université de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérôme Chapuis
- INRA, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christelle Rossignol
- INRA-Université de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- INRA- CNRS-UNS, UMR1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
- INRA, UMR INRA85, UMR CNRS 7247, Université de Tours, Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Plate-forme d’Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Nouzilly, France
| | - Maya Belghazi
- INRA, UMR INRA85, UMR CNRS 7247, Université de Tours, Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Plate-forme d’Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7286, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, CRN2M, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7286, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, CRN2M, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- INRA, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail: (PS); (VB)
| | - Frédéric Lantier
- INRA-Université de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- INRA, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Louis-Marie Houdebine
- INRA-CNRS-ENVA, UMR1198, Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, BDR, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Giles K, Berry DB, Condello C, Hawley RC, Gallardo-Godoy A, Bryant C, Oehler A, Elepano M, Bhardwaj S, Patel S, Silber BM, Guan S, DeArmond SJ, Renslo AR, Prusiner SB. Different 2-Aminothiazole Therapeutics Produce Distinct Patterns of Scrapie Prion Neuropathology in Mouse Brains. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015. [PMID: 26224882 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.224659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because no drug exists that halts or even slows any neurodegenerative disease, developing effective therapeutics for any prion disorder is urgent. We recently reported two compounds (IND24 and IND81) with the 2-aminothiazole (2-AMT) chemical scaffold that almost doubled the incubation times in scrapie prion-infected, wild-type (wt) FVB mice when given in a liquid diet. Remarkably, oral prophylactic treatment with IND24 beginning 14 days prior to intracerebral prion inoculation extended survival from ∼120 days to over 450 days. In addition to IND24, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of five additional 2-AMTs; one was not followed further because its brain penetration was poor. Of the remaining four new 2-AMTs, IND114338 doubled and IND125 tripled the incubation times of RML-inoculated wt and Tg4053 mice overexpressing wt mouse prion protein (PrP), respectively. Neuropathological examination of the brains from untreated controls showed a widespread deposition of self-propagating, β-sheet-rich "scrapie" isoform (PrP(Sc)) prions accompanied by a profound astrocytic gliosis. In contrast, mice treated with 2-AMTs had lower levels of PrP(Sc) and associated astrocytic gliosis, with each compound resulting in a distinct pattern of deposition. Notably, IND125 prevented both PrP(Sc) accumulation and astrocytic gliosis in the cerebrum. Progressive central nervous system dysfunction in the IND125-treated mice was presumably due to the PrP(Sc) that accumulated in their brainstems. Disappointingly, none of the four new 2-AMTs prolonged the lives of mice expressing a chimeric human/mouse PrP transgene inoculated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - David B Berry
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Carlo Condello
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ronald C Hawley
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Alejandra Gallardo-Godoy
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Clifford Bryant
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Abby Oehler
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Manuel Elepano
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Sumita Bhardwaj
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Smita Patel
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - B Michael Silber
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Shenheng Guan
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Stephen J DeArmond
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
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Ciric D, Richard CA, Moudjou M, Chapuis J, Sibille P, Daude N, Westaway D, Adrover M, Béringue V, Martin D, Rezaei H. Interaction between Shadoo and PrP Affects the PrP-Folding Pathway. J Virol 2015; 89:6287-93. [PMID: 25855735 PMCID: PMC4474288 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03429-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prion diseases are characterized by conformational changes of a cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into a β-sheet-enriched and aggregated conformer (PrP(Sc)). Shadoo (Sho), a member of the prion protein family, is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and is highly conserved among vertebrates. On the basis of histoanatomical colocalization and sequence similarities, it is suspected that Sho and PrP may be functionally related. The downregulation of Sho expression during prion pathology and the direct interaction between Sho and PrP, as revealed by two-hybrid analysis, suggest a relationship between Sho and prion replication. Using biochemical and biophysical approaches, we demonstrate that Sho forms a 1:1 complex with full-length PrP with a dissociation constant in the micromolar range, and this interaction consequently modifies the PrP-folding pathway. Using a truncated PrP that mimics the C-terminal C1 fragment, an allosteric binding behavior with a Hill number of 4 was observed, suggesting that at least a tetramerization state occurs. A cell-based prion titration assay performed with different concentrations of Sho revealed an increase in the PrP(Sc) conversion rate in the presence of Sho. Collectively, our observations suggest that Sho can affect the prion replication process by (i) acting as a holdase and (ii) interfering with the dominant-negative inhibitor effect of the C1 fragment. IMPORTANCE Since the inception of the prion theory, the search for a cofactor involved in the conversion process has been an active field of research. Although the PrP interactome presents a broad landscape, candidates corresponding to specific criteria for cofactors are currently missing. Here, we describe for the first time that Sho can affect PrP structural dynamics and therefore increase the prion conversion rate. A biochemical characterization of Sho-PrP indicates that Sho acts as an ATP-independent holdase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Ciric
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Charles-Adrien Richard
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mohammed Moudjou
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérôme Chapuis
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Sibille
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nathalie Daude
- University of Alberta, Centre for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases, Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Westaway
- University of Alberta, Centre for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases, Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Miguel Adrover
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Vincent Béringue
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Davy Martin
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Human Rezaei
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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47
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Interaction of prion protein with acetylcholinesterase: potential pathobiological implications in prion diseases. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:18. [PMID: 25853328 PMCID: PMC4383067 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prion protein (PrP) binds to various molecular partners, but little is known about their potential impact on the pathogenesis of prion diseases RESULTS Here, we show that PrP can interact in vitro with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key protein of the cholinergic system in neural and non-neural tissues. This heterologous association induced aggregation of monomeric PrP and modified the structural properties of PrP amyloid fibrils. Following its recruitment into PrP fibrils, AChE loses its enzymatic activity and enhances PrP-mediated cytotoxicity. Using several truncated PrP variants and specific tight-binding AChE inhibitors (AChEis), we then demonstrate that the PrP-AChE interaction requires two mutually exclusive sub-sites in PrP N-terminal domain and an aromatic-rich region at the entrance of AChE active center gorge. We show that AChEis that target this site impair PrP-AChE complex formation and also limit the accumulation of pathological prion protein (PrPSc) in prion-infected cell cultures. Furthermore, reduction of AChE levels in prion-infected heterozygous AChE knock-out mice leads to slightly but significantly prolonged incubation time. Finally, we found that AChE levels were altered in prion-infected cells and tissues, suggesting that AChE might be directly associated with abnormal PrP. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that AChE deserves consideration as a new actor in expanding pathologically relevant PrP morphotypes and as a therapeutic target.
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48
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Qing LL, Zhao H, Liu LL. Progress on low susceptibility mechanisms of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 35:436-45. [PMID: 25297084 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2014.5.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases detected in a wide range of mammalian species. The "protein-only" hypothesis of TSE suggests that prions are transmissible particles devoid of nucleic acid and the primary pathogenic event is thought to be the conversion of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into the disease-associated isoform (PrP(Sc)). According to susceptibility to TSEs, animals can be classified into susceptible species and low susceptibility species. In this review we focus on several species with low susceptibility to TSEs: dogs, rabbits, horses and buffaloes. We summarize recent studies into the characteristics of low susceptibility regarding protein structure, and biochemical and genetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Qing
- Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Liu
- Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Arellano-Anaya ZE, Huor A, Leblanc P, Lehmann S, Provansal M, Raposo G, Andréoletti O, Vilette D. Prion strains are differentially released through the exosomal pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1185-96. [PMID: 25227242 PMCID: PMC11113346 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transfer of prions is a crucial step in the spreading of prion infection through infected tissue. At the cellular level, several distinct pathways including direct cell-cell contacts and release of various types of infectious extracellular vesicles have been described that may potentially lead to infection of naïve cells. The relative contribution of these pathways and whether they may vary depending on the prion strain and/or on the infected cell type are not yet known. In this study we used a single cell type (RK13) infected with three different prion strains. We showed that in each case, most of the extracellular prions resulted from active cell secretion through the exosomal pathway. Further, quantitative analysis of secreted infectivity indicated that the proportion of prions eventually secreted was dramatically dependent on the prion strain. Our data also highlight that infectious exosomes secreted from cultured cells might represent a biologically pertinent material for spiking experiments. Also discussed is the appealing possibility that abnormal PrP from different prion strains may differentially interact with the cellular machinery to promote secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira E. Arellano-Anaya
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Alvina Huor
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), Equipe Différenciation Neuromusculaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5239, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université Montpellier 1 U1040 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Monique Provansal
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université Montpellier 1 U1040 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, UMR 144, CNRS, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
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50
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Tark D, Kim H, Neale MH, Kim M, Sohn H, Lee Y, Cho I, Joo Y, Windl O. Generation of a persistently infected MDBK cell line with natural bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115939. [PMID: 25647616 PMCID: PMC4315440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a zoonotic transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) thought to be caused by the same prion strain as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Unlike scrapie and chronic wasting disease there is no cell culture model allowing the replication of proteinase K resistant BSE (PrPBSE) and the further in vitro study of this disease. We have generated a cell line based on the Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell line over-expressing the bovine prion protein. After exposure to naturally BSE-infected bovine brain homogenate this cell line has shown to replicate and accumulate PrPBSE and maintain infection up to passage 83 after initial challenge. Collectively, we demonstrate, for the first time, that the BSE agent can infect cell lines over-expressing the bovine prion protein similar to other prion diseases. These BSE infected cells will provide a useful tool to facilitate the study of potential therapeutic agents and the diagnosis of BSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongseob Tark
- Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Animal Disease Control and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael H Neale
- Pathology and Host Susceptibility Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Sohn
- Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhee Lee
- Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Insoo Cho
- Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiseok Joo
- Department of Animal Disease Control and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Otto Windl
- Pathology and Host Susceptibility Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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